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Photographic 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


i 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibiiographicaily  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I — I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 
D 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  peiliculie 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I — I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ograph?ques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I — I    CoSoured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 
D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  Illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6X6  film^es. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  mellleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  4tA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cat  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 


□   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculdes 

□    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

□   Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

I     l^Showthrough/ 
Uu    Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualitd  indgale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  sup'^*'^   lentaire 

□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  dt6  film^es  6  nouveau  de  fapon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
tot 


The 
pos 
oft 
filnr 


Orij 
bee 
the 
sioi 
oth 
firs 
sioi 
or  i 


Th< 
shfl 

Tl^ 

wh 

Ma 
difl 
enl 
be( 
rigl 
req 
me 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppi^mentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

1?X 

16X 

20X 

a4x 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exempiaire  f ilmA  f ut  reproduit  grAce  h  la 
gAntrosit*  de: 

La  bibliothAqua  des  Archives 
pubiiques  du  Canada 


The  Imeges  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  M  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  da  i'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  lest  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  exempleires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exempleires 
origineux  sont  fiimAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symbo'es  suivents  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernidre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  sigriifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'engle  supArieur  geuche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bes,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivents 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

'"« 


THE    WORKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


THE    WORKS 


Of 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCKOFT. 


VOLtJME  XV. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  xNORTH  MEXICAN  STATES  AND  TEXAS. 

Vol.  I.    Io31-1800. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  :  . 
A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  CO.MPAXY,  PUBLISHERS. 

1884. 


KiitcreJ  iiccordiiii;  (o  Art  uf  rDii^n-ss  in  tlii>  \iar  ls8l,  liy 

HUIJKRT  It.  BANCROFT, 

III  tlu!  Ollki'  of  tlio  Librarlau  of  Cougress,  nt  WusUlugton, 


All  lihjhU  ]l(.ii.ri-i'il. 


PPvEFACP]. 


TiiK  territorial  basis  of  tlio  pn^soiit  work,  fourtli  in 
tlio  rompletc'd  series,  and  eiititlrd  ][istouy  of  thk 
XouTii  ^Ikxican  Statks,  eorres])oiuls  to  tli<!  nioderii 
Texas,  C(taliuila,  JJiiraiit^o,  Chiluialma,  Xcw  Mexieo, 
Siiialoa,  Soiiora,  Arizona,  and  the  two  Calil'ornias; 
but  the  liistory  of  New  !^[exi<•o,  Arizona,  and  Upper 
Cahfornia  is  here  L;iven  only  in  tlie  briefest  outline, 
because  fully  ti'eated  in  se[)arato  works.  To  the 
eastern  provinces  of  Texas  and  Coahuila  nuich  less 
s[)aee  proportionately  is  devoted  than  to  regions  fur- 
ther west;  somewhat  ni<ire  to  Chihuahua  and  Soiiora 
than  to  Durango  and  Sinaloa  in  the  south;  and  IJaja 
California,  by  reason  not  oidy  of  its  geogi-aphic  posi- 
tion but  of  its  historic  inii)ortance,  receives  niori; 
attention  than  its  rank  in  modern  times  alone  would 
justify.  These  provinces  arc  variously  grouped  at 
successive  epochs  as  is  required  for  ck;arness  and  con- 
venience of  [)resentnient;  but  of  each  it  is  the  author's 
aim  to  portray  in  all  desii-al)le  detail  the  earliest  anijals 
of  <liscovery,  ex[)loration,  conquest,  and  c(^nversion; 
while  Liter  ])eriods  of  loutine  development  are  not 
nt'glected,  though  treated  (m  a  diiferent  scale.  !Maps 
are  introduced  somewhat  more  plentifully  than  else- 
^vhcre  to  show  the  advance  oi"  S[)anish  dominion  north- 
ward; and  as  usual  a  large  amount  of  statistical,  de- 


(V) 


vi 


rilUFACE. 


,si'ri|)tlv(\    MlilioLjr.Mpliic,    nntl    t'XjilauatoiT  inniter    i.> 


atldcd  to  the  ii'l'iTunces  in  loot-not 


L'S. 


Tl 


k 


IV  woiK  con- 


sists of  two  volnint's,  of  wliii-h  tlio   iiist  l)rinifs  tlio 
ifcord  down  to  tlio  ond  of  the  t>i<ditc>cntli  century. 

This  territory  has  been  treated  on  a  t^cneral  scale, 
as  |)art  of  a  j^reat  nation,  in  a  precedinj^  woik  of  ilie 
srries;  l)ut.  the  j)laii  i'e(]uir(>s  a  more  minute  ticat- 
ment  of  the  noilhciii  legions;  and  it  is  deemed  butter 
to  add  two  volumes  of  provincial  aimals  than  to  cor- 
resixmdiiM'lv  increase  the  hulk  of  such  matter  in  a 
national  JIistoky  of  !^^l•:xIeo,  ]t  is  not,  however, 
solely  to  meet  the  re(juirements  of  an  arbitrary  ])lan 
that  the  north  receives  more  attention  than  the  south. 
The  history  of  the  former  is  not  only  more  interestin«j; 
and  imjjortant,  but  it  has  left  records  much  more 
comjilete.  And  so  nearly  in  parallel  grooves  ran  the 
current  of  affairs  in  different  Uisitano-American  com- 
numities  that  southern  provincial  histijrv,  unrecorded 
ibr  the  most  i>art,  may  in  many  phases  be  studied  in- 
directly yet  with  ]»roiit  in  that  of  the  north.  Y^vm 
here  it  is  not  possible  to  forni  an  iminterru[»ted  chain 
oi"  events  in  each  pi'ovince  and  for  each  ])eiiod;  nor  is 
it  desirable,  ibr  such  a  record  would  be  bulky,  weari- 
some, and  unprofitaltle — an  almost  endless  repetition 
of  similar  petty  happenint^s  under  like  conditions. 
But  the  inter-provincial  likeness  noted,  wliilo  it  ex- 
cuses the  historian  I'rom  ibllowing  the  thread  of  minor 
occurrences  in  all  the  provinces,  also  suggests  the  de- 
sirability of  such  minute  treatment  in  one  of  them  at 
least,  in  order  that  the  record  of  one  may  reflect  that 
of  the  rest,  just  as  northern  history  in  a  sense  throw  s 
light  upon  the  south.  The  suggestion  is  followed, 
but  fur  this  purpose  a  country  still  farther  north  is 


PREFACK. 


vii 


chosen,  rj)por  Caliluinia,  lor  wliicli  oriniiial  (lata  are 
InVoii'l  all  (.'omparison  most  I'opioiis,  and  wlioso  liis- 
toiy  w  ill  lit'  (xtoiisivi'ly  supjilciiU'iitL-d  i»y  local  annals. 
Thus  it  is  intended  that  the  subdivisions  of  the  iiis- 
torieal  series  shall  not  only  he  complete^  each  in  its 
own  spluTc,  hut  that  each  shall  he  so  conneeied  with 
tlie  others  as  to  make  ol'all  a  symmetrical  whoh-. 

From  the  iK'ninninj^  these  reL;ion.s  attracted  s|ieci.Ml 
attention  I'roni  the  Spaniards,  'J'lience  came  to  eaL^cr 
■ars  ne\ei'-ceasin^  i-eports  of  L,M'eat  cities,  civilized 
peoplts,  iiiexhaustihle  wealth,  inleroceanic  straits,  and 
jiU  the  marvels  of  the  Northern  ^lysteiy.  Thitlu-r 
i-tretehed  the  hroadest  held  i'or  exploitation  and  ad- 
\intnre;  and  here  were  I'ound  the  richest  deposits  ol' 
1  atural  treasure.  It  was  a  country  of  hitter  warfare 
and  hloody  I'evolts;  hut  there  were  ti'ihes  tluit  made 
a  1  eu\ial>le  record  for  honor  antl  good  i'aith  as  well  as 
for  hrax'eiy ;  and  evt'U  the  conquerors  in  most  })arts 
n:arkeil  their  advance  witli  atrocities  somewhat  less 
lieiidish  than  in  the  south.  This  was  ])reeminently 
tie  mission  iield  of  America,  wJR're  tin;  .Jesuits  and 
Franciscans  made  tlieir  grandest  eil'orts  with  the  hest 
results,  and  where  theii-  system  may  he  studied  under 
the  most  iavoralde  conditi(Uis.  The  deeds  of  explorer, 
soldier,  and  missionary  advancing  side  hy  side  against 
a  T'eceding  I'rontier  of  hai'harism  i'ui-nish  material  lor 
a  story  of  rare  interest.  And  the  fascination  of  the 
topic  to  Anglo-Saxon  readers  is  enhanced  hv  tlu:  con- 
tiguity  of  the  region  imder  consideration  to  tlu;  great 
nortlu'rn  re[)uhlic,  from  which  a  new  industrial  and 
jteaceful  concpiest  is  heing  pushed  southward  on  iron 
routes.  That  tlie  international  honds  may  he  drawn 
clo.scr  for  mutual  henetit  without  taint  of  unreasoninif 


H 


viU 


PRKFACK. 


jircjiuruv  on  ono  sl(l(>,  or  of  filil)ust('rinjjf  cncroaclinh'iifc 
on  tlio  oilier,  nliouitl  Ik;  the  di'sire  (»t'  every  ^ood  eiti- 
icen  ol'  tlio  two  r(>|)ul»li('s. 

'J'lie  antlior's  resourci's  lor  writinij  this  part  of  the 
liistory  are  exceptionally  ani[)le,  as  is  shown  hy  the 
list  ol'anthoiities  prefixed  to  this  volume.  His  Lihrary 
contains  all  the  standard  niissiunary  chronicles  on 
which  foundation  the  o-cneral  strnctun;  must  ri'>t, 
together  with  a  very  complete;  collection  of  j^overii- 
nu'iit  re[)orts,  S[»anish  and  ^lexiean,  and  practically 
all  the  <j^eneral  and  special  works  relatint^  to  i\\o.  Uv- 
ritory  that  have  heen  })rintcMl  in  any  ImguaiLife.  'JMiere 
is  moreover  hardly  an  epoch  in  tlu' annals  of  any  X(trth 
^Mexican  State  for  which  imjiortant  information  has 
not  heeii  drawn  iVom  original  manuscripts  never  he- 
fort'  consulted.  The  field  is  also  in  all  essential  resj)ects 
a  new  one;  for  while  certiiin  limited  periods  in  the 
annals  of  several  ])arts  of  the  territory  have  hecii 
worthily  [aesenteil  in  j>rint,  thrie  is  no  work  extant 
in  anv  l;niL!Ua!jf(!  which  includes  the  entire  histoi'V  of 
any  oiu^  of  the  seven  provinces;  much  less  a  conipre- 
liensive  history  of  the  whole  countiy.     That  the  con- 


«.'C 


pt 


U)n  o 


f  tl 


U!    WO 


rk  and   its  introduction  hero  as  a 


connectinrj  link  hetween  the  national  history  of  the 


S(  >u 


th  and  local  annals  of  the  farther  north  will  1 


JO 


ajtproved  is  the  hope  and  belief  of  the  author. 


CONTEXTS  OF  TTTTS  YOLmEE. 


CIIArTEll  I. 

conrfe  ON  TiiK  SIM  Tir  .si;.v  coast?*. 
!.->•_>  1-1.-.;J0. 

TAdB 

Mot!  ■•  '.  Xortli-wowtorn  Discovery— Cosmnj^rniiliical  TIk  uri' d  of  the 
I'^'ifly  SpaiiianlM  -S(crct  of  (lie  (Strait— lilcaa  of  If.  man  Corti's — 
I'lxtract.s  ffiiiii  liiK  Lt'ttt'rs— llt'siiiiu'  of  Mvciits  Knll<i\viii>^  tliu  ('cm- 
(jiU'st  — IVuiiico  anil  tlio  (lulf  (Aiaxt  — llival  ('iniiinistailmiN  — 'I'Ik? 
Cliifliiiiuc  (.'iiuntry — Ciiin|ii('st  of  Miclmucan— Sulijcctiun  of  Coliinu 
anil  Cliiniallniacan  — KxpoilitiouM  of  Alvarc/, (.'liico,  Avalon,  unil  I'ran- 
risco  Ciirti'H — I'ApIoraf inn  to  Ti'iiii'— Xortlnrn  Woiiilcrs — A  Town 
iinil  Sliip-yanl  at  Zacatula — (Jortitson  tlio  rai.ili(,'("oa.st — llin  I'loJL'CtH 
of  Soiitli  Sen  l^JHcovcry — Ills  LcttLTsi  to  the  luniniror—lJclays  ami 
Olist.ick'S — l>own  tin;  Coast,  Xortliwanl — IiKiitiiy  of  \'r.sstls-  Lo- 
uisa, ( !ucvara,  and  Saavudra  —First  \'oyat,'i;  uji  tlie  Coast  to  Colinia — 
New  Vessels — New  rcrseeutions — Discouraycuient I 


CILVrTER  U. 

NrSo  m;  (ifZMAN  in  sinaloa. 
1530-1531. 

Guzman's  Plans  niul  Motives— A  Grand  Army— Names  of  OfTicers— 
'  Mni'der  of  a  Kinj;— Manli  tIirimL,'li  Miclioaiaii  anil.Iali.si'o — Crossing 
ilie  Itio  Grandi— Mayor  Ivspana— At  Oniitlan  and  Aztatlan— Aii- 
thii'-ities — Advance  to  (.'liamctla — Man  Qiu'zala  Province— I'iastla — 
Ciguitan,  Provinee  of  Wonic.i-  On  to  ('ul'afan— Town  of  Colonilio — 
Local  Explorations— Sauiani  ■;,'o  Itcixlies  tlio  Pi.tal'uin  — Scaiili  for 
tlic  Sc -en  Cities — Lopez  Crosses  the  f  •'•n  i  to  I)iirau-o— Foiindinj; 
of  tlic  \  ilia  de  San  Miguel  le  Cidim  an— Site  arid  'i  ransfi  is—  Li.'t  of 
l'ol)lailor.'s — (Juzman's  Uctiua  to  Jalisco— I'Dundini.'  of  Chametla — 
Nucva  (!alicia — Compostela,  the   Capital — Giuman   (Governor-  His 

Downfa  U 

(ix) 


X  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER   III. 

CORTES,    GUZMAN,    AND    CABEZA   I»E    VACA. 

ir)32-1530. 

Voyage  of  Hurtado  <le  Mcndoza — Instructions  niid  Misliaps — fiuzinnn's 
Vt'i'siiiii — A  Ni'W  Flcrt — \'(>va,L'o  of  Ucccit;!  .'iiid  (iii j:il\;i — Mutiny 
of  ■Jiiiii'iicz — Discoveries— I'lxpedition  of  ]Ici'ii;m  ('mti's— .MMnli 
tlirougli  Nueva  Gulicia — Colony  nt  Santa  ( 'iniz — Failure — Events  at 
.San  Miguel  de  Culiacan — ^'Hu'^eIy  Itecoided  ]]xj)lnrati(>n.s— Ofiate 
and  Ani.'ulo — ICxiicdition  of  l>iego  de  <!u/nian — To  the  llio  Ya(ji;i — 
Indian  'J'iouIjU's  at  San  Mij,'uel — llaids  for  I'linider  anil  Slaves — 
S|jiiniai'dM  Found  in  tlii;  North — Narvae/  in  Floiitla — ("at)e/a  dc  Vaoa 
in  Texas — Wandering's  across  the  Coutinent — Koute — ])id  not  Jleaeli 
New  Mexico — Arrival  ou  the  Yaqui  and  at  San  Mij;uel — Subsequent 
Career 

CHAPTER  IV. 


PAQI 


40 


KIZA,    CLLOA,    COr.ONAUO,    AND   AI.ARCON. 

Governors  Torre  ami  Coronado  in  Now  Oalicia — ^lendoza  a  Kival  of 
Coi'ti's— Ivvfiedition  of  Marcos  dc  Niza — Discovery  of  Ci'bola — I'act 
and  Fiction— Cortes  Again  in  the  Field — Kival  Claims — Voyage  of 
Francisco  de  UUoa— California — Castillo's  Map — Expedition  of  Fran- 
cisco Va/(|Uez  de  Coronado — Through  Sonora — ToZufd,  Moi|ui,  Culo- 
rado  Ciifion,  New  Mexico,  and  (^)iiivira — Failure  and  lliturn— Settle- 
niiut  ill  Sonora — San  Ceroninio  do  los  Corazones — McKhor  Diaz 
Crosses  the  l\io  del  Tizon — Ilis  Death — Indian  Hostilities-  San 
(ieroninio  Aliandoneil —Voyage  of  Hernando  do  .\larcon  to  ][ead  of 
til''  (iulf— I'p  the  Jhiena  <luia  in  lioats-  Corti's  ( lives  V]>  the 
Struggle — ]'■  lire  de  Aharailo  on  the  Coast — ^lixt(jn  War — New 
Galicia  to  End  of  the  Century 71 

CHAPTER  V. 

ANNALS  OF  NUF.VA  VIZCATA. 

1554-lGOO. 

Zacatecas  !Mines— ^lerendo's  Silver  Mountain — Ibarra's  Private  Explora- 
tions—Mrndoza  and  tlie  Franciscans — Ihaui'a  as  Governor — Province 
ot  Nueva  \'izcaya— Exi)edition — At  San  Juan — Founding  of  Nombre 
de  l>ios  and  llurango — To  Copala  or  Topia — firand  l\e|)()rts — Ind(5 
and  Santa  Piirbara  Mines — March  to  Sinaloa — Villa  of  San  Juan — 
'J'oiM-  in  the  Far  North — City  of  Paginc — San  Sebastian  do  Cha- 
nietla — Death  of  Ibarra — Progress  iit  Durango — List  of  (iovernors— 
Annals  of  Sinaloa — Murder  of  Friars — Villa  Abandoned— Montoya's 
Expedition— liazan's  I'aitratla — Sau  Felipe  de  Sinaloa — Franciscan 
Convents — Four  Martyrs — Arlegui's  Chronicle— Jesuit  Annals — la 
Sinaloa— The  Amias— Martyrdom  of  Father  Tapia — In  Topia— Tepe- 
Iniane  Missions — Santa  Maria  de  I'urras — Exploration  and  Conijucst 
of  New  Mexico 1)9 


CONTENTS, 
CHAPTER  VI. 

VOYAGES  TO  THE   NOKTII-WEST. 

1540-1000. 


XI 


TAOB 


Introductory  Remarks — Maritime  Annals — Voyajjc  of  Jiiaii  Rodriguez 
Calirillo  and  ]>;irti)loiiiij  l-Vnclo — Death  of  Ca'irillo — Diseovcry  of 
Alt:i  California — Results — Ruy  Lo]iez  do  Villalobos  Discovers  tlio 
Philippines — Lcgaapi  Crosses  the  I'aeilic — Padro  Andres  Urdanifci 
Opens  the  Northern  Route — Arellano's  Trip  from  the  West — Tiie 
Manila  (lalleons — Piratical  Cruise  of  Francis  Drake  in  the  M.-irdel 
Sur — Voj-ago  of  Francisco  do  IJali — Crniso  of  Tlionias  Cavendish — 
Capture  of  the  Galleon  'Santa  Ana' — Apocryphal  Kxpeditiona  to 
Strait  of  Anian  hy  Loren/o  Ferrer  MaMonado  and  Juan  do  Fnca — 
Cenuenon's  Voyage — The  'San  Agu.stiu'  in  San  Francisco  Ray — 
Sehastian  Vizcaino  Explores  the  (iulf — Unsuccessful  Attempt  to 
tiettlu  California — A  Rattle  and  u  Romance — Old  Maps 130 


CHAPTER  YII. 

MARITIME  EXPLOR^VTiONS. 
1G01-1G3C. 

Vizcaino's  Second  Expedition — Outer  Peninsula  Coast — Up  to  Latitude 
4.T — Later  Projects — California  an  Island — Interest  in  tiie  North- 
west— Vizcaino's  Thinl  Voyage — Ofiate  at  the  Head  vi  the  (iulf — 
Cardona's  Contract  and  Voyages— Juan  do  Itin'l)e — Pichilingues  on 
the  Coast— Spilherg's  Cruise — Memorial  of  Padre  Ascension— Dutch 
Map — Arellano's  Claim — Private  Pearl  Voj-ages— Melchor  de  Le- 
zania— Petition  of  Rastan — Views  t'  Salmeron— Three  Expeditions 
by  Francisco  de  Ortega — Third  Colony  at  La  Paz — Original  Records — 
First  of  the  Jesuits — Estevan  Carbonel  in  the  (.iulf — D'Avity'a 
Map loll 


CHAPTER  Till. 

EXPLOUATIONS  TO   THK   CVLV   OF  CALIFOIINTA. 

1(J3C-17«0. 

Porter  y  Casanatc  and  Rotello  y  Serrano— Memorials  and  Contracts — 
Pretended  Discoveries  of  Fonto — Cestin  do  Canas— Casanate  s  Ell'irts 
ami  Misfortunes — Two  Trips  to  California  -I'iriaihro's  I'earl-lishiug 
Expedition — Lucenilla  in  the  (.iulf — Rojal  Enthusiasm — A  New 
Contract — Settlement  of  California  by  Otondo  and  the  Jesuits — 
Fourth  Failure  at  La  Paz — Coh)ny  at  San  Rruno— Rnecaneers  and 
Piivateers — Swan  and  Townley — Dampier — W'oodcs  Rogers,  Court- 
ney, and  Cooke — Victory  and  Defeat — Frondac'a  Voyage — Shel- 
vocke  at  vhe  Cape— Anson's  Voyage 177 


xU 


CONTEXTS. 


I 


CHAPTER  IX. 

^...'NALS   Ol"  SINALOA   AND  SONonA. 

1G(K)-Iurj0. 

r 

Coast  ProN-iiicrs — Chamctla,  Cnpalii,  Ciiliiicuii,  Sinaloa,  Ostimnri,  Sonora, 

and  riiiKTi'a — Villas  of  Sau  Scliastiaii  ami  Saii  MiLtucl — San  .luan  do 
^lazatlan — San  Fclipo  ilo  Siiialua — Cdiiiniamlants  or  (iovci'nnrH — 
The  Jesuit  Annas  -  ('a  jitain  lliiriiaidc's  Ituli^—  The  flua/avos — I)(tcat 
of  tli(!  Snaiiuis — Chiefs  llan^^cd  —  Ivxprditinn  to  ('luMiiia— Siiialoas 
Put  to  Death — Tehueco  Cani]>ai^'n — Ocoroni  Jlevolt— Conver-sions — 
Fuei'te  de  Montosclaros — Spaniards  Defeated  I)y  the  Yncjuis — Treaty 
of  I'caec— llishop's  Visit— Te|i-dMie('anipai','n — Mayo  Missions — Con- 
version of  the  Yaijuis — Chinijia  Missions — District  of  San  Ignacio — 
Distrihution  of  I'adres — Deatli  of  llnrdaide — I'erea  in  Command — 
Murder  of  Padres  Pascual  and  Martinez — Sonora  Valley — l)istrict  of 
San  Franeisco  Javier — Division  of  Province — Nueva  Andalncia — 
Jesuits  versus  Franciscans— Padres  and  Statistics — Uibas'  Triumjilis 
of  the  Faith— Condition  of  the  -Missions 


:ii-' 


CnAPTEll  X. 

ANXALS   OF  SONoriA   AND  SINAI.OA. 

IfioO-lTOO. 
Pulora  in  Sinnloa— Coast  Events— Tajo  Mine— Spanish  Settlements — 
Missionary  Annals  in  the  South-Minor  Items,  Statistics,  and 
Names  of  Jesuits — The  CId  Suncia  Districts^The  Name  Snnoia — 
'J'ables  of  KioS,  KiTS,  and  KISS  - 'rrouhhs  with  the  I'.ishop — ('liini|)as 
District— Lai )0'-8  of  Salvati(>rra- llevolls  of  KUIOand  KIWT— Map— 
Conquest  of  Pimeria  Alta — Father  Kino  and  his  lialnirs— At  Uac 
and  Cahorea,  l(i'.)'J-;t — .Jirouzji  in(^onnnan<l — Mange's  Diaries— Kino 
on  the  tfulf  Coast,  Hi!U— lJoatd)uihlin,,' -Trip  to  the  tJila,  l(l!ll— 
Ilevolt,  Murder  of  I'atlier  Saeta,  and  Massacre  of  J'imas — Kino  in 
Mexico — Scciiiid,  Tidrd,  Fourtii,  an<l  I'il'th  I'aitradas  to  the  ]{io 
(lila,  l()l)7-17tK) — Vain  ]''.irorts  to  Olitain  Missionaries  for  the  Far 
North — Missions  of  ])olores,  San  I;,'nacio,  Cahorea,  Tubntania,  and 
('oc(ispiM'a — Military  Ojieralious  in  Apaclieri'a — Don  Pahlos  Jievolt— 
Pimas  Defeat  the  Apaches  — Seris  and  Tepocas 


CHAPTER  XT. 

JKSfIT   OCC'VI'ATION    o|-    r.AI A   CAI.iroRMA. 

ii;!)7-i7oo. 

]  )iscouragomont  from  Past  Failures — Kino's  l''irort8 — S.'lvatierra  V.n- 
listed — brighter  I'rospecta  at  Last— lU-gging  Alms— Foundation  of 
the  Pious  Fund — License  from  the  Viceroy— Full  Control  in  Jesuit 
Hands — Ven<'gas,  Clavigei'o,  and  their  I'nllowi'rs— Salvatieira's  Jiinr- 
ney  to  tlio  North— V'oyago  across  the  (lulf  -Casting  Lots  -  At  San 
Dionisio   -Foumlingof  Lorcto  Concho-  Linguistic  Studies-  The  I'or- 


COXTKNTS. 


xiii 


riilgo  Question  Leads  to  IIoRtilitii-.s — A  IJattlo — f'oiiiin;,'  of  I'ii'folo — 
Siilvaticir.r.s  Lottcvs— A  Xcw  I'oft — New  Cliunh  for  riiiistiims  — 
The  Xi'W  Year— Movonieiits  f)f  Vessels — The  Niitivo  I'liests  M;>ko 
Trotilile — A  .Sccon<l  Fitrlit — A  Xcw  Sliip — I'earl-fishcry — A  M  inielo — 
Ex]«'(litiiui  to  T-oii(li') — \'i;.',i,'e  r)i;iuiiil<) — Memloza  Siiei'eeils  'I'ortolero 
aa  Captain — \'iew  of  the  I'acilic — Imlian  I'oliej- — Xew  Missi(jn  of 
San  Javier — Misfortunes — Loss  of  the  'San  Ferniin' — Salvatierra 
Visits  tlie  Main — \'ain  A]pi)eals  to  <  lnvcriinient  fnr  Aid-  I)istiMist  of 
the  Jesuits — Mendu/a  and  tlie  Clairisou  Disehar^eil — SalvatieiTiV 
Again  Crosses  the  (iulf 27(> 

CHAPTini  XII. 

ANNALS   OK    NIKVA    VIZCAYA. 
10()0-1(MO. 

Govcrnniont — List  of  Itiilira — Sec  of  (Inadiana — TJishops — Oeographieal 
Lines  and  Distriets — Proj^ress  in  tlio  Soutli-east  —  Superstition, 
Taniine,  and  liiglitconsness  at  I'arras — Acaxeo  Missions  of  'ro|)ia — 
lievolt— The  Sal)ailK)  liisiiop — Conveision  and  Itevolt  of  the  Xixi- 
ines — Governor's  Canipai^'us — 'I'ho  Tepelnnine  District— Jtevolt  of 
l(ilG-17 — Massacre  of  Ten  Missionaries  mid  Two  Hundred  Span- 
iards—  Peace  Kestored  —Humes  and  Ilinas — Vi'rj,'en  del  llacl'azo — 
Ciiiliualiua  Districts^Jesuit  l)i!ginnin;^H  in  Taralnunara  ]>aja — Fran- 
ciscan Kstaljlishnicnts — Report  of  l(i"22 — Concho  ilissiou — Parral 
Founded — Couhuila. > 305 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

NHEVA  VIZCAVAN   lllSrollV. 

I  (Ml  1  TOO. 
List  of  Governors  and  TJisliops — Snulhern  Districts — A  Tierra  de  Paz — 
Topia — Zapat'i's  Visita — Laguna  ]tegion — Secularization  ami  De- 
struction— Tepehuano  Missions  — Tarahuinara  —  Map  —  Franciscan 
Territoi-y — Tohoso  Plaids — (.'onclio  Pevolt — Murder  of  I'riais — Cerro 
Gonlo — Taraluunarc  Itevolt — Canijiai^'na  oi  CaiTion,  P>;irra;'a,  and 
Fajardo — Villa  de  Afjuilar — Xew  liebellion — Martyrdom  of  (iodinez 
and  liasilio — S])anisli  lieveises— Peace — Tliird  Outlireak — I'.N tension 
of  Jesuit  Missions — I'ranciscan  Pro.^ress^Casa.-!  Grundes — Junta  do 
los  liios — Kl  Paso  del  X'orte — .Jesuits  versus  Franciscans— Statistics 
of  1078 — Presidios — P.order  Warfare — 'raialuimaro  L'evolt  of  Itj'.K) — 
Martyrdom  of  Padres  Foronda  and  Sanchez 3.'J7 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

NEW  MEXICO,  COAiniLA,  ANU   TEX.\."^. 

1(jOO-17<H). 
Annals  of  Xcw  Mexico — Prosperity,  Itevolt,  and  Rcconqucst — Coaliuilii 
— Entries  of  tSalduendu  and  Larios — The  Earliest  Missions — Found- 


XiT 


CONTEXTS. 


PAGE 


I 

ing  of  Monclova — Rulers — Franciscans  from  Quer(5taro  ami  Jalisco — 
Mission  Cliangea — Texas — IvL'sunic  for  Sixteenth  Century — Expedi- 
tions from  New  Mexico — Ofiatc  in  Quivira — Tlic  Junianas — Uio 
Nueces — Captain  Vuca — Martin  and  Castillo — Country  of  the  Tejjis — 
renalosa's  rretiiided  ]'hitra<la — Ed'orta  of  Lopez  and  Mendoai — • 
Father  Paredes'  ]!c]iort  —  North-eastern  Geography — The  Nanio 
Ti'xas— French  Projects — I'efialosa  Again — Im  Salle's  Expedition — 
Fort  St  Loui.'^ — Disastrous  Fate  of  the  Colony — Pestilence  and 
Murder — Spanish  EH'orts — IJarroto's  Voyages  —Leon's  Expedition  — 
Second  Entrachi — Father  Masanet  ami  his  Friars — ^lissions  Founiicd 
— Ex})edition  of  Governor  Tcran  tie  los  llios — Nueviv  Montana  dc 
Sautandcr  y  Santillana— Abandonment  of  Tcxaa 373 

CHAPTER  XV. 

ANNALS   OF  I.OWKB  CALIFORNIA. 

1701-1717. 

Salvatierra's  Pcturn — Coming  of  Ugartc— Change  of  Captains— Progress 
at  San  Javii  r — TTard  Times  at  Lorcto— Piccolo's  ElTurts  in  Mexico — 
Padres  B.isaMua  and  Minutili — Minor  Explorations — lievolt — liasal- 
dua  in  Mexico — Koyal  I'romiscs — No  Results — Perlro  Ugartc — Liv- 
ing on  Root"  -SalviiUcrra  Called  to  Mexico — An<l  Made  Provincial — 
No  (iovcrnnient  Aid — Troubles  with  the  Gni'ri.son — The  Provimial 
in  California — .laimc  Bravo — Founding  of  San  Juan  Biiutista  de 
Ligui— Santa  Rosalia  do  Mulegt5 — Explorations — A  Miracle — Salva- 
ticrra  Returns — A  Lady  at  Loreto — Padre  Mayorga — Founding  of 
San  .ros(5  deComondii — Padre  Peralta — Ravages  of  Small-pox — Mari- 
time Disasters — Drowning  of  Padre  Guisi — Arrival  of  Padre  Gu- 
illen— Favors  from  the  New  Viceroy — Piccolo's  Tour — Padre  Tania- 
ral — Salvatierra  Summcned  to  Mexico — His  Death  at  Guadalajara — 
The  Jesuit  Mission  System— i he  Pious  Fund 407 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

JESriT  ANNALS  OF   LOWKR  CALIFORNIA. 
17I7-17.")0. 

Interest  at  Court — A  Junta  in  Mexico — Rravo's  Efforts — TTgarto  Rector — 
A  Storm — Founding  of  Purisima— ' Triunfo  de  la  Cruz' — Guillen's 
Exploration — Founding  of  I'ilar  do  la  Paz — Helen  Founds  Guada- 
lupe— I'garte's  Voyage  to  Head  of  the  (!ulf — Sistiaga  on  the  V»'est 
Coast— (inilli'U  Foun<ls  I)olores — Napoli  Founds  Santiago — Locusts 
and  Ei>ideniic — Luyando  Founds  San  Iguacio — Death  of  Piccolo — 
Visit  of  Echeverria — Founding  f)f  San  Jo8(5  del  Cabo — Death  of 
Ugarte — Taraval  Explores  the  North-west — Founding  of  Santa 
Rosa — Touching  of  the  Manila  Ship — Revolt  in  the  South — Martyr- 
dom of  Fathers  Carranco  and  Tamaral— Yaqui  Recnforcements — 
(.ioveruor  Uuidrobu's  Campaign — A  I'residio  at  the  Cape — Reoccifc- 


CONTEXTS. 


407 


XT 


pjition  of  the  Mfssions — A  Decade  of  Troiililes — F.piilcmic— Death  of 
Captain  Kstevan  Lorenzo — Chanij;ea  in  I'atlrcs — (."ons<af;"M  Kxploratiou 
of  tho  Gulf — Map — Royal  Orih.ra— No  Kesults — End  of  Vencj^'a's 
Rocord M\5 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

LOWER  CALIFOKXIA — JESriTS   AND   FRANCISCANfl. 

1750- 17G9. 
Revival  of  Industries — Calumnies  —  Mea;,'rc  Reeords— ('(insng  on  the 
Pacific— Founding  of  Santa  Gertrudi.s — Rivera  y  Mi>iioada  Com- 
manchmt — Coast  Kxplu.-ation — Iluri-icnnc — Venegns'  Map — Founil- 
ing  of  Saa  Francisco  do  Rorja — Changes  in  Missionaries — Link's 
I'-xplorations — Founiling  of  Santa  Maria — Trouhh's  in  tlie  Soutii  — 
Demand  for  AVomen  and  Secularizjition — ICxpulsJou  of  tiie  Jesuits — 
Arrival  of  tiovernor  TortoLi — Works  of  ISaegertand  Ducrne — Miip — 
I'arting  Scenes — List  of  Jesuit  Missiouariiis — Coming  of  the  Fran- 
ciscans— Ol)servante3  and  Fernandinos — Names  of  tho  Sixteen — 
Distribi  '')n  of  tho  Friars — A  New  System— Coining  of  Visitador 
General  Galvcz — Reforms  Introduced  —  Mission  Changes — Towns 
and  Coloniziition — Regulations — Mining— Tra<le  —  Preparations  for 
tho  Occupation  of  Alta  California—The  Four  Exix^ditiuiis — Secu- 
larization of  Santiago  and  San  Jose — Fouiuliug  of  San  Fernando  do 
Velicatii — The  Old  must  Support  the  New 4r)7 

CHAPTER   XVIII. 

SONOHA      AND      HINALOA. 
1701-17.10. 

Kino's  Labors  in  Pimerla — Exploring  Tour  with  Salvatierra — Map — Sixth 
Trip  to  tiie  Gila  and  across  the  Colorado — l>iist  Tour  in  the  North — 
Final  Ellbrts  and  Disapp(jintment.>s — Death  of  Kino — Explorations 
by  Campos — Ugarte  on  tiio  Coast — Mo(iui  Projects — Seris  and  Te- 
pocas — Mission  Decline — Statistics — .lesuits  versus  Settlers— Polit- 


i  ■:.' 


and.    Military    Alhdis  -  liule    of   Saldaua   and    Tuuon— Siualoa 
ceii — Conquest  of  Nayarit 4I)'J 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

ANNALS   OF  SONOIIA   AND   SINALOA. 

17:!l-l7.".l. 
Coast  Provinces  Detached  from  Nucva\'izcaya—IIuidrobo  as  Governor — 
Revolt  of  Yafiuis  and  Mayos — A  Decade  in  Pimei-ia  Alta — Keller 
and  Sedi'lniair — Piolas  de  Plata,  or  Arizonac — Vildosohi's  Rule — 
Letters  and  Quarrels — CJallardo  as  Visitador  General— Proposid  Re- 
forms— Parrilla  Appointed  Goveinor— Presidio (.'iianges — Seri  War— 
^lo(|ui  Scheme  Revived — Expeditious  to  the  Gila — Sedehnair's  Ex- 


xvi 


CONTENTS. 


»A«I 


plorntioiis — Roynl  Orrlers — Rnlvador'a  Consnltaa  —  Rccnlarization, 
Penal  Colony,  Colonization — .Jesuit  Catalogue  of  1750— Pima  llevolt 
— Martynlom  of  llhucn  and  Tello — Itonia  on  the  Siualoa  Provinces.  5-0 

CHAPTER  XX. 

LAST  OF  TUE  JESUITS  IN   SONOHA. 


1 


i-y^ 


-1707 


A  War  on  Paper — .Jesuits  versus  Governor — Investigations — Disculpa- 
tion  of  tiic  .Missionaries — Rule  of  Governors  Aroo  and  Mondoza — 
War  with  the  8eris — Mcndoza  Killed — Apache  Waifarc — Raids  of 
Savages  and  .Soldiers — Missions  of  Piiueria  Alta  in  the  Last  Years — 
No  Progress — Padres,  New  and  Old — Final  Statistics  —Rule  of 
Cuervo  and  Pineda— From  Bad  to  Worse — Campaigns — Recom- 
mended Reforms — Various  Reports — Captain  Caneio  and  his  Let- 
ters—Mlizondo's  Expedition  Coming — Rosumii  of  Correspondence 
and  Events — A  IVriod  of  Suspense  —  Mission  Statistics,  1700-7 — 
Expulsion  of  Jesuits — List  of  Jesuits  Who  Served  in  Sinaloa  and 
Souora 5-18 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

NTKYA  VIZCAYA,    OR  DUUAKdO  AND  CHini'AnrA. 

1701-1707. 

r..)vernmont  and  List  of  Rulers — Presidios  and  Indian  Warfare — Rivera's 
Tour — Rerrotaran's  Report — Presidial  Clianges — Mission  Annals — 
Repartimieutos — The  Jesuit  College — Secularization  of  the  Durango 
Missions — Statistics — Expulsion  of  the  Jesuits — List  of  !Mission- 
aries— The  Fi'anciscans — Secularization — Custody  of  Parral — Mis- 
sions at  Junta  de  los  Rios — Ecclesiastical  AlFairs  and  List  of 
Bishops — Taniaron's  Visita  and  Report — Stfitistics  of  Population — 
Local  Items  in  the  South  and  Xorth — San  Felipe  el  Real  do  Cliihua- 
bua  and  Mines  of  Santa  Eulalia 5S1 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

TEXAS,    COAIICILA,    AND   NEW   MEXICO. 

1701-1800. 

A  Glance  nt  New  Mexico — Coahuila  or  Nueva  Estrcmadura — Government 
and  Rulei-8 — (tcncral  Progress  and  Statistics — Local  Items — Chrono- 
logical Record — Militiiry  and  Mission  Affairs — Texas,  or  Nuevas 
Eilipinas — Operations  of  St  Denis — Ramon's  Expedition — Missions 
Refounded — Governor  Alarcon — Founding  of  Bejar  and  San  An- 
tonio— French  Invasion — I'Lxf  lition  of  (Jovernor  San  Miguel  de 
Aguayo — Villa  of  San  Fernando — Reduction  of  Military  Force — 


CONTENTS. 


XVI I 

PAi-.r, 


Qiicr(5tnro  Friars  Transfer  tliiir  Missions— Pniuli  T'xmiidiiry  Qufs- 
tion— Succession  of  (Jovcrnors — Apacliu  Warfare  -I Vnitcnt  Li[)aiifM 
— Troubles  (if  the  I'riarsMissioii.s  of  San  .lavicr  l!alKi},'i>".s  I'lx- 
ccsscs-'Contrahand  Trade-  San  Sali:i  Presidio  and  Mission  -Zeal  of 
("inde  cle  Itegla-  A  Massacre—  I'arril  la's  Caniiiidirn  liidi^  of  ( )eonor 
nnd  Uii>[)enld  -Northern  Ivstalilislmunts  Al)aniloned  -  liucareli  and 
TCacodoclieM — <,)iiaretaro  Friars  Jletire  -I^ll'oi'ts  of  Me/.icres — Morrra 
Work — Lyical  Affairs — Condition  of  the  I'rovince  — Ljist  DecuJea  of 
the  Century OO'J 


u-18 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

NCEVA   VIZCAYA,  PROVINCIAS   INTEKNAS,  INTENDESCIA   OK    DURANQO. 

1708-lSOO. 

Government— Oi'ganiziition  of  Provincias  Intcrnas— Caballero  de  Croix — 
Neve,  ]lcnL,'el,  and  I'j^'arte  in  Conniiand — \'i<'eiegal  ■hnisdiction — 
Division  of  the  I'lovimias — The  Kast  and  Wist— ( leneral  I'edro  do 
Nava — lieunion  and  Independence — (iovernors  of  Nucva  Vizcaya — 
IntendiMuia  of  Durango — Uiile  of  Iiiteiidentt^s  and  SulidelegadoH  — 
Indian  Aliairs — Ueglaniento  do  Presidios — Changes  in  Sites— in- 
structions of  Calvez — A  New  I'oliey— Results — See  of  l)urango — 
List  of  ])ishoj)s— Division  of  the  ])i(iccse^Controversies  —  Bishop 
versus  (General — Missions — Under  Franciscana  and  Secular  Clergy- 
Condition  of  the  Fstahlishnients — Local  Items — Plc ports  of  (juardian, 
Provincial,  and  Viceroy — Annals  of  Chihuahua — Annals  of  Durango 
— Pestilence — War  ou  the  Scor^jions 036 


hia- 


581 


lent 
Uo- 
Lvas 
lona 
lAn- 
de 
i;e — 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

SONOllA      AN1>      SINALOA. 

1708-1800. 

Elizondo's  Military  Expedition — \ueva  Andalneia— Noticia  Breve — 
Original  Corn-spondenee — I'nsuiccssl'ul  Miiveuients  on  the  (,'crro 
Prieto — llepredations  of  the  Savages- -Arriviil  of  (Jalviz  -I'arclon 
Offered — Revolt  on  the  Rio  Fuerte — New  Advance  on  the  Kihel 
Seris — Change  of  Policy — Final  Success  of  Negotiations — Tin-  Coun- 
try at  Peace— Discovery  of  Cold  Mines— New  I'l-esidio  RegMl.itions 
— Mission  Annals — Secularization — IVanciscans  of  l^MuTitaru  and 
Jalisco — Fate  of  the  Fstahlishnients-  ( iarci's  on  the  (Ilia  -Murder 
of  President  Oil— Reyes' Report  of  177-  -List  of  ( Iovernors  -i'ro- 
viaciiis  Intemas— ^irizpo  the  Capit;il  -Hishopiic — List  of  llisliops — • 
Apache  \\'arfaro  —  Peace  at  Last  —  More  Revolt— iHstrnction  of 
Magdalena— Anza.'s  Expeditions  to  California — The  Colora<lo  River 
Missions — Transfer  of  Sonora  Missions — Custodia  de  San  Carlos — 
•  Arricivita's  Chronicle  Local  Items,  List  of  Padres,  and  Statistics.  .  COO 
Uui.  N.  Mu.  SXA  ta,  Vui..  I.    U 


xvm 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

FRANCISrAKS  AND   IKIMIMCANS    IN    TIIK    TKNINSri.A. 

170!)-177*:. 

PAi.B 

The  Visitador's  Pinna  for  Lnrvto — Dcpiirtiirc  nnd  I'cport  of  ("lalvoz — 
ClmjiiM!  irAiitcrofliP — (lovcnior  Armoiiii — (!i»iz;ilc/  and  'J'lilcclo — 
Kpiili'iiiicH  —  lUssatinfactiou  —  IlaiiiDS  Scut  to  .Sniiora  -News  from 
Moiitcri'}' — Moreno  in  Coniinand — llastcrra's  Mi-niorial — New  Friars 
--(liivi'rniir  IJarri — A  lUttiT  Fi'tnl  —  I'alcui  Al'poal^  to<Iiianlian  and 
Viceroy — Tlio  Dominican  daim — Triarti^'s  I'^ll'i  ills  — I  loyal  Onlcr.H— 
(Juardian  and  V'icar-gcncral— Amicalilc  .Vgrcemcnt  —Franciscans  Sur- 
render till!  Peninsula — Motives  of  the  Two  Orders— More  Trouble 
witli  Karri — Arrival  of  tlie  I)ominicans— Departure  of  tlie  Fei'nan- 
dinos—  Palon's  Final  Preparations — Trouldes  with  President  Mora — 
Keglanu'iito  of  I'residios — 15a; 'i  Siucueeded  liy  l''elipe  du  Neve — In- 
struetious — Arrival C02 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

ANNALS    OK    liAJA     CAI.IFOUN  A. 
ITT.VISOO. 

Neve's  Hule— reforms — Troiihlcs  with  Padres — Rosnrio  nnd  S.into  Do- 
mingo— Piveray  Moncada  in  Command — Indian  'I'rouhles — Dumin- 
ican  Iteeords — San  Vicente — Small-pox — Hidalgo  President— Neve's 
Jteglamento — Rivera's  Death — Custotlias  Threatened  — h'ages  ( iov- 
ernor — Hani  Times — Arrillaga  in  t'ommincl— Kxplnrations — S.,n  Mi- 
guel Mission  Iteports — Padre  Sales' Xotieias — (lnvernor  Pomeu  — 
Pi'esident  Gomcz^Santo  Tomiis — New  Friars  •San  Pedro  Martyr — 
l?oi-ica -Olhcial  Changes — Arrillaga 's  Tour — Santa  t  'atalina — Win- 
vvitli  I'higland — President  lielda — A  British  Fleet — ( iovernor  Arri- 
llaga— Financial  Items  —List  of  Dominicans^  Local  Allairs 71-t 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

OCCUPATION    oy  ALTA   CAMIOIINIA. 

1700-1800. 

Discovery  and  Coast  Exploration — Knowledge  of  California  in  17<>fl — 
Motives  for  the  Concpiest — Portola's  Exjiedition — At  San  Diego  —To 
Monterey  nnd  San  Francisco  by  I^md — Founding  of  Missions— Juni- 
pero  Serra  as  President — Results  in  ]77'{ — Fagcs,  Jiivera,  and 
Auza — l)i8aster  at  Sun  Diego — San  Francisco  Missinn  and  Presidio — 
(tovernor  Neve  at  Monterey— Statistics  for  the  First  Decade — 
TronMo  on  the  Colorado — (iovernor  Fnges — Puehlos-  Lasuen  as 
Presid<;nt — La  Perouse — New  Foumlations  — A  Decade  of  Prosperity 
— Romeu,  Arrillaga,  and  I'orica — Vancouver — Yanliee  Craft  — Fears 
of  Foreign  Aggrettuiou — End  of  the  Century— Elements  of  I'rogress . .   743 


AUTHORITIES   QUOTED 


IN'   THE 

HISTORY  OF  THE  NORTH  MEXICAN 

STATES. 


Aa  (Pieter  van  <lrr),  Naaiikeurigc  Vcrsamoling.     Lcydcn,  1707.  .10  vols. 

Al'i'ft  (.1.  \V.),  lleport  of  his  oxiimiimtioii  of  Xew  Muxico,  hS4(i-7.  Wash- 
ington, 1S4S. 

Aoo.sto  (.Fosof),  Historia  Xutnral  y  Moral  ile  lasYiulias.  Sevilla,  1.180;  I>c 
Natviii  Novi  Uil)is.     Sahiiantica',  I.">!S!I. 

Ailauis  (.John  (^iiincy),  To  thi^  linn.  ,).  (^>.  Ailains  and  tho  othcrtwcnty  nu'Mi- 
1)1  IS  of  Congiv.-i.i.  [I)iitt;il  Houston,  (JctobtT  "JO,  l.S4l{.J  [Washinglon, 
lS4;t.] 

Ailanis  (.loscjjh  T. ),  Lectun;  on  the  subjci't  of  re-annoxing  Toxas.  Xi-w-IUmI- 
fonl,  l.S4.">. 

AkaiU'niio  ilur  W'isseiischafti'n,  .*>itzungsbcriohte,  Abhandlungcn.  IVrlin,  1S.">!) 

L't  SOI|. 

Alaman  (Liicas),  DisertftcioiK's.     ^Mexico,  1H44-0.  .'{vols. 

Alaiiim  (Hernanilo),    Ki'lationc  th'lla    Xavigatioiii'.     In  Raniusio,   iii.   .'{(i!*; 

Halihiyt'd  Voy.,  iii.  42.");  Teiiia\ix-Conipiui3  Voy.,  siTio  i.  toin.  ix.  •_'!•;•- 

34S. 
Alaivoii  (Ilernaiulo),  and  Ulloa,  Relacion  del  Ai'nmda.     In  Col.  Doc.  Inoil., 

i\ .  'J  1 8. 
Alatiuu  (Martin),  Directorioo  Instrticeionos.    MS.    In  Texas,  Doc.  Hist.  'JiM. 
Alaiciiii    (Martin),    llelacion   de  los  Kinpleos.     M.S.     In   Texas,    Doc.    Hir-t. 

;\\n-]:\. 
Albieini  (Juan  de),  Historia  do  las  Missionca  de  la  Nueva  Vizcaya.     MS. 

d.ttiil  Vaniupa,  10;{.'l. 
Aiceilo  (Antonio  de),   Diccionario  Geogrdtico  Ilistorico.      Madriil,    17S0-!». 

5  viils. 
Alci\  ia  (.lose  MiGuad.),  Cartas,  17.">7.    MS.    In  Texas,  Doc.  Hist.  .")!t7  ct  sci|. 
Alegre  i  i''iancisco  Javier),  Historia  de  la  Conipania  do  Jesiis.     Mexico,  l,s4l. 

.'J  Vols. 
Allen  (I..  ],.  1,  Pencillings  of  Scenes  upon  the  Rio  Oranilc.     Xcw  York,  1S4S. 
Alniada  (Baituloint!  K.),  Ksposicion  ipic  eh'va  al  .Supremo  tJohierno  solire  ln.s 

liltinios  acontcciniientos  ile  Sonora.     Mexico,    IS.'iti. 
Almanacs.     A  great  variety  of  Almanacs  and  Calenilarios  cited  by  name!  and 

date. 
Alnianza  (Miguel  Javier),  Cartas  del  Visitador  17'24.     In  Sonora,  Mat.  H'M; 

also  MS. 
Alinonto  (Juan  X.),  Noticiaestadistica  sobre  Tejas.     Mexico,  1SH5. 
Alric  (Henry  J.  A.),   Dix  Ans  do  R(5sidcnce  d'uu  Missionaire  dans  les  deux 

Califoniies,  etc.     Mexico,  180(5. 
Altamira  (Mai(pas),  Puntos  del  Pareccr,  1744.     MS.     lu  Texas,  Doc.  491; 

Mayer  MSS.  Xo.  23. 

(xix) 


n 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTKI). 


i; 

I  ii 
,   I 


Ah'nrndu  (Tiinii  ri.iiiti.-'t.i),  lli><t(itia  ili-  ( ';ilil'iiniiii.     MS.      IS71I.   "1  vols. 
Alsar.ulii  ( I'cilio  ilii,  iiml  Aiit'iiiiii  di'  MiimIh/.i,  Asicnto  y  ('ajiitlilaciniics.     In 

I'liilirii)  and  CurdriiaH,  C'<1.  |)"n'.,  iii.  .Vil;  x\  i.  .'{>•_'. 
Alsai-t  z  (l;_'iiariii),  Ivstiidio.i  soliif  La  ili.itoiia  (ii  iicr.d  dc  Moxico.    Zacatfcan, 

|n7.'>.   ■">  \i>U. 
Ab'jiinii'iito  du  I08  Tarahiunnras,  l(i4(i.     In  X.  \'iz<"iya,  Dm',  iii.   IT-;  alsu 

MS, 
.'ilxjtir  y  Ranun/  {.fDMi'-  Aiitoiiin),  (laix'taa  do  Litcratiii'ad«i  Mfxifo.     Muxico, 

17!l()-l.   ;{  vols.;  and  I'u.Ma,   l^:ii.    I  vujs. 
AiniM'iciin  Antii|naiian  Siniit\,  I'loi-ci'din;,'-!.     Wiii-cfstcr,  IS'JO  it  hccj. 
AniiTiiim  l''.tliniilii;;iial  Sdcii'ty,  'I  ransaitinns.      Isl,")  it  sti[. 
Annrican  <,iiiail»  riy  lli'virw.      I'ldladil|iliia,  INJT  ot  siij. 
Ann  rii'an  Stati!  rapcrs.      liDston,  Isl7  I't  .>.ei|. 
•Uidir.Hon  (.\lc\.    1).),  Till!  Silvii'  (Jouiitry,  nr  tiu!  (Jiejit  Soiitliwrst.     Now 

\(irk.  I.S77. 
Annals  uf  C'iin>.'ri'ss.     f  Ist  to  IStli  ConKI■<'^  .  1    \A'asliinj.'t<m,  lS.'M-r)0.    12  vola, 
.Xiimu'tii,  rnivt'isal  llistoiy.     I.iindon,  1M)(>.  '.(vols. 
An -tin  ((  Ilmii-;^!'),  A  \'oya;_'f  nnnid  tins  World.      Lonilon,  17"><>. 
Anna  di  I  ('i.lij,'io  di'  J)nian;.;t(,  17l--r>l.     In  Ddi'.  Jli.st.  .Mox.,  4Hi  sir.  tc>in. 

iv.  4S-,">ll. 
.\.nna.s  dc  la.s  ^risioni's  dc  la  C'tnnpafiia  do  Je.su.s  on  Sinaloa,  l.V.H-lO'j;).   .MS, 

In  Sinali);i,  .Mi^ni.  lii.st. 
Anx.il  (•!  nan  li.iuti-itai,  I  K'smduiinicnto  do  Sonoi-a  ;'i  Calil'driua,  1771.      MS. 
Anza  (luan  J>.),  Uiaiio  dt;  nna  ixjiodic'on  dcsdo  .Sdnora  a  .S.  I'r.iniisco,  t'al., 

l77.'--(i.     MS. 
An/a  (.luan  1>.),   Kxpi'diiion  do  Auza  y  Mnorto  do  "Cucrnu  ViTiIc."     Xiw 

M.xi.M),  I77!>.     MS.     liilio. 
.\l)ai  icio  (.Manni'l  Jlaniii'.  /.),  J..0S  CunvoutoM  sujiviniiilus  in  ^Ii'jiti).     Mcxioo, 

JSOI. 
A|Misti)lio(H  Afancs  do  la  (^oni|iania  do  .Tosns.     liariilona.  I7.">4. 
.\i'i  In  r,   ,S|i(Mili  in    I'.    .S.  Sonato  I'or  Anni'\atii>n  nf  'I'lxa.s,   Fob.   12S,  1845. 

Wasliingtiin,  Is4."». 
.\riln\u  del  .\r/.iilii..i|iadci  di'  S.  I'l-ancLsoo.     MS.     .T  vols. 
Ai'cliivi)  dt!  Calitornia,  l>(i(iinnuts  in  tlio  I'nitoil   Status  Snrvcyor-geuorars 

Otiico  nt  San  Fianci.sod.     .MS.    |n77-S.   •J7;<  vols. 
Ai'ddvo  (ionoral  do  Moxion.     M.S.  ,'{2  vol.s. 
Ai'oiiivo  do  Santa  i>iirl)ara.     M.S.   11  vols. 
Arovali)  (Francisco  Sahagun  do),  Conipoadio  do  Xoticias  Moxicanas.     n.^l., 

n.d. 
Alias  (.rosc])li),  Iiiformo  rcspceto  il  las  niisionos  do  Rio  Vorde  '2'.i  do  Nov.  du 

17N7.  MS. 
Ai'i/iR'  {Ipiaoio  do),  Coiitestacion  doKloljernadordoCualinilii.     Saltillo,  1S41. 
Arizjio  (Mi;,Mul  Uanios  di),  .Moinorial  on  tlio  natural,  pcditical,  and  civil  statu 

of  till!  rrovinco  of  <  oaliuda.      I'liiladi  l]iliia,  1.S14. 
-AfloLiiii   (.losi'i)li),  Clironica  ilo  la   I'lovincia  do  .S.    Francisco  do   Zacatceas. 

.Mexico,  I7;>T. 
Aiiiiicnta  (!•'.),  Ainintos  para  la  llistoria  do  Sinaloa.     ridiac.in,  1S77.  folio. 
.\i  ricix  ita  (.1.  1). ),  ( 'roiiic.t  Soratica  y  Aixistnlica.      Madrid,  171>-'.   folio. 
Ariillai.'a(.(osi'.loa(iuiii),  Testiinonio  doDiligoiicias.    M.S.  In  .\rcli.  Cal.,  I'rov. 

St.'l'ap.,  ix.  (i-7!>. 
Aizo  y  Fortoria  (Toinas)  Informo  al  Ouardian,  Misioncs  do  Coalniila,  17S7. 

M'S. 
A.scoiisidU  (Antonio  do  h\).  Rolaciou  Brove  on  quo  so  cla  Notioia  dol  Hoscubri- 

niiontd,  lli()i'-:{.   In  I'acliocn  and  tVirdonas,  Col.  Doc,  viii.  .">.'{',)  ct  so(|. 
Ati  (S.  Francisco),  Lil)io  do  Misioii,  17iJ7-18'_'l.    MS.    In  I'inart,  Col.  I'ini. 

Alta. 
An.sliu  (I'Istovan  F.),  I']sposicion  sobrc  los  .\.suiito9  dc  Tojas.     ilcxico,  183o. 


iJjicki'r  (Do),   T.ililiotlioi|no  dos  ocrivains   do   la  Compaguio  do  Ji5su3,   etc, 
Licgo,  lSo3-Ul.  7  vols. 


Ai'TiioTirrirs  quoti'd. 


sxl 


vU. 

italo 


etc. 


r>np,irrrt  (Tiifolid).  Ai-c'imt  <>(  Alioiiu'iniil  TiiliJil>it;mt«  of  ralifuriiin  fWn.-Ii 


tn'i. 


I'^Citl;   N'ai'liiit  litcii  Villi  il,r  Amriikiiiii.  >  hen  Jlalliiiix'l  t 'alif 


Ills'- 


iiimi'ii. 


.M.-mnliciiii,  I77-. 
Kija  Calil'iinia,  (Viliilas.     MS.    With  N'.  Mcx.  Cr.hilas. 
liaja  ('alit'iiini.'i  (l,a),  J.;i  I'a/,  Isil"  it  mi'i|. 
]'.aja  Calit'iMiiia,  |)()ciiiii:iilii.s  ( )rigiiiali'.s  para  hi  lIi.^tlll■i,l  ilc,  ISI't-.VJ.      MS. 


fnl 


111.     _  vols 


T.a ja  ( 'alifiiriiia,  nocumciitii'i  |iara  I.i  Histmia  ih-.     MS.    fulji 


l>aja  ('alifmni.'i,  |)i 


itiis  i; 
rntc.     MS.    iMid.  t'l 


;i  hi  iiiliiiiiii-iti'ai'iim  ik;  1>i>ii  l\ilrii  M, 


U:     Ma«ithiii,  1S(!0. 
ill  I  'V 


lllUl.-*, 


r>ajii  ( 'alil'miiia,  I'A|ifiliriite  llrhitivn  ;i  la  rri^imi,  ( 

ISaja  Caliroriiia,  Lilirn  iK'  tmiias  ili'  la/mi .  .  .inlnnia  inilitai- do  San 

|,s.-,()y  IS-(1.      .MS.   folio. 
V.aja  ( '.iliforiiia,  IN-ulaiiniitii  ilr  floliiiriui  i!i  1   I'arliilo  Xortf.     l)i'i'.  "Jl,  lN">7. 
IJ.ija  ('.ililuniia,  Itculatiiiiitn  ih'  Ilu.itas  V  Sciiilnailiis.     J.a  I'a/,  |S(i'J. 
IJakci-  (l>.  W.  {'.),  A  I'.ri.f  llistoiv  of  'I'.xas.     X.'w  York,  .tc.  iSTIi. 


V. 


tt  (di'inyc),  lIi>torvof  the  riiitiil  Statis.      Tiostoll,  ISTOit 


llaiirroft  (11  Illicit  I  lowt),  llislm  y  of  ( '.■ililoniia.     S.  F.,  iSs.f  it  m'i|.   7  vol-). 
])iiiii  Toft  ( lliilii  It  llowr),  History  of  Ciiiliiil  Amu  i'ii.'a.     Sail  I'laiicisro,  l.svj 

ct  sti(.   ,'!  vol.s. 
liaiiii-oft  (Huli-rt  ITowi'l,  IIi^!to|■v  of  McnI 


S.  F.,  Iss:t,.t 
ift  (ilulicit  IIiA\(l,  llistoiv  of  New  Mixiio  anil  Aii/mi 


■'1- 


(i  vol 


Vols. 


i''- 

IJaiuioft  (Hiil)cit   Jiusvf),  Native  Itaois  of   tlio  I'aiilic  Stiiti's.      Now  \oik, 

1S7.").     T)  vols. 
]'arli:M'!iano  (Toiiris  .\/narK  T^as  Mcjoras  ^latrrialcs.     < 'aiii|u'clii',  IS.'iD. 


r,ail..-.M:!rl.oi(  iM.),  lliitoin 


La  I, 


I 'a  lis.  IS-Jll. 


IJailit  r  (lolin  \V. )  aiul  Hi  my  Jlowi",  History  of  WV'.sturii  States  uml  Tirii- 


torii's.     Cincinnati.  l.S()7. 
Barlny  Criu'oiloiT),  I.o 'Pc-    <.    [V 


1841. 


liiuvia  (.Vnilii's  ().),  luisayo  (.'ronologico  jiara  la  Ifistoria  t  Iciu  ral  ilc  li  I'lo- 

riila.     Mailii.l,  r."."!. 
Ilarii'ilo  (.\iitonio).  Oicada  solup  Xiicvo  ^ft'-xion.     I'liclila,  1S3'J. 


M 

'vrcra 


(Miuiifh,  llisiinuii  ijUf  puliliia  I'l  I'oniisaii 


itanioros, 


(M' 


\s:\ 


IIOSli'loIl  que  lU'l 


o  do  iU\  ision  siilirc   1  <  jas. 


ivi  (li^  la contrata.     Mexico,  ls;;7. 


r.illTn\V  (  iojlh),  The  l.ilo  <if  (I 


l.oiil  A I 


l.oiiilon,  ISo'.l. 


]>artlitl  (.loliii   llusscll),  IVivsonal    Narrative  of   F\i.loi-atioiis  in  Texas,  Ni\v 


]'. 


M 'xico,  ('alifornia.  i-tc.     New  York,  l.S.")4. 


lci.(|iu!  (l)ie,L;o),   llistoria   ilu   'a    I'rovincia   iK;   Saii    Nicohis   ToKntino. 

IMirlioaean.  1   1(17."!. 
iJtayly  ri  li.iiiias   II.),  Speech  on  the  Annexation  of  Texas.     January  7,  IS-l"). 

i\Va..liiii-ton,  ISl.-,.] 
r.ea.l!e  (.1.  H.).  TherndeveloiH'.l  West.      I'hila.lclphia,  ls7:{. 
I'caufoit  (Coiiile   \.),  llistoria  ih-  los  I'apas.     Mexico,  isni,   ,">  vols, 
lloaniiioiit  (I'aliloile  la   I'liri  aiiia  ('oiicc|icioii),  Criuiica  ile  la  l'ro\incii  ile  S. 


1' 


]5ol 


vS.    INililode  M 


lelio.ic.'Ui. 


Ml 


I. 


M^ 


ciia  (Miiscliio  Ventura),  I'arta 
ii.  !)0-l(IS. 


rUS-i).     Jn  Doe.  Hist.  ,Mex.,  Uh  scr.  ton 


T.elena  (lOiisehio  Ventura),  rvceonilacion  Smiiaria. 
I'lcltraini  1.1    ('.),  Le  Mexii|ne.      I'aiis,  |s;{().   •_' vols 


(Al 


[ilionse 


IJ 


sto   ]. 


eiiionstrative 


Mixico,  !7s7. 
iSnixell's,  \VM. 


vols 


IJeiitifli  iTlioiiias  IF),  S]ieec!i  aj^aiii' t  eeiliim  7'',<>l'<t  M|Uare  miles  of  New  Mexico 

to  Texas.     .Inly  1.-),  lS.-.(».     |  WasliiiiLjton,  ls.'.(l.| 
llciiton  (Thomas  IF),  Texas  .\niiexalioii  Kill.    Speech  in  reply  to  Mr  Mi  I  >u Hie, 

.June  l.'i,  IMF     Washington  [IS4!|. 
Benton  (Thomas  IF).  Speecli  in  V.  .S.  Senate,  May  Hi  "Ji),  ISH.on  annexation 


if  Texa.s.     Washinu't<'n[ISH| 


enzoni  (( liro'.aiiio),  Fa  IFslori: 
jereiiL'er.  (JoUectioii  do  toua  los  V 
9  vols. 


■1  ^^n 


N 


nlo  A  novo. 


•iieti.-i. 


oy; 


L's  faits  autoiirduMoiulo.   I'aris,  17S8-9. 


XXIl 


AUTIIOl^ITIES  Qt:OTi:D. 


iVrlitiV-cho  Litt.Tai-i^cIi-  WocIichMm' t.  1777. 

J'.trii:il  (('riMtiil):il  Mirtiiit.  11 'liicion  d.I  l^siail,)  di.  l.i  I'inicrfa,  l(i07.     In  So- 

11(11!!,  .MMttriii!(<,  iv.  7!I7-H();»;  iil.(,>  MS. 
T.crnitiiraii  (.lusi'i,   liifoiiiio  iii'i'i'c.i  «lo  Ioh  IVu.sidio.^  du  N.  Vizcaj'a  174'**.     lu 

Doc.  Hist.  M.X..-.M.  Hir.  i.  Kil. 
rihliotcL'.'v  IvliliiMiitt'  V. Moral.     Ml-xIco,  lS,"il. 
];i>imi','(Nni  Sia  d.  rr.'.piilo),  Liliro  do  Mi.iioii  17li(5-I.S0.1.  MS.  In  I'iiiart, 

Col.  i'iiii.  Alt. 
]'.lii';d"ii  (i'lMiui.-i  Will.),  'i'lic  Modi'in  (loo;,'nii>lic'r.     London,  n.d.   ')  vols, 
r.laki!  (Wdli.'im  1'.),   hcscriptiou  of  tlu!  Viiiioii.s  SilviT  Div.n  and  Miii<;ials, 

Xivv  llaviii,  iMIii. 
r.!oi.iiili.'!d  (K.).  A  flciu-ral  Vii'W  of  tli(.'  W.a'ld.     ISiin.'jay,  ls()7.  4to.  •_>  v.N. 
]>oiiilla  (.\ntoiiio),    Uitvo  coinipciiilio  do  los  siiceso.s  du  Tujas.     M.S.      I77-. 

folio. 
r.Miiiicl  (ficortjc  W.).  'I'opofirapliical  I)c'.si;rii)fion  of  Tu.xiis.     Austin,  ISIO. 
]'.  iiica  (Dic;j;ol,  I'loyccto  solin;  divisioii  d(!  ( ':difonii.is,  l7'.Ki.     M.S. 
r,o.s(V.  !>.),  lii'lH'iI  uiid  Taptloro 'I'liati'ii  <K  r  .-ic:  Hildfii.     Niiinliur;,',  IliSl. 
]m),-su(.M.),  N'ouvcMiix  Voya:,'i'.s.     I'uiis,  17I1.S.  "J  voN. 
iJoti'Ili)  y  Sui'i'ano  ( Aloii.so),  an<l  I'edro  I'orttT  y  Casanntc.   Di'daracion  quo 

liiiiiroii  CI".  17 'lu  .Set.  l(il!li.   In  ( 'ol.  |)oc'.  Im'd.  xv.  '2\.'<  •J7. 
Box  (Micliacl  .lames),  AdvcnluiX's  and  I'lxploration.s  in  New  and  Old  Mexico. 

XfW  York,   lsii!». 
i;i-,iek(uliii,l.La'  (I!.  II.  .M.),  ^ilcximn  T.cttuvfi.     Washington,  IS.-.O. 
r>rackitt  (.Vll)LMt  tJ.),   History  of  the   I'liitcd  States  Cavaliy.     'Saw  York, 

lS(i.".. 
lliaiiiaii  (I).  !•'.  K.),  Iiiforiiiatiiiii  about  Toxas.     riiiladflplii.'i,  1S.")S. 
I'i:aii!i  (l>;ii'to!oiiii'),  (,'aita  del  \'isitador  ilu  la  I'roviiuia  Taialiuni.ua.     Mox- 

ioo,  1701.  4to. 
Vii'iuin   ( Ii.iitiioloiiii'),  Vida  dol  I'.   Francisco  Ilornand  (ilandorfl'.     ^Mexico, 

liiavo  y  Alvarez,  Manilicsto  diiijido  solire  (pu;  hc  eiija  el  Ilcpartanionto  do 

Acuimlco.     Mexico,  ISt'J. 
r.rook.s  (X.  ('.),  A  Coinpleto  History  of  the  Me\i<'au  War.     I'hiladelphia,  iStlt. 
r.iouiio  (.r.  llo.s.s),  Ad\  ciitures  ill  tli<r  ApMche  ( 'ouutr.\',  etc.     Xew  Y'oik,  IStifJ, 
IJrownc  (J.  llos.V),  A  Sketch  of  the  Sc.tleincnt  and  I'^xploration  of  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia.    San  l''ranciseo,  I  Si;*). 
l!i'owno  (.r.  Ross),  licsoiucei  of  racifie  Slope.     S.ui  Fnmcisco,  ISdO. 
r.runo  ( Alejiindro),  Deirotoro  (jiio  liizo,   \{'>',)2.     .MS.     In  Texas,  Doc.  Hist., 

Ill,  etc. 
I'ucaivli  (virey),  Iiistruccion  du  ,10  dc  Sept.  1774.     MS. 
];,icaieli,  Inatniceion    al   Comaudautc   do   Californi;  *.     [.\L,'osto   17,    1773.] 

MS. 
liiii'liia  (l'',ii.sta(piio),  Coinpi    dio  histijrico  geogrdfico  y  cstadistico  del  Kstado 

dc  .Siiiido.i.     Mexico,  \    "S.  folio, 
lluelna.  (Ihistaipiio),  I'^stad       ca  del   Kstado  de  Sinaloa.   In  ^Ic.x.  Soc.  (leog., 

IJolctin.     .'id  ep.  i. 
l',!imini  (]■].  Ooiild),  Six  Mo      IS  in  the  Cold  Miiie«.     riiilidelphia,  IS.'.O. 
ji.iigo.-i  (Francisco  dc).  Ceo;     'lica.  Hcscripciou  de  la  I'arte  Sc[)tenti'i  'iial,  del 

I'olo  Aitieo  du  la  Anu'r     i[()ajaeaj.     .Mi'xieo,  l(i7I.  4to.  'J  voLs. 
r.urkMit(.losei'li),  Auleuthal    and  Ueiseiiiii  .Mexico  1S:2.")  his  ISIM.     Statt;,'art, 

|.s;{i>.  -2  vo's. 
I'.ai  ney  (.Faiiies),  Chronological  History  of  Discovery.     London,  l.SO.1-7.  4to. 

.">  vols. 
Li'.bhell  anil  Saint  Louis  Cold  and  Silver  Mining  Companies,  Prospectus  find 

IJcports.     Siin  Francisco,  ),s7>^. 
Bustamantu  (C:lilos  ^laria),  Materiales  paia  la  Coutinuacion  del  Ciiadio  IIi.-i- 

torico.     Mexico,  Is;i3-'J.     MS. 

Cahnllei'o  {.lo^(S  dc),  Estadistica  del  Est:»do  Liliro  dc  Sonora  y  SinnI  la.     ^IS. 
Cabeza  dc  Vaca  (Alvar  Xunez),  Xaufragios,  eti;.  In  Biuxia  Hist.  I'riiii.,  i. 


AUTIIOUITIllS  oroTMD. 


XMU 


4to. 
lus  fuul 

■MS. 


(\tlM'/.'v  (Ic  V.'.c.i  (Alvar  Niiilc/),   IM.iiinii.     \Va^llill,^t(»n,  IS'I;  also  in  Il;i. 

iriii-iiii,  Vi;iv".;i,  iii.  .'lilt;  'I'l  i  iiaii\-( 'miiiiaiis,  \<>\.,  Miic  i.  Ikii-.  \ii. 
( ',tlii>i'i.'a  (I'lii'i'.-iiiiiti  I'Diicc'iicioii),  Ijhio  ilu  Midioii,  l^'J(M>.     MS,     Jii  I'iimrt, 

Cul.  I'iiu.  Alt. 
( '.iliii'i.i  I'll,  nil,  Niivr^Mciuii  Ivspcc'vlatiNa.      Manila,  IT-'U.   fMlii>, 
('.iliriilii  I  Uii.li'i'^iic/),  Ju'laiiciii  11  (liuriii  ili'  in   ii  ivri^aiiuii  i|iU'  lii/ii,  ctt'.      \n 

l'"liiii.la,  Cul.  |).i>'.,  tciiii.  i.;   I'liclurci  ami  ( '.iiili  ii.i;<,  (ol.  |)iii.,  tuni.  xiv. 
Cali'iili)  rni'lciK'ial  (Ic  l;t  |iu)itaciiiii  <lf  las  liii-<iiili('?<  tit' l;i  ( 'uliiiiaaia  de  Ji'8iiK 

»'ii  N.  \'i/i-ava.      Ill  |).)i.'.  Hist.  .MfX.,  '.\d  >fr.  tuiii.  iv. 
(  ,ilifi.iiii,i.  1.  >r  'h.  r.  K.  r.'     Ill  Vi.i-tn.  liiiv.,  xxvi.  I    Iv.i. 
(  alitiiriii'i,  jvstalilt  liiiiicuti)  y   I'rtij^ri'sin  ili;  las  .Mi.sioncs  tKi  lu  Aiiti^'iiit  ( 'all- 

fii'ii.i.     Ill  1)  II.'.  Hist.  Mi'x.,  till  Nt'i'.  tiiiii.  iv. 
( '.ilil'iii'uia,  Histiai^i  ('riatiuim.     Triitlucitla  por  l>.  (?.  .Mmliiil  y  ( )riiuu'i.'liuu. 

.Mi'Xici),    iMit. 

Califiinii,!.     Jts   I'ant  History;  Its   I'lfsiiit    rositimi;   Its  I'lituio  rrospucts. 

J-(iialoii.  |S."i(). 
('.ililiiniia,  Mi  mki  ias  paiii  hi  HiatDriu  Nittiiral  tlo  Califtjraia,  1700.     In  l>uc. 

HI  '*.  .Mi\.,  4ili  :vv.  tmii.  iv. 
( 'alil'iiniia  Ni  w  s|uiiiiirt.     ((.'it(.'il  l>y  naiiif  and  ilatc.) 
( 'iilil'H  iiiaii  (Tin  ),  San  FiaiKi.-.i'i(,  |,SM>,  it  s^^n. 
(  aliliiiiiia.--,  I ).  sralniiiiii  iitn,  ll!.'!(>.      .MS. 

(  alit'iiiiias,  Xiilitiart  ill-  hi  I'loviiiiia  ilf,  t-'ii  tris  fartiis.      Viilt'iicia,  1704. 
(  alil'iMiiia'^,  l;i','lanirntu  pnivisional.     I'liily 'J.'!,  I77;>.J  MS. 
(.'.ilit'ia-nii',  IlisU.irt' Cliixtifhiiu.      I'laiuy,  Is.'il. 
Calk'  (I  nan  l»itz  tic  la  I,  Mfiniiiial,  y  .Notifiad  .Sacras,  y  llfiik's  tUl  Iiii|iri-io  do 

hi.'4  liiili;i;4  Oci'iili'iitali's.     n.  |il.,  Ilill!. 
(  alvii  (' 'li.irlisj,  .\iiiiali'.s  Hi.stidiniifs  ilt' hi  rtjvolution  tlu  lAiiuiiijuc  lutinu. 

I'aris,  t'tr.,  IfSli-l   7.   •'•  vohs. 
(  aKi)  ('  liai  Irsi,  Itciiuil  ('i)ni|ilut  tli':H  1'raitt'S.      I'aiis,  ISiiJ  7.    I(i  vuls. 
(.'aniaru'it  (Uniiiiiu'i'  M.),  Hi.stt;iro  tie  la  iU'piililiiiue  ili;  Tlaxfalhiii.     In  N'onv. 

Aniialc!)  tlfs  V'liy.,  \t„'ix.  \\1U. 
Caiiiiiii  tit!  .Vfajiii'.i \1   l'iil)lict),   Kxposition   1  >iiL'uiiit.'iitaila  tlf   hi  .Junta 

Hiriutiva.     .Mi\it'ii.  I  SI,"). 
('ani|iaiL:n  in  Xni'llurn  Mixico.     New  York,  lS."i.'!. 
( ',uii|ilicll,  .\  Cdiiiso  Hi.itory  of  S|i;iiiis!i  .\incriia.     Limilun,  1711. 
Canipi',  Histiiri.i  tU'l  |)t  stiilniiiiii'iitt)  y  ( 'onuni.stiulo  .Anuiica.     Matlrid,  ISOIJ. 

;!  v.ils. ;  .Mf\ii.i>,   1S.V1;  Miulliil,    IM.). 
Cainii'.s  ^'far-l!i)ok,  Isiill. 

(  anil  laila  (fiiaii  Lnptv),  Riiina  iK;  la  Xucva  l']-.iiafia.     C.'iiliz,  Isll.  4tn. 
L'aiK'ii)  (L'lii'ii/.ii,  Cartas,  17iiii-'.t.     In  Sin.  y  .'siin.    Caitas.   l.iS  ;!IU;    N'i)ticia8 

Satailus  ilo  lus  -Vutos,  I7<it>.     In  .Sniiura  .Mat.,  i.  ll.i-SJ;  aisu  MS. 
( 'andisi.li,  Sfiu'ijis-'l'iii^'ton.     Jn  .\a.  tmu.  xx. 
< 'apnai  (h^.  S.),  IHstury  of  ( 'alifmiiia.      lioston,  1S."(4. 

I  arhajal  l•]■il>inll^'il  ( Kianrisi'i)).  Histniia  ilc  .Mi'xiin.      Mixico,  ISCi'J,   "J  vols. 
( '.inliina  (Niiuhis),  Muumrial  .solav  tli'sciiln  iiiiiiiitnsint  'aikluriiia.      In  I'ai-lu.'cn 

and  ( Vndtnas,  C'ul.  Hue.,  toin.  ix.  4J;  iJilaiinii  licl   1  >t' -i  nliiiiniiiiti)  dil 

liL'iii')  dc  la  C'alifiii'iia.      In  rai'licLO  and  ( '.inlriias,  ( 'ul.  l)iii'.,  ix.   I!i>  4"J. 
(/art)   (llainon    Martini;/.),  Viidadira   idia  tic  la   I'l  iincia  Canni.ma  th;  Tcjas. 

Mexico,  1S.'!7. 
( 'ailicntir  (W.  ^V.),  Truvchs  and   .Vdvcntuic.-.  in  Mcxiio.      New  \'iak.  1S.")1. 
('ari:ui;'.a  (I'fdro  dc),  Urlacion   sukrc'  hi  .luiii.ida  ijui.'  liizo  Xnno  tic  (lu/nian. 

In  Paclu'co  and  C.irdcnas,  Col.  Doc.  xiv.  ;J47. 
Carrciin  (Rafael),  Vindicacioii.      Mazatlan,  KSti."}. 
Carreri  (( li'iiiclli),  Viaj,',L.'io,  etc. 

Carreri  (Ceinolli),  Vnya^'c  tic.      In  15ei'enf.'er,  Col.  Vny.,  torn.  ii. 
t  ariiedo  (Juan  15. ),  l'".studiort  Histoiico.H  y  llstadistieo.s.     Oaxaca.  I'v'iO.   "2  voLf. 
Carta  tie  nil  I'adie  ex-jisnita,  l7S(i.      In  \.  Vi/caya,  JJoc.      M.S.,  ,")4l>-.')'J. 
Cartas  tic  luilia.s.     Madritl,  1S77.  folio. 
Carias  lldiiicantca  y  Cariosjis  do  las  ilisioncs  Estrangora-s.      .Madrid,  17o3-j. 

Ili  vols. 


XXIV 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


!  ! 


riirtfv'i-at.liv  of  tlio  Pacific  StattM.     San  Fraiirisco,  IST.'l.  :\I?!.   P.xoU 


Cii.saiiuti;  (l'cili-()  I'di'tor).  (.'ai'ta  roliicioii,   "Jl  iK;  llnv 


Aid  Ciinluiiii-^,  t  'i)l.  Di 


itu  (1 


'c-ilr.)  I'.ii-liT), 


.Ml 


torn.  ix.  .■). 
imrial  al  llcy  i 


1  i4!i.     Ill   Tachcco 


la  ( 'alidi'iiia.      in  I 


iniii'i'o  am 


IC 


■(•coiiicmlaniii)  una  mu'va  O'liedi 


Col.  1). 


liiui.  ix.  I!). 


t'asiati  ( Jiiso  .Maiii),  bictaiiii.'ii  drl  W  I'loviiicial,  17'<0.     Ju  X.  X'i^uaya,  Ikii' 


Hist. 


IV.  (11! 


Castanaii  s  (.Mami 


alituniia.s. 


•11,  c 
.Mixi 


(iii'ccion  ( 
IS4.- 


le  n 


)ciiiiK'iito,s  r 


■lati 


ul  il.'paitaiaunto  "li 


Castancila  (I'l'ilro  dv),  Ki'latioii  ilii  Voyage  du  Ci'iola.     hi  'IVriiaiiN-Comjiaus, 


Voy.,  l.st  atT.,  torn,  ix 
(Jasta.fiiis  (.losi'  Maria),  Atoiitados  contra  la  Ccn.stitiR' 

(iiiailalajara,  LSi.'). 
Castilla  (Mi'_nul  dv),  l*'vpi'jo  ilo  Excinplarcs  Oliis] 


ion  uonictiilo.'i  en  Ti'i)ii. 
.Mexico,  IC'.IS.   MS. 


Castle  (William),  A  Slioit  Itiseovery  of  Coudt  and  Continent  of  Aniuiiea.     li 

V<)ya;j,i's  Cni.  ((  Imrcliill),  vol.  viii. 
Castro  (.'osii  .Manuel),  ]>iario.     In  l)oc.  Hist.  Mex.,  l.st  .•^ir.  toni.  iv. 
Castro  (.Manuel),  1  »otuineiito.s  para  la  Hist,  de  Cal.   M.S.   ;i  vols. 


Catal 


■ns  I'ersonaruni  et  I  )oniii'ilioriini  Societati.s  Ji 


!Me.\iei.  17-"  I. 


Catlin  (Cc 


'y;i<-). 


lllustrati 
In 


)i  the  .Manners,  Cu.stom 


AL 


oMoUion  o 


ftli 


North  .Vnjeriraii   Indi.-ui 


L 


I.Sdil.  '2  V( 


Cavo  (Anilres),  Jjos  Tres  Siglos  di;  .Mexico.     Mexico,  ISIJii-ts.  ;{\ols.;  ?*lexi 


KS.V.';  J 


Cedill.-: 


ala|i:i 


l.StiO. 


,\  (.'oUection  mostly  ^ISS.  folio.  .*{  voli 


Ce[ieila  (Xieolas),  Jtelaeiondu  lo  smedidoen  cste  reino  i 


Ic  X.  V 


Jn  \.  \ 


i;:eava 


1(JM- 


l/ca\  ;i 


Doc.  Hist.,  iii.  VM-l 


Certilicaeion  do  l.i  <  .Meicedes.     MS. 


Ciiainiin;,'  ((iui 


o  K),  (.'.irta  al   Hon.  lien.  Clav  sobre  la  a; 


;re.;acion  <lo 


Tejaa  ;'i  los  ilslados-L'nidos.     Mexico,  ls,">7. 
Chaniiin.;  (W'm.    Iv),  .\  Ijetter  to   Hon.    H.  Cl.ay  <>n  anni'\ation  of  Te.\as- 


CJi 


Jlosum,  iS.'iT;  Thoiii;lit.-j  un  tlie  Evils  ot  a  .Spirit  of  CoiUjiict.     Loiuk 

Ks:i7 


'.\ut( 
'hateaubriand 


,  iiyaTC  en 


Calif 


ilornie. 


Paris.  177: 


\' 


;  en  Anu'riiiue.      I'aris.  ii.d. 


Cliaiuloii  (L.  .M.i,   and  F.  A.   J).landine,  Xoiiveau   Pictionnaiit;  Hi  toiiijui 


l.yoii,  isot.    L"!  vols. 
Cherry,  ( 'amminus.  ; 
Cincinnati.  18(111 


es.     la'liort  of  tlii^   San   Juan   del   IJio    llai 


Chevalier  (.Michel),  Hes  mines  (rar;,'ent   et  d"or  clii   Xoii\  (•au-^ron<le.      P 

ISK). 
Chihuahua,  Inforine  del  f  toliernador  al  V 


,•  de  Xi 


E 


liesto  del  ( Johernador  al    J'liiilii 
Secretario  del  Hesiiaiho  de  Il.ieienda,  "i.'t 


ire_\ 
Cliiluialina,    iN,'. 


■!'■ 


.MS.;   M 


Mem 


.M: 


iini 
ia  (jue  e 


:ode  js;,l».      Mex.,  ISoO: 


M 


enioria  (j.ie  el  Secretario  i 


del  (i 


obu.'rno  en 


el    IX 


le-iuielio  ( 


le   la,(i 


Mex.,    IS.iO;  Xota  (juc  so   reniite  ]ior  el  ( ioljci'nador  ilcl  !■ 


s^aoo.   11.11 


fPSl 


K 


iresciitacion 


contra  la  iniciativa  de  la  .\sanililca  de  ( 'Iiil 


I'l 


(late.l   Mar.'i)  •J7.  lS4'i.   ii  ])1. 


J! 


Iios  del  I'artido 


<le 


-A  IK 


lUir; 

of  Xorihern  .Mcxi 


.'pi'esentaelon  (jue  dirijeii  los  \  eci 
,   ISJd. 


X. 


i;(is. 


CliilHiian  (('.).  Alineral  l!,'soiii 

Cliipniaii  (' '  ),  lleport  to  the  nu'iiiliers  of  Chilinahiia  and   Sinalo.i  ( ioiil   and 


Silver  Miiiin.'i  Association.      New  \'> 


d. 


Cibola,  llelatiai  <lu  Vi 
Cineiniialus,  Tra 


lya' 

on  the  W'l 


de.      Ill  'reniaux-Coiiipaiis,  \'oy.,  siri,'  i.,  t'un.  ix. 


J'liiii 


is.- 


rn  Sloi 


)e  ot  the 


-Ml 


.111  CordiUera. 


5a  1 1 


Clamor  I'ublico  (El).     Culiacan,  1S7-. 


Clarke  (Charles  li. ).  Speeeln.ii 


ill 


ilishin;,'  lioundary  between  Texas  and 


Xew  Mexico,  Au,:j,ust  ;>(),  iSolt.     W'aship'jton,  l.'i,iO. 
Clavl;.'('ro  (IVaiici.^co  Savcrio),  llisti  ria  do  la  .Viiti^^r.a  li  l!aja  California,  etc. 


M 


I'Xieo,  ls.>: 


ClavigeiM  (I'Vaiieisco  Savcrio),  History  of  Mexico.    London,  17>'i7.  -It 


uls 


AUTIIvOrJTIES  QUOTKI). 


XXV 


Ul'. 

Aw. 

ani- 

S.-.(»; 
■rra. 
.pi. 
Una, 
'uei- 

mA 
i.  i\. 


I' to. 


navi"cro  (Frnncisco  Snvoiio).  Lower  ralifoniin.     San  Francisco,  n.<l. 
Cliivi_c;i)  (Friiiicii.SL'o  Suvi'iin),  Storia  Auticii  dul  ^Mi'ssioo.     C'lStlia,  \~^0.  4to. 

4  vols, 
riavi'.'i  lo  (Francesco  S.avciio),  8t(.ria<lillaralif()ni"a.     \i  -a 
L'ouhuita,  Iniciativmlo  la.Iimta  .suliru  rclornjas.     ^hx.,  1'  l"i;  Iniclativa  t^nbro 

ri.l'<ivni;!H  coiistitiilional.     Mt-x.,  Is4."i;  ^L.  inoria  iiiu,' 1 1  l^.ni » i^ciior  \'i.'i! 


17s;i. 


Ciolicfnaili 


(lu  !•: 


Ic  If 


caiiii.aiiii  (.110  lii,:o 


ncro  il 

(I  t.lciicral  Saiita-Ai 


1' 
Saltillo,  l.sr>L';  Fiapida  Ojiadii  snKiv  l.i 


yu 


UUT;  Si  'uu 


ColillLti'.!  ]! 


l;:il.iila()jo:i(la.     Mcx.,  iSi: 


(la  part.. 


;>r.     J-oii(luii,  l.S()l.'-;>4.   07  vols. 


Cocke  (William  M.),  Spcccli  ia   U.  S.  lloiisii  of  Rep.  ^ifay  IS;,  1,SIS.     Wa.-I 


in-toii,  1S!S. 
Coc('ispi.ra  (.Santiago) 


Til) 


(Ic  Misioa  IS-J-J-S.     MS.   In  i'iiiart,  O.l.    I'ii 


All 


Coll 


do  D 


i;;4-J-7;i.  :,!)  vo'.s. 


icntoH  Iiu'ilitos    para   la  Ilistoiia   do   F-iiafia.     ^ladrid. 


Colon  y  ]. 


'.i  (Fclix^,  Juzg.ailos   Militarcs  d~.\    Iv^pafia   y  hus   India.H 


Madrid,  17.'-i!-J-'J7.   i>  vol^ 
Condiicr  (!'.),  \'oynf;c  an  (Julfu  do  (^alifornic.     Pari.s  n.il. 


ConiitWl'Arc!'. 


(■'ulOLrio  ArncTiL'ainc, 


Aniuiair(!  dn.     Paris,  l.'^i;.'!. 


i-Madn 


Conipafiia  IvT'pl'jtadora  do  lo.-)  I'laccrcs  de  Oro  en  I.i  8i 

lti."7. 
Coniprni.'i  do  Jcsns,  CatfdoLro  de  Ics  I^u^etos.     Mexico,  l';i71. 
Conipafn  I  Lancastcriana  do  .Ma;'.ailan,  lie^^lamento.     .Mazatlan,  ISO," 
(.'onciliada'  (i^l),     (Inaynia.'s,  iSi.'i  ct  sc(]. 


Me 


(.'oneili'  .i  Fr(.iviiici;dc:i  .MexicaniLS 


mA  M 


ieo;-i;4i 
i-'i;  Mexico, 


foli 


1',  -y,  .T,  y 


1.- 


r>  vols;  also  editions  Me 


,   |-s-,,  1771. 
17*ii);  I'aris, 


17(i-',  1770. 


Condo   (Akj'>  (larcia),  Ilepnsentacion  dirigida  al  Saprenio  (lohierno  de  Li 


Adi'.aua  ^IiM'i'aiiia  dc  ( 1 


Mt 


Fs;i!). 


Fs-Jl  ct  se. 


ConLTcs.4i  nal  Debate:!.     (IStii  to  •J.")tli  C(^ngrcs.s. )     Washii 

('oii^n-cssiiKir.l  (ll(jl)C.     Was'iiii^rton,  IS,")!)  et  seq.   4to. 

Cont'd  ta  (UiKpic  d.e  la,  \'irey  do  ^Icxico),  Scntencia  dada  y  pionnnciada  cu 

la  ];csid<'ncia.     Mexi(  o,  171!}.   folio. 
Cons:-';  (Fernando),  Derrotcio  del  \'iau'e,  1740.     In  N'cm  :;as,  Xot.,  iii.   W"^; 

I'iario  do  sn  Fntrada  17")I.     In  Apo.st.  Afancs,  ;;;;i. 
Con.sjj)  do  llcjjnci  I  do  I'J  paila  (j  Indias  a  la  America  i>:iipaii  ila.     C:idi/,  Isll; 

also  ?,Icxico,  1;>1().  f(j!io. 
Ci)n:iidc:';,til;  (\'ictor),  iau'oDcaii  (' donization  in  Toy  u.     Xc\\'  Vorl;,  l.So.'). 
Cei:.'  tilr..,ir:i:  1  (I^l).     Jlcxico,  l!:44  et  .M_'(p 
('i)niin>'nt:d  (Kl).     Culiacan,  iSf-l  ot  .-0(1. 

Ci  rdeio  (Antoi.ii)),  Xotici.'cu'c'.ativa;-!  a  la  \aci'>n  A]x-ic!io  17I^'i.     ^IS. 
(  y,rd(jv:v  (.1.  dc),  TexaM.    llcr  ]!(Monrc(.'.-!  and  i'uldic.M'  ;i.     I'hiladc'^diia,  I'^.'.S. 
Coronado  (i'ranciseo  Vas(]ncz  dc,)  Letter  to  tlio  Jimpcror  (.)^t.  '2),  \'>i\.     hi 

I'j'clicco  and  Ca.'dcnu'',  Col.   Doc,  toiii.   iii.;   Id.,  torn,    xiii.;    'iVrnaux- 

Cuinpi'.ns,  V(iy.,  Ki'rio  i.  toni.  ix. 
Coronado  (l"r;;nci.3C0  Vustiiicz  de),  l.ettcr  to  Viceroy.  Aug.  .'!,  1.710.     In  lia- 

nn;sio,  ^■ia;^,•i,  toni.  iii.:  Ilakhiyt  s  Voy.,  vol.  iii. 
Coronado  (Tr-.-.u-i^co  Va.S(jnez  dc),  INdacioii   d.d   s'.r-o  dc  la  Jor;ia(ki,     In 

I'lurida,  C  il.  Doc,  toni.  i.;  I'aclicco  ami  (.Virdi  nas,  Col.  \k)C.,  t(jm.  xiv. 
Correo  Atk'ntico  (El).     Mexico,  Ui;i.">  ct  sc(j. 
<  'orrco  dc  J^ypana.     Mexico,  1S,")4  ct  scq. 
( 'orrcj  dc  la  Fcdcracioii.     Mc::i"o,  k'-LMi  ct  scq.  folio. 
( 'orrco  del  I'aciiieo  (]',!).     Mazatlaii,  KSCS  et  sc(|. 
C.rrci.)  ^Icrcantil  do  K.spafia  yr-im  liidias.     ^Madrid,  171'-  ct  Ron. 
Corte:j  (liiinan),  Auto  ('e  l\!wcsion.     .'{  de  Mayo    l"ir>.     In  >.;ivarretc,  Cu]. 

^'i.*;jc;=,  i\.  MX!;  Avcntnras  y  CciniViistas  dc  Ucrnan  I'orti'.s  en  Mijiro. 


Parcck.na,  lS4(i;  ^1. 


Kel, 


kS..:?;  lirieven. 


Am.- !erdani,  17'''0-1;  Cai'ta;;  V' 


icioues  dc  J  Iciiian  I'urt.  s  al  lacp(  rador  (,'arlos  V.     I'ari-i,  ISdii;  C( 


XXVI 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


r    ! 


rcsp'i 


i(l;i 


[IvlitMl  l.y  Flavi-iiy.]     Paris,  1T7S;   T)  Mpalchos  of  Ilcr- 


iiainli  (Jin't'S.      N'l  \v  York,  IS4.'{;    IvvTitm  Sm;!t 


-M' 


k 


His- 


toric (lu  .NK'jico.    Xiiovu  Yolk,  IS'JS;  Jli.stoiiaile  Xiii'Vii  Et-i'iifKi.  [Ivlitfd 


Ly  I. 


oi'ciizau 


I.]     Mexico,  1770;   l^uttiTS  ami  llcpoits  l)y  C.jrU's  aiiil  otiiiT 


Oliiccrs  to  t\\v   I'.inpui'or  ami  ("oiiiR-il.     In  Due.  liiOd.,  toiii.  i.;  toiii.  iv. 


toiii. 


'1" 
xxii.;    I'ai'iui-'o  ami  Cank'Has,  (Jul.  Doc,  ti 


I('a;;l)a!i'fta,  (./)!.    Doc,  toiii.  i. ;   I5aruia,   Jlist.  J'liiii  ,   toiii.   i. 
toiii.  iii.;  Jtiliaili'iicvri'iH,  Ijibliotcea,  toiii.  .wii.;  Na 'as' 


ill.,    .Mil.,   -XIV. 


lCa.iiii.<ilo, 


Col. 


g(.'s;    lwiii.'sl)r.ri;u 
SiK'Uo>s   .Mciriori: 


ill's  Mix.    Aiilicj.;    .Vlaiiiaii,  l)i-ort.:    C'l 


J 


o  \'ia- 
si'i'itos 


d  al  i^iiquiailoi-,  I.");!!),     lii  (,'oiU's,  Escrivos,  '2',)',);   I'oti- 
ciiiii    contra  .Memlo/a.     Jn  Ifa/lialcuta,   Col.    Doc,  ii.   Oi;    Jli'siilcncia. 


M, 


.Ml 


ks,1 


rtcsdi'  l'".s]i,'iriM,  Colci'iion  dc  l)('ci(jtos  y  OiiKiu  s.     Mexico,  IS'Jl);  Diario  de 
las  Discii?iioiK'H  y  .\ctas  dc  las.     C:idi/,  l;il  l-l.'t.   '21  vols. 

s  (.lost'  !\!aria),  .Ajiniitcs  cst.idislicos  do  l.i  iiiiiiiiei|).ilida(l  de  Teiia- 


ovarnihia 


joleUll.    :.''•'  ei).  111. 


llia>tlanen  el  I'',stado  .Jalisco.      In  .Mex.  Soc  (leog.,  J 
[•e.-^iio  (i)eliii(j),  Meiu.irial  .•\jilstad(j.      Madrid,   17.i>S. 
leu/liaur  (Uolieit),  JioiUc  from  Gulf  of   Mexico  to  C'aliforuia.      Xew  ^'oi  k 

IS-1!». 
mix  (virey).  Cartas,  ]~(\9.     In  ])oc.  Hist.  Mex.,  Itli   Kcr.  ii.  \   21;  Justine 


17()!)- 


Iii  S(i 


.Mat'  riaics,  iv.  70>S-2.');  also  ^dS. 


Ciira 


iliaeaii,  l']s]iosieion  qnc  la  jiint.i.  dc  Foiiicnto  dc.     Mtxieo,  1; 


tos,  L 


eautci  Sane 


IS  ra/.(jnes  e  iiiconvi  nielltes  (jue  los  leii^.'ic 


.le  1;: 


s  oiileues  inelHli 


to  D< 


o    etc..  de  las  rrovjueiao  de  la  >iiieva  iislj.iU.i,  .Mex 


ico,  ( Jnateiiiala  V  .l.iliseo.      MS.   f<dio. 

])alryiiijile  (.Mexaiideil,  .Vii  Historical  Colleeti 
discoveries  in  the  South  I'aeilic  Ocean.     L 
])aitiiiicr  (Win.),   A   New  \'oyage  round  the  World.     Li 


if  the  sevcr.d  vova<'c.s  and 


1770-1.  4to, 


(lis. 

hi:/:)  17!)!). 


Da  tos  J 


)io''r:il 


ieos.      Ill  Cartas  dc  Indias. 


])avidsoii   (( Jeoi-;;e),    Dii'ectory   uf    the   J'acific  Coa.^t  of   the   United    States. 


\\'asliin;.don,  ISt'iS.   4t( 
1  'a  Vila  (A-i;  ;liii),  (.'iiiliniiaeioii  de  la  ( 'ronica  del  ( )rden  dc  I 'red: 


D. 


\  i>a  (Cil  t  ioiix, 
diaf  Oci'ideiitah 


;alc/.),  'J'eairo  ]■: 


stico  de  la  I 


I  iiiiuiva 


I 


ores.   MS. 
de  las  In- 


.Madrid,  Kll;)  .Vi.  •_'  vols.   fuli. 


])avis  (W.  H.),  Id  (lrini.'o.    Xiw  York,  i!S."i(i;  S[)ani.>li  CoM4ue>t  uf  Xew  Mex- 


co.      Doylestown,  ISli!). 
]  )e  Cipiii-cv  (lleiiiA  ),  The  Catholic  Clinrch  in  the  Uidted  Slates. 


IS., 


De 


d  ■  L't  .le  Octula-ede  1  S^-J  .^olac  »d  f. 


>nilo  jiiaooso  ( 


le  C 


ihioriiias 


York, 
MS. 


]  le  Kay  (Drake),  Docunieiits  relating  to   thiMiecurrel.'ces  at  ?da_'(laliiia  IJay. 


Dela 


rte,   I.e  ^■ 
veaii  Mondi. 


(.ivau'cur  I'lancois,  on  la  eoiinois.-.iiice  ih 


r.\i 


t  du  Xiui- 


I'arls,  1707  7-.   -I'J  Vols. 


iKlyado   (!'.    (.Mrlo.s).  Infornic  (jUc   hi/.o  sohrc  las   execiaMes  lio.illlidades  y 


tiranias  dc 


lus( 


oijcniaoores  cle 


New  .Mexico,  I  7-"'0.     .MS.   folio. 


Del  .Mar  (.Mexander),  .\  History  of  the  I'recions  .Met.ds.     London,  l.VSO. 
]  leliu'icrata  (Kl).     Alamos,  l.S7!5ctsci 


]! 


'Mocra 


tic  j; 


W'a^hini^ton,  etc.,  IS.'VJ  et  st(|. 


Dfrliy,  J!e]iort.()f  the  Secretary  of  ^\'ar,  coniinmiicatiiiL;,  etc.,  a  leconnois- 


sanee  of  the  (lulf  if  California,  etc     \Va 


s:an''u>ii, 


DoHhordeliers,  M<iral  niilitar.      Matainoros,  1.S70. 

l)csci'i|iiion  To|io','i'ii:ica  dc  las  .Misioues  dc  la  .sierra  .Mailre   (I7m:)).      In  De 


Hist.  Mex.,  -Itli  Kcr.  torn.  iv. 


.•II. 


Dewee.s  (\V.  ]>.),  Letters  fr  ni  an  Early  Settler  of  T'l'xas.     ].,oui^ville,  Is.'i'J. 


1 


lai  lo  t\K:  .Mexico 


Ml 


ISO.".  10.  i:t  V. 


]  )i  irio  .Mircantil  de  ^'^•ra  Cruz 


'era  Crii/,  1S(»7  et  ^v 


J)ia/dc!  Castillo  i  ricvnal),  llistoria,  N'enlade 


ra  de  la  t  i;ai|iiis!a 


la    \i 


Jiti|)ana.     Aladiid,  IGIJ"-'.  Ito.     I'ans,  ls;>7;  1  \  ol.i.;  ^leiuoijs  ua  L'oiiiiuest 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


TXVll 


■jnu 


London,  ISM.  "Jm'Is.;  The 'I'liu' llist'irv  of  the  Ciniiui'st  of 


Mexico.     Eoiiilon,  IMIlt;  S^Jcni,  iSO.'t. 


vol.s. ;    \  rllillilili: 


Hist, 


:ciMon::  m 


lU'iucto  ilo  la  N'oiiv<  llt.'-E.s|iii;.;iic.      I'aiis,  l.s7S-!».   "J  vols. 

I  Univcisal  (Ic  lliitoriii  y  tlo  (ifoyralia.     Mexico,  |S,");{-,"((i.    Ito.    10 
M:i(lri(l,  ls4lJ-.".(».   4to.   H  vols. 
11  (lolm  It.),  SpcLM-lics,  ('onv.si)onik'n(c,  t-'tu.    Niu  S'l^ilv,  IS'iT.  -  vol.s. 


]»i 

])it/  iK;  1,1  Cjillc  (.Inan).     See  ('alio. 

]>ii'/iiiivi  (ki  Jnilias.     A  collection. 

I'iilou  (.v.),  Jicautc.s  (le  rili  Ui.iie  du   Me\i.|iu\      I'aris,   IS: 


Hi 


( 'oni(iio.--.t  of  M 


iv  lleniiiii  ( 'urtc's. 


n.| 
il.s,   M 


.1. 


.1. 


>>.  and  jin 


it.  (;  vol.. 


l)i.s]ici.ici  iiic.i  V'ai'ias.     A  ( '"llcclion  nf  I)iici 

])ol)l).i  (Ai'tliar),  Account  of  tiio  (.'oimtricj  adjoining  ti>  llnd.-^on's  Bay. 

(loll,   1711. 
Doeniiontoi  pira  l.i  Ili.-itori.i  de,  Mexico.     Mexico,  lSolJ-7.   "JO  vols.   4  .series. 

lid  :er.,  in  iiilio,  and  in  I'oiii-  jiaits. 
])ociiiiiciito.i  |iara  la  lli.storia  do  Niievii  (Salicia. 
])oc:iiiit'iuo3  aoliic  Mexico.     A  collection. 
Donu'ncch  (Eiiiinanuol),  .lounial  d'un  .Missionairo  an  Texas  et  an  Mcxii|UG. 


1» 


I; 

nil'  ih'lIi  (l^annaiiiiel),  Mi-s^imiaiy  Adv  entiin-s  in  Texas  and  Mi 


-oa- 


dm,  IS.'iS. 


1. 


.11.  iv;!>.  •_'  \oi.- 


])oiik'iicc!i  (l'',ininanui.'l).  Seven  Years'  liesidcn 

])oyIc  (  lulm  T.),  Uricf  lii.^tory  of  tiio  "  I'iou:,  rnnd.'     n.p.,  n.d. 

l)ral;c  (L'.aiicis),  \\'orld  l'!iicoiiHia.--.scd.     London,  l^ol  |lla!,l.  ^im-.  ed,| 

iMiaite  (Mai'iiii),   'IV'stiinonio  Juridico,   Serrano.s  A<aclics,    1(101).      In   N.  Viz- 


Doc.  J  list.,  iv.  i; 


(.»-Jl),  ;  also  : 


M- 


Dllley   (!'.   ,1.   S.),   J; 


dc     l/lli   toiic    des    ] 


itioiis    de    1/Al 


Mcridionalc.     I'aris,  ISi'O 


•h 


i'l> 


IhihairL-CiJly  (.\.),  Via.LCgio  liitonio  al  Cloho,  IS'Jo-'J!).     Tivino,  ISH.    12  vols. 
liuian  (i"n:y  l)icgo),  Jlisloria  de  las  Indian  de  Miii'va  Espana.    .Mexico,  loS.'). 


I»in 


!MS.   folio.  ;i  vols. ;  .Mexico,  i,~ii 


Aranccl   d(!   los   lioi 


lorariDS  v 


dcrecl 


J)- 
Ji 


itos    11 


ISlDl'lCOS. 


.MS.,  l.Vil   ls;ii;  K 


los    jiiili(i;des. 


M, 


ISIO: 


Jnni;l  I)ej,aitainelital 


•Ml 


|.s:!7;  Int. 


losidoii  ((lie 


ii'ini^  iielitiiico  .Nolire  c 


id  (loll 
IC 


>\ii 


Jlcrcado.   n.jil.,  n.d.;   Inicialisa  (|IK'  la  As.iiiiMea  .sohre  refuri 


111 


liSl,");  Iniciativa  i]ue  la. Junta  lie  1  )iuaiig  >  i  liva  al  ('oii'.reso.     !)iir.,  ls;{!); 
Jk'inoii.i  de  lo.s  Ilainos  a  caiiro  del  iroliicri 


Dm 


.Meliiiiii: 


.1 


sii;njs,  inlnriiii! 


gol),  I'liador  iireseiitci '2  Au'o.sto  is;il.      ])iir.,  IS')!.  4to;   .Mi 

del  Olii  1,0  del  10  de  Mai'v.o  i!.'  17.s;i.    M^.;  Ociirso  did   I'lelado  y  e.ii.ild. 

fell ;,i.isi ico  ul  Sup.  ( Ink.     Diir.,  IS4;i;  Oposicion  dtd  Dean.    MS.   17iiS. 


l-lco  lie  Occidente.     (Jiiavnias,  1S7S. 

Kcodcl  I'lalilo.     Ma.:atLm.  lS(i!). 

Kdinlmr"!i  Ikview.      Edinli;ir,\;h,  1S()2  ct  .«('i|. 

JMwaiil.i  (l)aviil  ]>.),  'I'lie  JiL-tory  of  'I'cxas.     rincinnati,  IS.'Id. 

l^inipH:;  (Martin),  Carta  al  Itey.     in  Cartas  ile  Jndias. 

]j'a  .Viiova.      Uerniosilio,   IS77,  ctsen. 

Jlsia'aule  (Silvtstre  \'.),  Ciila,    \~1S.      In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,   ."nl  ser.  t< 


lIlcLsw 


cjlco. 


Madrid.   Isr.O- 


I'Ncoiura  ( l';uricio  <lc  la),  Conjuracion  de   .M 

Jjscoveda  ((!.  J.  .Ioai|iiin  F.).  A|iiiiites   llistiaicos  suliru   l.i  eoiM,iii  ta 


rroviiiciii  de  \a\arit.     In  Soc.  Mex.  tl 


i'x.lctin,  li 


40. 


EsL'iidi'ro  (.ruse  .Xtjustin  de),  Mcniorias  del  Di[iiitado  de  ('li'iinaliii;!.  .Mex., 
i'US;  Xotici.is  l'".stadi.stiii.j  dc  ( 'liilin.diiia.  Mex.,  l^.il;  Nolicj.i.s  jlsta- 
distica.s    do    l)iiran','o.      Mex.,    1S4;I;    Xolicia.s    Ivstr.ilistica.s  dc  Sotiora  y 


Mc 


is  111:  () 


(S(  rvaeiines 


ikre  ( 


liiniialiua. 


M. 


I  ^;;!i. 


r.spej.)   (.\ntonio),    llelaciMii.      Jn    I'aclieco   and   Citldinas,  Cn\.   Doc.,  x\.    100 


et  Mcc 


Lsjmiosa   (Isidro    IVlis),    ( 


n.nica 


Ah..st,il 


iia.    n.jd.,   iri'i 


sueviia 


(.'iiipreooad  del  pcrc^rino  America  .sejitintrional.     .Mexico,  17)1 


XXVll 


i 


AUTIIOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


Kucjiiivcl  (Tosi'),  SoMTiori  Eucan'sticn.     ^loxicn,  1700. 

E.sUi^los-1 'nidus  (1(1   \orto,  L:\.ti    Xoticijis  niny  iiiijiortaiiti'S  y  recicntes  dc. 


Qucn  taro,  1.S47 


Estuv.i  iJiioo  Marui),  Mciiuifia  sohrc  la  l\'si;a  (k'  la  I'crla  (Jii  la  liaja  C'alif(jn 

iS.'iT.     Ill  Soc.  Mcx.  dcdi,'.,  Ijdlutin,  toin.  x.  (>~'.i. 
Estudillo  (.!().<*■  M.),  Datds  Hist.'.rioAS.     .M.S. 
J^vain  (!ti(.hai'(l  iS.)aii(l  Jl.  AV.  lli^'iishaw,  Translation,  Voyage  of  Cabrillo. 

In  V.  S.  tu'.);^.  Surv..  WliccUr,  vii.  Arch.  ■2'X\. 
Exiiedieion  do  la  Xuciva  Vi/xaya,  l.j(j.'>.  M.S.     (Aztcu  and  Spanish,)     In  Du- 


Hoc.  ]li.st.,   I,j-L'8 


V.  {<;.),  L'nv 


du  Texas  oil  Vovaf'o  dc  Madame.     Paii.s,  ISIO. 


rak-iiiicr  (Thomas),  On  the  Discnciy  of  th(!  .Mi.ssis.~,ipj)i,  vtc.      J/tudon,  l.S-ll. 


I'ani! 


KUii  I  I  lioma 


N( 


N'ork,  \i',')~ 


S.I.),  Lito  and  Adxenturcs  in  California.     Xcw  Y( 


1840 


I'arn 


Clhoi 
II  y  T 


J.),  M 


fxico.     New  York,  18-10;  Xcw  York,  n.d. 


c|:i.s. 


Mc.\i 


184.- 


Ei'dix  (i*.  A.),  Ji'Ori'gon  et  Ics  c("itc.^  do  rOci'aii  racifiqne.     Paris,  184(1. 


.'u;-r.)  Mrri 


do  1): 
Idc 


ii-aiigo. 
.■"■Dn;)!"! 


ln])ico.  Univ.,  ix.  .'i.'jt. 


I'l 


oVL'Ciailo 


.M. 


IS7-.>. 


Figiii  roa  (don'mimo),  I'nnto.i  do  Anna,  1Im'2-()8.     In  X.  Viz 


cava, 


IV:>c.  Hist. 


111. 


:ia. 


r 


'uci' la  (Fianci.ico  .Vnt.  di'  l;i  11 


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dicias  do  la  \"ord.id.     !M.S. 


I  lie  leja.-j. 


:\k 


rilisola  (Vicente),  Ki'jjiooenta 


cion  (hriLju 


la  al  Si 


dc  .sn  honor.     ^lexico,  lS.'5(i. 


1" 


Gobi' 


eriio  en  dcteusa 


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X: 
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lava  I'^sjiana 


Mi 


l(j|)4;   Lalvstrellad. 


Norte  do  .Mexico.     .Mc 


rio'.-ci  (virey),  In.itruceiunea.     MS.     In  Linare^s,  In-^^t 


niccion(-s. 


(V: 


M.),  E.itadi.itic.'i  do  la  seceion  I'lcca  do  'i'.ipalaii.a  afio  do   ISIIO 


eiivi.ida  al  (i.nierno  D(.'parti.moi 


it.d  en  10  Ahril  di  1  mi  iin  an  i. 


M:- 


Fondo  I'iadooodv!  U.iHfc 


Ecv  V  i; 


1'' 


tivi  V  li 


eoiiiiniici. 


ini^Wj, 


.Mc 


l.Vl 


;hol; 


Letter  fr 


the  (Jurioii.s,  April-.hmo  1708. 


•glamento  apiijiiado  do  la  .linita  l)irec- 
Monthl}'  Miscidlany,  or  Memoir.s  for 


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1!),  •-'(),  1848.     Wasliington  |  IS4s|. 
Forbes  (A'cx.),  (.'alifoinia.     Eondoii.  ls;)0. 
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New  York,  IS.'<0. 
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Foster  (; ;.  ( !.),  T!io  (lold  .^Jincs  of  Calif. 

Foariiel  (ilenri),  C  mp  dNoil  sin'  lo  Texa 

Free  American.     Xvr.i  Cruz,  1S47  ot  se(j. 

Fi'ejc.s  (L'"raiuiseo),  liistoiiv  breve  do  la  e()n(piista  th;  l)s  estado.s  indepen.li- 


catea  del  Iiii|ierio  Mejic;in< 


M. 


IXiil. 


French  (1>.  I'".),  lli,;toiieal  Collcetions  of  L 


Pliil,ideli>hia,  18"0. 


Fi'cyl:i«  (Xicob'e).  Pa'l.icivJii  del  1  )t  sculiriinieiito  do  Qnis  ira.     In  Shea's  llxped. 
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di.in 

c'.c. 
11,1  V. 


War.s  of  the   IT.  S.     Aiib 


1.S.".l'.      Pictorial  History  of  Mexi 


Ph 


L'lphia 
•tc,  18.")(». 


18(i 


Tiii:  Mexican  AVai 


d  its    Wan 


I'ro.s!  (Tlionias),  Halfllour.s  with  the  Iviily  I'.xplorers.     T/indoii,  etc. 
l''ry  (.1.  ]!ee:c).  Life  of  (leiieral  Xailiary  'i'aylor,  etc.      riiiladel[jhia,  1847 
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XeW 
187(>. 


AUTIIOniTIKS  QUOTED. 


XXIS 


Fmlicr  (<  Iciirco  r.),  Ilistoiv  I'f  Nfuxit 


•iiiiiati,  IS.'O. 


J' 


ji-  ((aiur;^!.'  C),  Tlio  I'J  Mmillis'  \'(p!iintrir.     (■iiiiimiati,  ISoO. 


Ir.'.t. 

liv- 
New 


Ciiwt.'i  .lc(;nl.i.iiio<l<.M(.xii.i,  17-J--',  17-JS-!),  1784-1821,  IS-J!}  ft  scq. 


t;i  Ii 


lllllCtKU  UC  .McML'l) 


Ml 


isji  :(. 


Vii 


ill  i. 


Mcx..  i.  -Jl  I. 


(;:illardo 


(Iiisi'),  Insti'iiccimirs  al  ( ii>li('ni:i<Ii>r  di?  Sonora,   1710.     In  Si 


MMluriuks,  iv.  S(i()-!)JO;  also  .MS. 
(iallii'il.)  l'(  riianilrz  (I'raiu.i.sLii),  ( )ii;:rii  rrii^^ri-sos  y  Ivstailo  <lr  las  Itnitas  ilo 

la  < '(iriiiia  (If  llspaTia.     Mailiiil,  l*i).')  s.   7  miI-^. 
(.lallatiii  (AllxTt),  Siir  raiififiiiif  civiliz.itiuii  ilii  Xniivfau  ^lixiinif,  ili  s  Iphi-iIs 


ihi  11 


lio  (ilia  f 


t  .1 


fs  coutrffs  voisiiifs. 


in  \ 


imvf  Ufs 


llf 


.Aim 


IL'fS.  toiu.    fXXXl 


(i.illi)  ^lvlllaI•llo  L.),  ilnmljrcs  Tllustrfs  M 


f  xuaiifis. 


Ml 


1S74. 


( lilvaiui  (.Viitunii)),  Itisfiivfiifs  <>(  the  \Vorlil.      I.iniiloii,  |(i;)l 


(1. 


1S(1 


i.idw/. 


(Aiili, 
All 


(•h 


Mi'iuoiias  para  la  Contimiai 


l.i  C 


a  iK:  Zai'alc 


.M( 


(lahf/.  (.Josf).  (.'artas  Onlf 

Dfcrfti)  (If  ( 'ijlimizai'ion  cii 


Ksr.i. 

17(i!».     In  Doo.  Hist.  ]SIfx.,  -Itl.  sc 


r.  u.  _S- 


.aja 


("al.,  1708.     MS.    In  Aifli.  Cal.,  1' 


St.  P.,  i.  (il-(»;  Infornif  (JciKaal,  1771.     Mexico,  I.S(17;  in.-tnicrionc.s. 


llfliartiiiiiiiito  ilo  'i'iirias,    17(>!>.     in  Doc.   Hist.  Mi'X.,  IM 


708; 


ila  iri.stnicci 


1771.     ill  Doc.  Hist.  M( 


(lanil.'i 


Mi 


lie 


A  lo.i  .Mf  xicai 


1, 


)scnii.,'i'ailo.-<  ( 


••ill 

lfS=: 


•scr.  IV.  I 


i;i. 


(laiXi'.j  (Francisco),  l)iario  y  (Icrrotcro  dcsilc  Ortuhrc  iK;   1^ 


So ticnihif  (If  1 77'i  al  Ivii)  ( ' 


in  Doc.  iiist.  Mfx.,  iM  m 


Chirh.  ls;!!l. 
."i  li.ista    17   (If 
•_>--M. 


(iaivi'a  (.Ins  •  David),  inl'oinif  del  'M  dr  Mai/.o  dc  I78i»  accrca  df  las  niiiionc. 


df  li 


li)  (ii'aiiilf. 


.MS. 


(lavfia  (l.orfii/.i)  <;arci.i).  Carta.     In  Son.,  Mat.,  lOl-'JO;  al.^o  MS. 


(iavcia  (.lo.-c  !).),  liif 


ornu,'  accic 


;i  df  Lis  .Mi 


del  ilio  ( li'.iii 


MS.     Ii 


I'inart,  Col.  Doc.  Mcx.,  .S7 


( larci'a  ( 'oiidf  (IVdro),  I'liisaj'o  l^-itadi'stico  solac  fl  l-lstado  dc  Cliilui.iliiia.      in 


Sof.  Mfx.  (ifog.,  ilol.,  V.   lli(J  ft  .sfij. 
(iar/a  (I'fdio.I.  dc  la),  Stijilica  ijiic  liacc  al   I'ulilico  M 

is:;:). 

(iayarn'  (Charles),  History  of  Louisiana.     Xf \v  York,  18li(i.  4  Vols. 


fjicam 


Mutanioi'os, 


<;(i;.'cr(-lolm  L.),  A  iVei)  at  .Mcxi 


London,  1S7L 


(;i'liiiii.s  (dco.  ii.),  Tlio  Casfol'.     \Vas!iin.L;ton,  I8(i0. 

(ddilini's  (.losiuia  li. ),  Spcfclifs  in  <  'oifj-rfss. 

(ilofson  (\V.),  History  of  tlio  Catholic  Cliiiicli  in  California.     San  F 


1S7J. 


i>\s 


( lodd.ird  (  Fndfiick  15.),  Wlicro  to  I'ani.ijratf ,  and  Why.     Xfw  York,  18(50. 
•  iodine/ I. \Ii_qifl),  I'ractica  (If  la  Tfolo^ia  .Mysiica.     .'"ifviUa,  KiS'J.    I'Jiiio. 
Cold  and  Silvfr  Mining' in  Sonoi'a,  .Mfxico.     Cincinnati,  KS(i7. 
Ciildscliniidt  (.Mlicrt),  .sec (J:irto_'raiihy  of  tlif  I'acjiic  Coast. 
tioll'o  di'  Cortes  (I'^r..     (.Jiiaynias,  |JS7-  ft  sci 
Cotnaia  (Francisco  Lojic/)',    C 


do  .M 


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ii.;  llistoria 


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I'  liiiiialpaiii  fdiiii 


.Ml 


18-J(;.   -2  VI 


I, a  Historia  ( If  neral 


(If  las  inilias 


A 


nvfrs. 


l.").VL 


(Joiiif/,  iH.iiii).     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mfx..  L'd  sfr.  vii. 


tioiizalr/  (.lose  Hleiitcrio),  Al:. 


Sf  rvir  del 


|iiintfs  .V 


Patos  I'.stadisl 


leos  i|lle  ))1U  lion 


(! 


lase  para  lorinar  una  c 


<tadisticadf  Nucval.fon.      In  .M( 


xuctlll. 


Hist,    del   Fst; 


la  o|i 


Cole 


\.  L 


.Mont 


n  dc   Notieias  y  llocnnifiitos  para  la 


flfV, 


Cinzalez  D.ivila  ((iil),  Tcatro  i'.clcsia.stico  dc  la   Friniitiva  l-h 


las  ii 


ilias  C 


deiitah 


.Mi 


1(140 


vols,   lolio. 


Cordon  (Thonias  1'.),  Spanish  l>iscoverifs  in  .Amorica  [irior  to   l.')'_'i).      I'hil- 

ailflpliia,  l.S.'ll.  -J  vols, 
iioro-liza   (M.   ]■].  ,\v).    Diet:' 


(juIj.  sohro  'i'fjas.     Mox,  1844. 


liido  fl,  !J  Junio,    1810, 


J  Ci 


do 


II  ' 


I 


XXX 


AUTnORITIES  QUOTED. 


fi()ttf!ii'1t    (Tcliniin  I.mlwig),    Xowo  Wilt    uml   Amcricanisclic    Ilistoricn, 

J'raiicUt'uit,  l(i('i.").  I'.ilio. 
(Idii-r  (Win.  .M.),  'J'hc  i'iscal  History  of  Tcmis.     Tliil!i.lcl|ilii;i,  IS.VJ. 
(Ii-iili.ii]i  (.f.    I).),    licpoit  oil  Jiouinluiy  liotwcrn  Mexico  luiil   L'iiiti.'il  StuUs. 

\Vasiiiii;,'toii,  ISoL*. 
rjiatfaii  (I'lioiiiaa  Collfy),  rivilizcd  America.     London,  1S.">!).  '2  vols. 
(.Jriiy  (.\sa),  riant^u  \\  rij.'litiaiuo 'J'l-xauo.     Ncv.  Aluxicana'.     In  Nniiliisoiiiau 

lust.      \\'asliiiij,'ton,    l.S.'i,'!. 
CJrccn   ('i'lionia.s  J.),  Journal  of   the  Texan  Expedition  against  Mier.     Xew 

'^'oik,  lS4.'t. 
(JriMiiliow  (Uolii'i't),  History  of  Oregon  and  California.     Xcw  ^'ork,    1S4."); 

Jloslon,  JSll;  Uoslon,  184.");  London,  1S44.    Uoston,  1S47;  .\iciiioii-,  lli.s- 

tiiiii;d  and  I'olitic-.il  ot  tiie  ,\ortli  west  Coast  of  North  Anu'rie;i["J(llh(.'ong., 

l.itSiss.,  Sen.  l»oe.   17  IJ.    Wasliin^'ton,  ISIO. 
Grijalva  (ilernandii  dc),  llelaeion  <lo  hi  .)oi'na(l,i<|ue  hizo  en  el  mar  del  Sur  iii 

]."i;).'i-4.    n.|il.,  l."i;i;{  4.     MS.   Eolio;  also  jirmt. 
f!rijal\;i  (.Inan  de),  Croiiica  de  la  Orden  do  Sau  Agiistin  en  las  Trovineias  de 

la  Xiiev.i  I'lspana.      Mexico,  l(i'24. 
(Jiiadala  j^ira,  Infornie  del  Cabildo  al  I'cy,   loG'J.     In  Icazbalceta,  Col.   ])oc., 

ii.  4S.1:  et  sei(. 
Onad.d.ijarr  (ToniasK  and  .Tost';  Tarda,  Tcstimonio  de  Carta,   1(J70.     In  X. 

\  i/caya,  J)oe.  Hist.,  iii.  •J7-'~4. 
fJiiemlidain  (.Juan),  ( 'arta  al  I'rovincial  sohre  nucvas  niisiones  do  Taruhmnara, 

l7--'.">.     Ill  X.  Vizcaya,  Doc,  iv.  'JJ-:W;  also  M.S. 
( Jni'ira  (.lose),  llistoria  do  hi  Kevoltieiou  de  Xiieva  lllspana.     Londres,  IS],'!. 

2  Vols. 
f!neri;i,  entre  Mejico  y  los  Estados-Unidos,  Apuntes  para  la  Historia  do  Mex- 
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(Juiiliiiiin  (E.),  Mi'moire  sur  les  mines  d'Argent  do  la  Kasse  Californie.     In 

-McNique,  Connniss.  Scienf  iliijue,  ii.  4();{. 
fiiizni.in  (Diego),  JJehicion  de  h>  <|ue  yo  hedesenliierto.    In  Florida,  Col.  ])oi,, 

iM;    I'aeheeoand  (Virdcnas,  Col.  J>oe.,  xv.  ',\'2.'>, 
Ouzniaii  (Leon),  Cuatru  r.il,d)ras»obri!  el  asesiiiato  del  Senor  (ieneral  D.  Juan 

Znazua.      .Montei-cy,   l,S(i{(. 
Ouznian  (Xiifiodc),  Jvelatione  di.     In  Kamusio,  Viaggi,  toni.  iii.  .'l.'tl;  Floiida, 

Col.  Doe.  !H. 
Guzman  (Nuno  de),  Ilelacioncs  Anonimas  dc  la  Jornada  (pie  liizo  ;'i  la  Xueva 

(lalicia.     In  Jcazlialcela,  Col.  Doe.,  ii.  'JIS. 
Ouziii.'in  (Xuno  dc),  ^'nfo|■nlacion  sojiic  los  Aconteciniientos  do  laCluerra.    ]ii 

I'aclieoo  and  C;irdenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xvi.  'AUS. 

Ifahluyt  (Richard).  Jlivers  Vovagcs.  I^ondon,  1S,")0;  Tho  I'rinoii)al  Xaviga- 
lions  (\dy.),  Lond.  J. ")!!!»- 1 (MK).  4to. 

llamiiton  ( [icouid.is),  IJonhr  States  <jf  Afexieo.  San  l'"ianeiseo,  llSSl;  Mex- 
ican HandliooU.      Huston,  ISS'A. 

Ham   icl;,  Jvssays  on  Texas.     Xew  \'oik,  1S,'J7. 

Haiiiy  (!!.  W.  11.),  Travels  in  tho  Interior  of  Mexico.     London,  18'29. 

liar;  is  i.lohn),  Xa\  i;:aiiliiiin  at(puvltiiieraiitiuiii.      l^oiid.,  17tl.">.   foi.  "J  \dls. 

Ilariii"!!  (ll(  iiry  W'.),  IJattlo-lields  and  Xaval  Exploits  of  tho  United  Slates. 
I'hihideliihi.i,  IS.'iS. 

Hartmann  iuid  Millard,  Lo  Texas.     Paris,  1810. 

lla.ssel  ((!as])ari),  and  J.  C.  F.  II.  Cannaliich,  Vollati'indige  und  neucste  Erd- 
licschreihung.     Wi'imar,  18'_'4. 

Hawks  (J.  D.),  Journal  of  the  Expedition  through  Lower  California, 
n.jil.   n.d. 

Hayci  I  I'.enjainin),  Diaiy  of  a  Jonriipy  Overland.  184!)  50.  MS.;  Einigi'ant 
Notes.  MS.  and  scraps;  Mexican  Laws,  Xotes  on.  MS.;  San  Diego 
Lc-al  History.     MS.  and  Si'rai)s;  Scrap-liooks.      18.')0-7L    I'J'J  vula. 

Hayes  (John  C.),  Life  and  Ail  ventures  of  a  Texas  iianger.    .MS. 


AUTITOniTIES  QUOTED. 


xxxi 


ITcljis  (Artlmr),  Tlip  rMiKiucrors  of  tlif  X>\v  Wmlil  niul   tlicir  TKirul'iiicii. 
I Ion,  ISls  ,V_',   •_'  vols. 

Il(l|is  (  AlLhlil),  l.ilr  of  llcniMlldo  (  'ol-trs.       \i\v  V'olk,    1^71.    -  Vols. 

lli!|is  ( Ai'lliinl,  'I'll!'  I.il'oof  l,Ms(';is;is.      I'lii'.iili'liiliia,   I  SI'S. 

Jltlps  (Arthur),  Till!  Sii.jiiisli  (oiunicst  in  Anii'iicu.    London,  IS,'),")  (II.  4  vols. ; 

Nrw  York,  ls.")(!,  •_•  \ol.s, 
]lcni;iniliv.  (.lo.u'  .M.iri'.i  I'uiX'Z),  (."oni|i(  inlio  tlo  la  Oeognifi'ii  del   Iv-it.ido  do  So- 

nora.     .McNico,  I.S7-. 
Ili'i-n.-indc/  y  l>,iv;ilos,  I'oMiuioncs  cnunc  no  i'st;i  v;doii/a<l;i  l.i  iiiopiiilad.     In 

Soo.  .Mcx.  (Ji'og.,  l>oh'tin,  "Jila  ('ii.  loni.  ii. 
UiTioia  (.\ntoniodcl.  iK'sciipcion  du  las  Intli.is  Occiiicii.     Madrid.  I7.">(>.     I'ol. 
Ikrrc'i'.L  (.Vntonio  dc),  (icni'i-.il  ]listory  of  tli'j  Vast  (ontininl  and  l.^iands  of 

America.      J>oiidoii,  l7-"t-(>.  (>  vols. 
lIcriTi-.i  (.\ntonio  do,  llistoria  (ii'iaial  dc  los  llcilios  do  los  C'asl<ilanos  en 

las  1  las  i  'i'ifira  l^'ii-nio  del  Mar  Ocuauo.     Mudiid,  KiOl.  4to.    I   vols.; 

Madrid,  17-J(i-:i().   folio. 
lU'iMcia  (.F.  ,\ntonio  di),  Viiidicaciou  quo  li;n-e  do  los  far.u'os  del   Siuor  1>. 

I'hicido  \'i';;a.    ]  )lllalij,'o,  ISlil. 
HidaU;o  (.Miirucl),  Infmnn'  al  \'iivy  tocaiito  a  las  ini.sionis  lU'  la  J'-aja  ('alifor* 

iii.i  fccliado  ii  "J-.*  ilo  Mai/.o  di>  '!7S(i.      MS. 
nines  (( !list;L\u.O.  \'oya;.;c  ronml  tlie  World.      ]'>Mlla!o,   I  S.'iO. 
llinlon  (IJicliard  J.),  Ilandhook  of  .\ri/ona.     Sail  l'r:'ueiseo,  ISTS. 
Historical  .Ma  ra/ine  and  .Notes  and  (fineries.     ]joston,  etc.,  l.S.~)7-(«!'.    I't  vols. 
Jlittell  (loli:!  .'^.j.  I  (istorv  of  ."^an  I'r'.-ineiseo.      Sail  [''raneiseo,   1,S7S. 
]Iohl)s  (.lames).  Wild  Lite  in  the  Far  West.      Hartfor.l,  lS7r>. 
Jlolley  (.Mary  .\ii  ;tin),  'J'exas.     Lexin.uton,  ls;i(l. 
Holmes  (.\liiel ),  .\nnals()f  .\inerie;i.     < 'aml)iid;,'e,  |S'_".l.   "JnoIs. 
Houston   (('.    .M.),   'J'exas  and  the  (!nlf  of    .\le\ieo.      London,  ISlL   'J  vols. ; 

riiiladelphia,  ISf). 
Houston  (S,:ni.),  .Message  of  tlic  Governor  of   Texas  on  .'^(cession.     San  .\n- 

tonio,  IhU), 
Hughes  ( i;'i/:a!iet!i).  The  California  of  the  Padres.     San  I'laneiseo,  1S7."). 
llughe;  (  Lilm '1". ),  |)oniiihan's  lv\(iedition  to  New  Mexico.     Cincinnati,  ISllI; 

Cin;inn;iti,  l';.")0. 
Jlunil)oliU  (.\!cx.  di),  Kssai  roliti(iue  sur  li' lioyannie  de  la  XouNellc  I'lspagne, 

Paris,  I'-ill.   folio.   2  vols,  iind  atlas;  'J'ahlas   Estadi'slieas.      MS. 
Hunt  (.Mi'UUliaii),  A.ddress  to  the,  Peo|i|e  of  Te.xas.      (ialveston,   IS.iL 
Hui|uitoa  (S.  Antonio),  Lihro  de  .Mision,   17.')7   1S4.">.     ^iS.     lu  Pinart,  Col. 

Pirn.  .\lta. 
Hutehings"  Illustrated  California  ^Magazine.     S.in  I'rancisro,  |S,")7-('il.  ,">  \ols. 


ICISCO  <ll 


ILarra. 


i.lfl. 
elates. 


Erd- 
Ifornia. 


Iliarra,  l!e!aeiou  de  los  Deseubriniientos,  ete.,lieehos  [lor  I'lanc 
In  Paeheco  and  Cardenas,  (,'ot.   Doe.,  xiv.   Ki.'f. 

Ica/.hah'eta  (.)o.((uin  ( Jarci'.a),  Colecrion  do   llocnnientos  jiara,  la   lli>loriadt) 
.Mexico.      Mexico,  |.S.'),S-(i(i.   folio.   '2  vols. 

Iglesia  de  l)urango,  Es|)e jo  .1  uriilieo.      .Mexico,   17.'!^. 

Iglesias  (I.  .M.),  Kevistas  llistoricas  sola-e  la  Intervenrion  I'l'aneesa.      Mexico, 
IS(I7.   ;{  vols. 

Tglesias  y  Convcntos  do  ^^exico,  Pii'laeion  descri[)tiva.      Mexico,  ISl)."}. 

Hustracion  Mexicana  (  La).     Mexico,  IS,")!-.'!.    Ixuls. 

lm|ierio  cle  Mexico.      A  collection  relating  to  Maximilian's  I".rii|iire. 

Infornie  en  llstrados  en  |)efi'nsa  do  los  lMni)leados  de  la  .Vduana  .Maritinia  ilo 
San  lllas.      .Mexico,  1S|;{. 

Jnu'orsoll  (C.  J.),  \'ii\v  of  the  Texas  Question.     Washington.  ISl4. 

Inslituti)  Xaeional  de  (Jeografia  y  Estadistica,  IJolotin.     See  Sociedad  Mexi- 
cana. etc.,  its  later  nani(\ 

Instruecioii  forniada  en  virtuil  do  real  ordon.     Mex.   I7S(). 

Instruceiones  de  los  N'iroyes  do  Xnova  i''.spana.     Mexico,  IS(')7. 

Iturriliai'fia  ( I  >.  Ciriaco),  Menioria  googr.'ilica  y  ostidistica  del  F)e]iartainento 
du  San  Luis  Potoat.     In  Soc.  Mux.  Cloog.,  IJoletin,  toin.  vii.  •JS'J. 


xxxn 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ivos  I.J.  C).  RcpfU't  upon  till'  rolnrailo  River  [iJOthCong.,  Ist  Scs.s.,  IT.  Vx. 

Doc.  !)()|.       Wiisliiii-tr)!!,  ISIil. 

Jiiraiiiillo  (.riKui).  I'li'liaion.  In  Floriilii,  Col.  Doc,  ].")4;  Raclicco  and  Car- 
(Icnas,  Col.  Doi'.,  toni.  xis'.  304;  Toniaux-Coinpans,  Voy.,  scric  i.  toin. 
ix.  'AM. 

.T(!llt'tt  (J.  H.),  Pacific  (^)ast  Laws.     San  Frnn<Msco,  ISTO. 

Jenkins  (.)i)lin  S.),  Jli.story  of  Mexican  War.    Auburn,  Is.'il;  Xcw  Voik,  lsr>!). 

Josuitas.  Cartas  cscritas  jioi-  v\  Rcy  al  rajKi,  extiriniuo  dv.  los  jcsnilas.  M.S., 
17li4-7;  Colcccioii  (IciUM'al  <\v  las  I'rovidcncias.  M.iilri'l,  ITliT,  I7'i!*.  - 
Vols;  Coli'L'io  (Ic^  Saa  Fianci.-*co  Xavicr  iioNiciado  en  'iVpot/ntlau.  MS., 
ITTC  folio;  ])ocunH'ntub  y  Oliras  iniportantcs.  Mcxic,  ISH.  '2  vols; 
raiH'lcs.     .MS. 

.Tollivct,  l>ocniu('Uts  Anicricains,  Annexation  dii  Ti'xas.     I'aris,  ]S1.">. 

Jones  (.\n><()n),  Reimlilic  of  Texas,   ii.pl.,  n.il. 

.lontel  (M.  di'),  J(.  iinal  JIistorii;nu  de  Tetaldis.senient  des  Fniucais  ;i  la 
Louisiana.     In  Mayer  MSS.,  no.  liO. 

Kcler  (iLrnaciii  .Taviei-),  Consulta  sohrc  Alzaniiento  de  la  riiueria,  17~>-.     In 

Sonfi:-;i,  M.'it.,  i.  "Jli-a-J;   also  MS. 
Kendall  ((Jeo.  \Vill;ins),  .N'arraliveof  Texan  Santa  I'e  exjjedition.   X"W  York, 

Isll.  -2  vols;  New  York,  IS.")!).   •_' vols. 
Ixeiinedy  (.lolin  I'.),  Speech  on  annexation  of  Texas,  .lanuary  1  I,  lS4r>.     Wash* 

iuLrton,  IS!,"). 
Ivenneily  (  \\'i"iMiiil,  Texas.     London,  lS-41;  Mew  York,  ISlk 
Iverr  ( li'olieit),  A  tleniral  Ilistoiy  iind  CnUeclion  of  Ndyages  and  Travels. 

Kiliul)nivli  and  London,  KS_4.      IS  vols. 
Kino  (I'Jiseliio   Francisco),  IJreve  Jielacion  de  la   Insit^ne  Victoria,  ](>!);(.     In 

Soiiora,  Mat.,  Sj  I  -Ki;  also  MS.;  Cartjis.     In  Sonora,  Mat.,  ])assiiii;  al.su 

^IS.;  JJelaeion  de   XniS'ade  los   lltinedios.  Iti'.IS.     In  Sonora.  Mat.,  iv. 

Slf;  also  ^IS.;  Tercera  Eutrada,  HJSIi.     In  Sonora,  Mat.,  i.  4U."t-t;S;  also 

i\i.S. 
Ki|i  (Win.  Ini;ralianiV  Ilistoi'ieal  Scenes.     \e\v  York,  |S7.). 
Kohl  (■!.  <  J.),   \  llist(jry  of  tliu  Discovery  of  tlie  East  Coast  of  North  America. 

I'ortlaud,  LSilit. 

Laba  (fmiacio  M.),  Infornio  al  V.  R.  tocante  i'l  las  misiones  del  colc^io  ([uo  so 
hallaii  en  el  ItcMio  de  Ir.  X.  \'izcaya  fecliado  ;i  10  de  Mar/.odi'  I76t>.    MS. 

Lacha|i|iell(M A.  I>e).  LiM.'onite  de  Jiaonshet-ilonlhon.      I'aris,  LS.")'J. 

Lacnn.'a  (.lose  Marial,  Discursos  IU.sti'iricos.     .Mexico,  1S4."). 

I.aet  (.loannis  de),  X'ovws  Orliis.     LvLld.  liatav.,  Ki;),'!,   folio. 

Laiond  (t  iaiiriel),  \'(iva.,'es  antonr  \lu  Mondi'.     Paris,  istf.  S  vols. 

Lal'ora  (Nicoliis),  Vi.e^c'a  Santa  Fe,  17tl(i.     MS. 

Lafiie".te  (I).  Mode.sto),  Ilistoria  j,'encial  de  Espaua  desde  lo.s  liiin]ios  i-eniotos 
liasta  iniestros  ilias.     Mailrid,  l!S."t()-(il. 

La  ILnpe  (John  IV.incois),  Abrego  de  I'Histuire  Oeiierale  desVovams.  Paris, 
IMd.   lM  vols,  anil  atlas. 

La  Jlaijie  (M.  de  la).  Historical  Jonrnal.  In  ]''rench"s  Hist.  Col,  La.,  iii. 
7- et  .'•;e(|. ;  .Journal  llistorii|\U'.      in  Mayci'  M.SS,,  no.  '2'.). 

Lamar  (Miralie.in  P>.),  Letter  of,  f>n  subject  of  annexation,     Savann.ih,  1S44. 

La  Pi  rinse  (.f.  F,  (I.  de),  Voyage  iiutour  dii  Moiule.  Paris,  171'N.  4  vols, 
folio,  atlas. 

Larduei- (Dionvsius),  History  of  ^laritime  and  Inland  Discov  ly.  London, 
l.s;!().   ;$  vols. 

Larenai'dieve,  Mexi(jue  ot  (^•uatcinala.     Paris,  1843;  Paris,  1847. 

Lariain/.ar  (Manuel),  Xoticia  JlistiJrica  de  Socoiniseo.     Mexico,  IS4.1. 

Las  Casas  (I'.artoloine  de),  Ilistoria  de  Indias,  !MS,  folio.  4  vols. ;  Madrid, 
187.").    fi  vols. 

Las  Cas.is  (llartoloine  de),  Relation  des  Voyagea  et  dea  DeeoiiveiLes.  Am- 
sterdam, lli'JS. 


AUTIIORITIllS  QUOTED. 


xxxia 


Las  Cnui's,  licidLi'cr.     T^;is  ('nicis,  ls7-ttwM^. 

Ijis.srpMS  (UlisoM  Urbaiio),  Ih-  hi  Ci<liu'i/.iii:'nA\  tie  la  I'.iiji  r:ilifoniiii.     Mi'xico, 

1  sr.o. 

Li:  ('lciii|  (riiri'stirii),  Ifisti lire  lies  Ciilonii'si  I'l'aui'.liscs.      I'iiris,  1((!)'2. 
Looso  (.laco)>  IM,  llistoriial  (tiitliiuMpf  J,(i\wr  ( 'aliiuiiiia.     New  York,  ISO.'). 
LcfOvio  (]'].),  l><)cmiuiitii.s  Olicial  s  itt.()!,'i(li)s  in  la   Siiivtaria    I'rivada    do 

Maxiiiiiliaiio.     Jlistoria  dc  la  Jnli'iV(.iiiiiiii.      iliiistlas,  iIl;.,  l.S(i'.).   'J  vols. 
Lcgiilidad  (La).     Mazat!;:;i,  IsTO  ct  si((. 

Luni[ii  iiiv  (Cliailis),  Nuti-idii  Mixici'  in  18('>l-'_'.     Londnii,  ISd'J. 
Luon  (Alimsii),  ( 'arta  i  ii  (|iiii  da  Xotiiia  do  un  N'ia,!,'(\  IdSJt.     In  Florida,  Col. 

l>tn'.,  'J.');    I  >('rn)t.'i()  do  la  joiiiaila  (jiio  lii/.o  al  di.srulit"  du  la  lialii'a  del 

Ksi)iritu  SMiito,  Kls'l.     MS.  folio. 
l,cr<lo  (1  • 'iVjada  ( l''raiicisro),  ];>|Mi.-,iiion  soliir  Adniiiu.-trariim  do  la  Adiiana 

.Maiitiinadc   .Ma/atl.iii.     Moxioo,  Isl't. 
Lister  (('.  Ivh\arils),  Sam  lloudton  and  His  liijiuMii.-.     \i\v  York,  184(i. 
Li'ttrcH  I'llitiantcs  I't  Ciiricusis.     Lyon,  IM'.t.    It  vols. 
]ji'y  (La),  (!iinynia-<,  IsTSit  .'^ci). 
Lli.  (li.  K.),  Li' ( 'liaiMi)  D'Asilc,  Talilcan  Topouiaiiliiiino  llistoiicim'  du  Texas. 

I'aiis,  IS  I!). 
Lindaii  (M.  11. ),  Kava\vaiitnzuL.'<'  durili  die  Wcstlirluii  I'laiiioiii  und  Waudir- 

uiiu'c  n  in  Xord-Mi'jico.     jlnsdcn  jiiid  Leipzig',  Lsi.'). 
Liidi  (\\'onoislao),  I'iario  liflaiiou  del  \'iau'o.     M.S. 
Link  (W  I  nzi  li,  N.-uliririitin  von  ( 'al.     Jn  .Mnrr,  N'ailiriilitcn. 
Linscliotin  (.1.  J[.  van),  i;oys-(diis,iirit't.     Ainstr.,  I(i!'4.   foiio. 
J^isaanto  (I'l'dro).  r)isi'nr.so  jiionunciado  on  la  Sol(  niniclad  <loI  li"  Aiiivcrsurio 

do  la  AiMituia  del  Li:t.  tic  .lalisoo.     ( Inadalii  jara,  IMIJO. 
Littio  ((ioniLCo),  IMc  on  Oooan.     Jlaltiuioro,  1SI;{. 
lazas 'in  (Toni;is   lirn;nio),  Lit'.irnio  soliri!  Ian  I'rovinoias  do  .Soiiora  y  Xuova 

Vi/caya.     In  Sononi,  Matorialos,  iv.  (is.'!  7(l-;  also  MS. 
Looknian,  Travols  of  tlio  .losuit.s.      London,  17-l'>.   'J  vols. 
Ijondon  (looi,'ia|ihioal  Sooioty,  .loiiinal.     Lon<lon,  ISI5I-70.   -10  vols. 
Lojioz,  (.loso  I'rancisoo),  Condioion  di!  las  niisionis  d(!  To.vas,  17S."i.     MS. 
].,opoz   (don/.alo),    Itolacioa.     lu   I'aoliouo   and   C'aidunas,    Col.    l)oc.,    xiii. 

■lll-OL 
Liipoz  do  Zul)iri;i,  (.Toso  Antoni")),  Docunicntos  oficialos  Kolativos  al  K.straua- 

iniont).  A'iotoria-  do  I 'ur.iniro,  IS;>4. 
Loroto,  Librosdo  Mision,  17ii(Mi;>,  ,MS. 
Lossing  (lionson  J.).  I'iotoiial  History  of  the  United  States.     Hartford,  lS(iS; 

Xew  York,  IS(iL 
Liiwonstt  rn  (I.sidore),  .T(iurnov  from  the  City  of  Moxieo  to  .Mazatlan.  Li  Lou- 
don Ceo;.;.  Sue.,  .Four.  XL 
Lowir  ( 'aliforniii,  Its  ,ueo,i;raiiliy  nnd  cliai-aeteristics.      Xow  Yoik,  IStlS;  Riilofl 

of  (.'olonial  Sottlenniil.     S.iu  J'r.inoisen,  ISIIT;  Title  l'a]iors  <if  llio   L.  C. 

('o.     Xeu' York,  1S70;  Coloni/atimi  and   Mining'  Co..  l'ros|ii'i  tns.     .Sun 

J'raneiseo,  ISOJ;  Mininir  Co.,  Juixiits  <>n  rro|nity.     Xew   N'ork.  ISCi,"). 
Lndeens  (Ivluard  I,  lioi.-'e  dnnii  die  M(  xiranisc  la  n  I'rovinzcn,  'J'nni.dipa.s,  Co- 

h.iliuila  und  Texas  in  I'l.'M.     l.,eipzi;.;,  l!S."i7. 

^McCalio  (.L'unes  J).).  A  Couiiirehensive  View  of  ourConntr\'  .uid  its  Resonrcoa, 

I'liiladelpina  |1S7(;|. 
MellvMine  (\Villi:iin),  Sketeliis  of  .'^e'-noi-y  and  Notes  of   l'rr.--on;d  .\d\enturo 

in  C.ilifornia  and  Me\ieo.      rhi!adeli>lii,i,  IS.'id, 
Ma-d.den.i,  Lil.io  do  .Mi>ion,  HI'.CMs-J:!.     MS.      hi  I'inart,  Col.  I'ini.  Alta. 
MaL'dalena,  Lower  Californian.      Ma;,'dalena,  lS7()etse(|. 
Mailkird  (.S'.  Doraii),  History  of  Texa.s.     London,  ISl'J. 
Maldonado  ( Loronoio  Fiiirr),  Itelaoion  del  <losenliriiniento  del  Estrecho  (le 

.Anian.     Li  I'aeliei'o  and  ( Virdenas,  Col.  Doe.,  toni.  v.  4"J0. 
Malte-lirun,  ].a  .Soiiora  et  ses  mines.      I'aris,  IStl4. 
Maltr;it:imionfo  do  hidios.     A  Collection.     MS.   folio. 
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Hist.  N.  Mtx.  ST.\TtB,  Vol.  I.    3 


n 


x.xxiv 


AUTIIorJTIES  QUOTED. 


:-'l 


^Tan^^'  (Tiijin  M.-itco),  TTistnriii  du  l,v  Piiiicn'ii.     MS.;  ;\]m>  print  in  Doc.  Hist, 

Mi'X.,  4tli  SIT.  i.  L'-Jil. 
I\r;inslici.l  (IMwiird  1).),  Tho  ■Nrcxicaii  War.     Xcw  ^'ork,  ISti). 
^liiicii  y  L.ilioi'cs  (.Icisi'),  llistoriailo  la  ^[ai'ina JIimI  Iv-p.uVila.     Madrid,  IS.'it. 

4ti>.  '2  vols,  and  atlas, 
^larclia,  KainioiL  adilii's.<(';  a  rcnipcrciir  ( 'liarlo.s  V.  snr  It;  inyaunu;  ilo  la  Nou- 

vclli' ( Jranailo.     Jn  'lViiiaux-( 'onipan-!,  JiVi'iiril. 
Marclianil  ( I'.ticnnc),  X'nya  ,'0  auti)iirdu   Momii',  i7!*!>-!'.'!.     I'ari-",  n.d.   (i  vols, 
iMar.'il  do  .)>  sus  (Ant.),  No'tizif  <lflla,  \'ita.     l.'onia,  ls;;i!. 
Mariana  (liKui  (l<),  lli.storia  ( ioncraldc  Jvspana.    Madrid,  17'SO.   fulio,   2vol».; 

Mad i  id,  ITilt.    10  vol.-). 
'Marniii  r  (.'iaviii ),  I,('s  viiya'jcnrs  nonvcanx.     I'aris.,  11. il.  ,S  volsi. 
Mar(|niiia  Instini  (.inn  ,i  Itmri'^ay,  ISO.'l,     in  Instrnciou  X'iicycs. 
Marlino/.  (I)aniian),  Carta  del   L'adrf  al  1.'.  Murti,  17'.)-'.      .MS.'     In  X.  Mln., 

J)uc.  lli.st. 
Martinez  (Antonii)  Fornundo),  Ivstadn  Actual  d(?  MLsioncs  17Sfl.     MS. 
Miirlini;/ (i'rani-i.ico),  Diirio  dtl  Viajo  Kiltl.    MS.    In  Texas,  Doc.  Hist.,  14't. 
Martyr  (IVter),  Do  ()rl)o  Decades.    AlcalA,  l.")Hi. 
Masanot  (Daniian),  J)iario  (luo  hicicron  los  Padres    101)1.     MS.     In  Texas, 

Doc.  Hist.,  liit. 
Mnscarii  (Manuel),  Diario  del  Iiii,'enirro.     1770.     ^IS. 

MaurelkMl'ianciseo  AntonioK  Journal  of  a  voyatfeiu  177"),  etc.  n.]il.,  n.d.  4to. 
Mavor  (William),  Universal]  listory.     \e\v  Vork,  l,s():>-.").  "J.")  vols. 
Mayer  (ilrant;'),  iiistory  ol  the  Mexican  War.      \e\v  ^'orU,  etc.,   1S4S. 
Mayer  ( lirant:),  Mexico  as  it  was  ;ind  as  it  is.     \ew  V(jrk,  1S44;  lialtimorn, 

l,S!(i;  I'liihidelphia,  I.S47. 
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'J  vols. 
i\Iaycr,  .MSS.     f.V  Collection  of  Thirty  Copies  fioni  Mexican  Archives.] 
!Ma/atlaii,  Cosnioiiolitan.     .Mazatlan,  IStKiet  seep 
Mawitlan,  1!1  (,'orrco.      .Mazatlan,  l!S(>,"»  et  seip 

Ma::atlan,  Datos  ilstadisticos.     In  Soe.  Mi\.  (leog.  P.ol.,  •J'da  ep.  iv.  0."). 
^Iazatlan,  Inl'ornie  a  la  Xacion.     Mexico,  1S45. 
^lazatlan.  Occidental.     Ma/atlan,  i.S7l>  et  se(|. 
Ma/.iitlan,  i'etiiioues  que  .sohre  el  Proyecto  de  Aranzcl  dc  Aduanas  Maritiiiias 

y  I'ronterizas.     ^la/atlan,  ls70. 
Mazatlan. 'J'inns.     Mazallan,  lS(i(ietseq. 

jNIedina  ( l>alt!iassar  dc),  Chronica  du  la  Santa  Provineia  dcSan  Diego  de  Mex- 
ico.    .Mixico,  liiS'J.  folio. 
Melinc  (lames  U.),  '2,(){W  nules  on  Ilorseliaek.     X'ew  York,  1S(;7. 
M(^'moires  i.'eoL,'rai)hi4ues,  ])liysi(pu>s  et  historicpies.  etc.     Paris.  1707.   4  vols. 
Mendieta,  (<  Ien'>nimo  de),  Uistoiia  Ivdesiastioa  Indiana.      .Mexico,  |S70. 
Mendoza  (Virry),  Instrnccion  .1  .Juan   dc  .Vguilar,  etc.,  acerca  del  ileseuliri- 

niieiitode  las  siete  ciudad(<sde  Poniente.     In  Florida,  Col.  Doc.  7;  Instiuc- 

cion  fjne  dchia  observar  el  capitan  .Vlarcon  en  la  expedicion  :l  la  f'alifoi- 

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Mexican  ()ce;tn  Mail  and  lidand  Com|)any  Reports.     Xew  Vork,  1S.")3  et  .seip 
Mexican  Pamphlets.     ^\.  Collection.   r>  vols. 
Mexican  Trade  .lournal.     Mexico,  187S  et  seq. 

^Mexican  War.     A  collection  of  U.  S.  Covcrnnicnt  Documents,  Scraps,  Pam- 
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1S.-.0. 
Mexican  War,  Mess.ifres  of  the  President  (SOtli  Conp.,  l.st  Se.is.,  House  Ex., 

(K);   ;f()th  ('0111,'.,  'ist  Sess.,  Senate  Ex.,  i).     Washin,L;ton,  1S47-S.  2  vols. 
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Mexican  War  (The)  and  its  Heroes,  etc.     Philadelphia,  1850j    Philadelphia, 

1800, 


4 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED 


XXXV 


vols. 

Icsi'ulivi- 

flustnu'- 

(\Mny- 

ii.  no. 

|.n.  184,-.. 


Ips,  Turn- 
rw  YoiU, 


Jlcxico.     Snn  Fr;inci:tc'(>,  18(51;  Ai't.is  dil  ("oiifjroso  Constitnycnto  McNii'.ino. 

Mcxii'i),    lSi;_'-.">.     10   vola;    Mfxioo,    IS24  .'i.    4    voU;    Aninct'l   jTiirt.il 

ill!  Adiianas   Mafiliinius   y   l''roiiicri/ii.-<.     Mixicn.  ISl'J  »'t  sci|.;  Anli.\i» 

M<'\iiaiiii,  ( '(ilcfiinii  ill'  Liyi's,  {(ciri'tiis,  cfc.     Mrxirn,   isriii-li.'l.  7  vnls; 

Ariliivo  Mcxii'ani)  i)(i('iiiiirntos  Hi.-itnria  dc  Mixii'o.     Mixii'D,  is.V.';  I'.at- 

tics  (if.      Nt'W  VolU,  ISlT;   XrW  York,   1S4,S;   Coifffimi  ili-  Irs  l^cycs,  l>r 

t'lotas  y  Onli'lU's,  IS.'iO-.'il,    IS.VJ-.").     Mexico,   lS."i()-.-|.   8  vols;   ('ulcciiMii 

lie  Leyis  y  Dcirctus,  ls:;'.»-.4l,   1.S44-S,  l,S.-)0.     Mexico,    lS.-.l--_'.  (i  viil>.; 

(.'oleccioii  (li!  Li'ycs,  iJccictos,  y  Circiilarcs,   lS(i.'t-(i7.     Mexico,    lS(i7.    ;[ 

vols;    Ciiestioii    i'eiial,   Ma/atlaii,    1S7I;    I)eoreto  [A  very  l.iri^e  iiuiiil"  i' 

(]Uoteil   by  (late,  suhject,  or  luitiiorityj;    Diaiio  del  (Joliiei'iio  ile  la   l!e- 

jhililica  Moxiciiia.     Mexico,  lS4(>etseii.;  lliaiio  del  liiiiierio.      .Mexicn, 

lS(i.")  ct  sei|.;    l)iario  (Mici.il.      Mexico,    1870  et  scc|;  l)ict;iiiien  |.'><evir.'il 

liuiidrcd    Itciiorts  of    I'oiiiliiittocs  of   Stati;   and    National   (  Jovciiiiik  lit 

cited  liy  date  and  to]iic|;  l)ocunientii.s  Kclesiasticos.     MS.   folio.   Ti  vols; 

en  1S47.     Mexico,  lsl7;    Mncaiiiaciou  pi'isoner.s.     I^oiiisville,  ISIS;    Jlx- 

posicion  [Several   iiiindrcd   liy  various   coniiiiissions  and  individuals   on 

ilill'crent  t()|iics|;  Hostilities  hy.     CJ'.lth  Conj;.,  1st  Sess.,  II.  Kk.  Doc, 

IIM!. )     Wasliintjton,    lS4(i;    lnil(  iniiitiea.    Convention  of  ,T;in.    .'iO,    ls4;t. 

(•JSth  Con.i,'.,  '-M  Sess.,  .Sen.  Doc,  .S|.)    Wasiiin^'ton,  IS4.-i;   Infornie  de  l.v 

Coniision  i'eziiuisidora.     Mexico,  1S74;   Infonno  [.V  very  i.irge  niiiidier  I'f 

report.s  by  various  couiniissious,  cor[ioiations,  and  individuals  on  dilt'creu- 

topics,  and  of  dillcrent  dates];  Monioi'ias  [l!e;^ular  reports  of  tiie  ditier, 

cut  government  departments.    Agricultura,  Foineiito,  (Jucrra,  ll.iciciidat 

Interior,  .Tiisticia,  Marina,  IJclacinnes  JOxtcriores,  etc.,  from  lS-J-_'  to  latot 

dato-a  complete  set  cited   by  d.itesj;  ()bser\  atiims  on  the  ori:_'in   and 

conduct  of  the  war  witli.     New  York,  1S47;  ()rden;inza  general  dc  . \dil- 

anas  maritinias  y  froiiteri/.as.      Mexico,  lS."i();   L'amjthlets.     A  CoUcotioii; 

llei^lamento  de  Adiian.is  Maritimas.     ^lexico,  1S'J'.».   4to;  Iteudamciito  de 

la  i)ireccion  de  (_'oIoni;:ation.     .Mexico,  lS4(i;  licglanu'iito  v  instniccicm 

])ara  los  jiresidioa.      Mexico,    1S;>4.   folio;  Iveglamento  jiai'a  el  corso  de 

paiticiilarcs  en  la  ]>resente  giicira.     Mexico,  IS4(!;   llelacion  del  estado 

C'U  i|uc  el  Mar(pi(''s  de  ( lelues  ball.)  los  licyiios  de  la  \ueva  I'^sjiana.     Ma- 

ilriii,    Kl-'S;  Ui  l.icion  particular  y  descripcion  do  tod.'i  la  ])i(i\  iiieia  di  1 

S;nito   I'",van,uelio.   MS.  folio;   lielacion  Svmai'ia  y  runtiial  del  'I'liiniilio 

(11  Mexico  \'>  iMiero,  1(>"_'4.   n.pl.,  n.d.  4to;  l;e|)orts  and   Ocspatehes  ex- 

bililliiii,'  operations  of  the  U.  S.  iiav.al  forces  durini,'  the  War  u  itli  Mexico. 

Wasliiuyton,    l.s4!t;  Silver  mines  in  Mexico.  n.]il.,n.d.;  The  Comitiy, 

History,  and  People.     Loudon,  18t!.'{;  The  ^\'cst  Coast  of.     Washington, 

ISSd. 

Mexico  and  the  United  States,  An  Amci-ican  View  of  the  Mexican  Question. 
San  Francisco,  lliiiO. 

Mexico  and  tlie  United  States,  Treaties  of  lS.1-2,  1S4S,  LS40,  1S02.     Mexiei), 
etc,  ls:iii -()!'.   11  vols. 

Mexico  and  tlu/  I'liitcd  States  l)Oundaiy,  ^Message  of  tliu  President,  October 
'2,  Ks;{7.     Washington,  l,s:i7. 

Me.xico  y  sns  Distiirbios.     MS.  2  vols. 

Mexico,  Texas,  and  ('■'i.ada.     Message  of  tlie  President.     Jan.  8,  I8;{S  ('J.-itli 
Cong.,  -Jd  Sess.,  H.  Kx.  Doc.  74).     Washington,  I8:}S. 

Mexiipic,  Doeuinents  sur  le  Commerce.      Paris,  1847. 

Mcxii|iu\  Commission  Scicntili(|Ue,  Archives.     Paris,  ISd.V!).  .1  vols. 

Mezii'res  (.Vtanasiu),  Cartas,    177S-;).      MS.      In   Texas,    Doc.    Hist.,   (j;!0-8f); 
Expcdieion  y  Olieios.     MS.     In  Texas,  Doc  Hist.,  (i8!)-7 1(1. 

Miclioacan,   Historia  de   la  Prov.  de   San   Nicolas  Tolentino,   .see  lia-salen- 
que. 

Milam,  Texas:  Sketches  of  Character;  Moral  and  Political  Condition,  etc. 
Piiiladelphia.  ls:i!». 

Mills  (Nicholas),  History  of  Mexico.     London,  1824. 

Minerva  (L;i).  Mexico,  184r)  et  seq. 

Mining  Maytmnc.     Now  Y'ork,  1853  et  seq. 


r 


i    I 


XXKvi 


AiTTiioniTiF.s  c^iuorrn. 


MiiiinlM,  TJrli'ciiiii  Mnlni'lii  tii'iTf  y  ]iulilariiiii  (|iii'  liny  il<''^'l<'  las  iniiiiiH  ilc  S.nn 

M:irUii  liiistii  l;i<c|f  Sta  JJ.tiliai'it  Itt''),     In  I'liuliLCo  iiliil  L'aiilflius,  Col. 

Hipi'.,  xvi.  riti,'!  70. 
Mi'i'-llMiiy.     .\  Collictioii.    10  vols. 
M^mIi'iii    Tia  villi  r  (Tlic),    Mi'xico   ami   <  Iiiatcniala.      Loiicldii,    IS'J.'i.   'J   vols; 

lloston,  Js:i(»,  •_>  vols. 
Mofr.iH  (I)iiljot  till),  l'',\|Floi'atioii  (111  Tcrritoiri'  ilc  rOri'j^'on,  tU's  ('aliforiiits, 

<ti'.     I'liiis*,  IMU.  "J  Vols.     .\tlnH  ill  folio. 
Molina  (Aloiiso  di;),  Vociihiiliii'io  fii  iongu.i  Cast'.'llaiia  y  Mixioaiia.     Mexico, 

l.">7l.  folio. 
Molina  (.Mi;;ncl),  I'clacion  ipii'  lii/o  sohrc  Ioh  riuu'rtcs  dc  lo.s  jiailrcs  vu  San 

Sal.a  I7''S.      MS.      In  TiNas,  J)oi',  Hist.,  ."M.Vdd. 
.Moll'iiiiisrii  (|!.'iMnin),   I)iary  of  a  .loiinicy  from  llu;   Mississi|iiii.     T^oiiilon, 

|s."iS,  'J   vols;   Kiisi'ii    in    <li<'   iM-lsi'iigfliirgc    XonlAiin  liKa.s.     I,(i|i/.i'..', 

iSCi.  '2  vols. 
.Mointto  (.lolin  \V.),  Ilistoiy,  F>isc'oviTV,  and  SotthniL'iit  of  tin,'  Mi:j8ia»ii)lii 

N'alliy.     X.w  York,  is'is.   ■_' vols.  ' 
Moii„'lavc  (Iviir'nc  dc),  li'isniMi' lie  riiistoji-c  du  .M(\i(|ni'.      I'aris,  iSv!!!. 
Montanns   (Arnoldii.s),    l)c    Nii'iiui;  en   Onlukindo    WciTild.     Anist(.Tdam, 

l(i7l.    folio. 
Montanns  (Anioldus),  |)ii' I'nlnkanntc  Ncm;  Widt.     [Tran.slati'd  hy  Dajiiiff.] 

.Amsicrdam,  l()7."i. 
M  int(  mayor  y  ( 'ordova  di'  <  'miu-'a  (.Iii.in  I'rancisco),  SvnlaI•io^l  dc  las  Ctdvla.s 

(h(l(iii:(  |ior  sn  .Majt'stad  liasta  l(i(i7.      .Mixiio,  l(i7''i.    Ito. 
.^'ont^^os  ( Ivsj.inosa  di'  los),  I-;N|)osicion  soUir  Nonoray  Sinaioa.     Mexico,  l.S'J.'l. 
Molltcverde   l.MalilU'll,  Meinoiia   soKii'  Sonora  dedie.id.-i  ii   Saiil.i    Alia.       .MS, 
.Moiilldy  .Misei  llan>',  or  Memoirs  for  tlieC  'niii.iis,     l^ondoii,  I7i'7-'.'.  4  to.  ,">  vol.-j, 
Moniiiiienlos  de  la  hoiiiinarioii  i;s|ianoli.     MS. 
Moody  (\V,  (!.),  ('uniiiarisoii  of  the  Nortlieni  and  SoiitlRTii  Minis  in  Mexico. 

San  I'lancisco,  ISIIK. 
.Mooic  (Fniiicis  ihinr.).  Description  of  Texas.     N'ew  York,  1S44. 
.Morelli  (( 'iriaciis),  I'asti  No\  i  Orliis  et  Ordinationnin.     \'cnetiis,  177'>.  4to. 
Moreno  (.Iiian  .loscpli),  l''raj,'inciito.s  dc  la  N'ida  y  \'iitudea  del  Scnor  Don  D, 

Va;<co  de  (,)niio;ra,  etc.      Mexico,  17t)(). 
Moreno  (.Inaii  .Nlalias),  I)o<iinieiito.s  jiara  la  JFisitorin  cle  California.     M.S. 
Moili  (.liiaii  Ayiistiii),  Cohecioii  de  ])oennientos.      MS.   folio;  De.sordcncs quo 

.se  advierten  en  el  Nilevo  ^lexico,  etc.      Tv'S.    17!'-.   folio. 
Mov|l  (.hiiiii  Airnstiii).  l»iario.     Jn  Doc.  Hist    \i.  x     ;?d  ser.  iv.  ."lO.'). 
.Morti  (.hi.'in  .Au'iistinl,  .Memoiias  )iara  la  jlistoiia   .o  'J'exas.     M.S. 
Moi'LTan  (.lames),  Lift' of  I'laiuisco  Xavier.      Loi'.toii,  Ifii.'i. 
.Mosiiico  Mexicano  (Kl).      Mexico,  ]S4(M;;.   7  v  ,l.s. 
Mol.i  I'adilla  (Matiasde  la),  liistoiia  de  ia  conoiiista  ilc  la  Xiiova-Galicia. 


.M. 


ISi;{.      MS.;  .Mexico,  ls7n. 


Mololinia  (Toriliio),  Histori 


ceta,  ('ol.  Doe.,  toiii.  i     jiassiin 


los  Indios  de   Niieva  ICspana.     In   Icazlial- 


Mowry   (Sylvester),   The  ( 


eoi,'ra|ihy  am 


11 


f  Ar 


WasliiiiL'ton,  IS."i!(;  San  I'VaiK'i; 


(•o,  eic. 


esoiircis  oi  .\ri7,ona 
iMi.-!;   .\e\v  York,  lS(i4. 


and   Sonora. 


Mowry  (Sylvester),  The  .Mines  of  the  West.      New  York,   IS(i4. 
,Miih!eniifoi'dt  (Ivliiard),   N'ersiich  einer  geti'ciicn  Schihlei 


.Meji 


Ih 


1S44.  ;<  vols 


del'  IJeiuihlik 


des    Sjianischen   Ainerika, 


Miirr,    .N'achrirliten  von  vcrsciiiedencn   Liiiidern 

Halle,  ISOO-ll.   •_>  vols. 
Murray  (Hugh).   Jlistorical  Account  of  ])iscovericf5  and   Travels   in   X(jrth 


L 


11,  IS-J!).  •_'  V. 


Miirrav  (Walter),  X.irrative  of  a  California  Volunteer.     ^I.S. 


.Ml 


useo  iMexicano. 


Mexico,  18411-,").  4to.  5  vols. 


Navarreto  (Ignacio),  Coinpen(''o  de  la  Historia  de  .Jalisco.     Ouadalajar.T,  1S7'2- 

Navarreti'  (Martin  l\'iiiandc       v'oleccion  de  los  \  iajes  y  Deseiiliriniieiitos  rpio 

hicicroii  lod  Jl-ip.inolcs  dcsde  lines  del  Siglo  X\'.    Madrid,  lS-o-37.   J  vols. 


L^ 


AUTnon iTi i:s  (H'oti:d. 


XXX  vii 


Xaviirri'ti'  (Marti'i  Ft'Viniuli/),  ^'iilj(■^^  .\|i(Kiif'>M.     Tii  Cul.  T)it('.  TiU(I.,\\.; 

InMcHluiciiiii.   IiiSulil  y  McNiiMim,  N'i.iji'. 
Xiiviirii''.''  (I'l'ilnt  M  ),  Sci'  l!:ij;i  ('alilmiii.-i,  I  (iiriiiiuiitiis  rclativo.H  ii  Li  iiihiiia- 

istiaiii'u  (K-.     Ms. 
Xiivnvi'iy  N(iiii';,'a  ( l'irii;iii(lii),  ('at.ilngii  (U-  Ins  ( 'iiriiliw  y  MisioiiiM  ijiic  tuiio 

la  Xiii  Vii  Ivsjinfm.     Mi'xii'o,  l,si;t. 
Xiiy.'iiit,  TiriilimiNira,  riiiit  ria,  ttc,  l''fiii,'iii(  ntu  Jli-dmii  i>.      MS. 
N'ay.'iritas,  lIchirlDii  ili-  1:1  ('oil  lUisla.      Mailriil  |  I7--|. 

T\\a/itli  ( I'laiicisi'o  Saiiilnvall,  l>iaiiii  dn  l;i  r\inil.  ii  Ins  ('lii<'lii'iiii'caa.  MS, 
!N\'vu  (I'"''li|>').  <'ii  t"''-* 'il  Niny  177")  1777.  In  Ari'lii\,)  diM 'alitdiiii.i,  pa^  im. 
IScVi!  (I'lil").  IIt"-,'laiii('iito  ('•  Jiistriiia  iiii],  I77'.'.    MS.      In  Aruli.  ('.il.,St.  I'.. p. 


MlVl.i      .         , 

Mi>.S.  Mill  ('nl.,  i.    I.'l.l   "JliO. 

Ncwudui!)  ( llai'vcy),  A  <  'yili'jiuilia  of  Missions!.     New  \'ork,  lS(!(t. 
Xcwionil)  (.laiius  I'.),  liiitory  of  SuH.vsioii  linns  in  1'i'\as,  and 'J"ravil:4  in 

Mcxicii.     San  l^'iancisco,  ISdK. 
Newell  ((".),  lli.stniy  of  the.  lluvoliitioli  in  Ti'Nas.     Xuw  York,  ISHS. 
Xieoliu  (I'llivil),  \iuHi  vnil  Warkall'ti!  llulation  von  iluinu  Wi.'s  bicli  iii  bouikiiy. 

MiintlK'n,  Kill).  4to. 
\it'l  (.Fnan  Aniaiido),  Apiintaniii'ntosi  quo  il  las  int'inorias  du  liLToniniodo  /,i- 

latc.     In  l)()('.  Hist.  Mcx.,  .')d  sir.  iv.  ")(!. 
Xilfs' i;(';L;iHter.     IJaltiniofo,  etc.,  lSII-4!).  7li  vols. 
Xi/a  (Francisco  ^laieos  dv),  I'l'sculiriuiienti)  de  l.is  Sieto  Ciudadc.s.     In  I'a- 

t'liceii  and    (Vndenas,  Col.   ])oo. ,   toni.   iii.  Hi'.");   ]!aniusio,    ^'iaJ,',yi,    toni. 

iii.  o"i() ;  llakliiyl's  \'oy.,  vol.  iii.  .'Jd'J;  Tt'inau.\-Conn)ans,  \dy.,  nrvk-  i, 

I   ni.  i\.  '.'."id. 
XoMitiT  d(!   I'ins,  T)('sci'i[iiinn  de  la  \'illa,  lOOS.     In  raclicco  an<l  Caidiiias, 

('ol.  I»oc.,  ix.  .'i;JI. 
Xoith  Aim  rican  IMisicllany.     Boston,  <to.,  ]S,")1. 
Xoitli  Auidican  llrviiw.      lioston,  lsl!(  et  sl'(|. 

Xotiri.i,  rii'«'V<,' do  la  l'.\iirdi(  ion  Militardo  Soiiora  y  Cinaloa.  ^rexico,  1771. 
Xotii'ia  lie  la  Mision  tie  la  .Iiinta  dc  los  Itios.  In  l)oi'.  Hist.  ^lex.,  .'Id  .ser.  i\'. 
Xutieia  dc  l'!s[ii'dieion('s  por  Mary  'J'iei  ra,  i|U<-!  lian  lieelio  los  l-,sjiaiiok's,  il  ■., 

1714.     In  Sonora,  Mat.,  iv.  (i'(i7:  iilso  MS. 
Xouvelle.s  Aiuiales  des  ^'oya;,'(^s.      I'aris,  l.Sl!l~(iO.    1  (IS  Vols. 
XiU'Va  I',s[iana,  .AcmTilos.     .\1,S. 
XiiL'va.  l!.^|iafia,  IJiivi;  ItLsi'nncn  ilil  iJesenlniiniento  de  la.     Madiid  [17('7]. 

Ms.  loyal  folio.  '2  vols. 
Xiieva  Vix.eaya,  l)oeuniciitoH  para  la  llistoiia.     In  Doc.  Hist.  I\Fex.,  llli  se:., 

t(<ni.  iii.'  iv. 
Xncvo  J.eou,  liietrnnen  d  ;  la  eoniision  eelesiiistioa  [.\pr.  .'iO,  IS.'it.     Monteiev, 

Xuevo  1,1'on,  I 'iet/uiien  prcsentado sobii'  intiddiieeiou  do  Algodou.     Monti n  ■, , 

is-i.-.. 

X  novo  Loon,  IHetanicnsobrcrofonna  de  las  liases  Orgdnicas.  ^ronteny,  ISl.'.. 
X'ucvo  Mvxiro,  Cedillas.     MS. 

X'licvo  ^lexieo.  Diseurso  y  rroposieioiics.     In  Taclieeo  a'.iil  C'-iideiias,  Ci'l. 
Doe.,  xvi.  ;!s;  .Meniorial  de  IG"!'.     In  Id.,  .\\i.  I.s8. 

Oliservador  de  la  KepuMiea  Mexieana  (KI).     Mexieo,  IS27.   3  voK 
Oceidental  (HI).     Ma/atlan,  ls71  et  .seij. 
Ocll  (-Josepli),  Jtei.'c.       la    .NIiui',  Xaeliiiehlell. 

O^'ilKy  (■lolui),  Ai.ienea.     London,  1(171.   folio. 

01agiuii;i;:o  (Li'ieas),  Contestaeionus  protesta  iiotas  iirescnta  al  pulilico.     ^.la- 

zatlaii,    ISOS. 
Olmsted  (I'red.  Law),  A  .Toi'.iney  t!iroiii;li  Texas.     Xcw  York,  IS,")7. 
Oiiii  (Luis),  Mdiioir  i:]ion  the  Xegoliations  lietwciu  Spain  and  tlu;  United 

States.      Laltiniore,  KS-_*1. 
Ordi  iiaiua   Militar.  ti'atudo  eiiatro,  Le':;laniento  para  cl  J^jereetivo  y  Mano- 

liias  de  la  infaiiteiia.     ^ii'xico,  LS.")'.   •_*  vol.s. 
Onlunaiiziis  dc  liidia.s.     A  Collection.     4i'>. 


XXXVIU 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Oi'iloiica  (le  la  Conmn.     A  Collection.     MS.   folio.   7  vols. 

Oro/.co  y  iitrra   (.MiiuiKjl),   (y'artii.  Etiiogiiiphica.     Mixioo,    J86t;  Funducion 

ilu  iilgiiiiii.i  ciiulaile.s.     In  llustracion  Mcx.,  i.  'J()8. 
Ortcgii  (Fijinoisco),  {'(i[)i;i  ilo  l;i  Di'niiiicacion.     IS.'JIj.   MS. 
Oi'tuga  (FriiMoi.si'o),  Descripcion  y   Doiiiuiciicion   do   la.s   Y.sla.s   Culifornias. 

l(i3;!-4.  iMS. 
Oitc','ii  (Frai)tisc'o),  Trinicra  Demarcauioii  do  las  V.slas<  'alifornias.    lO.'VJ.  MS. 
Ortc'^'a,  Jtulacioii  dci  la  entrada(juo  liizo  a  las  I'aliforiiias.    In  Doc.  llist.  Mox., 

'Jd  scr.  iii.  4.')7. 
Otero  (Mariano),  Coinunicncion  solirc  las  negoeiaciones  entre  I'',stadoa  Unidos 

y  Moxii'o.     Mexico,  IStT. 
Otondo  y  Antillon  (Isidro),  Xoiivellc  DcHccntc  dcs  Eapagnols  dans  I'isle  de 

Califoriiit',  Tan  Ids;!;   In  Voy.  Enii/.  Chine,  7!*;   Illation  d'line  Dusccuto 

dea  Esjiagnolea  dans  la  (alifornie.     In  \'oiaL;es  an  Xoril,  iii.  liSS. 
Overland  Monthly.     San  Francisco,  lS(!S-7.').    l."»  vols. 
Oviedo  y  Valdea  ((ionzalo  Fernumlez  de),  ]>e  la  Natural  Hy.storia  de  las  In- 

dias.     Toled(j,  1")J0. 
Oviedo  y  Valdi's  (Gouzalo  Fernandez  de),  Ilistoria  (Jeneral  y  Natural  de  las 

ln<lias.     !Madi'id,  ISol-.').  4  vols.  4to. 
Owen  (Tom),  Anecdotes  and  Letters  of  Zaehary  Taylor.     Xew  York,  1848. 

Paclieco  (Joaquin  F.),  and  Cii'denas  etal.,  Coleccion  de  Docunientos  Ineditoa 

relativos  al  Descubrindento,  Confjuista  y  Coloni/acion  do  las  I'osesionea 

Espafiolas  en  America.     iMadrid,  1804-81.     34  vols. 
Pacilie  J'cai-1  t'oniiianyof  Xew  York.     Jersey  City,  1803. 
J'aciiio  liailroad  ll(  ports,      l.'ivols.  4to. 
I'adron  d;:  los  lial  itantes  de  Andjus  Sexos  (pie  acuialmento  tienc  la  Colouia 

Militar.    MS. 
Paez  (Jwan,)  lielacion.    See  Cahrillo. 

Pages  (K.),  Xonveau  Voyage  autour  (In  !Mondc.     Paris,  1797.  3  vols. 
Pahifox  y  Mendoza  ( Juan),  Oliras.     IMadrid,  170.!.  folio.   l.Txols. 
Palmer  (\^'nl.  J.),  l)e  la  l'ol(jnisation  du  Colorado  et  dn  Xouveau-Mexi(jnc. 

Paris,  1S74. 
Paliiu  (I'rancisco),  I'ondo  Piadoso  de  Misioncs  de  California,  etc.,  177-.    MS. 
Palou  (I'lanciseo),  Infornie  (pie  por  el  ines  de  I)ieiend)re  do  1773,  hizoal  Virey 

Piicareli,  etc.     .MS. 
Palou  ( l'"ran(isc(i).  InforuK!  solire  el  estado  d(J  las  ndsiones  dt;  la  Peninsula. 

177-'.     In  Id.,  Xoticias.  i.  i;)S-71). 
Palou  (Francisco),  Xoticias  de  la  Xueva  ( 'a'''"ornia.     ^Mexico,  lSd7.  '2  vols; 

San  Francisco,  ls74.  4  vols. 
Palou  (l''rani'isc(i)i  Pelacion   Ilist('niea  do  la  ^'id,■l  y  Aiioati'dicas  Tareas  del 

Vcneralilo  Padro  F'rancisco  Juni'pero  Sei  la.     Mexico,  1787. 
Panes  y  Aiiellan  (Diego),  Cronologia  do  los  \'ireyes.  !MS.    la  Mou.  Doni.  Esp. 
l'a]Kles  d(!  .lesuitas.      A  Collection.      MS.   foliii. 
l'a)ieles  Fraliciscanos.     A  Collection.      iMS.   fulio.   2  vols. 

Pajieles  Varios.     A  Collection  of  Spanish  and  .Mexican  I'aniplileta.     '218  vols. 
Paredes  (Aloiiso),  Utiles  y  Curio.sas  Xoticias  del  X.  .Mexico,  Ciljola,  etc.     hi 

l)(je.  Hist.  .Mex.,  3dser.  iv.  -.Ml-'.'.-). 
Parker  (A.  A.),  Trip  t(j  tlio  West  and  Texas.     Coneoi'd,  IS.'J,'!. 
]'arl;er(\V.  P..),  Xotes  taken  during  Marcy's  Expedition  through  Texas,  IS.Vt. 

Philadelphia.  18.")0. 
Parkniau  (I'"rancis),  Discovei-y  of  the  Great  AVest.     Jioston,  lS7."i. 
Parra  (i'ranciseo),  (\)n(pusta  do  la  proviucia,  do  Xaliseo,  Xuevo  Reyno  do 

Calicia,  etc.     MS.  [KSO.").)   Ito. 
I'arres  (Luis),  .Manifestaciou  del  Contador  de  la  Aduana  ^laritima  de  !Mata- 

nioros.     Mataniuros,  183!). 
Parrodi  (A.),  ^leinoria  sobre  la  ]-]vacuaeio!i   militar  del  piierto  de  Tamiiieo. 

Taniauli]ia3,  1810. 
Paacual,  Xoticias  de  las  ndsiones,  sacadas  do  la  Anna  del  P:;drc  Jose  I'aseual, 

ano  de  1051.     lu  Xucva  Vi;:caya,  Doe.,  iii,  17'J;  alou  2slS, 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXIX 


I'ivttersou  (Oco.  W.),  Acrosri  Mexico  to  California.     MS. 

J'aUiu  (JaiiiL's  O.),  Tlio  IVrsuiial  Nurriitivc  df.     CiiK'iiiiiati,  IS.I.*?. 

I'auw  (L'uiucillc),  lU'clii'ivliL's  l'liili>s()|)liii|iios.     Lwiidnii,  1770.  .'5  vols. 

J'ayiK;  (iOilwanl  J.),  Wiyagta  ui  the  Elizabclliaii  ^Soaluc'Il.      l.iiiiddn,  ISSO. 

I'ajno  (I'lliii),  A  Xcw  and  Coiinjlcti)  Sybtcni  nf  Uiiivcrt^al  (ii  o^iaj^ihy.     Xe\r 

Yoil,  17'.I.S.   4  vols. 
I'ayiio  (Mamitl),  K.stiidios  soliio   la  llisturia  Antigua  dv  Mi:vico.     In  Soc. 

Mf.\.  (ko.l;.,  liol.,  "Jila  ('ii.  ii.  ]!)S. 
IVdro/.a  (!''.  do.!.),  liio.';ral'iai  du  los  priiicipak'sCamlillos  do  la.  Tndi  iniidonria. 

La  I'.iz,  lti7{5;  Cunipciidio  liisturico  du  la  CoiKjiiista  tie  Mixico.     Lii  I'az, 

1S77. 
I'rlii'taii  (( I'abrii'l),  Xotn  tiaV  Duiix   Ivspi'ws  do  Jalap.     Paris,  1S.';4. 
1  Vila.  (I  nan  Antonio;,  l)iaiii)  did  MaiijuO.s  dc  Sail  .Miguel  dc  .\,unay()  IT-O-'J. 

.MS.      In  Tuxa.s,  IXic.  ili.st.,  ;}S."j  -i t'.l;  also  in  Mayer  .MS.-;.,  no.  11). 
I'oraha  (.luan  Siiaivz  dt),  Xoticias  liiatoricaa  do  la  Xuova  Jv-jiaua.     Madrid, 

1«7S.  folio. 
IVri'/  (FiaiR-isoo),   Carta  [Dated  I'arras,  Die.  8,  17-(I'J.     In  Xuova  Vizcaya, 

Due.     .MS. 
IVri'z  (.Juan),  Jtolaeion  del  viage  do  la  fragata  Sfdilidijo.     M.S.    1774. 
JVoaino  ii  lo.i  Moxiranos  [lor  la  inuoi'to  do  ia  I'atria.     O  soa  oposioioii  d  la  ley 

sohro  coliro,  Tahaeo  y  Tojas.     Mo.xieo,  ISU. 
IVtor.s  (Do  Wilt  C),  J.ilo  and  Advonlmo.s  of  KitCar.son.     Now  York,  IS.V,). 
I'l'tursoii  vCliailo.s  J.),  'i'lic  .Military  Jlorocs  of  tiio  War  of  ISIJ  and  of  llio  \Var 

villi  .Me.\ifo.      I'liiladolpliia,  IS.'iS. 
IVystor  (.loiin  \V.),    I'orsoiial  and   Military  History  of   L\  Jvoaiiicj'.     Xow 

VorU,  iSiill. 
I'hillip.s  (Sto|iii<'n  C. ),  .\ii  .".ddiv.-js  on  tlu;  .VniKixation  (^f  Tixa.s.     ])(i;noii,  1.S4."). 
I'iiiloiionus  (llonoriuhil,  Xo\a  Tyi)is  Transacta.    (.Monaohii),  KiJl.  folio. 
I'locolo  (IVaiioi.-<co),  (Jail.!,  do  lOdolhioro  1717.     MS.     In  llaja  t  al.,  Ccdulas; 

Miinoiri',  17'J-.     Ju  J.ottro.s  Ediliantos,  v.  'J'J. 
I'ico  (I'io).  Narracioii  llisuiriea.     ^i.S.    lS77. 
J'ilvo  (Zrliiiloii  MontgoiiKiy),  lixploratory  Travols  tlirough  tin-  Wi.storn  Tor- 

ritorios.     J.oiidon,  IMI.  4to. 
rikc.  (Z.   M.),  \'oyai;o  ail  Noll voaii-]Mi'xii(U('.     I'ari.-i.  l.sl"J.     'J  volti. 
I'ilar  (ilaiiia  <l('i),  llolaoioii  do  la  KiiLiada.  do  Xiiuo  do  (iu.anaii.     In  loa/liul- 

ctta,  ii.  -JiS. 
I'iinonti  1  ('L'oina.i  L(>]io/),  Olisi'rvacioiu'.s  .soL/o  ol  juoyocto  do  la.s  oonii.sionos 

iinid.is  di!  Jlaeioiida  y  Tojas.      Moxic.;,  1>>1I. 
I'iiiart  (.\lj)iioii.sc),  Coloi  cion  (.lo   duci.iiioalos   origina'.oa  para   la  ]ii.--toria  do 

.Mexico.     ,MS, 
riiiai t  (.Miilionsi),  (Vdeeoioii  de  Dix'unioutos  iiiipresos  y  nianiiseritos  para  la 

Jlistoi  ia  do  ios  Kslados  del  Norio  dc.^  Moxieu.      .MS.,  ]oJ.)-7S.   -  \ols. 
I'iiiart  (.Vlplionso),  Coloeciou  do  I'imeiia  -Mta.     .MS. 
I'inart  (-Vlpiuui.so),  l)oeiiiiionts  for  llio  I'islury  of  Cliiliiialiiui.     MS.    17S(J- 

liSri.j.     '2  vols. 
I'iiiart  (.Upli'iiise),  Doouinents  for  llie  History  (jf  Soiioia.     M.S.     17Sl-ls;>y. 

folio.     r>  vols. 
I'iiieda  (Kine*  ,  Deseripeioii   (ieograliea  did  Dei>artainonto  dc  Cliiaiias  y 

Soeoiiiisei).      i\lo.vico,  ISl."). 
I'liio  (l'«dro  Ji.),  Xotieias   hist.'iricas  y  lvstiidi.-5lioas  de  la  .\nli-ua  PioviiKia 

del  X novo  Mexico.     .Mexico,  1S4!). 
I'itiiliii  (.Sau  Diego),  J.,il)ro  do  .Misioii,  1708-LSOl.     MS.     In  I'iioui,  Col.  I'u/i. 

Aita. 
ri/.iiiii)  y  Orollana  (IVriiiindo),  Varonos  Ilvstres  del  Xvevo  .M\  nu.y.     ^fadrid, 

i(i;>;i.  folio. 

I''aii  iiv''l'uxlepee,     Guaymas,  1S77  et.Hoi]. 

'  "I'iii  1  i\v  Ios  e^J)al"ioles  ea  la  compiisla  y  eoloni/'ieioii  de  America.     Madrid, 

1  "l.rc,    llrlacinll    l')le\o.        lllC'i'l.   ])(K'.    1  ill'  1. ,  Iv  ii.  (!i!-7-. 

iiioio  \,k-n  rerky),  Liio  oi  lien.  Zuchaiy  Taylor.     Losioii,  n.d. 


xl 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Poptilnr  R<io,icc  Monthly.     Xcw  Ymlc,  IST'2  ct  soq. 

rostiin  (( 'liarlcM  |).),  AlKichc-liiinl.     S;ui  l'"niiR'i.si.'i),  IS78. 

I'dstoii  (CliarlcH  J).),  S|!Ui;cli  on  Indian  Allairs,  ISiiri.     Now  York,  ]S0.1. 

I'ottci-  (I'lli-sha,  li.),  All  Aililrcss  on  Annexation  of  Texas,     n.j)!.  |  ISI').] 

rous<sin  111.  'I'.),  (^Hustion  di;  l/Oregon.  Paris,  1840;  Do  la  I'ui.s.sancu  Anier- 
ieaino.     ^al•i:^,  J84S.  '2  vols. 

rowfll  (('.  Eroik).  l.Uc  of  Majoi-frcncral  Zaoliary  Taylor.     Xcw  York,  I'^Ui. 

I'owill  (.r.  W.),  Exj.Ioratioii  uf  tlu;  Colorado  U'ivor  of  the  West.  l.S(i!)-7i. 
Wasiiiiigton,  1S75.  4to. 

Poyct  ((!.  K. ),  XotieuH  gi''ogiai>hifinc8  siir  dos  difri'r(;ntL'.sl(jcaliti.'rtdu  Muxiqiic. 
Paris,  isi;;?. 

Prairiinlom,  Jiainhlos  and  Si'ramljlo.s  in  Texas.     New  York,  1S4."). 

Prcnsi  (I.;!).     ( JnaynKis.  1S77. 

Prescott  (William  U. ).  lli.story  of  tlic  Conquest  of  Mexico.  Xew  York,  1844. 
:i  vols;   I'liiladeliiin'a,  ISfii).   .'{vols. 

Presidios,  J!e;.;lain(Mitoe  Instrnceion,  177-,  1773.     IMadrid,  177--.'?. 

I'retty  (Thoni.i.;),  Adniirahle  and  I'rosperons  Voyage  of  the  ^Vol■silipflll  Mas- 
ter'I'honias  Cavendish.   Jn  llakluvt's  ^'ov.,  iii.  SO.'J-'J,"). 

Pre-vost  (li'Ahhe),  ][ist<jiro(!rnerald."s  Voya;,'es.      Paris.  1740-80.   -JO  vols.  _ 

I'rieto  (.Vlejandro),  Hi.storia  Ceogralica  y  l:!stadistica  del  Estado  de  Taniauli- 
pas,      .Mexii'o.  I.s7.'f. 

Proceso  (I'd  .M;ir(|Uc's  ihd  Vallo  y  Xniio  do  Guzman  1S41.  In  I'aeJKeo  and 
Cardenas.  Col.  l)oi'..>v.  .SOO. 

Prfipa'canda  ViAc.  lireve  .Aposti'dieo  de  Pio  Sexto  y  Isstatutos  ( lenevahs  pai'a 
la  ei-eceion  y  ;;oliii'nio  cle  las  custodiiis  de  inisioueros  Franeiseanos  obser- 
vant! s  de.     .Ma.lrid,  1781. 

Pi'ovideneias  Heales.     -MS. 

Provineia  del  Santo  I'.v.inj;elio  do  Nncvo  Espaiia.  A  collection  of  !M.SS.  of 
the  sixteenth  century,   t'olio. 

Provineias  Tnternas,  Cojiii  di:  nna  carta  del  Ministro  do  Guerra  de  Es])aiia  <le 
L'4  dij.hilio  ISPJ.     MS. 

Provineias  Internas,  Real  Orden  de  11  de  Marzo  do  17SS  coneediendo  al  vircy 
de  X.  Es]iafia.      MS. 

T'rovineias  Internas.  Real  Orden  do  la  Rcgcncia  do  12  ile  Julio  ISl'J.     MS. 

Pueblo  .Sonoreiise,  Ures,  |S7"2  et  seq. 

I'liixa  (Vasio  de),  |Ced\dari(^J.  'Vovisiones.     Mexico,  l.")(!.S 

I'unipelly  (R:;p]iael),  Across  Anieriea  and  Asia.     Xew  York,  1S70. 

Pnntos  (le  Anna,  Ano  Ki.'iS,     In  Sonoia,  Materiides.     MS. 

Purelias,  His  I'ilirriniago.     (Istl'.irt.)     London.  Kill.     !»  books  in  1  vol.  fol. 

Purchas,  His  I'ilgrinies.     London,  l(i"2.")-U.  o  vols,  folio. 

Quarterly  Review.     London,  ISOOctscq. 

(^uijano  (Mi,L;\iil).  Infoiine,  Sublevaeion  d(!  la  Piinci-ia  Alta  (17.")-).  In  Sonora, 

Mat.,  i.  ;!:)-7l>:  .also  MS. 
Quiutana  (Manuel  .loset),  \'idaa  de  Espuiiolcs  C^lcbrca.     Paris,  l.s4o. 

Railroads  and  Steani^hijis.     A  Colleetio'.. 

Iiuuiirez  (I,'naeio),  AIe,L;ato  en  Pereelio  en  los  Estrados  del  Ti'ihunal  .Superior 

del  Ivstadodo  Sinaloa.     Mazatlan,  18li4;  El  Fiiri'oeai'rii  de  Soni.ra.    Mex., 

187-J. 
Ramirez  (.Tosi'.  Feninndo),   Proeeso  de  Residencia.     Mexico,   1.S47;  Xotieias 

Histi'aieas  y  lOsiadistieas   de   Dmango.     In  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  15ol.,  v.  (i- 

IK'p;  al.oM'ex.  1S.".I. 
Riinnisio  (Giovanni  liattista),  Xavigatioiii  et  Viaggi.     Venetia.  torn,  i.,  l.").">4; 

torn.  il..  l.">'o;  toni.  iii.,  l.")(l.").  .'t  vols,  fulio. 
Rankin  (Melindal,  Texas  in  IS.'.O.  Roston.  1S,".0. 
Kaiikin  (Mi'linda),  Twenty  Years  among  the  Mexicans.     Ciueiniiati,  188L 


Ravi 

Ray. 


.1  (i; 


ter  W.),  .Mining  Indiisli'y  of  the  Stutt 


d  'I 


1111  lories  o 


f  '.iio 


Rocky  Mount.ains.     Xew  \' 


1874. 


d  (Rii.'.siter  W.),  Silver  and  (Sold.     Xew  York,  1873. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xli 


Ttayni'iR;!  (TlosMiN'r  ^y.).  ^tntisitiricif  Mitios  ami  ^[iniiis.     W.'"^!iin\'tnii.  ]*^~^. 
lia'yii.il  (<i.  T.),  Ilistoiro  I'liildsoiiliitjue  ct  I'ulituiuo.      I'aii.s,  IS'JO-I.    J -J  vols 

aii.'l  atlas. 
Real  I'lDvisioii  s()1)io  DoKculn'iniiriitn^  cii  rl  Mar  ilcl  Sur,  l."),'^l.   Tii  IcvzlKik'cta, 

Ci>l.  I>o(\,  ii.  .'{1;  raciii'ci)  ami  ( Virdcnas,  (.'ol.  Uod.,  .\ii.  -IIT. 
Ilealt'S  Ci'dnlis,  Onioin's,   y    Ih^cn.'tos.      lu  C"!.    Due.    Iiitilitos;    Xavarrcti;, 
<^ol.  do  V'iajcs;  Oidcms  d<j  la  Cnroua;  I'aelicco  and  ( '.iriltiias,  ("ol.  iKn'. 
RoaltM  OrdiMics.     A  collection  of  LVduluH,  etc.,  of  the  Ihtli  century,     folio. 

\-2  vols. 
Rooonstfuccion  (La).     Ilorinosillo,  1S77  ct  soq. 
Rccopilacion  ilc   I.cycs  do.  lo.s   Koynos  niandados  Iniprimir  y  I'lililicar  pur 

Carlos  ir.     Madrid,  I7!)l.   folio,  4  vols. 
Rc^'ciicracion  (Li).      lli'niiosillo.  1.S70  I't  scij. 
Tto-laMK'Mto  d(!  -.n  d<'  Mayo,  177:1.     In  I'alou,  Xot.  i.  n.-.fi. 
;    -id  (Sjiinucl  ('.),  The  Scouting  Expedition  of  McCullougli's  Texas  Rangers. 

I'liiladclphia,   IS47. 
ilcla^'ior.  lie  la  Nue'ii  I'aitrada  ilc  los  padres  de  la  Coinpania  de  .Jesus  ;l  las 

Nacioiu's  de  (.'lunipa.     MS. 
Relarion  de  las  Oaenioniaa  y  IMtos  do  Michnacan.     MS. 
l!elai'ioii  de  la  I^ntr.ida.  do  los  I'adios  do  la  Conip.  de  .lesns,  A.  laa  Nacioncs  d»» 

Cliinipa.     In  Sonora,  Materi:des,  iv.  77!'-SI(;  also  M.'-l. 
Rcliu'ioso-;  dt!  la  Xu''va  Espaaa,  Copia  y  relacion  de  las  facultadcs  y  lircves 

apostoUeos.     MS. 
Reinosil  (Aiit'inio  ilc),  Ilistoria  de  la  Provincia  do  S.  Vicente  de  Cliyapa. 

Ma.lriil,  itJI'.t.   4to. 
Rosoili  Histi'iiica  de  la  formacion  deopcracioncsdel  eji5rcito  del  Xorte  durante 

la  intorvoncion  franooa.a,  etc.  4to. 
Revere  (.[(v-ioiili  Warren/,  'voel  ami  Saddle.     Boston,  1S71. 
Revoro  (Joseph  Wai'rcn)   Tour  of  Duty  in  ( 'alifoinia.     Now  York,  ISiO. 
Revilla  (.Iosi'mIo  la),  Rosiiinon  Ifisti'irico  do  la  (Jonquista  ile  Xuova  J'^-^pafia. 

luS.lis,  Hist.  Mox.     Edition  Madrid,  1S4;$. 
Rovi!!a(;i-id.,  J'.ruidos,  17s!)-f)l. 
Rovilla  Gl'/.'do  (Viroy),  Carta  do  '27  Die.  17!>.'l.     In  Dice.  Univ.,  v.  4-J(i;  in 

May.r  .MS.-;.,  no.  II. 
Revill'i  <;ig(;do    Vir^y),  Infornie  de  i:j  .Vhril  ]70;j.     In  Civo  Tres  Siglos,  iii. 

il-J. 
R,>v,   a  1  ^i.;!  lit) '\  irey),  Instrueeiones.     !MS. 
Rcvis;:.,  (':•  ntCii.  a  y  l.itoraria  d<'  Mojico.      Mojico.  1S4.')  et  soq. 
Revisu.  del '    iinor(     .  I'recir.     Corrionte.s,  cto.     San   Eranoisco,  1S7!)  et  seq. 
Revisla  .\i,  :■;.     r  .        .\[o\ico,  ISIl.')  ( t  setj. 
Reyes  (Franci-ico  .V.K  Noticia  (111  I'lstado  Actual  do  las  Mi.-ionos,  1772.     In 

Sonora,  .M;itoriales,  iv.  7'-'l-7-':  also  MS. 
Reyes  v  I''n''iite(  (Moiidoz  V.),  Liliro  clel  Origon  del  (Jole^io  <le  I)uraML.'o.  MS. 

In'Dur..  !),»•.  ][ist.,  ll.v:r>. 
Ribas  (.Vndri's  I'ero/,  do),    Ilishiria  do  los  Trivniplnn  do  Xvostra  Santa  I'eo 

entre  gontes  l;is  mas  li.'ir'li.iras  y  ti'Tas  del  .VuouoOvlio.      Mailrid,  l(il."). 
Riolnrd    111  (  \lliort  I>, ),  lioyond  tlio  Mis^i^'^ippi.      Hartford,  |si;7. 
Richardson  iWilliani  H.),  .louinal  of  a,  piivatesoldiei' in  lln' campaign  of  XoW 

.■    d  <)!  1  M.'Nieo.      Haltiinoro.  IMS. 
Rid       li  M.iliM  ('.).  A  I'opnlar  Hi-tory  of  tho  U.  S.     Xew  ^'ork,  ls77. 
Rijin-.  •  (Iii  (Baron  doK  Carta  al  Sonor  {{.iron  <lo  Croix  coniaudante  ^'cueiid  ile 

!  '  ;  r  "O'.inei.'n  internas  '27  do  Ahiil  i\r  1777.     MS. 
llipi  '     '      iiopr  .siiitacion  al  r.aron,  1770.     MS.    In  Texas,  Hoe.  Hi4.,  (il7  .'it. 
Eipley  lU.  S."),  Tiie  War  with  Mexico.     Xew  Vorlc,  IS4!I.   2  vols. 
Rivoia  (Manuel),  Ilistoria  Antigua  y  Moderna  do  Jalapa.     Mexico,  1S(1!(  71. 

.">  vols. 
Rivera  (Maniii'l),  lios  Oolieriiantos  (!(■  Mexico.     Mexico,  |S72.   '2  vols. 
Rivi  la  (l'o(lro),   l>i;i!'io  v   Hcrrotoro,  Visita  geuend  do  l'ro\iiieias  Internas, 

1724  S.     (iuatheniala,  17:i(i  fol. 
Rivera  (i'oilro),   liiforine  del   Seiior   15rigadicr  Vi.^itador  (iciuial   al  SefLor 


xUi 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


liiiil 


Viroy  del  oatado  <!(•  Lis  jnisinncs  dc  la  compnfifacu  las  piDviiKjias  dcSina- 

loa  y  Sonoriir.     In  Soimra,  ^lat.  S!S.'>;  also  .NIS. 
Tlivcs  (Win.  ('.),  Spiicch  oil  Auiioxatiou  of  Tcxud,  Feb.  l.'j,  Us4r».     Wa.sliiiig- 

tiin,  IS-IT). 
RfilicrtHim  {.r.  M.),  Resources  of  tlic  Northwest  Coust  of  Mf.xico.     Sail  Fran- 

i;is(;o.    ISS'J. 
RoliLTtsDii  (Willinin),  History  of  America.     London,    1777.   -  vol.i  -Ito;  Lon- 
don, MXi.  H  v<ils. 
Rolioi'tson  (William  1';irri'!!i  i,  A  Visit  to  Mexico.     Lonilon,  IS.'),"].  '2  voLs. 
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1 id,  l>;is. 

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ser.  to':i.   ii. 
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Roji)  (Manuel  ().),  Aiiiiiitcs  histi'irieos  do  la  IJjij.aCalifornia.    MS.,  |.';7!(.   folio. 
Roni.'iy  (l)i'i'iialdiiii)),  Ciienta  do  loquelia  gastailo  el  Marques  del  Valle,  loXi. 

Jn  I'aclieco  and  L'ardcnas,  Col.  Doe.,  xii.  'J!)8. 
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Rusling  (James  l'\).  Across  America.     Now  York,  1.S74. 
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Annali's  des  Voy..  torn,  cxxvi.  ;J7. 
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Jjondon,  IsriO. 

Saavedra  (Aldonza),  Relacion  de  la  Derrota  que  liizo  l.")"27.     In  Florida,  Col. 

Doc,  ^S. 
SafTord  (.\.  K.   P.),  Xarnitive.     MS. 

Saliagini  (  r.ernardino  dc),  llistoria  de  la  Conquiata  do  Mexico.    Mexico,  LS'JO. 
SaluiLrnn  (BniiariMno  <K  ),  llistoria  General  de  las  cosas  do  \ueva  li^spana, 

Mexiro,  I S'JO  ,'il>.   :!  vols. 
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Mexiro,   1S4(). 
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Saint-Am-int  (!>'■),  Voyages  en  (/alifornio  et  dans  r»Jri'gon.      I'aiis,  Pi,-)4. 
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MS.,  17l"."). 
Saint   Finiu'is  of  Assisi,  The  Life  of;  and  Sketch  of  the  Franciscan  Order. 

Ni^w  York.  IS(!7. 
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Mexico.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  Hd  ser.  iv.  I  et  8ei|. 
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nora.  Mateiialcs,  iv.  (i.'!S-()(i;  also  M.S. 
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lea/.halceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  2(12. 
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AUTHOniTIES  QUOTED. 


xUii 


.■.'int'io. 


Libro  (Ic  Mision,  lf)f)T-170 


M>?.    In   Pinart,  Col.  I' 


Alta 


>Sau  .Mii.'i;i'l  (In  ni  Uoilrignc/.),  l-)i)iiiimiito.s,  F()ii(l<)  riiiilosn.     ,Mc.\ic'i,  iS4ri; 

J^ii  Jirjiiililica  Moxicaiia  vn  Islii.     Mi'X.,  IfSl.');    lluutiticacioii  dv  Grava 

Jv|uiv'(i("ui()iH'S  (111  I'diidu  I'iailo.so.     Me.\.,  1S4.">. 
Saiiclii'/.  diartnloiiu'),  Carta  do  17.")7.     In  Sun.  Mat.,  .SS-n4;  also  .MS. 
iSanclio  (.luaii),  infofine  al  Viroy  subro  laa  luisiunus  ilc  Caliloniia  fcclmdo  i\ 

■JO  (Ic  A'fosto  dii  178.').     JSIS. 
Santa-.Vnna  (Ajitonio  Lopez),  Esposicion  f|uo  dii'i;;o  dcsdo  la  I'ortalcza  do  S. 

(,Virlo:i  do  I'l'i'oto.    ]SI('X.,  LSI.");  Maniticsto  d(.'  .sns  Opcracioncs  on  la  ('a;n- 

piu'ia  do  Toja.s,  oto.    Voia  Cruz,  18;{7;  I'ronuucianiouto  do  i'oroto.    Mt^\., 

ISJ'.I. 

Santa  Ivilalia  Mines,  Statomei  -  of  Facts.    X.  Y.,  1S(»5, 

Santa  (Jcrtrndis,  Liliros  do  Mi.  ion.      MS. 

Santandor  (.luan  do).  Memorial  qne  presoiita;!  Felipe  IV.    Madrid,  Id.')',).   4t'). 

Sautia','()  do  l'.ipasi|uiero.     Do.scripeiun.     ^IS.    ]7'.i;{. 

Santo  'I'onias,  Lihro  do  Tonias  do  Jvazou  do  los  Titulo.s  <le  la.s  Tierra.^  <lc  La- 

l>raiiza  conoedidas  u  la  Colonia  Militar  do  Santo  Tonu'is  en  ol  alio  do  ISoO 

y  IS.-il. 
Santos  (Franci.=!co  J.).  Cln-ouolosia  Hospitalaria  y  Rosi'iincn  liistorial  do  la  .sa- 

j^'iada  n'li'.5ion.     Madrid,  171")-10.   folio.  "2  voLs. 
Saturday  M:i';:izine.     Lomlon,  1S.'{4-41.   8  vols,   folio. 
Sanssnre   (Henri  de),    Cunp  devil   .sur   I'JIvdrologio  dii  jMe.\i([iie.     dont'vo, 

ISIiJ. 
Seliuoleraft  (Henry  R. ),  Areluvo.s  of  Ahuriginal  Knowledge!.     I'hiladelpliia, 

ISOO.    ()  vols. 
Scott  and  Taylor  Correspondence,  Message  of  tlio  President,  March  "JO,  1S4S. 

[.'!:ith  Con;;.,  IstSess.,  H.  K.x.  1  ).ie., ".")(;. ]     AVjisliini^ton.  I.S4S. 
Scdelinnii'  (laeoho),  JMitrada  i'l  la  naeion  de  los  Yiinias  gentiles  ])or  el  mes  do 

Oitiiiire  y  No\ienil)ro  del  ano  do  174'J.     In  Sonora,  Mat.,  i.  IS-'J.'i;   also 

:\is. 

Seilelniair   (.Tacobo),    Rolacion.     Do.s  Entradas  al  Xorto,   174(1.     In  Id.,  iv. 

Sl-J-.V);  also  MS. 
Sedgwiik  (Tlicodore),  Thoughts  on  the  Ajiuoxation  of  Te,\as  to  tbo  United 


St;ites. 


Xi 


1S44. 


Seyd  (Miuest),  California  and  its  Resources.    London,  18.")S. 


Shea  (Ji/bii  (iiluiarv),  History  of  the  (,'atliolic  Mi 


IS.     Xew  York.  IS.".'). 


:■!. 


hiiC 


y),  ICxpeilition  of  Don  l)ie>go  do  lVr.alo.sa,     X.  Y.,  18S'J 


Shelvorke  ((ieorge),  .\  Voyage  round  the  World.     London,  17-li 

Sigiii'ii.'.-i  y  Ci'.ngora  (Carlos).  Carta  al  Alniiiante.     MS. 

Silva  (luan  del,  Advortenoias  Iniportantea  aoerca  del  JUen  (<ol>ierno  do  las 

India.s.     Madrid,  KL'l.   folio. 
Silver  Kill,'  Mining  Company,  Reports  to,  ISSO.     San  Francisco,  ISSO. 
Simii.ion  (.J.  II.),  (;oronado's  .\Iareh.     In  Smithsonian  Iteport,  iSDi). 
Sinaloa  y  Sonora,  Cartas  Importantes.     In  Doc.  llist.  Mox.,  4th  .scr.,  torn.  ii. 


1  et 


-cq 


Siiialoa,  Bandera  do  Aytitla.     Culiacan.  IS.IOet  se 


bates.      Mazatlan,  1S73  ct  .seep;  IJoletin  Oiiei.d  ilel  E 
etc.,  !S7()etseip   4  vols. ;  Constitueion  politieia  ih  1  E 


Rolotin  do  De- 


ls;;!;   D 


xiinientos  |)ara   la   llist 


do.     M.iz.itlan, 

do.     Mazatlan, 

1().')7.      MS.     folio.    "2    Vols;    lOeo 


d.'  Oceid  ■nte   (i:l),    Mazatlan,   KSo!*   et  .^ecp   '2  vols;    Estado   do   Sinaloa 
(El).     JMazatlan,  18(57  et  se(p   4  vols;    Estado  de  Sitio.    .Mazatlan,   187(» 


et 

Mazatl.m,  U;71;  .M 


Roq.;   Fenix   (I']l).   :Mazatlan,    1S72  et  se((.;    Indiee  de,  las   Le 


ye; 


•l< 


d(!.      M.iza'ilan,  iMi;!;  Memo- 


oinoriaqno  oKiobernador  i 
rias  para  l,i  Historia  de.     MS.  folio;  Progreso  (El).     Culu 


[. ;  Projiosieiones  do    los  Representantes  sobro  elausuia  de  Mazatlan. 


iniMitf 


lS:i7;  1 


te;,'oneracion  do.      Mazathiu,    LSiiS  et  sei|.   "2  vols.;  II 


A  Cob 


lute 


del  t 


ouifresoi 


lei.      Mazatl 


iiu. 


Ves<>ut.;cion  quo  la  Junta  do  Fomento  do  la  Capital.      Du 


Smitii  (.\s!d.elK  Xoti 


laC 


■ogr.Mp 


lliedl 


P; 


rango, 
n.d. 


l.';7;':  Ri-'p- 
1844. 


uiith  (Ailibol),  KoiniuisccucL'3  uf  the  Toxau  Ro|)ublic.     Calvestou,  1870. 


nUv 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Smitli  (Aslilicll.  Address  . 'it  Giilvcstoii  Y^-h.  '22,  1848.     Giilveston,  184S. 


Smith  (('.  J'..),  Ijdttcr  un  LowiT  ('iilifoi 


MS. 


Siiiitli   ('rniiiMii),  Spcccli  (111  tlio  riiysiciil  ("liaractcr  of  Xortlicni  States  of 


Mexico,  :Maivli  2,  KS4S.     Wasliiiiutoii,  1S4S. 


Smitli 


toil,  lS."),'i  et  soi 


Institution,  Annual  lleportof  tlio  Jiuard  of  llegeiits.     Wa.siiii 


SoluT.iiies  (Clo.liiiiiro).     Poe.  Tlist.  Cal.     MS. 

Socie(la<l  .Mexii'an.i  do  Oeoj^'rafia  V  Eatadistica,  Boletin.     Mexico,  1801  ct  .seq. 

fllR'liide.s  liistitllto  Xiieioiial.J 
Societc''  (ledioirijipliie,  bulletin.      Paris,  ISil.')  ct  scq. 
S.>lis  (Antonio  de),  lli.storia  ile  le  ('oii(|iiist;i  d(^  M(,'xico.     Madrid,  KVSt. 
Solis  (( J.'isiiar.losi'l,  I>iario  cjue  lii/o  en  la  visita  (|iie  fiU'  ;i  liaeer  tie  las  Misiones 


deT(xas  17<)7.     MS.      Fn  Texas,  Doc.  Hist.,  ;{i:!-()4. 


Sonora,  .\1  ('n 


ii'M-eso  (le 


Mex.,   182(1;  Al  1' 


>lo 


iiitestaeion. 


1S.-)1; 


IJoletin  Olieial.     C 


'Oiita,  etc.,  ISO.")  et  seii. ;  ('iit;ilo''o  <le  los  I'artidos 


cmteiiidos  en  los  rcctorados dc  las  niisioiiesde  Sonora  por  el  anode  lll.'iS. 
Inld.,  .Mat.,i\'.  7' '0-4;  al.s'.MS.;  Circnlir  Aliril  ;<,  IS.".!),  n.i-l.,  ii.d. ;  Cun- 
stitueion  \'.\  J'\'t).  |S(il.  (Jnaymas,  1877;  Constitneion  pulitiea  ilel  l"]s- 
tado.      Ures,  1848;  ( jintestaeioii  de  los  I'^leetores.     I'res,  |S4S;  ('ontii'ii- 


•  las  de  los  M 


isioiieros  eon 


los  .Ii 


por 


el  seivieio  d(;  los  Ii 


M- 


fdlio;  Co  iti-.ictof  Mex.  ( Jovt.  fortlie survey  of  riililie  LaiuKs.    \Vasli.,  18('il>; 


(.^ipias  del  diet;iiiieii  sobre  la  veiit;i.      Ures,   1847;  De? 


ipeioii  geii'irfiliea 


natural  y  enrios;i  do  la  I'rovineiii  do.      1704.     In  Id.,  Mat.,  iv.  4ll.'{  (i.'!7 


K 


.MS.;  De- 
de  Sol 


M" 


Siuinta.     In  Id.,  .Mat.,  iv.  70.'5- 


dso  MS. 


i:i 


llerinosillo,  1871;  El  I'neblo  de.     Ures,  18(i7;  El  Sed 


laiiifiesto  del  Obispo  d 


M( 


d. ;  V.l  Triiinfo 


Oiiavnias 


]S77  et  se(|.;  j'Istado  de'  la  proviiicia  de  .Sonora  eon  el  catiiloi;o  de  sus  |iiu 
lilos,   ii^lesias,  ])adres,  ini.si  ^iieros,  ni'iinero  de  al 


tracion,  lenifuas  divorsas,  etc.     In  Id.,  Mat.,  iv.  01' 


Mias  eapaees  il 


di 


M,- 


■itrell.M 


<te  Oceideiite.  I'res,  I8,")!(  et  seep  Ex|ieditiou  d(^  Statutes  de  la,  Coiii- 
])aL;Mia.  MS.,  18.'>2.  4to;  (iold  and  Silver  .Minint,' in.  Ciiieiiiuati,  1807; 
Eeyesdel  lOstado.  ii.pl.,ii.il. ;  Eeyes  \'arias del  E-t.ido  1847.  [I'les,  1S48|; 
Liliros  ()Ui!  inaniliestan  el  estado  ex.acto,  etc.  Sonora,  177",  I77li.  MS. 
I'olio;  ]\laiiiliesto  do  la  (Munision  de.      Mex.,    182i);  ^latiriales    para    la 


llist( 


uia  (le.     In  Doe.  Hist.  Mex.,  ,'5d  sor.  toiii.  iv.;  4tli  ser.  toin. 


ds 


MS.      1704.   folio.     Xaeional  (Kl).      Ures,    18.->:{  et   .se(|.;  Taiieles  do  I 


Tad 


res  ex-.lesuitas.      Ill  Id.,  Mat.,   iv.     lle'daniento  de 


iiolieia   par.a    i' 


Int 


erior. 


Ures,  1840;   ivei^daineiito  ] 


lara  orLraiii/ar 


la  (; 


Naeional.     (Ures,  1847|;  Iveiiresentacioii  al  Exnio  Sefior  Vice  1' 


irdia 

•iitc. 


Ariz 


Oct.  14,  I8:i 


I 


vesiinieii  ( 


le  Xoti 


17;!4 


In  Id.,  Mat. 


i?l!);  also  MS.;  IJiido  eiisayo  tentativa  do  una  deseripeioii  (leo 


V 


San  .Vii'Misliii,    18li;i;  ,S^ 


onoronse 


(El). 


1847  et  sei 


el  Supremo  ((ohieriio  de  la  nacioii.      Ures,   lS,">(i;  \"oto  dc  Sonora  (I'.l) 
Ures.  l842-;<;   V'oz  do  Sonora,      Ures,  18,"m  et  .siMp 
•;i,   liaihvay  ('omi>any.  Contract  entered  into   between   the  Repul 


(f 


M( 


and  1).   15.  lU.iir,  De 


II,  1874.     New  York,  IS7 


Sonora  y  Siiial(ja,  Xoticia  brevo  de  la  expedii 

folio. 
So.sa  ((raspar  Castano  de),  Memoria  del  Deseul 


litar  de.     M(^xico,  1771. 


iruiiiento  on  ( 


4X. 


etc.     In  I'aclieeii  and  C:'irdeiiiis,  Col.  Doc,  toiii.  xv.   lill. 


Soil 


(Kr 

le   (1 
Nev 


i:i  !• 


IHseoi), 


do  .M( 


M( 


187 


Vankl,  .1.  H.  (Jilioii, 
r  York,  IS.")."). 


(I  .J.  Xisbct,  Tlic  Aniial.-j  of   San  V 


Me 


raneiseo. 


Stap])  (William  Preston),  The  Prisoners  of  Perott'.      Pliikulelplii.a,  184."). 
Steven-'  (Isaac  I.),  Canipiiigus  of  the  Ilio  (ii'ande  and  of  Mexico.     Xew  York, 

1 8.-.  I. 
StilTdMwanU.  The  Tex.nn  Eini^^raiit.     Cincinnati,  1840. 
.st.icktou  (1{.  I'M,  Tlespatehes  relatiie,'  to  Military  and   Xaval  Operations  i)> 

Cal.      \Vasliiii;,'ton,  184!). 
Stockton  (R.  F.),  Skuteli  of  tho  Life  of.     New  York,  18J0. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


%W 


Stnno  (riijiilos  ?.\  Xotcs  on  the  State  of  Soiiorn,  isno.     WiiHhin.trtnn,  IROl. 

Stone  (I!,.  ('.),  (iolil  ami  Silver  Minis  of  Anicrica.      \o\v  York,  ii.<l. 

Siianu'ii  (Stii  .Mun'ii),  Libros  do  Mision  17;{--<W.     MS.     In  I'inart,  Col.  I'ini. 

Alta. 
Sulisiilid  Erlcsiastico  on  las  Indiaa.     MS.    17'21-0-J.   folio. 
Siitil  y  Mtxicana,  llclaciuu  ikl  Viaje.     Madrid,  1S02.  alius,  4to. 

'J'almlii  Califonii.u  Anno  1702.     Map. 

Taniaion  ( 1  V'dio),  ( 'artua  dul  Obi.spo  de  Dnrango  1707-8.  In  Doc.  Hist.  Mcc. , 
4th  SIT.  ii.  72  SO. 

Tain.unM  I  I'rilin),  Visita  del  Obisimdo  dc  Diiraugo  por  cl  Obispo.  [Dur.m^'o, 
I7(;.'>.  I     MS.  folio. 

Taos  (Firnandez  dc),  A  Review  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Question.  Santa 
!•','•.  is.-,:{. 

Tapia  (.Vudn's  de),  Relacion  sobre  la  Conquista,  de  Mexico.  In  Itazbalcttii, 
Col.  Doc,  torn.  ii.  .V)4. 

Tapia  (I'.iigenio  dc),  llistoria  do  la  Civilization  Espanola.  Madriil,  1840. 
I  vols. 

Tapia  (<  !oiizalo  dc),  Relacion  do  la  Muortc.  MS.    In  Sinnloa,  ^Icin.  Ili.st.,  .")(). 

Tai'aval  \Sii.'isnuiiulo),  Klogios  de  MLsioucros  dc  Jliiju  Califonii.i.  La  I'a/, 
I7:i7.     MS. 

Tayl'>r  (.Mcx.  S. ),  Eirst  Discovery  of  California,  etc.     San  Fr-.neisco,  l.S."):{. 

'J'a'yior  (iiayard),  Kl  Dorado.      New  Vurk,  1S.")().   2  vols;  >,'ew  Vorli,  l.S(il. 

T.-iyloiand  His  Campaigns,  A  l5io,Ln'a|ihy.      I'hiladclpliia,  184S. 

Taylor  ami  His  (lenerals.     I'hiladelphia,  1847. 

'I'l.'Uo  (.\ntoni(p)i  l''i'aLcniento.s  di;  una  historia  dc  la  Xucva  Calicia.  In  Icaz- 
bal-eti.  Col.  Doe.,  toni.  ii.  'MA. 

Teran  de  lus  Itiii.i  ( I)  iniin.uo),  Dcrrota  y  Tantco,  Dcscubriniicnto  dc  los  Cado- 
daciios  l(il»l.     iMS.     in  Texas,  Doc.  Hist.,  S7. 

Tevan  de  liis  llios  (Do'niii.got.  Dcscripcion  y  Diario  Deinarcacion  1(501-2.  MS. 
Ill  'iVxas,  Doc.  Ili.st.ji4. 

Teran  de  Ins  Rios  ( 1  )oniin;.,ri)),  Instruccioncs,  Entrada  dc  Tcjas,  lliOl.  MS. 
Ill  Texas,  Doe.  Hist.,  .")7. 

Teriiaux-Ciim|ians  (Henri).  Rceucil  dc  Documents  ct  Meinoircs  originaux  sur 
rilistiiire  des  I'cis.sessions  IvspaL'noles  dans  r.\im'rii|ue.      I'aris.  ISlO. 

Tcrnaux-Compans  (Henii),  \'oyaj,'cs,  Relations  it  Mi  moires  iiii;_'iiiaiix  i>onr 
sirvir  i^i  riiistoirc  dc  la  Diicouvertc  de  rAnicriipie.  I'ari.s,  181)7-41.  2 
sciiei,  10  and  8  vols. 

Testimonio  Aut.'utico  dc  lo  Succdido  cu  la  Visita,  1073.  In  Sonora,  JIate- 
riales,  iv.  77!?  8;  also  MS. 

Texas.     A  Collection. 

Texas,  .\  History  of;  or  the  Emii.;rant'»  Onidc  to  the  New  Republic.  New 
York,  1844;  A  Visit  to,  being  tho  .fomnal  of  a  Traveller.  New  York, 
18154;  Coniunicaciones  relativas  a  la  agriiracion  del  i)epartamento  de 
Tejas.  M"X.,  184.">;  (Jiirres|)omlencia  que  h;i,  nuiiliado  entre  la  Icgacion. 
Phil.,  ISIlil;  Dict.imen  al  ('uiigieso,  propo.sieioMes  .lobre.  Mex.,  ISt,">; 
I)ii't;imen  dc  la  Comisioii  espeeial  de.  Mex.,  Isi.");  Dietiiineii  de  la  Ciinii- 
siun  primera  ill!  Hacienda.  Mex.,  KSl.'i;  l>ictanieu  de  lasCmiiisioiies  nnidas 
sol)re  medidas  jiara  ascgur.u',  etc.  Mex.,  184.");  Dietaiiieu  de  las  ('miii- 
siones  unidas  sobre  oir  las  |(ropiiestas  por  los 'J'ejanos.  .Mex.,  Is4.">;  Die- 
tiiiiien  Fiscal,  I71(>.  .M.8.,  in  Id.,  Doc,  22.'{;  l)iet:iiiRn  leido  i  1  .'5  .liinio, 
1840.  Mex.,  1844;  Dicl;iniou  sobre  agreitaciim  do  .Mayo  14,  ISl'i.  Mes., 
181.");  Documcutos  para  la  llistoria  I'Alesiastica  y  ci\  ii.  etc  Mev.,  I8.")2. 
ids.,  folio  (toni.  xxvii.-iii.  of  the  Archivo  (Jeneral  de  Mexieol.  Doeii- 
ineiita  lelatin,!,'  to  Doininguez  Orarit.  N.  Y.,  18;!l;  lOsiiedii'ion  iieclia  en. 
Monterey,  1842;  Infornics  dc  Misioiicros.  MS.  In  Id.,  Doc,  .")(')('»; 
Ligeras  in.licaciones  sobrc  la  usurpaciou  dc.  I'uebla,  I8.')7;  -Message  of 
the  I'resideat  on  Political,  Military,  and  Civil  Comlition,  Dee.  21,  I8;;({ 
(21th  Cong.,  2ilScs.s.,  Doc  20),  Wa.di.,  bS.'ili;  Operations  ot  tlii^  U.  S. 
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Mi 


xivi 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Son.  Ex.  Doc.  32).  Wash.,  1840;  rctition  of  Citizona  of  X.  Oilonns. 
New  Orli'.'niH,  \H'>-2;  ProccrdiiiLts  of  Siimto  iiiid  iloi't.s.  relative  to.  Miiy 
111,  )S4t  (•-•StliCoii'T.,  1st  Se.ss.,  S.n.  Doc.  :WI).  Wa.ili.,  ISU;  'J'lio  Dcl.'t 
of  Ti'X.is.  N.  Y.,  IS.'>1 ;  Tlu>  Origin  aiul  'I'nic  (  "uuhcs  of  tin-  Texas  Jii.-siir- 
ivctiou  of  |.S:{,-).  [  I'hil.,  l,s;!C>J;  The  War  in  Texas.  I'liil.,  I.s;!7:  'Jhouj;ht3 
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[Houston,  Out.  'JO,  I.S4:iJ;  Ultimas  eonuinicaeioneHentie  el  (Joliii  rno  Mexi- 
eano  V  Estados  Unidos.  Mex.,  184(»;  Voto  particular  soliro  aiitoiizar  al 
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Texa.s  AnMi'x.-ition.     A  Collection. 

Texas  Annexation,  Mes.s!ii;cs  of  the  President.  Sept.  .TO,  IS.*??  ('2")tli  Omc;., 
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Connnittce,  Feb.  1838  {'i.jth  Cong.,  2J  Sess.,  Sen.  Ropt.  50).  W^isli., 
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Texas  (,)nestion,  An  Appeal  to  the  People  of  Massachusetts  on  the.  Boston, 
1S44. 

Tex.-is  Iv'ailro.Ttl,  N.avisation  and  Ranking  Company,  Charter,     n.pl.,  u.d. 

1'ex.is  l!(4iellion.  The  Le,L;ion  of  Jjiherty.     Albany,  184.'!. 

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Torito(El).     (luaymas,  lS78etsoq. 

Torml  (-lose'  Maria),  Tt'jas  y  los  Estado,s-Unido,s.     Mex.,  1837. 

'J\)r(niem,iila  (.ln;in  de),  Monanpifa  Indiana.     Madrid,  1723.  3  vols,  folio. 

1'reeu  do  >Jn!io  (El).     Cuaymas,  1877  ct  scq. 

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Tulmtania  (S.  Pedro  y  S,  Pablo),  Libro  de  Mision,  1708-89.  MS.  In  Pi- 
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Tnniaeaeori  y  Tubac,  Libroa  de  Mision,  1820-4.  MS.  In  Pinart,  Col.  Pim. 
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Tuthill  (Franklin),  The  History  of  California.     San  Francisco,  18()(i. 

Tytler  (Piitrick  Fr.a,s(!r),  Historical  View  of  the  Progress  of  Discovery.  Edin- 
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Ugalde  (.Inan),  Documentos  quo  acompafmdoa  dc  nn  estado  pone  cl  coroncl — 
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United  StitesOovernment  Documents.  [Coast  Survey;  Commerce  and  Navi- 
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L^nited  St'itos  ( Jovernmcnt  Documents.  [Senate,  House,  Miscellaneous,  etc. 
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m 


AUTIIOUITIKS  QUOTED. 


xlvii 


ilraiis. 

May 

J  Dc'l.t 

lusui- 

idllglltSl 
lis,  L'tC. 

.Mexi- 
rizar  al 
le.     N. 


Corvfr., 
11.  1  ><)'■•• 
i.,is:?7. 

1,  1S45 

of  .loint 
Wash., 

■Boston, 

,  u.il. 


1,  1S»7. 
Waish., 


folio. 
Misi<iuo><, 
In  ri- 
Col.  rim. 


(i. 

'■y- 


Killn- 


l  coroncl — 

,  17!V2. 
XiV;  HiiU- 

I  ami  Navi- 
,1  by  tla'ir 

lincous,  etc. 

Uo.    3  vols. 
Inilou,  l7-t>- 

1  us:ks. 


Ill  N.  Viz- 
[jira  Nuova. 


ViiUcjo  0.1:1  riaiK)  0.).  rdlcccion  do  T)<>cuineiito:<  para  la  Ilistoria  tin  Mo.xioo. 

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AN'oir.-i  Ijitry  into  Texas,  1842.     Mesico,  n.d. 

AVood  (Will.  Maxwell),  Wandering  Sketches  of  People  and  Thiiig.s.  Piiil.a* 
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Hist.  .".1. 
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1844^40.  4to.  (I  vols. 
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Fucite  y  Vaipii.     Mex.,  1841;   Kapida  (,)jeada  id  Soiioia.    Mexico,  18;3j. 
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XOETH  MEXICAN  STATES. 


CHAPTER  I. 

CORTES  OX  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 

1521-1530. 

Motive  of  XoKTn-WESTF.nN  Discovery — CosMOORAPincAL  Theories  op 
THE  Early  Spaniards — Secret  of  the  Strait— Ideas  of  Hernam 
Cortes— Ext  I!  ACTS  from  iiis  Leiters — Resitme  of  Events  Follow- 
ing  THE  CONQI'EST — PaNTCO   .iND    THE    GuLF   CoAST — RiVAL  CoNQflS- 

TAiHiREs — The  Chichimec  Country — Conquest  of  Mi('hoa(,'ax^ 
Subjection  of  Colima  and  Chimalhuacan— Expeditions  of  Alvarez 
Ciiico,  Avalos,  and  Fran  isco  Cortes— Exploration  to  Tepic— 
X(ii:thern  Wonders — A  Town  and  Ship-yaiu)  at  Zacatula — Cortm 

ON    THE    I'aCIEIC    CoAST — HiS    PROJECTS   OF    SoU  111    SeA    DISCOVERY-^ 

His  Letters  to  the  Emperor — Delays  and  Obstacles — Down  the 
Coast,   Northward- iDENrri'Y   op  Vessels —Loaisa,  (Juevara,  and 

SaAVEDRA — I'iRST  VoYACiE  UP  THE  CoAST  TO    COLIMA — XeW  VESSELS— 

New  Persecutions— Discouragement. 

From  the  tlay  whcn^Icxico  Toiioclititlan  siibinlttcd 
to  the  arms  ot"  Spain,  an  idea  often  u[)perni()st  in  the 
mind  of  the  conqueror,  Ilernan  Cortes,  and  hardly 
less  prominent  in  the  minds  of  his  com[)anions  and 
those  who  succeeded  him  ia  power,  was  that  of  west- 
ern and  north-western  discovery,  tlie  ev[)]oration  of 
the  South  Sea  with  its  coasts  and  i;Ja!)(ls,  and  the 
finding  of  a  northern  passage  l)y  water  Irom  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  The  realization  of  this  idea, 
or  the  progress  of  more  than  three  centuries  toward 
its  realization,  involving  tlic  exploration  by  land  and 


1 


! 


2  CORTtS  OX  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 

Avatcr,  the  conquest  and  conversion,  the  settlement 
and  ])ermanent  occupation  by  Europeans  of  the  great 
north-west,  is  the  subject  to  which  the  present  and 
later  subdivisions  of  this  history  are  devoted.  In 
order  to  comprehend  clearly,  and  consistently  to  ac- 
count for  the  idee  Jixe  alluded  to,  we  have  to  glance 
brieiiy  at  the  geographical  notions  prevalent  at  the 
time  respecting  the  regions  which  have  been  finally 
named  America.  Thus  may  be  readily  dispclleJ  the 
shade  of  mystery  M'hich,  in  the  popular  mind  at  least, 
has  ever  obscured  this  matter. 

When  Columbus  undertook  his  grand  enterprise, the 
learned  few,  cosmographers,  navigators,  and  merchants 
engaged  in  foreign  trade,  had  a  vaguely  correct  knowl- 
edge of  the  Asiatic  coast,  of  India,  China,  and  even 
of  Japan.  This  knowledge  was  derived  from  over- 
land trips  of  traders  and  priests,  directed  to  the  east 
in  quest  of  merchandise  and  proselytes,  especially 
from  the  travels  of  Polo  and  Mandeville.  The  Asi- 
atic coast  was  laid  down  on  maps  of  the  time,  and 
that  with  a  degree  of  accuracy  in  its  general  features.. 
The  Portun'uese  were  straining;  every  nerve  to  reach 
India  by  water  by  way  of  Ca[)e  Good  Hope,  a  ])roject 
in  wliich  they  succeeded  a  little  later.  The  s[)]ierical 
form  of  the  earth  was  understood;  the  feasibility  of 
reaching  Asia  by  sailing  westward  was  maintained  by 
some;  Columbus  became  an  enthusiastic  believer  in 
tlie  theory,  and  resolved  to  apply  a  practical  test.  ]3y 
reason  of  imperfect  methods  of  computing  longitude, 
Columbus,  like  others  of  his  time,  greatly  underesti- 
mated the  distance  across  the  Atlantic  to  Asia;  l)ut 
he  started,  sailed  about  as  far  as  he  had  expected  to 
sail,  and  found  as  he  had  anticipated  a  coast  trending 
south-westward— in  fact,  as  he  believed  and  as  all  of 
his  time  and  of  nuich  later  times  believed,  lie  reached 
the  Asiatic  coast.  The  discovery  of  land  where  all 
knew  before  tluit  land  existed  excited  little  surprise 
or  enthusiasm;  it  was  the  fin<ling  of  a  new^  route  to 
that  land  that  gave  the  admiral  his  earlier  fame,  the 


SECRET  OF  THE  STRAIT.  3 

only  fame  he  bad  during  his  hfctimc.  He  died  with- 
out a  suspicion  that  he  had  done  more  than  to  make 
known  a  new  route  to  Asia. 

The  first  (hscovery  of  kinds  before  unknown  was  in 
wliat  is  now  known  as  South  America,  at  a  point 
much  farther  east  than  could  be  made  to  agree  with 
the  trend  of  the  Asiatic  coast  as  laid  down  in  tlio 
maps  and  described  by  travellers.  Had  Australia 
been  included  in  the  old  knowledije  there  would  have 
been  perhaps  no  surprise,  no  thought  of  a  new  dis- 
covery even  yet;  as  it  was,  navigators  had  now  a  nevr 
aim  lor  exploration,  in  ascertaining  the  extent  of  the 
newly  discovered  island,  an  aim  which  resulted  in  the 
expedition  of  Magellan  into  the  Pacific  in  1520.  Thi  > 
new  aim,  however,  by  no  means  diverted  attention 
from  the  primary  design,  that  of  coasting  Asia  south- 
westward,  sailing  of  course  between  the  main  and  the 
new-found  island,  and  linallv  arrivino:  at  India.  The 
firm  l)elief  on  the  part  of  Cokunbus,  and  of  those  who 
I'ollowed  him,  that  they  had  reached  the  Asiatic  coast, 
and  had  only  to  follow  that  coast  to  reacli  India  and 
the  8[)ice  Islands,  together  with  their  idea — and  a 
vt-ay  natural  idea  it  was — that  in  passing  down  the 
coast  they  nuist  sail  through  the  strait,  or  channel, 
between  the  island  and  the  main,  furnishes  us  a  key  lo 
all  that  is  mysterious  in  the  subsequent  progress  of 
north-western  exploration,  as  well  as  to  the  "secret  of 
the  strait,"  wliit-h  tlio  Spaniards  so  zeahjusly  sought  to 
penetrate.^  The  ofi'ort  to  solve  the  mystery  was  not 
at  first  nor  for  many  years  a  search  for  a  passage 
through  a  new  continent  to  the  South  Sea,  but  a, 
passage  between  new  lands  and  the  well  known  Asi- 


'  I  nin  aware  that  tliprc  is  nothing  oriiiinal  in  tho  statement  that  Colnmliua 
th(Hi;,'!it  hy  hail  anivnl  in  Asia.  Must  ufiliTs  state  t!ie  fact;  hut  few  if  any 
in  sahsrHjiK'nt  speculalions  sjifak  a«  if  tlicy  really  helievi:  it,  or  fully  nmhr- 
Btaml  ]\n\Y  slowly  this  iilea  of  Coiunilms' was  inoililieil,  how  eh^sely  it  was 
conni'et(  (1  with  the  '  secret  of  tlii^  strait,'  how  loath  were  uavi;,'ators  to",'.'ive  r,[) 
the  views  of  tlip  ancient  eosino,L;i-a pliers,  how  sli^,'htly  the  itle;-.  of  Cohinihr.s 
hiid  heen  uiotlilied  in  the  time  of  (Jortes,  or  how  many  years  i>asse(l  hcfore  the 
itlea  was  altojji.'theraltantloneil.  For  nioro  cletails,  with  copiea  of  old  maps, 
bee  lli-t.  Ciiit.  Am.,  i.  chap,  i.,  Summary  of  Voyai^cs,  this  Kcvies. 


4         CORTES  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 

atic  main.  Tliis  ignis  fatints  of  navigators  did  not 
originate  in  wild  cosmographic  theories,"  but  in  natu- 
ral conclusions  from  what  were  deemed  accurate  reports 
of  prior  discoveries. 

On  making  the  attempt,  however,  from  both  direc- 
tions, to  sail  down  the  China  coast,  no  passage  was 
I'ound,  but  only  land — instead  of  a  strait  an  isthmus, 
which  was  crossed  by  Vasco  Nunez  do  Balboa  in  1513. 
This  unexpected  result  caused  not  a  little  confusion  in 
cosmogr.aphical  reckonings;  but  it  left  to  thinking  men, 
acquainted  with  the  progress  of  maritime  disc(n'ery, 
only  three  theories  or  reasonable  conjectures.  Charts 
of  this  and  subsequent  periods^  agree  with  one  or 
another  of  these  conjectures,  which  are  the  following: 
first,  that  the  passage  actually  existed  in  the  region 
l)etwcen  Cuba  and  South  America,  but  being  narrow 
had  escaped  the  attention  of  navigators;  second,  that 
the  newly  found  regions  were  all  a  south-eastern  pro- 
jection of  the  Asiatic  continent,  not  separated  from 
the  main  by  any  body  of  water;  and  third,  that  the 
j>assage  was  to  be  found  north  of  the  explored  regions, 
ihose  rcfjions  all  belono-iniif  to  a  hitherto  unknown 
continent,  distinct,  but  not  distant,  from  Asia. 

Such  were  the  geographical  theories  prevalent  in 
1521  when  Cortes  first  had  leisure  to  give  his  attention 
to  new  discoveries;  but  the  tendency  of  the  times  was 
.strongly  in  favor  of  the  third,  or  that  of  a  northern 
jiassage.  Cortes  deemed  it  yet  possible  that  the  strait 
which  was  to  admit  his  Majesty's  vessels  to  the  Indian 
Spice  Islands  might  be  found  in  the  south.  This  is 
shown  by  his  expeditions  in  that  direction,  either  car- 

^  'European  scholars  could  not  believe,  that  Nature  had  worked  on  a  pliiu 
po  ri'iiugnant,  apiiarcntly,  to  the  interests  of  liuiuiUiity,  as  to  interpose,  throui^h 
tlie  whole  Icnjith  of  tlic  great  continent,  such  a  harrier  to  conununieation 
between  the  a<ljacent  waters.'  Pnncolt'ii  ll'ixt.  Com/.  If  ex.,  iii.  2T-.  These 
iileas  if  understood  literally  niunt  bo  applied  to  a  period  considerably  Inter 
than  that  of  <'iirtes'  earlier  eflVirts  at  nortli-western  exploration. 

^t)f  course  I  refer  to  otticial  charts  and  to  such  as  show  some  ruling  idea 
on  the  part  of  tlie  maker.  I  made  no  attempt  to  account  for  tlie  va;^aries  nf 
the  many  comjjilers  who  drew  liberally  on  their  imagination  for  geograpliical 
data,  whenever  needed  to  jironiote  tlie  sale  of  tlieir  maps.  Copies  of  many  of 
the  earliei-  charts  are  yiven  elsewhere  in  my  work. 


GEOGRAPHICAl  CONCLUSIONS. 


I  not 
iiatu- 
ports 

(lircc- 
0  was 
bnius, 
1513. 
iion  ill 
T  men, 
ovcrv, 
Charts 
one  or 
owing : 
rctxiou 
narrow 
,d,  that 
rn  \>r<>- 
;d  from 
hat  the 
•o<.;ions, 
iknown 

ilent  in 
:tention 
[lies  was 
orthcru 
lie  strait 
Indian 
This  is 
her  car- 

ll  on  a  plan 
fse,  thri)U;:li 
limuucalii'ii 
IT'J.  Tlase 
I'lably  Intel" 

Iruli'.ig  icU-a 

'  viiuafios  <if 

uoj^vaphii-"'! 

ot  iiuiiiy  of 


riod  out  or  projected,  and  especially  by  his  instructions 
to  Cristobal  do  Olid  in  the  Honduras  expedition.  Still 
his  faith  in  a  southern  strait  was  slight  and  of  short 
duiatioM.  The  natives  of  Antihuac  had  an  accurate 
hnowledj^e  of  tlie  South  Sea  and  the  trend  of  the 
l*;u'i1ic  coast,  a  knowledi^^e  which*  Cortes  was  not  louLf 
in  ac(|uiring  and  verifying  through  tlie  agency  of 
Spanish  scouts.  The  result  established  the  following 
facts:  That  if  Mexico  was  a  part  of  the  Asiatic  conti- 
nent, the  point  where  the  coast  turned  westward  nuist 
be  sDUght  not  in  the  south  just  above  Nicaragua,  the 
northei'ii  limit  of  Espinosa's  voyage  in  1810,  but  north 
of  the  latitude  of  Anahuac;  that  the  actual  discovery 
(if  a  southern  strait  in  the  region  of  Darien  would  still 
leave  a  south-eastern  |)rojectiou  of  Asia  wholly  irrec- 
oncilable with  the  old  authorities,  whose  general 
accuracy  men  were  loath  to  call  in  question;  and  linally 
that  only  the  finding  of  a  passage  in  the  north  crndd 
establish  the  correctness  of  the  old  maps  and  narra- 
tives.' 

*In  tlius  making  Cortes  the  representative  of  the  cosmograpliical  ideas  of 
Ms  time  there  may  he  an  apparent  exaggeration,  Imt  I  believe  it  is  at  k'ast 
not  eahuhiteil  to  niisleatl.  The  view  1  have  given  of  the  i  'ndeney  of  tiio 
jieriud  is  fiiistained  hy  the  facts  in  tlie  case,  and  Cortes  was  a  slirewd  ohservt  r 
and  quiek  to  take  iiractical  advantage  f)f  the  reasonings  of  hiseonteniporaries, 
even  it  his  niiiui  (lid  not  grasp  in  higieal  sequence  all  tlie  conclusions  to  ho 
drawn  from  the  results  of  maritime  diiscovery  since  the  day  of  Cohnnhus. 
■The  following  literal  translations  from  his  letter  to  Charles  V.  are  conclu.-ive 
as  to  his  ideas  on  tiie  subject:  'I  hold  these  ships  (those  Ijuilt  at  Zacatula)  of 
more  importance  tlian  I  can  express,  for  I  am  sure  that  with  them,  by  tho 
will  of  Our  Lord,  I  shall  be  the  cause  tiuit  your  Ca'sarean  Majesty  be  in  these 
regions  ruler  over  more  kingdoms  and  seigneuries  than  are  yet  known  in  our 
nation;  ••)'  d  I  believe  that  when  I  have  accomplished  this  your  Majesty  will 
hav(!   lotliing  more  to  do  to  become  monarch  of  the  world.' 

■  I  saw  that  nothing  more  renuiined  for  me  to  do  but  to  learn  the  secret  of 
the  coast  which  is  yet  to  be  explored  between  the  Kio  r;iiiueo  and  Floiida.  .  . 
and  thence  the  coast  of  the  said  Florida  northward  to  llacallaos  (Xev  fnund- 
land);  for  it  is  deenu"d  certain  tiiat  on  that  coast  there  is  a  strait  which  jia.-M  s 
to  the  Soutli  Sea;  and  if  it  should  lie  Iniind,  according  to  a  certain  maji  \\hic  li 
I  have  of  the  region  of  tin;  archipelago  discovered  by  Magellan  by  order  of 
your  Highness,  it  seems  th.-it  it  would  conu;  out  very  near  there;  and  il  it 
should  please  Cod  that  the  saiil  strait  be  found  tiure.  the  \()yage  from  the 
spice  region  to  your  kingdom  would  be  vei'v  easy  and  very  short,  s<»  nuich  so 
that  it  Would  l)e  less  liy  two  thirds  than  by  the  I'oute  now  followed,  and  that 
V  ithout  any  risk  to  the  vessels  coming  and  going,  because  they  would  .alw.iys 
come  and  go  through  your  own  dominions,  so  that  in  any  c.ise  of  neces.--iiy 
they  could  be  repaired  witliout  danger  wherever  they  might  wisli  to  enter 
port.' 

'  I  Jiave  detennincd  to  send  tliree  caravels  and  two  brigautines  on  this 


6  CORTES  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 

Thus  wc  account  for  the  efforts  of  Cortes  and  his 
companions  constantly  directed  toward  the  north- 
west; for  the  never-faihng  re])orts  of  natives  respect- 
ing ever  receding  marvels  in  that  directit)n,  for  there 
can  be  l)ut  httle  doubt  that  tlie  wish  of  the  S})aniards 
was  father  to  the  tales  of  the  Indians;  the  famous 
Amazon  Isles,  golden  mountains,  bearded  white  men, 
])road  rivers,  and  populous  cities;  the  island  oi'  Califor- 
nia "on  the  right  hand  of  the  Indies;"  the  fabled  strait 
of  Anian  through  which  fictitious  vo3-agers  and  ad- 
venturers sailed;  the  more  modern  search  for  a  n(jrth- 
Mcst  passage  through  the  frozen  zone;  and  not  improb- 
ably even  the  traditions  of  an  ancient  migration  of 
the  native  races  from  the  far  north.  The  conclusion 
toward  which  the  reasonings  of  Cortes  tended  proved 
a  correct  one;  but  the  illustrious  conquistador  and  his 
contemporaries  were  far  from  dreaming  liow  very  far 
away,  and  in  how  cold  a  region,  the  long-sought  strait 
would  at  last  be  found. 

Having  landed  on  the  coast  of  Vera  Cruz  in  April 
1519,  the  Spaniards  received  the  surrender  of  the 
Aztec  capital  in  xVugust  1521.    Before  the  latter  date 


Fcarch  (this  refers  particularly  to  the  search  in  the  North  Sea  via  Florida). . . 
nnd  to  add  this  service  to  the  others  I  liav(^  <loiie,  because  I  deem  it  tiie  p'cat- 
est.  if,  as  I  say,  the  strait  ))e  found;  and  if  it  be  not  found,  it  is  not  ]>ossiblo 
that  there  should  not  be  discovered  very  large  and  rich  lands  where  your 
C'a'sarcan  Majesty  may  be  much  served,  and  the  kingdoms  and  seigneuries  of 
your  royal  crown  be  greatly  extended. .  .May  it  iilease  Our  Luvd  that  tho 
iirmada  accomplish  the  object  for  whicli  it  is  prepai-ed,  wliicii  is  to  discover 
the  strait,  because  tliat  would  bu  best;  and  in  this  I  liave  strong  faitii,  since 
in  the  rcyul  goo<l  fortune  of  your  Majesty  nothing  can  l)e  hid.  .  .Also  I  intend 
to  send  tlie  .ships  which  I  have  built  on  the  Soutli  Sea,  and  which,  if  the  Lord 
vills,  will  sail  at  the  end  of  July  KVJ,')  uj)  the  coast' — tlio  writer  says  jior  m 
vostii  itlidjo,  liter.iUy  'down  the  coast;'  but  by  this  expression  he  doubtless 
means  v  hat  wc  now  call  'up  the  coast,'  that  is  north-westward.  See  on  this 
point  note  at  end  of  this  chapter — 'in  searcli  of  the  .said  strait;  because  if 
it  exists,  it  cannot  be  hidden  to  these  in  the  South  Sea  or  to  those  in  tho 
North  Sea;  since  the  former  in  the  South  (Sea)  will  follow  the  coast  until  they 
find  the  strait  or  join  the  land  witii  that  discovered  ])y  Magnlliaen.s  (India); 
nud  the  others  in  the  North  (Sea)  as  I  have  said,  until  tiiey  join  it  to  tho 
I'acallaos.  Thus  on  tlie  one  side  or  tlie  otiier  the  secret  will  not  fail  to  ))0 
revealed.'  He  goes  on  to  assure  the  emperor  that  his  own  jiersonal  interests 
call  liim  to  tho  rich  provinces  of  the  south,  l)ut  he  is  willing  to  .sacrihee  liis 
interests  to  those  of  the  crown.  Cork's,  Vartan  (letter  of  Oct.  15,  lo'24),  307-8, 
314  IT). 


CONQUEST  OF  MEXICO. 


ul  his 
nortli- 
ispect- 
tlicrc 
niards 
anions 
c  men, 
'aliior- 
l  t^trait 
ukI  ad- 
nortli- 
niprob- 
tioii  of 
elusion 
proved 
and  his 
,-ory  far 
it  strait 


n  April 

of  the 

tcr  date 


"lori(lii) . . . 
the  j.'r(;at- 
lot  ]K)ssililo 
Ivlicro  your 
k'licui'ics  of 
■a  that  tho 
Ito  discover 
Ifaith,  siuoo 
[so  I  inteiul 
[if  the  Lonl 
says  ]ioi'  (II 
doubtless 
See  on  tiiis 
l)ecause  if 
;htipe  in  tho 
until  they 
:n,s  (India); 
lin  it  to  tho 
fail  to  1)0 
lal  interests 
Isaoritice  his 
.24),  307-8, 


Cortes  had  already  brought  into  subjection  most  of 
the  towns  in  the  vicinity  of  tho  lakes;  had  somewhat 
extended  his  conquests  southward  toward  the  borders 
of  the  Miztec  and  Zapotcc  realms;  and  had  made  him- 
self master  of  nearly  all  the  region  stretching  eastward 
from  the  central  plateau  to  the  gulf  coast.  jNIany  of 
the  native  chieftains  had  been  subdued  only  by  deeds 
of  valor  on  hard-fought  battle-fields;  others,  moved  by 
admiration  for  Spanish  prowess,  by  terror  of  Spanisli 
guns  and  horses,  by  supernatural  warnings,  aiul  l)y  a 
l)itter  hatred  toward  the  tyrants  of  Aiuihuac,  had 
voluntarily  submitted  to  the  new-comers,  whom  they 
looked  upon  at  first  as  deliverers.  During  the  yeai-s 
inunediately  following  the  fall  of  Mexico  vt)luntai'y 
submission  was  the  rule,  armed  resistance  the  excep- 
tion. Such  resistance  was  met  for  the  most  i)art  only 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  region  permanently  subjectetl 
in  aboriiifinal  times  to  the  allied  monarchs  of  ^Mexico, 
Tezcuco,  and  Tlacopan;  or,  if  met  nearer,  it  was  only 
in  the  form  of  revolt  in  provinces  that  had  at  first 
submitted  but  were  driven  by  oppression  to  a  desper- 
ate though  vain  effort  to  retrieve  their  error  and 
regain  their  freedom. 

Ct)rtes  was  kept  busy  in  preparations  for  building  a 
magniticciit  Spanish  city  on  the  site  of  the  demolished 
Tenochtitlan;  in  a])portioning  the  conquered  villages 
as  encomiendas  to  his  associates;  in  establish  inn"  a 
form  of  local  government  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the 
court,  and  especially  the  treasury,  of  Spain,  as  well  as 
of  the  new  Spanish  subjects;  in  despatching  warlike 
ex|)editions  to  quell  revolt  in  the  provinces  or  to  ex- 
tend his  power  over  gentile  tribes  3'et  unsubdued; 
and  finally  in  watching  the  movements  and  striving  to 
bafHe  the  schemes  of  his  foes  both  in  jSIoxico  and 
at  the  court  of  Charles.  In  the  fii'st  impulse  of 
thankfulness  for  large  domains,  or  ])erha])s  of  a  politic 
craving  for  a  still  furth'T  extension  of  his  trans- 
atlantic realms,  the  em[)eror  made  Cortes  governoi-, 
captain-general,  and  chief-justice  of  New  Spain,  with 


i{!l 


|l  I 


8  CORTlllS  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 

full  powers  to  administer  the  government  and  press 
forward  free  from  trammels  in  his  ambitious  schemes 
of  conquest.  This  was  in  October  1522.  By  the  end 
of  the  year  Tehuantepec  had  been  conquered  by  Pedro 
dc  Alvarado;  the  South  Sea  had  been  discovered  and 
formal  possession  of  it  taken  at  several  points;  active 
preparations  had  been  set  on  foot  for  the  building  of 
a  fleet  on  the  Pacific  for  the  further  exploration  of 
its  mysteries;  and  a  little  later  myriads  of  swarthy 
workmen  under  the  guidance  of  European  architects 
were  restoring  to  its  original  splendor  the  capital  of 
the  Montezumas.  Soon  the  whole  countr}*  from  the 
isthmus  of  Teliuantepec  to  Pdnuco  and  Colima  owned 
allegiance  to  the  conquerors;  several  Spanish  settle- 
ments were  founded  in  different  parts  of  the  conquered 
territory;  colonization  was  encouraged  by  liberal 
grants  of  land  and  of  native  servants  under  the  pre- 
vailing system  of  repartimientos;  missionaries  were 
sent  for,  to  convert  and  instruct  the  natives;  the 
native  faith  was  uprooted  and  the  ancient  teocalUs 
were  demolished;  the  aborigines  were  forced  to  wear 
out  their  bodies  in  servitude,  but  they  were  rai)idly 
learning  just  how  much  it  would  profit  them,  having 
lost  the  whole  world,  to  save  their  own  souls. 

In  1523  Alvarado  was  sent  again  southward  to 
cross  the  isthmus  and  conquer  Guatemala.  Early  in 
1524  Olid  was  despatched  by  water  to  invade  Hon- 
duras, and  twelve  Franciscan  friars  arrived  to  begin 
their  holy  work  of  conversion  and  instruction.  In 
October  of  the  same  year  Cortes  was  forced  b}'  Olid's 
treachery  to  leave  temporarily  his  northern  schemes, 
and  go  in  person  to  Central  America,  not  return- 
ing until  the  middle  of  152G.  His  departure  from 
jMexico  was  the  occasion  of  serious  coni[)lications  in 
the  colonial  government.  The  royal  officers  left  by 
him  in  charge  were  cither  unfaithful  to  their  trusts 
or  failed  to  agree  amonij  themselves.  Other  officers 
sent  from  the  south  to  heal  differences  committed  still 
greater  irregularities,  abused  their  usurped  power,  and 


! 


, 


press 

leiiK'S 

j' 

ic  end 

1 

Pedro 

% 

3d  and 

active 

iiiig  of 

tioii  of 

varthy 

,'^ 

hitects 

1 

>ital  of 

oni  the 

'^'. 

owned 

•■{ 

settle- 

- 

iqucred 

liberal 

be  pro- 

OS  were 

cs;   tbo 

'1 

teocallh 

1 

to  wear 

1 

rapidly 

having 

^vard  to 

^arly  in 

le  Hon- 

^'  J 

0  begin 

on.     In 

y  Olid's 

clienies, 

^^ 

return- 

re  from 

. 

tions  in 

left  by 

r  trustbs 

officers 

■ted  still 

ver,  and 

THE  CONQUEROR'S  TROUBLES.  0 

finally  gave  out  the  report  that  the  captain-general 
was  dead. 

Meanwhile  his  foes  at  court  had  renewed  their  hos- 
tile efforts  and  had  filled  the  mind  of  Charles  with 
ibars  that  Cortes  would  go  so  far  in  his  ambitious 
schemes  as  to  deny  allegiance  and  set  up  an  independ- 
ent sovereignty.  The  remedy  usual  in  such  cases  was 
resorted  to;  an  investigating  conunissioner,  or  jiwz  de 
rcsklencia,  was  sent  to  supersede  the  governor  and 
bring  him  to  trial  on  charges  preferred.  The  arrival 
of  tins  conunissioner  was  in  July  1520,  just  after  the 
governor's  return  from  Honduras.  The  ])osition  had 
been  given  to  Ijuis  Ponce  de  Leon,  reputed  to  be  a 
just  man  and  an  impartial  judge;  but  by  his  death  and 
that  of  his  successor,  tbe  treasurer,  Alonso  de  Estrada, 
a  bitter  personal  enemy  to  Cortes,  came  into  i)o\ver; 
and  the  period  that  followed  during  1520  and  1527 
was  one  of  continual  mortification,  annoyance,  and 
insult  to  the  conqueror  and  his  friends.  His  enemies 
1  laving  gained  control  ir.  ]\Iexico,  worked  the  more 
eft'ectually  at  court;  but  early  in  1528  Cortes  went  in 
person  to  Spain,  just  iu  time  to  escape  being  forcildy 
sent  or  treacherously  enticed  across  the  Atlantic  by 
the  royal  audicncia  appointed  to  supersede  Estrada. 

While  his  trial  was  in  progress  at  Mexico  during 
his  absence,  at  court  Cortes  received  marked  lior.ory 
from  the  emperor.  It  was  deemed  expedient  to  con- 
tinue the  audicncia  in  their  civil  power;  but  in  all  else 
the  feted  conquistador  was  triumphant.  In  July  1 529 
he  was  made  marques  del  Valle  de  Oajaca,  with  large 
grants  of  land  and  vassals;  during  the  same  month 
he  was  appointed  captain-general  of  New  S[)ain  and 
of  the  South  Sea,  with  full  powers  to  continue  his  dis- 
coveries and  to  rule  over  such  lands  as  he  might 
explore  and  colonize;  later  he  was  granted  afnl'  pro- 
])rietorship  one  twelfth  of  all  his  new  discoveries. 
He  returned  to  tl!«  New  World  in  July  1530,  to  the 
great  joy  of  the  natives,  whose  friend  and  protector 
he  had  been  so  far  as  practicable  under  the  system  to 


>.  m 


10 


CORTES  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


wliicli  lie  was  subjected,  and  who  now  after  several 
years  of  oppression  under  royal  officers  and  audieneia, 
more  lully  than  belore  reahzed  the  good  will  of  the 
ehiei'tain  who  had  forced  upon  them  Spanish  sover- 
eiL,nity.  But  the  return  of  Cort(5s  was  productive  of 
hut  little  good  to  himself,  to  the  country,  or  to  his 
fri(;nds,  whether  natives  or  Spaniards.  In  view  of  the 
services  he  had  rendered  he  was  little  disj)osed  to 
brook  interference  or  opposition  from  a  tribunal  with 
which  he  soon  became  involved  in  quarrels  respecting 
his  powers,  titles,  property,  and  vassals.  Ho  soon  left 
tlio  caj)ital  in  disgust  to  live  in  retirement  at  Cuer- 
iKivaca  until  ready  to  resume  his  operations  in  tho 
South  Sea,  of  which  more  liereafter. 

This  brief  sketch  will  serve  to  recall  a  few  needed 
dates,  and  thus  introduce  the  topic  matter  of  this 
chapter,  itself  introductory  to  the  general  subject  of 
north-western  exploration  and  settlement.  Full  de- 
tails are  before  the  reader  in  an  earlier  volume  of  this 
history.'* 

It  is  well,  however,  before  following  Cortds  to  the 
Pacific  to  review  somewhat  more  fully,  but  still  in 
the  briefest  resume,  the  course  of  events  in  the  coun- 
tries immediately  north  and  west  of  Mexico  during 
the  years  following  the  conquest.  These  events 
occurred  for  the  most  part  without  the  territorial 
limits  of  this  volume,  that  is  in  the  provinces  that 
now  make  up  the  states  of  Vera  Cruz,  Tamaulipas, 
San  Luis,  Queretaro,  Guanajuato,  Aguas  Calientes, 
Michoacan,  Colima,  and  Jalisco;  but  they  were  never- 
theless the  beginning  of  the  north-western  movement, 
and  have  a  bearing  on  what  is  to  follow. 

Ponce  de  Leon  in  1512  sought  the  'fountain  of 
youth'  in  Bimini,  or  Florida,  whither  he  returned  to 
die  nine  years  later.  Grijalva  from  the  south  reached 
Panuco  in  1518.  The  intermediate  gulf  coast  was 
explored  in  1519-20,  and  the  following  years  by  Pineda 

'See  IJiat.  Mex.,  vol.  i.  this  scries. 


I 


ON  THE  GULF  SHORES. 


11 


\v  nccclccl 
2r  of  this 
subjoot  of 
Full  do- 
me of  this 

t(5s  to  the 
it  still  in 
the  coun- 
Ico  during 
Ise    events 
territorial 
nces  that 
inaulipas, 
Calientes, 
lere  never- 
lovement, 


•| 


and  Narvacz  for  Garay  under  the  patronage  of  the 
confjueror's  foes,  Velazquez  in  Cuba  and  Fonseca  in 
Spain.  A  loading  incentive  was  the  erroneous  idea 
that  the  Tampieo  region  aftordod  a  good  harbor. 
Coites  shared  this  belief  and  was  able  to  defeat  (Jaray's 
projoots  by  obtaining  the  voluntary  submission  of  the 
IMiiuco  chieftains;  and  when  the  latter  were  driven 
to  revolt  by  the  outrages  of  his  foe,  he  inarched  to 
subdue  the  province  by  force  of  arms,  founding  tlie 


VX£:W     -^%. 


Region  North  and  West  of  Mexico. 

town  of  San  Estovan  del  Puerto  in  1522.  Garay 
came  in  pci'son  with  a  governor's  connnission  in  152;5; 
and  though  lie  accomplished  nothing,  his  men  provoked 
a  second  rising  in  which  scmie  two  hundred  and  fifty 
Spaniards  weio  slain.  Sandoval  restored  peace  by  a 
bloody  camjjaign,  and  took  terrible  vengeance  by 
bui-iiing  and  hanoinnr  Imndrods  of  loadino-  Iluastocs  in 
1524.  JNcxt  year  the  province  under  name  of  A^ic- 
toria  Garayana  was  separated  from  the  jurisdiction 
of  ]Moxico,  but  no  actual  change  was  (.'irocied  till 
1  528.  Then  came  Paniilo  do  Narvacz  and  Nuho  dc 
(Jiizman,  of  tlie  clique  so  bitterly  hostile  to  Cortes, 
each  with  a  governor's  connnission.  Narvacz  was  to 
rule  Las  Palmas  stretching  nor-thward  from  Panuco. 
lie  landeil  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida  with  a  larixe 


19 


CORTES  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


I 


force,  and  nttcinptcil  to  coast  the  i^ult"  by  lan<l  and 
Matc'i'.  The  whole  coinpaiiy  iiciislicd  iiii.seral)ly  oiio 
l)y  one,  except  four,  of  wlio.sc  wanderiiij^.s  acrosH  tlio 
continent  I  sliall  have  nmdi  to  say  elsewhere  in  thin 
volume."  Guzman  was  ruler  of  P;inuco,  the  oOier 
name  not  surviving,  and  his  administi-ation  of  ahnut 
six  months  at  San  Estevan  was  marked,  after  [)roiit- 
li'ss  attempts  to  make  conquests  and  ilnd  riches  in 
the  teriitt)ry  of  Narvaez,  hy  never  endin;^  raids  for 
slaves,  l)y  which  the  province  was  de|»o}»uIated.  Ho 
was  alwavs  in  trouble,  with  authorities  vi'  adjoininix 
jirovinces  invaded,  with  his  S()anish  subjects  whoso 
encomientlas  were  destroyed  by  his  policy,  or  with  the 
lluastec  chieftains  now  nearly  hel[)less;  but  ho  was 
a  shrewd  lawyer,  and  so  skilfully  did  ho  parry  the  con- 
stant complaints  at  court  that  instead  of  being  dis- 
missed from  oflHcc  and  hanged,  as  he  richly  deserved, 
he  was  sent  to  JNIexico,  still  retaining  his  governorsliij) 
as  president  of  the  audiencia.  We  shall  soon  enough 
meet  him  again.  Before  1530  there  was  no  S|)anish 
settlement  on  the  northern  gulf  coast  except  at  Sau 
Estevan,  or  Ptlnuco. 

To  the  west  and  inland  was  the  territory  com- 
j^rising  the  present  states  of  Queretaro,  Guanajuato, 
San  Luis,  and  Au:uas  Calientes;  the  home  of  tho 
^vild  Chichimecs,  never  j)ermanently  subjected  to  tho 
Aztecs.  The  Chichimec  country  })roper  extended 
indefinitely  northward,  as  elsewhere  noted,  but  the 
name  was  ap})lied  connnonly  to  this  region  as  the 
home  of  the  only  Chichimecs  with  whom  the  Aztecs 
or  earliest  Sj)aniards  came  in  contact,  liicher  prov- 
inces and  pueblos,  more  accessible  for  purposes  of 
jilunder  and  conversion,  at  first  called  the  Spaniards 
in  other  directions.  Converted  native  chieftains, 
however,  furnished  with  anununition,  material  and 
spiritual — gunpowder  and  crucifixes — set  forth  to 
christianize  their  rude  brethren  on  several  occasion^, 
between  1521  and  1525.     In  152G  Cortes  was  medi- 

^  Sec  chapter  iii.  of  this  volume. 


nilCIIIMEC  COUNTRY  AND  MICnOACAN. 


13 


11(1  antl 

l)ly  ouo 

•OSH  tlio 

ill  (bis 

0  oilier 
f  iilxmt 
r  proiii- 
ichc'S  ill 
aids  for 
L'd.     Ho 
(Ijoiniu^ 
s  whoso 
^vitli  tlio 
,  lie  Nvas 
tlio  con- 
L'iiig  dis- 
iL'soivcd, 
rnorship 

1  enough 
Sjmnish 

at  Sail 

y  coni- 
najuato, 
of  tho 
I  to  tho 
xtciidcd 
but  tho 
as  tho 
Azti.'cs 
or  ])r()v- 

")OS('S    of 

laniards 
ioftains, 

ial  and 
brth  to 
ccasions^j 

s  inodi- 


tatini,'  an  expedition  against  Jic  Chiehiniees  who,  if 
they  showed  no  fitness  Ibr  civilization,  were  to  be  made 
slaves.  Two  Otoiiii  chiefs,  baptized  as  Fernando  do 
Tapiaand  Nieohls  jNIontanez  de  San  Ijiiis,  were  leaders 
of  proselyte  armies  which  effected  tho  conquest  of 
(^lui'etaro  and  parts  of  Guanajuato.  Tlu;  former 
fouiuK'cl  a  puel)lo  at  Acambaro  in  15120;  and  in  1. ').'!() 
one  or  both  won  a  marvellous  victory  near  the  s|)ot 
where  the  town  of  (^ueretaro  was  founded,  probably 
in  ir>.'U.  About  this  time  it  is  reported  that  J^opo  do 
!M(ii(loza,  left  in  command  at  Piinuco,  made  an  exj)e- 
ditioii  into  tho  ii.terior  to  San  Luis  PotosI,  and  as  some 
sav  to  Zacatecas.  Peeonlsare  vajjfue,  but  the  suiyect 
is  not  an  important  one  in  this  connection.  The  reoiou 
attracted  little  notice  until  about  1548,  when  rich 
mines  were  found  in  (jruanajuato. 

IMichoacan,  tho  land  of  tho  civilized  Tarascos,  was  a 
province  that  early  fixed  the  invaders'  attention.  It 
is  said  that  a  messen<xer  sent  thither  in  1521  was 
never  heard  of  again;  but  ho  was  followed  by  one 
Parrillas,  with  a  few  comrades,  who  reached  Tzin- 
Iznntzan,  the  capital,  returning  with  glowing  reports 
of  western  wealth,  sj)ecimens  of  which  were  brought 
by  native  envoys  back  to  Mexico.  Next  Moutano 
and  a  larger  party,  generously  provided  with  trinket 
gifts,  were  received  at  Tzintzuntzan  with  great  coro- 
niony  and  some  caution,  bringing  to  Cortes  precious 
gifts  with  new  stores  of  information,  and  accompanicnl 
on  their  return  by  eight  Tarascan  nobles.  Later  the 
king's  brother  visited  ^texico  with  much  pomp  aiul 
treasure  to  see  for  himself  the  power  and  magnificence 
of  the  newly  arrived  childivn  of  tho  sun.  And  then 
King  Tangaxoan  came  in  person  to  oflbr  his  allegiance 
to  the  Spanish  sovereign,  promising  to  open  his  king- 
dom and  extend  his  protection  to  Spanish  colonists. 
Accordingly  Olid  was  sent  with  a  large  force  to  inves- 
tigate the  country's  resources,  and  to  found  a  settle- 
ment. All  this  was  before  the  end  of  1522.  He  met 
with   no   resistance,  save  such  as  was  provoked   at 


li 


CORTfiS  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


Taiigimaroa  by  the  actions  of  his  men;  but  the  out- 
rages were  continued  at  the  capital,  where  temples 
were  burned,  private  dwellings  jolundered,  and  the 
adjoining  region  raided  in  the  search  for  treasure. 
The  Spaniards  quarrelled  among  themselves  when 
Olid  tried  to  stop  the  plundering;  and  when  no  more 
treasure  could  be  found  they  became  discontented  and 
uncontrollable,  so  that  the  settlement  was  abandoned 
by  order  of  Cortes.  But  the  occupation  was  soon 
resumed ;  the  timid  native  authorities  were  reassured ; 
Franciscan  friars  began  their  work;  and  from  1524 
Michoacan  never  faltered  in  allegiance  to  Spain, 
though  the  Tarascan  nobles  and  people  secured  noth- 
ing but  oppression  in  return  for  their  submission  and 
good  faith. 

In  connection  with  Olid's  expedition  to  Michoacan 
in  1522,  a  force  sent  to  Zacatula  turned  aside  on  the 
way  to  conquer  Colima,  where  great  riches  were  said 
to  be.  Part  of  this  force  under  Alvarez  Chico  was 
defeated  by  the  natives;  but  another  division  under 
Avalos,  forming  an  alliance  with  disaffected  chiefs, 
extended  this  raid  through  the  region  just  north  of 
the  modern  Colima  line,  known  for  many  years  as  the 
Avalos  province.  Next  Olid  entered  the  province 
and  defeated  in  a  hard-fouu^ht  battle  the  ruler  and  his 
allies;  a  town  of  Coliman  was  founded;  and  Avalos 
was  left  in  charge  of  the  colony.  When  many  of  the 
settlers  had  deserted,  the  natives  revolted,  but  San- 
doval was  sent  to  subdue  them,  and  did  his  work  so 
effectually  that  the  province  tluTeafter  remained  sub- 
missive. This  was  before  the  end  of  1523.  In  1524 
Francisco  Cortes,  a  kinsman  of  Don  Hernan,  and 
alcalde  mayor  of  Colima,  made  an  cntrada,  or  incur- 
sion, to  the  northerr  regions  of  Chimalliuacan,  corrc- 
s[)onding  to  western  Jalisco.  jNIost  of  the  towns 
submitted  without  resistance;  but  at  Tetitlan  and  at 
several  other  points  battles  were  fought.  The  north- 
ern limit  was  the  town  of  Jalisco,  near  Topic.  Gold 
was  not  found  in  large  quantities,  but  of  course  was 


FRAXCISCO  CORTES  IN  JALISCO. 


18 


reported  plentiful  toward  the  north.  Dui'inr^  Don 
Francisco's  absence  Avalos  also  advanced  nortliward 
to  the  region  round  the  modern  Guadalajara.  !Many 
of  the  northern  pueblos  were  distributed  as  cnconii- 
endas  at  this  time,  but  it  does  not  appear  that 
either  encomenderos  or  garrisons  were  left  in  the 
country. 

Don  Francisco's  return  was  along  the  coast,  and 
the  A^alle  de  Banderas  was  named  from  the  little 
llaijjs  attached  by  the  natives  to  their  bows.  Not 
only  did  the  Spaniards  hear  marvellous  reports  of 
northern  wealth,  but  on  the  coast  south  of  IJandcras 
tlicy  found  in  the  dress  and  actions  of  the  natives 
traces  of  Catholic  influence,  and  heard  of  a  'wooden 
house'  from  over  the  sea  that  had  been  stranded  on 
the  rocks  many  years  ago.  Fifty  persons  from  the 
wrcjck  taught  the  natives  many  things,  but  were  hilled 
when  they  became  overbearing.  Writers  have  in- 
dulgod  in  speculations  on  the  origm  of  this  tale,  won- 
dering if  the  strangers  were  Englishmen  who  came 
throuuh  the  strait  of  Anian,  or  if  tliey  belonixed  to 
sonit;  Catholic  nation.  After  exhausting  conjecture 
respecting  ])robab]e  error  or  fiilsehood  on  the  part  of 
natives  or  S))aniards,  the  credulous  reader  is  still  at 
liberty  to  believe  that  the  week  on  the  Jalisco  coast 
t)f  a  rortuguese  craft  from  India  before  1524  is  not 
quite  impossible. 

I  now  come  to  the  actual  operations  of  Cortes  on 
the  Pacific  coast  between  1521  and  15.30,  a  series  of 
failures  and  bitter  disa])p<)intmonts,  though  followed 
by  i)artia]  success  in  later  years.  The  aim  of  his  eflbrts 
in  this  direction,  his  grand  scheme  of  sailing  north  and 
then  west,  ajid  finally  south  until  he  should  reach 
India — discovering  in  the  course  of  this  navigation 
the  "secret  of  the  strait,"  or  proving  all  to  be  one 
continent,  and  in  any  event  making  rich  additions  to 
his  ^Majesty's  domain— has  been  clearly  set  forth  at 
the  beginning  of  this  chapter;  it  only  remains  to  pre- 


'  p'i 

^11 1 11 


16 


COETES  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


Bcnt  tlio  record  of  the  efforts  made  to  carry  out  his 
ami/ 

In  his  third  letter  to  Charles  V.,  written  May  15, 
1522,  Cortes  relates  all  that  had  transpired  up  to  that 
date  respecting  South  Sea  discovery.  Through  friendly 
natives,  before  the  final  surrender  of  Mexico,  he  had 
heard  of  that  sea;  and  before  the  date  of  his  letter 
had  sent  to  Spain  certain  petitions  touching  the 
matter.^  The  first  Tarascan  messengers  who  came" 
were  closely  questioned  on  this  point  and  requested 
to  take  back  with  them  two  Spaniards  to  visit  the 
coast  from  Michoacan.  They  stated  that  a  province 
lying  between  their  own  and  the  sea  was  hostile,  and 
it  was  therefore  impracticable  at  the  time  to  rcacli  the 
Pacific;  nevertheless  the  two  Spaniards  did  accom- 
pany them  to  Michoacan  at  least.  Learning  by  his 
inquiries  that  the  coast  was  twelve  or  fourteen  days' 
journey  distant  according  to  the  direction  taken,  (>or- 
tes  was  glad,  because,  as  he  sa3's,  "  it  seemed  to  me 
that  in  discovering  it  I  should  do  your  Majesty  a  very 
great  service,  especially  as  all  who  have  ex[)crience 
and  knowledge  in  the  navigation  of  the  Indies  liavc 
held  it  certain  tliat  with  the  finding  of  the  South  Sea 
in  these  parts,  there  nmst  also  be  found  rich  islands, 
with  gold  and  pearls  and  preci<jus  stones,  and  n)any 
other  secrets  and  marvellous  things;  and  this  has  been 
affirmed  and  is  still  affirmed  by  aien  of  letters  and 
learned  in  the  science  of  cosmography."     He  conse- 

'  Tlie  best,  and  in  fact  almost  the  only  authority  for  this  record,  is  the  let- 
ters of  C<>rt(''S  hiinaclf,  wliich,  when  carefully  examined,  arc  tolerably  conjplcto 
and  Hatisfactovy  on  tl.e  subject.  Later  writers  have  presented  Viut  versions — 
always  incomplete  and  often  incorrect— of  that  given  by  the  conquistador. 
Sonic  of  them  «rfite  without  having  all  the  letters  l)efore  them;  otlicrs  used 
carelessly  tiiosc  that  they  had;  no  ou'j  so  far  as  I  know  has  added  anythin^j 
from  trustworthy  siiureis. 

'^ '  Antes  dc  agora  tenicndc-  alguna  noticia  dc  la  dicha  mar,  yo  avisc'^  iV  loa 
que  tienen  mi  poiki'  de  ciertas  coias  que  se  habian  do  suplicar  il  V.  M.  para 
la  mejiir  y  mas  breve  expedicion  del  diclio  descubrinuento.  .  .aquel  aviso  mio 
no  so  si  se  habra  rcciliido,  ponpit?  h\6  por  diversas  vias. '  Cnrtas,  KiO.  'Tenia 
noticia  ill!  aquclla  Alar  de  tiempo  do  Motccyuma.'  Gomara,  Crdnica,  mBarcia, 
Il'xt.  rnin.,  ii.  1,")4. 

"Willi  I'arrillas  or  Alonlaflo,  probably  the  latter,  and  in  any  case  shortly 
after  Auyust  loiJl. 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC. 


17 


qiicntlj  sent  four  Spaniards,  "  two  by  certain  provinces 
and  other  two  by  others,"  accompanied  by  a  few 
fiic'iidly  Indians,  with  instructions  not  to  stop  until 
the}' reached  the  sea,  and  once  there  to  take  possession 
in  the  name  of  Spain.  One  party  went  one  hundred 
and  t'li'ty  leagues  through  many  and  rich  provinces, 
took  j)ossession  of  the  ocean  by  setting  up  crosses  on 
its  shores,  and  returned  with  samples  of  gold  from  the 
region  traversed  and  a  few  natives  from  the  coast. 
The  otlier  party  went  farther,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
leagues  according  to  their  I'eport,  and  were  absent  a 
little  longer;  but  they  also  reached  the  coast  and 
brought  back  natives.  The  visitors  from  both  direc- 
tions were  kindly  treated  and  sent  back  nuaj  conU'ntos 
to  their  homes.  All  this  occurred  before  the  end  of 
October  1521,  at  which  time  Cortes  sent  out  an  expe- 
dition^'^ which,  within  a  month  or  two,  subjected  a 
province  of  Oajaca,  but  not  on  the  coast. 

For  a  time  following  this  expedition  Cortes  was 
busied  in  selecting  a  site  and  preparing  to  rebuild  the 
city  of  Mexico;  but  in  the  mean  time  the  lord  of 
Tehuantcpoc,  on  the  South  Sea,  "where'  the  two 
Spaiii;uds  had  discovered  it,"  sent  chieftains  as  am- 
l)ass;id(jrs  with  gifts  and  an  oft'er  of  allegiance  to 
Spain.  About  this  time  also  the  two  Spaniards  who 
had  been  sent  to  Michoacan  returned  accompanied  by 
King  Caltzontzin's  brother.  It  is  nowhere  stated 
that  these  two  reached  the  coast,  and  it  is  not  prob- 
able that  they  were  identical  with  either  of  the  two 
parties  already  mentioned  as  having  taken  possession 
of  the  South  Sea.  These  events  took  i)lace  before 
the  end  of  1521,  because  they  were  followed  as  C(jr- 
tes  tells  us  by  the  transactions  with  Cristobal  do 
Tapia,  who  arrived  in  Decembv  r. 

In  January  1522  Pedro  de  Alvarado  started  south- 
ward, adder!  the  force  already  in  Oajaca  to  that  which 
he  took  from  jNIexico,  and  on  March  4th  wrote  that 

""AcabafloB  do  tlcspaeliar  nf|nclIoa  Espafioles  (juc  viiiieron  de  descubrir  la 
mur  del  sur '  he  sent  the  oxiieilition  south  on  Oct.  3l8t. 
Hmt.  N.  Mex.  SiAiEs.  Vol.  I.    a 


IS 


CORTtS  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


ho  liad  occupied  Tututepcc  on  the  coast,"  pacified  tlio 
province,  and  taken  formal  possession  of  tlic  southern 
ocean.  Whatever  else  had  been  accomplished  bel'oro 
May  15,  15212,  is  stated  by  Cortes  in  his  letter  of 
that  date  as  follows:  "I  have  provided  witli  nuich 
(lilij^cnce  that  in  one  of  the  three  places  where  I  luivo 
discovered  the  sca,^^  tliere  shall  be  built  two  caravels 
of  medium  size  and  two  brigantines,  the  former  for 
discovery  and  the  latter  for  coasting,  and  witli  this 
view  I  ha\'e  sent  under  a  competent  person  forty  Span- 
iards, including  masterrbuilders,  carpenters,  smiths, 
and  marines.  I  have  also  provided  the  villa  witli  all 
articles  needed  for  said  ships;  and  with  all  possible 
haste  the  vessels  will  be  completed  and  launched; 
which  accomplished,  your  Majesty  may  believe  it  will 
be  the  greatest  thing  ^mcc  the  Indies  were  discovered." 
In  an  introductory  note  of  the  same  date  he  repeats 
thc!  substance  of  what  I  have  quoted  respecting  the 
importance  of  this  discovery  and  the  building  of  the 
vessels  "near  thc  coast  ninety  leagues  from  here;" 
and  adds  that  he  has  alrcadv  a  settlement  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  Spaniards  on  the  coast,  including 
fifty  ca\uhy.  So  far  Cortes'  own  narrative.  The 
additions  or  variations  l)y  later  writers  re(][uire  but 
brief  notice  which  may  be  given  in  a  note.^^ 

''  About  midway  betwcm  Acapulco  and  Tchnoiitepec. 

'■^  'I'liiit,  is  ;it  Zacatuhi,  The  other  two  points  referred  to  were  Teliunntcpeo 
and  'J'litiitepec. 

'"(Vo/if.v,  Uii),  2.')8-C0.  Also  same  letter  (.Sd)  in  thc  editions  of  JJarcia, 
Lorenzaiia,  etc.  According  to  Corti's,  licnidciirid,  ii.  llS-19,  .hiun  do  l.'mbri'a 
was  cduinia.uler  of  one  of  the  South  Sea  parties.  Herrera,  (h.'c.  iii.  lib.  iii. 
cap.  xvii.,  fi.'iys  that  Cortes  sent  Franciwco  ('hico  with  three  '>))aniarda  and 
some  Iiidi;tns  to  explore  'all  the  southern  coast,'  and  seek  a  htting  place  fur 
Bhii>-1)iiil(ling.  These  went  to  Tehuantepec  to  Zacatula,  and  to  other  pueblos. 
This  agrees  well  enough  with  Coi'tOs,  although  llorrera  seems  to  imply  that 
the  four  went  together,  visiting  Tehuantepec  and  Xacatula.  Navairete,  >Siitil 
y  .1/1, /'.  Vidijc,  iiitrod.  vii.-x..  follows  Henora,  impiyiug,  however,  still  nioro 
clearly  tliat  all  the  tour  went  together  in  one  party.  This  is  not  probable, 
for  it  diieotly  contradicts  Cortes'  statement  that  the  parties  took  separate 
routes  and  that  the  .sea  had  been  discovered  in  two  pli.ces  only;  besides  tho 
expedition  against  Tututopec  was  undertaken  at  the  rerpiest  of  the  lord  of 
Tehuantep'c  who  complained  of  hostilities  on  the  ])art  of  thoso  of  Tututepec, 
whosi"  c.'iuso  of  oircncc  was  that  tho  Spaniards  had  been  allowed  to  reach  tho 
coast.  Therefore  it  is  tinlikely  that  tho  four  Spaniards  had  traversed  tho 
whole  coast  from  Tehuantepec  to  Zacatula  or  vice  versa,  passing  directly 


SHIP-YARD  AT  ZACATULA. 


19 


.^ificd  the 
southern 
0(1  boibro 
letter  of 
th  much 
t-e  I  have 
)  caravels 
,)riiier  for 
with  this 
rty  Span- 
^,  sniiths, 
a  with  all 
11  possible 
launched ; 
eve  it  will 
scovered." 
he  repeats 
ccting'  the 
in<x-  of  the 
om  here; 
ut  of  two 
,  including 
ivo.     The 
>([uire  but 


le  Tehuantcpeo 

lions  of  Ijarcia, 
luiin  do  l-'inlii'ia 
Ike.  iii.  W>-  i'i- 
Slinniarila  aiul 
itting  place  for 
ot  hci-  pufblus. 
3  to  imply  11 'at 
^avarvtto,  Sulil 
3ver,  still  moio 
not  pr(,'b;iblc, 
took  (~ipaiato 
lly;  busidi's  the 
of  the  lord  of 
of  Tututcpec, 
:-(l  to  reach  tho 
traversed  tho 
Lssing  directly 


It  is  certainly  rcmarlvable  that  we  have  no  further 
details  respecting  the  establishment  of  a  settlement 
of  two  hundred  and  fifty  Spaniards  at  Zacatula — noth- 
vyy  beyond  the  bare  statement  that  such  a  villa  had 
lieen  founded  before  May  15,  1522;  yet  it  is  not  likely 


that  th 


rh 


1  IS  any  error,  except  pcriiaps  an  exag<.^ 
t'.oii  <>t  the  Ibrcc,  since  the  reenforcemcnt  on  tho 
abaiidomnent  of  Tzintzuntzan  could  hardly  have  ar- 
rivi'd  so  early;  for  as  we  have  seen  the  military  exi>e- 
ditidu  had  not  yet  been  sent  by  way  of  Michoacan  to 
the  coast,  and  it  is  expressly  stated  that  that  exj^edi- 
tion  was  intended  not  for  the  foundation,  but  the  pro- 
tection of  Zacatula.  It  appears  that  Juan  liodrigmz 
A'ilhiluerte,  the  commander,  had  first  been  sent  willi 
some  foity  ;:K'c]ianics  to  found  a  settlement  and  begin 
the  work  of  slii[)-l)uilding,  many  native  workmen, 
chieily  Tescucans,  coming  a  little  later;  and  largo 
nuiidiers  of  carriers  being  employed  to  bring  material 
i'roiu  A'eia  Cruz  and  Mexico.  With  the  town  exce[)t 
as  a  shi[)-buil(hng  station  we  are  not  concerned  hei'e.'* 
Writinijf  (3ctober  15,  1524,  iust  before  startin<»:  for 
Honduras,  Cortes  re]M)rts  what  progress  had  at  that 
dale  been   made   in   his   South   Sea  enterprise.      He 

tliroiigh  the  liostilc  province  of  Tntutcpec.  Bcauniont,  Crdn.  ^fi(■h.,  iii.  1.").")  7, 
mid  a  writer  in  tlie7>/'r.  I'nir.,  viii.  "Jit,  give  tlic  f^anie  version,  tlie  latter 
aildin;;'  that  in  eonse(|Ucnee  (vf  this  expedition  Acapulco  was  discovered  liy  liil 
don/ale:'.  DAvila,  in  l.'il'il  Jienera  in  another  place,  <lec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  i., 
yivc.i  the  name  of  (;on;:aI(.z  de  Undiria  to  the  man  who  tirst  brought  samples 
of  ^'old  to  Cortes  from  Zaeatida. 

lleiirra  and  Xavaiiete.  uhl  siijira,  also  speak  of  a  party,  not  mcntinned 
by  (.'ortis,  uhieh  was  sent  rln  Jali.AO  Imt  was  nevi'r  heard  of.  Tlie  refin  nco 
is  ]]roba))!y  to  tlic  doubtuil  expediiion  of  Vilhidie,i;o  sent  to  Michoacan  lit  t'i'ro 
that  of  I'arrillas.  1'he  .same  authois  state  fnrther  that  (UuUen  de  Loa,  Cas- 
tiilo,  end  lioman  Lopez,  wiih  two  others,  ]iassed  tluougii  the  country  of  the 
Zajiotee.s  and  t'liiajjas  to  Soeoiiusco,  and  bai.k  )iy  water  to  Tehuantepec.  Jt 
is  not  uiilikely  that  such  a  trip  Mas  made,  but  if  so  it  must  have  b„en  several 
years  later  than  is  inqilied  by  these  writers.  I'nscott,  Coiiq.  Jfi:v.,  iii.  '2'.>~, 
erroneously  slates  that  one  of  the  t\\o  lirst  det;"''ments  sent  to  th(^  coa-.t 
reached  it  through  Michoacan,  and  continues  wiiumt  any  authority  that  I 
know  (if,  'on  thiir  return  they  visited  some  of  the  rich  districts  towaids  the 
iioiih  since  eeli^brated  for  their  minerul  treasures,  and  brought  back  samiiles 
of  ,L  nld  and  < 'aliforuia  pear's'! 

'•'  Sie  HIkI.  M(.v.,  ii.  kA  et  seq.  It  appears  that  Simon  de  Cuenca  Mas 
(is«)eiated  with  A'illafuerte  in  the  command;  and  ac.'cording  to  some  aiithoii- 
tics  the  latti'r  diil  not  come  initil  the  time  of  Olids  expedition.  Tlie  Indians 
w> :u.'  soim.what  insubordinate  on  several  occasions. 


20 


CORTES  OX  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


speaks  of  the  expedition  of  Olid  to  Michoacan  in  tlic 
middle  of  1522;  the  subsequent  sending  of  a  part  of 
Olid's  force  to  Zacatula,  where  he  had  and  still  has 
four  vessels  on  the  stocks;  the  foundation  of  the  villa 
of  Segura  at  Tututepec,  its  subsequent  abandonment, 
and  the  revolt  and  reconquest  of  the  province;  the 
conquest  of  Colima  in  1523-4,  resulting  in  the  reports 
of  Amazon  isles  rich  in  gold  and  pearls,  and  the 
discovery  of  a  good  port — doubtless  Manzanillo  or 
Santiago;  and  finally  the  departure  of  Olid  and  Al- 
varado  for  the  conquest  of  Central  America. 

For  the  delaj'  in  completing  and  launching  the  ves- 
sels he  offers  good  excuses  to  the  emperor,  explaining 
the  extreme  slowness  and  difficulty  of  transporting 
all  needed  articles  except  timber  across  the  continent 
from  Vera  Cruz,  and  stating  further  that  the  tedious 
work  of  tr-ansportation  when  once  completed  had  to 
be  begun  anew  on  account  of  the  destruction  by  fire 
of  the  warehouse  at  Zacatula  with  all  its  contents 
"except  a  few  anchors  which  would  not  burn."^"  A 
new  stock  of  supplies  was  ordered  and  arrived  at  Vera 
Cruz  about  June  1524.  The  work  was  now  in  a  good 
state  of  adv'ancement,  and  Cortes  believed  that  if 
pitch  could  be  obtained  the  vessels  might  be  ready  by 
the  end  of  June  1525.  Neither  does  he  omit  to  state 
that  they  will  have  cost  him  over  eight  thousand 
pesos.  Here  he  expresses  more  extensively  and  more 
enthusiastically  than  elsewhere  his  ideas  of  the  gran- 
deur and  importance  of  his  schemes,  stating  clearly 
what  his  plans  were  in  words  that  have  already  been 
translated  in  this  chapter.^" 

His  intention  was,  in  brief,  to  despatch  his  fleet  at 
the  end  of  July  1525,  with  orders  to  follow  the  coast 
north-westward  until  the  strait  should  be  found,  or,  by 


"  By  cdilula  of  June  IJiQS  the  king  hrd  enjoined  Cortds  to  hasten  the 
Bcarch  for  a  strait.  I'acheco  and  Cardenas,  '.,'ol.  Doc,  xxiii.  3G(5.  In  the  later 
trial  of  Cortus  there  Mas  an  absurd  theory  broached  that  the  delays  were 
intentional,  the  ships  having  been  built  re.dly  as  a  means  of  escape  from  the 
country  with  embezzled  millions.  Cortd,  j'icnidtncia,  i.  27. 

'"  See  note  4. 


TLAXS  FOK  THE  XORTII-WEST. 


21 


arrival  at  India,  Now  Spain  should  bo  proved  a  part 
of  tlu?  Asiatic  continent  as  liad  been  at  liv-st  ,sii[)[)()S(.'d. 
His  liope  was,  iirst,  to  discoNcr  the  strait  and  theivliy 
shoik'n  1)}'  two  thirds  the  route  to  India;  seccnid,  to 
find  and  conquer  for  his  king  rich  islands  and  coasts 
hitherto  unknown;  and  third,  at  the  least,  to  reach 
India  by  a  new  route  and  open  communication  between 
!S[)ain  and  the  Si)ico  Islands  via  New  Spain. ^"  By  an 
inaccurate  but  natural  conception  of  one  passai>'e  in 
this  letter  of  Cortes,  Venegas  and  Navarrete,  the  lat- 
ter a  most  able  and  painstaking  wiiter,  generally 
regarded  as  the  best  modern  authority  on  S[)anish 
vovni^es,  as  well  as  other  writers  of  less  note  who  have 
copied  their  statements,  have  been  led  to  believe  that 
Cortes  intended  with  the  Zacatula  lleet  to  sail  south- 
ward toward  Pananul  in  search  of  the  strait.'^ 

Again  in  letters  of  September  3d  and  11th,  15:20, 
after  his  return  from  Honduras,  Cortes  says:  "Long 
ago  I  informed  your  Majesty  that  I  was  building  cer- 
tain vessels  in  the  South  Sea  to  make  discoveries; 
and  although  that  is  a  very  important  enterprise,  yet 
on  account  of  other  occupations  and  occurrences  it  has 

'■ror/.-.v,  Cnrln.^',  275-8.  287-9,  304,  307-8,  31-1-1."). 

'■'.Vinvuvf/',  inSiilil !/ Mci:,  I'iaiies,  iiitrod.,  x.;  V<'ne(inx,X<it.CaJ.,\.  142-8. 
Ill  the  ]iiiss;il;i.'  iilhiiUul  to,  ('orUs,  ('art((>>,  lil."),  tlio  writiT  .says  the  vessels  'will 
sjiil  ;it  tlu'  mil  nf  .luly  1.V2.")  down  the  same  coast,  'ynr  la  ini^am  rosla  uhajo.' 
This  at  llist  eau:^e(l  me  .some  trouble,  siiieo  it  seemed  to  coullict  iiiofe  or  less 
(lireetly  with  the  view  1  have  jireseiited  of  the  gcom-aphieal  idens  lield  hy 
C'oites  ami  others  of  his  time.  That  C'ortt's  should  .still  have  a  slii,dit  ho|ie  of 
tiiidiiig  .1  )i;iiTow  strait  in  the  south  would  not  be  \ery  str;.nL;o,  thou^^h  ho 
implies  on  the  .same  paire  that  he  had  given  uji  such  liojies;  but  that  he  eould 
expcet  Iiy  eoastim,'  southward,  in  ease  the  strait  wore  not  found,  to  narli 
Imli.i  and  prove  it  all  one  continent  with  Xew  .Spain,  seemed  altogether  absurd 
if  his  geographical  ideas  were  such  .'is  I  have  attributed  to  him,  such  as  ho 
and  others  seemed  to  hold,  and  such  as  could  be  consistently  held  at  the 
time.  1  had  devised  various  means  more  or  less  ingenious  and  satisfjictory 
of  surmounting  the  dilliculty,  when  I  discovered  that  Cortes  habitually  usi  II 
the  term  rotita  nhdjo  or  'dovu  the  coast'  to  indicate  what  we  term  'up  tlio 
coast,'  that  is  northward.  For  inst:inccs  of  this  use  of  the  term  where  tlitfo 
is  no  iiossibh^  doubt  as  to  Iiis  nu\'ining,  .see  the  instructions  to  I'rancisco  (,'or- 
tes  in  /■ii-.li"./r< l(t,  Cut.  J)oc.,  i.  400.  and  also  two  cases  in  Cortis,  t'arl>iii,  4'.il. 
1  suppose  this  use  of  the  term  'down  the  coast'  may  bo  accounted  for  by  tlio 
fact  that  fioni  the  lirst  the  main  Asiatic  coast  was  e'ver  present  to  the  eyes  of 
navigators;  their  great  aim  vas  to  sail  down  that  coast  to  India;  and  tho  dis- 
tance to  be  sailed  from  Xew  Spain  before  they  could  turn  in  that  direction,  .i 
distance  utterly  unknown  and  always  nmlerestinuited,  was  left  out  of  the 
account! 


22 


CORTliS  ON  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


been  suspended  until  now,  when  the  vessels  arc  ready. 
I  send  as  captain  Diego  de  Ordaz.  .  .1  believe  he  will 
sail  durinir  the  month  of ."'"     He  still  has  in  view 


the  same  schemes  of  discovery  as  bet'ore,  and  is  as 
enthusiastic  as  ever  in  his  hopes  of  success.  He  even 
proposes,  in  case  the  emperor  will  grant  him  certain 
emoluments,  to  go  in  person  to  conquer  f(^r  S[)ain  all 
the  Asiatic  main  and  islands,  pledging  his  word  to 
get  the  best  of  the  Portuguese  in  one  way  or  another.*' 

The  vessels  are  represented  as  being  at  Zacatula 
and  muy  pronto  imra  partir.  There  is  nothing  to 
indicate  that  they  were  not  the  same  vessels  he  has 
been  writing  of  before  and  the  only  ones  yet  built  on 
the  coast,  although  their  number  and  class  are  not 
mentioned.  Navarrete,  followed  by  Prescott,  says 
that  the  brigantines  originally  built  at  Zacatula  were 
burned  when  ready  to  be  launched.""^  If  such  was  the 
case  the  vessels  referred  to  by  Cortes  nuist  have  bisen 
built  since  that  date  and  during  his  absence  in  the 
south.  This  would  seem  strange;  and  especially  so 
is  the  fact  that  Cortes  says  nothing  of  either  burning 
or  rebuilding.  Not  knowing  the  authority  for  Nav- 
arrete's  statement,  I  regard  it  as  erroneous. 

Whatever  vessels  these  may  have  been,  they  were 
soon  despatched,  though  in  a  direction  somewhat 
different  from  that  originally  intended.  In  July  Ib'lG, 
Guevara's  vessel,  which  had  started  from  Sj)ain  with 
Loaisa's  ilcet  bound  to  the  Moluccas,  but  which  had 
become  separated  from  the  consorts  after  entering  the 
Pacific  through  the  strait  of  Magellan,  arrived  on  the 
coast  below  Zacatula,  being  thus  the  first  to  reach  this 

'^  A  blank  in  the  original. 

-"During  Cortes'  absence  Allrornoz  had  proposed  to  nsc  his  fleet  for  a  A-oy- 
agc  to  the  Moluccas.  Carta,  in  latzhaln tn,  Cul.  JJoc,  i.  4tM»-7.  And  Ocaiia 
urges  that  Cortes  ought  not  to  bo  trusted  with  such  an  expedition.  '  If  Corti's 
goe^s  to  make  it  he  will  die  with  a  crown.'  Letter  in  /</.,  i.  i}',V2. 

•^Siitil  y  Mex.,  VicKje,  introd.,  x.;  Prc-^colt\i  lli<t.  ('oin/.  JA'.r.,  ill.  '270. 
Xnvarretc  refers  in  a  general  way  to  a  manuscript  in  tlie  Koyal  Academy  <if 
Madrid,  as  contjiining  much  information  on  tlieso  matters;  ))erlKips  he  gets 
thi:^  fact  from  tliat  manuscript.  Th".  same  statement  is  made  iu  JJirr.  Cnir., 
viii.  'J!).  Vencgas.  Kof.  Cal.,  i.  l-lO-i),  says  it  is  not  kuo^vn  wliether  the  ves- 
selo  sailed  or  not — probably  not.  Sec  note  "24. 


SAAVEDRA'S  VOYAGE. 


S3 


coast  1)}'  water  tlirect  from  Europe."  In  liis  Septem- 
ber letters,  Cortes  says  he  has  sent  a  pih)t  to  hrinj^ 
Guevara's  vessel  to  Zacatula,  and  has  proposed  to  the 
caj)taiM,  as  his  own  vessels  are  nearly  ready  to  sail 
and  tor  the  same  destination,  naniely,the  Spiee  Islands, 
that  ail  four  ve.ssels  ^o  tojjjether.-^  But  ver}'^  soon 
there  came  from  the  kini^  to  Cortes  an  order,  dated 
June  20,  \5'2G,  to  despatch  an  expedition  to  the  relief 
of  Loaisa  at  the  Moluccas.  As  the  order  was  imj)era- 
tive  and  haste  essential,  the  idea  of  followiniif  the  coast 
round  to  India  had  to  be  given  up  temporarily,  and 
three  vessels  under  Alvaro  do  Saavedra  were  sent 
i'rom  Zacatula  October  31,  1527,  direct  to  the  East 
Indies,  where  one  of  them  arrived  safely  in  March 
1528,  the  others  being  lost."* 

Before  starting  across  the  Pacific,  Saavedra's  fleet 
made  a  trial  trij)  up  the  coast  to  the  port  of  Santiago 
in  Colima.  It  merits  notice  as  the  first  naviujation  of 
the  waters  above  Zacatula.  The  vessels  left  the  lat- 
ter port  on  Jul}'  14tli  and  reached  Santiago  the  24th. 
The  vovage  is  not  mentioned  in  the  rcijular  narra- 
tive  of  the  Molucca  expedition;  but  the  diary  of  one 
of  the  three  vessels  has  been  preserved,  containing 
moll"  geographical  details  than  can  be  utilized  here.^' 

])e't\ve'cn  the  date  of  the  letter  last  referred  to  and 

'■'-Tlio  orij,'iiial  (lociimcnts  on  this  voyage  are  to  be  found  in  X(t ram  tc, 
I'/fy'Li,  V.  17()-.Sl,  •22i-5.  See  also  Puclifro and  Cdrchmis,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  4S8; 
//t'r;rr«,  (lou.  iii.-iv. ;  ilomara,  1/ist.  Jhx.,  12S0-1. 

"('o/7r,i,  Curla.s  'iT2-ri,  4S!»-(K). 

"  A«mm'/.',  Col.  Vhtiji'x.,  v.  aVlU,  410-80.  See  also  fl!.<  .Vr.r.,  ii.  2.VS- 
0,  this  series.  The  port  from  vhicli  tins  expedition  sailed  is  called  Sigiiata- 
nejo  or  ('iliiiatlanejo,  in  the  province  of  Zacatula.  This  name  is  yiven  ou 
modern  maps  to  a  point  on  the  coast  a  few  luayues  south  of  the  Zacatiiia  Kivei'. 
It  is  hut  fair  to  state  that  Saavedra's  three  vessels  are  spoken  of  as  two  ikii-ku 
anil  a  hcri/diUln,  which  would  not  agree  in  class  witli  tliose  ori;_'ii;ally  hiiilt 
nt  Zacatula.  namely,  two  brigantines  and  two  caravels.  Yet  tliei-  ■  was  great 
want  (if  care  in  writing  these  terms.  It  may  also  ln^  'uiticed  that  if  the  two 
hriuantincs  Were  hurned,  the  two  caravels  with  (luevara's  vessel  may  have 
mad(!  up  Saavedra's  fleet  of  three  if  we  disregard  the  class.  In  n  later  docn- 
meiit.  Cnrta.f,  o4;?-4,  Cortes  say.s  this  e.xpeditiim  cost  him  over  !?()1),(M)0. 

^•' Saaro/rn,  lidac'ion  de  In  dirrotii  ipie  hizo  un  Ix-rijanliii  i/iir  imliii  d  l.'f  ile. 
JiiVio  ihl  (liio  l'iJ7  (III  piicrto  <!<•  Ziicntiila  in  Xiicra  L's/i(iH(i.j"i'i''ti»<iitc  ran  doa 
vario.f,  (i  hi.i  onh  nrndi'  Alvaro  Saamlrn  <  'trail,  dr.,  dr.,  qui'  i  lit  n't  rn  1 1  /iin  rto 
lie  Siiiifin,!,,  en  I'f  y  J,u'  dc  alliira.  In  Flurida,  <  'ol.  /'or.,  88  ))l.  The  follow- 
ing names  are  given:  Port  of  San  ('ristohal,  Cape  Motiii,  Port  Magdalena, 
aud  Tort  Santiago.     The  latter  port  near  Manzauillo  still  retains  the  uamo. 


linn 


i 


24 


CORTfiS  OX  THE  SOUTH  SEA  COASTS. 


liis  (lopai'turo  for  Sj)ain  early  in  1528,  Cortes  ordered 
the  construction  of  four  vessels  at  Teliuante[)ec  to 
replace  those  sent  away  under  Saavedra,  intending 
to  despatch  them  to  the  same  destination  hy  the 
northern  or  coast  route  and  thus  to  carry  out  his 
original  plan.  The  four  vessels  were  nearly  completed 
'.vlion  he  went  to  S[)ain,  and  a  tifth  was  subsequently 
built.*"  Their  fate  is  told  in  the  captain-general's  let- 
ter of  October  10,  1530.  As  soon  as  the  meml)ers  of 
the  audiencia  arrived  in  Mexico  they  arrested  the 
superintendent  left  in  charge  of  the  comi^letion  of 
the  ileet,  probably  Francisco  Maldonado,  took  away 
the  pueblos  through  the  services  of  whose  inhabitants 
the  work  M'as  being  done,  doubtless  under  the  system 
of  repartimientos,  and  thus  caused  the  work  to  bo 
abandoned.  The  I'igging  and  every  movable  thing 
were  stolen  and  the  hulks  lef  ^  to  decay.  The  AAork- 
men  passed  a  year  in  idleness,  and  the  hostile  oidores 
even  went  so  far  as  to  enforce  the  payment  of  tlieir 
waijcs  duriuLj  this  time  from  Cortes'  estate.""'  At  the 
time  of  writing  Cortes  tells  the  emperor  that  his 
workmen  are  scattered  and  the  vessels  nmch  damaged ; 
he  knows  not  if  the  work  can  be  resumed.  He  regrets 
the  loss  of  20,000  castellanos  in  this  enterprise  more 
than  all  his  other  losses  aggregating  over  200,000 
castellanos.  Yet  he  does  not  altogether  lose  courage, 
"^lay  the  Lord  grant  that  the  devil  ijo  longer  impede 
this  great  work,"  he  writes,  and  expresses  great  expec- 
tations from  the  coming  of  the  new  audiencia.-^ 
Despite  the  loss  of  his  five  vessels,  as  we  learn  from 

'"  It  is  stated  in  Dice.  Univ. ,  viii.  29,  that  Francisco  Maldonado  was  ordered 
to  build  tliL'so  vessels  to  reidace  those  burned  at  Zacatula,  which  cannot  bo 
con-i'ct  ill  any  view  of  tlic  matter. 

'•^'  'I'luic  was  something  to  be  said  on  tlie  other  side  in  these  tnmbles  of 
Corti'j  wiih  otiicr  authorities  as  may  be  seen  in  Ilisf.  Mvx.,  ii.,  this  series. 

'■"<CV)rA,s  Varlan,  GO.VO.  Also  letter  of  April  20,  15.32.  Id.,  oi:5-l4.  The 
nam<!  of  Cortes'  agent  having  been  Maldonado,  and  tlie  same  name  having  been 
connected  with  a  voyage  made,  or  claimed  to  have  been  made,  later,  sumo 
writers,  as  Koss  Brown,  L.  CaL,  14,  and  Oreenhow,  Or.  ami  Cat.,  4!),  havo 
confounded  the  two  dates,  and  speak  of  a  voyage  by  Maldonado  from  Zaca- 
tula nortlnvard  in  l.")28,  touching  at  Santiago  River,  l)nt  never  returning.  I 
know  of  no  founchvtion  for  such  a  statement.  Hernandez,  Gvoij.  li.  Cat.,  10- 
11,  tells  us  of  a  voyage  also  fron»  Zacatula  in  1524  in  two  \essels,  which 


DISCOURAGEMENT. 


s  ordered 
iitepee   to 
intending 
n  l)y  the 
y  out  liij^ 
ct)nii)leted 
)ScqUL"ntly 
leral's  let- 
icnibers  of 
fcsted  the 
iplctioii  of 
took  away 
nliabitants 
the  system 
,'()rk  to  be 
rable  thing 
The  work- 
tile  oidorcs 
„-nt  of  tlieir 
..2'     At  the 
,r  that  his 
.1  damaged; 
He  regrets 
Irprisc  more 
vY  200,000 
|)sc  courage, 
iger  impede 
>Teat  cxpec- 
Ineia.- 
leani  from 


nadowasovdcrcd 
rthich  cannot  bo 

I  these  troubles  of 
1  ,  ii.,  this  series. 

Jiaine  having  been 
Inaile,  hiter,  sunie 
\i(l  Cil.,  40,  have 
luado  fioni  Zaea- 
[ver  returning.     I 

Lo<i.  n.  Cat.,  10- 

Ivo'  \  essels,  which 


a  letter  of  April  20,  1532,  Cortes  at  once  went  to 
work  on  ibur  t)tliers,  two  of  which  were  built  at  Te- 
huaniij)t.'C  and  two  at  Acapulco;  but  his  personal  ene- 
mies were  determined  to  prevent  the  realization  <>("  his 
])lans.  In  the  woi'k  of  trans})orting  material  aii«l  tit- 
ling I'ut  the  vessels  at  Acapulco  he  em[)loyed  some  of 
jiis  Indian  vassals,  paying  them,  as  he  claims,  for  tlieir 
labor;  l)ut  certain  alguaciles,  instigated  by  those  high 
in  authority,  forbade  the  employment  of  tlie  natives. 
Coi-tes  had  seen  a  royal  onU'r  to  the  efi'ect  tliat  the 
audiencia  were  not  to  interfere  in  any  way  with  his 
expeditions  of  discovery,  and  now  he  was  much  dis- 
heartened. "  It  seems  that  neither  by  land  nor  by 
water  am  I  to  be  permitted  to  render  any  service;  and 
ilthey  had  tokl  me  so  before  I  had  expended  all  my 
estate  the  harm  would  have  been  less."^ 

Tluis  I  liave  brought  the  record  of  the  conquert)r's 
efforts  on  the  South  Sea  coast  doM'n  to  1531,  at  whicli 
time  tlie  coast  from  Panamd  to  Zacatula  liad  become 
Well  known  through  explorations  by  water.  One  tr-ip 
had  l)i'en  made  to  Colima;  while  land  exploration  had 
extended  that  knowledge  still  farther  northward  to 
the  region  of  the  j)resent  San  Blas.^°  Vessels  had 
been  built  at  three  different  [)oints;  communication  by 
water  between  the  Pacific  })orts  had  become  of  (piite 
connuon  occurrence;  and  voyages  had  been  made  be- 
tween New  Spain  and  the  true  India.  Four  vessels 
\\ere  now  on  the  stocks  at  Acapulco  and  Tehuante[)ec, 
and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  other  small  craft  were  under 
sail  or  at  anchor  on  the  coast.  In  a  subsequent  chap- 
ter, when  the  thread  of  Cortes'  explorations  shall  again 
])e  taken  up,  it  wdl  be  seen  that,  notwithstanding  his 
des})on(lent  mood  at  the  time  just  referred  to,  his  brave 
spirit  was  by  no  means  daunted."^ 

touched  at  Jalisco,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  or  California,  but  were  never  heard  of 
niorc.     S(in)L  believe  the  commander  to  have  been  Juan  Aniano! 

-'■'Cortin.  Caila^,  .'MS-H;  JS'cn-anrle,  Col.  JJoc,  iv.  17.">-7. 

'"Tliat  is,  leaving  out  of  the  account  Guznum's  expedition  described  in  the 
next  ihiipter. 

^'  Sec,  also,  references  to  Cort(5s'  earlier  eflbrts  in  Cavo,  Trex  Siijlox,  i.  18; 
J'ni/Ho,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoij.,  2da  (^p.  ii.  19fi-9;  Tuth'dVa  Hist.  CuL,  7. 


,?ll 


CHAPTER  II. 


'■•  I 


Ml 


"isVSO  DE  GUZMAX  IX  SIXALOA. 
1j30-1o31. 

Gczman'm  Plans  and  Motivks— A  Grand  Aumy— Xamks  of  Officers— 
MnsDER  OF  A  Kino — March  TiiuofGH  Michoacan  and  Jalisco—. 
(.'itoHsiNCi  THE  liio  Grande — Mayor  Ksi-aSa — At  O.mitlan  and  Aztat- 

LAN — Al'TIIORITIES — Ad%  /vNOK  TO  ClIAMETLA — MaI' — Ol'EZAI.A  I'ltOV- 
IXCE — I'lASTLA — ClOUATAN,  PROVINCE    OF  WoMEN — On    TO   ClUACAN  — 

Town  OF  Coi.oMiio — I><)CAL  Exru;RATi()NS— Samaniei;o  Reaches  tub 
Petati-an— Search  for  the  Seven  Cities— Loi'kz  Crosses  the  .Sierra 

TO  DURANGO — ForNDINO  OF  THE  V'lLLA  DE  8aN  MuHEL,  DE  ClTLIACAN  — 

Site  and  Transfers— List  of  Poiiladores — Gitz.man's  Ketirn  to 
Jalisco— Founding  of  Ciiametl,v — Xi'eva  Galicia — CoMrosTELA  the 
Cai'hal — Guzman  Governor — His  Downfall. 

The  first  exploration  of  the  far  north  was  destined 
to  bo  by  land  and  not  by  sea.  Wc  havo  seen  Niulo 
de.  Guzman  sent  to  Mexico  in  1528  from  Pilnueo  as 
president  of  the  audiencia  and  governor  of  New  Spain. 
The  year  during  which  he  held  these  positions  at  the 
capital,  like  every  other  year  of  his  New  Workl 
life,  was  one  of  dissensions.  By  the  end  of  1529  he 
had  made  himself  thoroughly  hated  by  nearly  all 
classes.  This  fact  did  not  troul)le  him  soriousl}';  but 
the  signs  of  the  times  portended  for  him  danger  and 
downfall.  Cortes,  his  foe,  but  lately  an  absent  crimi- 
nal on  trial  before  a  bitterly  hostile  tribunal,  was  now 
being  feted  in  Spain  as  a  mighty  conqueror.  His 
popularity  and  prospective  return  signified  for  Guz- 
man not  only  removal  from  office,  but  a  residencia, 
ex})osure  of  crimes,  persecution  by  foes  maddened 
with  long-continued  wrongs.  He  realized  that  ab- 
sence was  his  best  policy.     But  a  mere  running-away 

(26) 


PLANS  OF  CONQUEST. 


27 


from  present  «langcrs  \\i\h  l>y  no  moans  all  of  tlio 
cralty  hiwyer'.s  plan.  His  donarture  sliould  bo  with 
llyiiii;'  colors,  and  in  its  idtiinato  rosults  a  grand 
triumph.  Victory  was  to  bo  wrostod  from  tlu;  jaws 
of  (It  I'oi'.t  and  disgrace.  Cortos  owed  his  success  to 
his  having  won  a  new  kingd(jni  for  Charles:  (Juzman 
nii"'ht  also  triiuni)h;  might  atono  most  eflbctuiiliv  in 
loyal  I  yes  for  ])ast  offences,  humble  a  hated  rival,  aixl 
win  Inr  himself  wealth,  power,  and  fame  by  adding  to 
the  Spanish  domain  a  mightier  realm  than  had  yet 
been  conquered  in  the  Now  World.  Where  should 
he;  siek  for  such  a  field  of  conquest?  Nowhere 
assuredly  but  in  tho  north-western  land  of  mysteiy. 
(iuxiuan  was  well  acquainted  with  tho  geographical 
ideas  ,)t'  navigators  and  scholars  of  his  time,  ideas 
wliich  I  have  noticed  in  tho  preceding  chapter;  and 
tin  re  is  some  evidence  that  ho  had  thought  of  an 
expedition  to  tiio  north  oven  in  tho  days  of  his  high- 
est prosperity.^  Ho  had  just  presided  at  the  trial  of 
Coites,  and  from  tho  voluminous  testimony  oli'ered 
had  beconjo  familiar  with  tho  groat  captain's  schemes. 
He  now  I'esolved  to  make  those  schemes  his  own,  to 
e\((  ute  them  in  person,  and  to  reap  the  resulting 
benelits.  A  nobler  nature  might  have  hesitated  at 
taking  so  mean  an  advantau'O  of  his  rival's  absence: 
to  Guzman  such  an  advantage  but  briurhtened  his 
visions  01  success. 

Ifaving  once  determined  on  the  expedition,  Guz- 
man, in  view  of  the  expected  return  of  Cortes,  lost 
no  time  in  his  preparations;  nor  did  ho  neglect  any 
of  tho  advantages  aftbrded  by  his  liigli  position.  De- 
tails of  these  preparations,  however,  and  of  Guzman's 

'  It  is  also  saiil  thnt  Guzman  had  somi!  special  information  which  m.ido 
hiia  tho  more  sanguine.  An  Indian  in  his  scrvic  e  fi  oni  tlie  country  north  t<f 
I'aiiueo,  and  whose  fatlicr  had  visited  the  rt-iona  of  tho  far  north-western 
niterior,  tohl  of  rich  and  populous  towns,  (.'axtaiiti/a,  in  TiriiuHX-'oiiijuuin, 
(•  lie  i.  torn.  ix.  1-5,  rej'eated  in  iJuvls  El  Grhnjn,  .nS-!);  SrhvolviaiV.f  Ardi., 
\\\  'l-l;  JJoiiinich's  Difi.rLs,  i.  KiT-S,  and  other  modern  works.  Tiiis  seems 
to  liave  heen  the  beginning  of  tho  imports  respecting  tho  Seven  (.'ities,  so 
famous  a  little  later.  Whether  the  tales  were  founded  on  a  knowledge  of  tlio 
I'ueblo  towns  of  New  Mexico,  or  were  pure  inventions,  the  reader  can  judge 
perhaps  as  w  ell  as  I;  either  foundation  ia  perfectly  possible  and  satiafaetory. 


■I 


III 


n  I 


23  NU5fO  DE  GUZMAN  IX  SINALOA. 

inaix'h  tliroiigli  ^lichoacaii  and  Jalisco  Lave  already 
lioeii  presented.^  In  Deceinher  l;r2*J  he  inarched  I'roin 
the  cai)ital  at  the  head  of  five  hundred  Spanish  sol- 
diers and  ten  thousand  Aztec  and  Tlascaltec  allies, 
the  most  imposing  army  in  some  respects  that  had 
yet  followed  any  New  World  conqueror.  Pcralmindez 
( 'hiiiuos  and  Cristohal  do  Ohate  were  his  chief  cap- 
tains, and  Pedro  de  Guzman,  a  kinsman  of  the  presi- 
dent, bore  the  standard,  a  golden  virgin  f»n  sil\er 
cloth.  Forty  are  said  to  have  been  hidalgos  ot  yjniin, 
gentleman-adventurers,  exempt  fnjni  all  military  s^er- 
viee  tixcent  liijiitinu".''  The  native  warriors  were  dix'ked 
in  all  their  finery,  Aztecs  and  Tla.-iCaltecs  wing  with 
each  other  in  dis[)lay  as  the  army  marched  proudly 
from  the  capital. 

Tlu>  route  lay  through  Micli<;acan  and  down  cho 
Rio  Grande  de  licrma  to  the  region  of  the  modern 
(Guadalajara.  This  first  stage  of  the  advance  was  sig- 
nalized by  the  brutal  and  unprovoked  murder  of  King 
Tangaxoan  Caltzontzin,  after  he  had  been  forced  by 
torture  to  furnish  thousands  of  servants  for  the  no'.  'h- 
ern  expedition,  and  to  relinquish  all  the  little  wealth 
that  remained  to  him.  Later  [)rogrcss  was  in  ]:eep- 
ini*:  with  the  bloody  beLiinninn".  In  ]\[ay  LooO  the 
several  divisions  of  the  army  were  reunited  alter 
]iavin<jf  overrun  the  whole  of  what  is  now  southern 
and  (^astern  Jalisco.  Some  dc'taehments  se(jm  to  have 
penetrated  as  far  nor'thward  Uc   the  sites  of  Lagos, 

-  Soc  ///^7.  Mcc,  ii.  '2n;l-r>,  "H  otsci|.,  tin's  scrius. 

^  Tlio  ii^niiesdf  otiicors  niciiti"iic>il  iu  the  iliil'irciit  narratives  of  tlio  expedi- 
tion arc:  '.Fosu  Aiurulo,  Fr-'aieiseo  Arzeo,  liarrios.  <  ristolial  JIarrios,  Francisco 
JJarron,  lleniamlo  I'crcz  dc  15ocancgrn,  Dicgo  \'iizi(uez  dc  ]]iicndfa,  .liiai\  do 
liiu'gos,  Juan  del  Caniino,  Ilirnai;  (liiriiios.  Pedro  A.  (Iiiriiios,  C'listobal 
Flores,  Francisco  Flores,  H' riiando  Flores,  Xufio  do  Ouznian,  I'cdro  dc  '  !uz- 
man,  Jiuui  l'"crnundo  do  llfjar,  l\Iigael  (Ic  Iharra,  Lipan,  (lon/alo  Lopez, 
Francisco  do  la  Tdota,  Jiian  Sancliez  to  Otca,  Cristohal  do  Otancz,  Cri.sinlial 
do  Onate,  Juaii  do  Onate,  .Iiian  I'ascual,  (Jarcfa  del  I'ilar,  l>i(,io  Hernandez, 
I'roailo,  I.opo  di^  Samanicjro,  Hernando  Sarinicnto,  Juan  do  Sainano,  ("i-istiihal 
do  Tapia,  Torfpieniada,  I'lancisco  \'eitlugo,  Juan  do  Villall>a,  I'i'anci.sco  do 


Vilk 

tli 
Mei'o   Ml 


Villarool,  and  Za\as.    'J"' 


ly.  Frtjcti,  lliiil.  11 
\\\  tl 


Friars  J 


:,pl 


wo  ciiaplaiim  ain 


F 


laiicisc'in  started  witli 


uan  do 


I 'ad  1 11a  and  Andn's  de  ('(Vv'oh.i, 


10  army  ni 


Sinai  la,  and  llrotlur  ( Juli 


icvrez  liccaniv'  cura 


ill 


JJcaumont,  CrOn.  Jlich.,ui.  422-;J:   Tdlo,  llUt.  X.  Uul. 


AT  AZTATLAX. 


20 


already 
icd  fro  til 
uisli  St  li- 
ce aH'iL'S, 
that,  had 
ahnindcz 
hict'  cap- 
die  prL'si- 
ou  silver 
ot  Spuiiu, 
itary  !.<cr- 
re  d(;ckc(i 
ving  with 
1  proudlv- 

down  cho 
e  moderu 
0  was  sig- 
}r  of  King 
forced  by 
he  not.  ':h- 
Ic  Wealth 
in  keep- 
[030  the 
ted    after 
sonthern 
n  to  have 
)f  Lagos, 


|of  the  cxpcili- 

rios,  I'laticiseo 

lulia,  .liKin  tlo 

poa,  Ci'istubal 

\'ilro  lU'  <  !u/- 

{in/,  (Jrisinlial 
.)  }Ii  I'liaiidi'/, 
tino,  Ci'ist^ilial 
I'raiu'isro  do 
started  wilh 
L''S  (loCi'i  -lUiha 
V  Liira,  there. 


I 


A'^'uas  Calicntcs,  Zaoatccas,  and  Jerez.  Guzman's 
advance  was  niarlccd  everywhere  hy  complete  devasta- 
tion, and  few  pueblos  escaped  burning.  No  attention 
was  paid  to  the  rights  of  the  former  con<]uerors, 
Avalos  and  Francisco  Cortes,  but  the  policy  was  to 
make  it  n])])ear  that  the  countrj-  had  never  been  con- 
(|Uti-ed,  and  tliat  the  present  conquest  was  not  an  easy 
one;  therefore  such  Indians  as  were  not  hostile  at 
first,  were  soon  provoked  to  hostility,  tiu'i,  there 
might  he  an  excuse  for  plunder  and  dest'-nction  and 
carnage,  and  cspccialiy  for  making  slave.-s.  This  cha[)- 
ter  ()f  horrors  continued  to  the  end  of  the  expedition, 
but  outrages  were  considerably  less  frequent  and  ter- 
rilile  in  the  far  nortli  than  south  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
A  garrison  was  left  at  Tej)lc,  the  germ  of  the  later 
('(»!ii]>ostela.  and  on  May  29th  Guzman  crossed  the 
J\io  Tololotlan  into  unexplored" territory,  of  which  he 
toolc  formal  possession  under  the  name  of  Greater 
Spain,  a  title  designed  to  eclipse  that  of  New  Spain 
applied  to  the  conquest  of  Cortes.  Passing  on  up 
the  coast,  and  spending  forty  days  at  Omitlan,  on 
what  is  now  the  San  Pedro  Piver,  where  Guzman 
heard  of  Cortes'  arrival  and  the  downfall  of  the  first 
audiencia.  the  army  in  July  went  into  winter  quarters 
at  Aztatlan,  })robably  on  the  River  Acaponeta,''  where 
thev  remained  until  December,  suffering  terriblv  from 
flood  and  pestilence,  and  being  obliged  to  send  back 
to  Michoacan  for  supplies  and  for  Indians  to  fill  the 
pla -e  of  the  thousands  that  had  perished.^ 

*  Oi.  the  location  of  Oui't'nn,  see  flist.  Men.,  ii.  .ViS -0,  this  series.  I  find 
in  I'oiiOL,  I'ihuhin  Urcir.  Iviii.  ()'!-7-,  scjiii'j  additional  information  wIulIi 
(-.(.iijs  to  i.nt  the  doulit  as  to  Aztatlan  hctnecn  the  Acajioneta  and  tho  Htnani 
ni'.xt  souti  instead  of  the  one  next  nortli,  or  Cafias.  He  trave'kd  in  t!iij 
conutry  in  ')S'i,  and  says:  '  >Ialf  a  IciiLjue  beyond  San  Juan  Omitlan  vas  tho 
liio  San  !'■  Iro,  uhioli  used  to  run  fartlier  scjuth  past  (Jeuti])au  one  Icauuo 
finm  the  1!  ;•  Grande;  eiyht  leagues  beyond  tiie  San  I'edro  waa  the  Kio  Santa 
Ana,  after  ..s.sing  two  arroyos,  and  two  leagues  fartlier  waa  the  Acaponeta 
Kiver  and,,  leblo.  Between  the  two  rivers,  or  on  the  Sta  Ana  (not  (|uitG 
eleart,  was  .  .  n  Felipe  Aztatlan.' 

^  The  leading  authoiities  on  Gu.^man's  expedition  are  as  follows:  Cnznian, 
H'ku-iim;  hi.,  Ihlalionc;  Iil.,  J?(lucio>icH  Aii6nimnii  (Ira,  Ja,,;ra,  ^ta)  ■  J,l,^ 
1  iifonnac'iou  aohri'  /o-'  Acoiitfchhicn/os  dc  la  Oiietnt.  In  Paclu'co  and  CdrdiiKin, 
tvl.  Doc,  xvi,  303-7 j;  Loj/c~,  Ilducioii;  Pilar,  Iklacion;  Sdimuio,  Iklacluu; 


\i 


30 


IsVSO  DE  GUZMAX  IN  SINALOA. 


!  II 


F(M'CC'(1  to  leave  Aztatlan  lest  his  whole  army  slioiild 
peiish,  for  men  were  dyiiii;  every  day,  (juzmaii  ^-ent 
an  ex])loring  ibree  under  Loi)e  de  Samaniego,  who 
Itronght  batk  a  favorable  re})ort  of  a  ])lace  called 
Chanictla  where  the  natives  were  frienclly  and  had 
I'urnished  a  supply  of  Ibod  for  the  army.  This  was 
the  iirst  entry,  November  1530,  of  Europeans  into  the 
territoiy  since  called  Sinaloa,  the  lirst  crossing  of  the 
line  w])ich  marks  tlie  teri'itoi'ial  limits  of  this  volume. 
Alter  Samaniego's  return  I'ihir  was  sent  southward 
in  search  of  Lojx'z,  who  had  h)ng  been  expected  with 
supplies.  Tlien  ^"erdugo  and  I'roaho  were  sent  ibr- 
ward  to  make  preparations;  and  in  a  lew  weeks  (uiz- 
man  advanced  with  the  main  army,  leaving  C'rist()l)al 
de  Ohato  at  Aztatlan  with  a  few  men.  Lopez  and 
IMlar  soon  came  uj>  i'rom  Jalisco  with  reenfoi'cenients 
and  stores,  and  all  proceeded  northward  to  join  the 
governor. 

The  province  and  town  of  Chametla  Mere  on  the 
river  next  aliove  that  now  known  as  the  Cahas,  the 
boundar}'  of  the  juesent  Sinaloa.  The  river  still  re- 
tains the  name  of  Chametla,  and  an  anchorage  at  its 
mouth  long  bore  the  same  name."    It  is  the  region  of 

Cdi'ranzi,  Rdar'ton  sohrr  la  Joyiirifhi  qnv  hir.n  Xiiiin  dr  Ouzmnn.  In  I'dr/KfosxivX 
i'('ird(')<ri.<,  I'ul.  j)or.,  .\i\ .  ;{-*7- T.).  Tln'  ])ri'(.r(lii;;,' arc  r.iiirntivos  of  l;ll■ll^^llo 
tciiik  jiart  iicrsdiially  in  tlio  cxjiudititin.  The  most  ini]iortaiit  jifncnil  i\  I'm  iiii's 
lire  Oricdo,  iii.  Titil-TT;  .llcrrtra,  drc.  iv.  lili.  vii.  cap.  viii. ;  lili.  viii.  cap.  i.  ii.; 
lil).  ix.  cap.  ix.-xii. ;  B< (intiiviil,  ('run.  Mich.,  iii.  "Jdd  7,  H.VJ— J'J'J;  Mala  J'lt- 
t/ilhi,  Cvii'/.  X.  (,'al..  'J.'i-Od;  T<lln,  lll<l.  A'.  (Ud.;  l-'ii,h^,  Jli->l.  J'.n  r, ,  11  (IS, 
IIS-'JI.  For  adilitioiial  iiifoniialinu  al"»it  tlicsu  autlioritic:*,  and  I'nr  li.^t  of 
in:uiy  more,  kcc  llisl.  Mt.v.,  ii.  :i7.'>-t,  tliis  sirir-i. 

''  li^,nili^lillt'^^  ni:i]i  aii(i  .some  otlicrn,  liowcvcr,  locate  the  ]iort  of  CI  i;u  net  la 
at  tlie  niovitli  of  the  t'afias.  In  locating,'  river.s  ami  towns  vi;  iti'd  liy<';nly 
oxplorirs  on  tins  ]iart  of  tlie  coast,  I  Iiuve  in  every  case  cart  fully  comiiarc  il 
the  statements  of  the  orii.'inal  authorities  with  the  Ix'st  moi.Icrn  niajis.  'Jho 
icRult  in  nearly  every  instance  is  satisfactory,  allliouL'h  I  have  not  the  sj  aeo 
to  lay  1h  fore  the  reader  the  steps  liy  which  it  has  been  reached,  and  altlioUL;h 
it  Would  I)e  easy  in  most  eases  to  lind  statements  in  some  docununt  not  eon- 
Bistert  uith  my  conclusion.  The  oiiLrinal  chroniclers  often  wrote  from  iiicni- 
my  after  a  lapse  of  time,  and  were  eardess  and  conti'adietory  in  their 
f-tatements  (if  time  and  distance.  'J'lie  expedition  halted  nsually^it  si'\eial 
towns  in  a  province  and  tin' army  was  often  divided  alon^'  the  route;  Iiemo 
ea<h  writei-  in  I'stimatinLT  distances  lietwccn  two  provinces  hasi  s  his  cstimato 
on  a  dill'erent  puelilo.  Morio\er  noac<'o\ilit  was  taken  of  the  several  hranrhis 
of  a  stream  or  of  se\eral  cros>in!rs  of  tlu^  same  stream.  It  was  always  'nn  rio' 
unil  'utro  rio.'    The  maps  yf  the  sixteenth  and  bcventeeutli  centuries  wiih 


rnovixcK  of  citamktla. 


31 


ly  should 
man  ^-l'ut 
ico-o,  ^^■ho 
cu   callcu 

and  luul 
This  uas 
s  into  tho 
ing  of  tho 
is  vohiiue. 
;out]i\var(l 
lotuJ  Nvitli 

sent  I'or- 
eeks  (iiiz- 

Crist(')hal 
,,o|ic'/>  and 
"ui'i-cnKnt.s 
o  join  the 

arc  on  tho 

'anas,  the 

V  still   IV- 

aLi'o  at  its 

re 'ion  of 

o 

llll  I'arfiirnaud 

jcs  (if  null  ^\llo 

r:il  i\ I'l'Vi'iui'.s 

K  iii.  ciip.  i.    ii. ; 

•J-J;  M<th>  Pa- 

j;,;ri,  -M-CkS, 

luul  I'di"  li^^t  (if 

rt  cf  Cluunctla 

itcd  liy  cnily 

liilly  c()iiH';n(  d 

111  ina]is.     'J  lio 

llldt   lllC    SjilCl! 

iilid  ;illli(iii,i;h 
lliulit  in  it  (.lUl- 
\Av-  fvfiiu  UlClll- 

■tdiy  ill  i\w\v 
llySit  !<cv(.t;iI 
niutc;  luiuu 
his  cstiiiKito 
1  cral  liiiiuclic'S 
[Iwiiys  '1111  lio' 
k'nliuii,s  s^ilh 


tho  lui'scnt  Rosario.  Tho  natives,  ]ios])Itahlo  from 
tho  lirsl.  had  sent  hack  food  for  the  famishinn-  army, 
and  had  I'uriiisliod  a  thousand  oari'iors  t(»  hiini;-  their 
hiii'^an'o  from  the  southern  cam]);  hut  they  wore  u\\- 


M.w  111'  (Uz.man's  lArr.nirioN.   l."i:!l. 

used  to  sueh  lahoi',  and  their  tcmjiorary  masters  inca- 
pahlo  of  lenieney  oven  to  V(»lunt;iry  si-rvauts;  thorefoi'o 

many  df  tlic  ('{.idiU-ciith,  kouio  2'>  ur  'M  oi  wliiili  ai-f  hcfori'  inc,  aid  luit  littlo 
in  tii(^  task,  siiii'u  tluy  wen-  tvidciitly  inadt'  fldlii  .suliie  of  the  ddiiiiiiciits  \\i: 
arc  ((inside  iiii;_',  and  consist  fdf  tlu!  most  jiart  of  a  sorics  of  jimalicl  iiv(  rs 
iininiiiL.'  into  tlioscn  in  ttic  onkr  nu'iitioiicd,  tiicir  iiiiinln-r  lioinL;  miu  li  )^rcat(  r 
tlian  lli.(t  of  tlic  streams  actually  I'xistinu'.  'i'akinu'  into  coiisidciatioii  tlii^u 
soiiiccs  df  coiii'usioii.  toL'ctlur  witii  llic  iiii|iciti(tidii  (if  the  licst  niddcrii  iiiajis, 
I  ilcciii  it  rciiiaiiialilc  that  (iii/iiian's  route  can  he  so  satisfactorily  locatc(.l, 
and  that  writers  liavu  bc(.iieo  uukIi  jh  i[iK\cd  and  disaj^rccd  so  widely. 


NU^O  DE  GUZMAN  IN  SINALOA. 


;   i 


tlio  carriers  ran  awav.  Tlie  native  diief-^,  nKireovor, 
became  impatient  at  the  prospect  tliat  the  8])aiiianl.s 
Mould  remain  in  their  j)r()viiice  as  Ioiilj;'  as  they  had 
in  Aztatlan.  Lopez  soon  arrived,  as  we  liave  seen, 
irom  the  south  witli  warriors,  carriers,  slaves,  and 
lio^s;  the  carriers  from  ]\[ichoacan  were  distiihuted 
amoUL;'  tlie  Spaniards,  and  the  slaves  from  Jalisco  sold 
at  one  dollar  a  head. 

Guzman  was  again  master  of  the  situation,  now  that 
jn's  army  was  restored  to  something  like  its  original 
strength;  and  finally  it  was  easy  to  pi'ovoke  acts  of 
hostility  sufHcient  to  afloi'd  the  slight  color  of  justifi- 
cation re(|uired  for  robbing  and  burning.  Yet  the 
work  was  much  less  complete  in  Sinaloa  than  in  north- 
ern Jalisco,  and  several  caciques  kept  up  their  fri(;ndly 
relations,  furnished  guides,  and  opened  roads  for  the 
northern  advance  undertaken  late  in  January  la.')!, 
after  a  stay  at  Chanietla  of  about  a  month.''  The  IGtli 
of  January  Guzman  had  written  to  the  king  announc- 
iuiX  his  intention  to  start  within  e'vAit  days  for  the 
'province  of  Monicn'  said  to  be  not  far  distant.  If  not 
prevented  by  excessive  cold  ho  would  continue  his 
march  to  latitude  40',  believing  Chanietla  to  be  in 
20";  then  he  would  turn  inland  and  cross  to  the  other 
sea.  lie  had  heard  of  tive  vessels  which  sailed  up 
this  coast  four  or  five  years  ago,  and  suspects  they 
belouijed  to  Sebastian  Cabot's  East  Indian  fleet." 

A  march  of  four  or  five  days  brouglit  the  army  to 
a  proN  ince  of  Quezala  seven  or  eight  leagues  beyond 


'From  20  days  to  two  mnntlig  acconliiig  to  difForent  narratives.  Accnrd- 
int;  to  TolU),  //i^t..  A'.  (.'«/.,  .'t.')]-.'),  im  army  of  natives  hL'twocn  A/,tatliiii  and 
( 'liaiii'.'tla  niatl(;  ii  show  of  nsistaiu'c  niiTcly,  as  tlicy  exjilaiiicd  later,  to  see 
till' Miii;' deer,' or  horses  run.  This  author,  folknved  by  Naviirrete,  iL'Uores 
all  resistance  of  the  natives  of  Sinaloa  and  also  for  the  most  part  all  outra{,'es 
e<iinniitted  on  thcni.  His  narrative  is  largely  Idled  W'th  a  description  of  re- 
eeption  ceremonies  at  each  pueblo.  No  hens  were  found  north  of  (,'haiiietla. 
llir.iinui,  !<'"  ltd.  Anon.,  "J.SS-l);  Lnpiz,  liiL,  444.  The  start  was  about  Jan. 
'J4th.  accordin;,'  to  (Juzman's  letter. 

''.Jan.  ](>,  1.")I{1,  (iuzman  to  kiiij,',  in  Prtchcco  nnd  CanlcnnK,  Col.  J)nr.,  xiv. 
40S-14.  The  letter  is  eliielly  Idled  with  eonipbunts  of  tlie  May  he  i<  bring 
titareii  by  the  nutnorities  in  .Mexico,  niid  charges  against  Cciti's.  He  has 
disi'oxcred  three  large  i.slands  nanii'd  (^meepcinn.  Another  letter  of  Jan.  loth, 
/(/.,  .\iv.  400-S,  is  to  the  Consejo  de  Indiaa  oil  Icyal  matters. 


^' 


Qn:ZALA  AND  TIASTLA. 


33 


lorcovcr, 
)|)aniar(l.s 
they  had 
ivc  soeii, 
ives,  and 
sti'il)uted 
ll.sco  sold 

no\v  that 
i  oi'ininal 
:e  acts  of 
of  jiistiti- 
Yct    tlie 
ill  north- 
r  iVic'iHlly 
Is  for  the 
ary  l.').")!, 
The  Kith 
;  auiiouiu'- 
p  for  the 
t.     If  not 
inuo  hirf 
to  be  ill 
he  other 
sailed  up 
eets  they 
eet.» 
army  to 
s  beyond 

ics.  Acconl- 
A/.tatlaii  anil 
later,  to  sen 
nvte,  iLTiKires 
rt  all  <)Uti'aj,'es 
riptidii  (if  re- 
of  Cliaiiietlu. 
aa  ul)out  Jan. 

'^'ol.  Dor.,  xiv. 
y  he  ]^  lieing 
I'tes.  Ife  has 
•of  Jan.  loth, 


( 'hamefla  on  a  smaller  stream.  It  was  apparently 
llie  ret^ion  about  the  modern  ]\[azatlan."  The  jx'ople 
v.ero  (lillerent  in  lanijfuao-e,  dwellino-s,  and  in  other 
](S|)ects  iVom  those  met  larther  south,  but  they  made 
little  or  no  oj^position,  thou^'h  Iferrera  says  several 
towns  were  destroyed.  The  eountiy  l)efore  them  was 
liarren,  mountainous,  or  obstructed  by  laq'oons,  and 
(Xploi'ers  were  sent  forward  from  each  haltiin;--pl;ice. 
'i'lie  army  moved  on  from  Frijolar,  the  lt!st  C()uezahi 
^  illa^-e,  in  tlie  first  week  of  February.'" 

Piastla  was  the  next  province,  ten  or  twelve  leac,nies 
farther  up  the  coast  on  a  river  that  still  retains  the 
n;ime.  The  inhabitants  were  hostile  and  scverid  en- 
(•"Unters  occurred  with  the  uniform  result  tliat  the 
natives  were  defeated  and  their  tt)wns  destrovi'd.  The 
auxiliaries  hero  became  clamorous  to  return  home; 
SI  \i'ial  Mere  hanged  and  one  burned  in  the  attem})t  to 
(jUell  iiisiil)or(lii)ation.  One  squadron  escaped  but 
\\riv  killed  by  the  natives  in  attempting;'  to  reach 
Jalisco,  except  one  man  who  returned  to  camp  to  tell 
the  stoiv.'^  Here  the  houses  for  purposes  of  defence 
vcre  built  round  interior  courts;  horrid  massifs  of 
snakes  with  intercoiled  bodies  and  ])rotrudin!;'  heads 
lav  in  the  dark  cornel's  of  the  (hvellinus,  where  they 
vere  tamed,  venerated,  and  finally  eaten;  and  it  was 
noted  that  the  women  were  more  comely  here  than 
elsewhere.  Ash  Wednesday,  February  2\ld,  was 
jiasscd  at  Bayla  village,  and  about  the  first  of  March 
the  army  moved  on. 

Ciguatan,  "[)lace  of  women,"  was  a  province  of  eight 

■'Ca/ala,  Cnliimra  or  roli)ia,  Quczala,  ami  Vrijolar,  or  Frijolos— tlio  latter 
pn  named  from  tlie  abundance  of  beans — \vi  ro  the  ranehcri'as  juissed,  none  of 
w  I lich  names  .seem  to  have  been  retained  I'uimos  is  also  named  liy  J.,oi>o/. 
J,'-  Iricinii,  440. 

'"Three  Siianijirds  died  at  Culip.ara  and  two  at  Qnczjila.  Two  Spanish  ofli- 
eer.s  were  deiiiaded  in  rank  here  for  an  attcni])*-  to  desert.  (Ikziikih,  .''"  /I'l  >., 
.liidn.,  44!);  I'i/ar,  Itdacton,  'jriS;  Guzman,  4'"  lid.  Anon.,  474j  Sdiitano,  Ihl., 
'J^'J. 

"The  Piastla  towns  iw  the  order  visited  wore;  Piastln,  Poeliotla,  T.a  Sal, 
];.iyl;i,  and  Kineonada;  Hmt  Sam.tniogo.  sent  to  ex]  lore,  found  iiotli  banks  of 
tlie  river  lined  MJth  [)n«i>lo8  down  to  the  sea.     La  Sal,  so  named  fioni  heaps 
ol  salt  found  there,  whs  iirolwMy  on  the  northern  branch  of  the  vucr. 
lllii.  N.  Mlx.  81AIW.  Vol.  X.    i 


i 


III!! 


94 


NU5rO  I)E  GUZMAX  IX  SIXALOA. 


]»nol)lns  oil  a  lixcr  of  tlu;  same  iiaine,  also  ralli-d   in 
Spanish  IJio  dc  las  ]\rug(:res,  and  apjiarciitly  to   l>c 
idcntiiled  u  itli  \\\c  stream  now  known  as  l\io  dc  San 
Lorenzo.      "J'lie  name  Quila  used  in  tlie  narratncs  is 
still  ai)])lied  to  a  town  on  that  rivor.      The  rich  and 
)n_y8terious  isles  ot"  the  Ama/ons  had  been  I'lom  tin- 
iirst  one  of  the  stronij^est  incentives  to  north-western 
exploration  in  the  minds  ot'lwth  Cortes  and  (iJnzmaii. 
"^rhe  eosmoej'rapher  by  his  vagai'ies  had  I'nrnished  the 
romancer  with  snlTicieiit  foundation  for  tlu>  table;   the 
tales  of  natives  from  the  iirst  conquest  of  !Michoacan 
liad  seemed  to  su))])ort  it;  and  as  Guzman  ])roeeeded 
northward   and  di'ew   nearer  to   Cigyiatau   his   lio|)es 
vcre  u'l'eatlv  excited.      Natives  ah)n'jf  the  route  weie 
willinj.'  to  crratify  the  Sjiaisish  desire  for  the  mar\-el- 
lous,  or   perhaps  the  inti'rpri'tei's'   zeal   outran  their 
lino'iiistic  skill;  the  women  of  Ci^uatan  wre  repre- 
sented as  liviiii;'  alone  except  durini^^  four  months  if 
the  yeai',  when  younu^  men  iVoni  the  adjoining'  ]iro\- 
inces    were    invited    to    till    their  tields   by  day   and 
rewarded  with   their  caresses  at  nij^ht.      l)oy  babies 
were  killinl  or  sent  to  their  fathers;  oiils  were  allowe<l 
to  i^row  up.     These  details  with  some  variations  are 
re[»eated   by  each   wri'-er  as  having  been  told   before 
they  arrived,  and  as  roiToboratcd  more  or  less  eom- 
]tletely  l»y   what    th(>y   saw  anil  heard   at   Ci^uatan, 
where  they  found  many  women  and  few  men.      Ihit, 
as  several  of  them  admit,  it  v\a.>  soon  discovered  that 
the  men  had  either  lied  to  avoid  the  Spaniards  or  to 
makc^  ])reparations  for'  an  attack.''     The  Ama/.on  bub- 
bh'  had  burst;  but  the  soldi(!rs  were  by  no  means  in- 
clined to  forget  the  marvels  on  which  their  imagii^a- 

m 

'-Lopez,  /?('  irV  s;iya  only  tlircc  iniilos  .'ukI  I.n00^volnon  woro  foiiml  in 
one  town.  Ariiiiciitii,  Ajiiniti'!*  jxirn  hi  l/iy><>riii  tir  Siiiiilixi.  smvs:  '  Kstos 
]iiic)ilos  so  liiilhiliim  on  la  opooa  liuhitados  |)or  nniiroros  sola.s,  on  omn|iliiiiionto 
ilo  un  voto  roliLT'oso  quo  las  ohlimi  A  vivir  soparadas  do  los  lioinlucs  |"ir  \iii 
jiriiodo  do  '.20  iifios  Axtooas.'  ] fo  calls  tlio  .\nia/on  tovns  Almya  and  iliuiipa 
at  tlio  iiasoof  tlio  'I'aouoliamona  rani;o.  on  tlio  othoi-  sicio  of  whioli  was  l,>nf,  .li.i, 
onnfoundod  with  tlio  Liter  jiiid  more  uortliorn  t'osahl.  Ho  also  dosciilns  th'' 
VI  I'ljition  at  iNavito  liy  (iO.ddd  niitivos.  Tiiis  narrativo,  wiittoii  for  a  Siiuilnii, 
iiowsjiapor,  sounis  to  lie  mainly  tiikon  from  ToUo's  work. 


CIC;UATAX  AND  CULIACAN". 


35 


I  ouIUmI  ill 
itly  to  l»o 
{io  (It!  S;iu 
irnitivt's  is 
10  v'uAi  aixl 

II  (Vom  tlu! 
•Ill -western 
(I  (Juzinjiii. 
■nislied  tlif 
^fal.le;  the 
]\Iichoaoau 
I  ]ir()C'ee(le(l 
i  his  lu>pi'^ 

route  wri'o 
the  iiiarxrl- 
lutraii  tlu'ir 
\\i-\v  repre- 
c  months  (  t 
nninn"  |>ro\  - 
hy  (l.'iy    iinil 
]>o\'  l)ahics 
■re  alloNVftl 
•iniions  arc 
old   l)et'ore 
less  e«iiii- 
Ciguataii, 
men.      Ihit, 
)vere(l  thar 
iiinrds  or  to 
ma/on  huh- 
o  means  m- 

•ir  ima;4'ii'a- 

# 

rn  wore  fouiul  m 
cu  L'\iiiipliiiiionti> 

llnnilil'i'S  |"'l'  11" 
liny;i  Mini  Uiiinliii. 
iicli\vii«  (.tuc.iiii. 
ilso  (k'soiil'is  til'' 
tou  for  a  iSiiuili'a 


tions  had  so  lonq-  feasted;  tliey  eontinued  to  talk  lon-^^ 
id'ter  thi'V  returned  to  jMexico  of  the  wonderful  City 
of  \\'oni(  11.''' 

About  tlio  middle  of  Mareh  Cu/man  left  C'inuatau, 
w  here  a  eoiispiraey  of  the  Spaniards  had  Ix-eii  re\'eaK'd 
niul  the  ringleader  hano'ed,  and  ])assino-  (^)uii:i,  A(pii- 
niola,  or  (Juiniola,  and  Las  Flechas,  passed  on  to  the 
south(M'ii  hi'aneh  of  the  river  next  noi'thward  tliat 
now  known  as  the  ]\io  Tama/ula,  arriviiie'  at  a  town 
called  Cuatro  ]]arrios,^'  Thenee  the  army  marched 
down  the  river,  crossing  at  Leon  and  passill^•  I  luniaya, 
a  name  still  applied  to  tho  'i-n'thern  branch  of  the 
river,  until  they  reached  C'olopiho,  which  sei'ins  to 
have  been  one  of  the  largest  towns  iu  the  ( 'uliac;in 
])r()vinee,  and  was  perhaps  not  far  from  the  junctiou 
of  the  two  rivers  or  the  modern  site  of  Cnliacan. 
The  inhabitants  had  tied,  but  wi're  jiiirsued  and  de- 
feated, lirst  l)y  Samaniego  and  then  by  Gu/man,  \\  ho 
took  many  ca|)ti\'es,  including  a  brother  of  tli(>  ])i  •- 
vincial  ruler.-'"  Colombo  was  the  head-quarters  of  the 
army  dniing  the  stay  of  seven  months,  and  but  little 
is  sni.l  of"  the  town  of  Cnliacan,  which  seems  to  ha\t' 
been  a  little  farther  down  the  liver. 

f'lom  Colombo  the  Spaniards  marclu'd  down  the 
I'ivei'  nearly  to  the  sea,  ])assing  many  native  (owns; 
but.  fiiuhng  no  satisfactory  pro>[)ect  of  farther  advanct^ 
north-westward  by  the  coast,  they  returned,  and  after 
some  ;id(htional  explorations  meagrely  and  eoufusedly 
described,  (  elebrated  holy  week,  I'd  to  iitb  of  A])ril,at 
Colombo.  ^\ ft er  caster,  Lopez,  the  niaestie  tie  campo, 
was  sent  to  ex[»lore,  'by  another  wax ,   perhaps  u|)  the 

"  Ovi(  iln,  iii.  ."iTCi-T,  In-iinl  tlii-so  tiili's  from  tlic  sulilicis  in  >Fc\i(();  Imt 
inoi'tiii;,' <;ii/,liiiiii  later  in  Sjiaiii  was  tnld  the  tiutli.  This  aiithcir  s^.-iys  tilt! 
chii't'  |Jii''hlo  was  a  wcll-liiiiit  town  i.t  (i,(IIM)  lioiiS'S.  llr  alsd  iiaiiics  ()r(ici>m;iy 
as  anc  tluT  Aiiia/on  imeMo.  JItrrera,  (Uc.  iii.  lili.  viii.  ca|i.  iii.,  eall.s  tiie 
town  Zapuatan. 

"  Ainiicnta,  Jjniiifi'',  speaks  of  Cuatro  .I5arrii>s  a-!  miw  <a!liil  j'.arrio  v 
-Moras.  Jie  also  sjuaks  of  ;i  .spot  on  tliu  w.iy  thither  ^t'll  lal'.eil  N'i/A.iani  lor 
a  n.'itivo  of  \'i/eav,i,  who  ilietl  there. 

•'Lopi'/,  /,',/(  .  11),  4.1.(;-S,  implies  that,  military  "piratiims  in  thi.s  pait  of 
the  exjiedifion  were  chielly  under  L'ristohal  .Ic  Oiial'.  and  hiniseh.  Jle  t,'ives 
liiany  detaii.s. 


■lil  .i 


II. 


ii:i 


86  NL-5:()  DE  f.TZMAX  IX  i^lNALOA. 

liio  Humayn^'"'  to  a  vi11ji'4"e  of  Cinco  ]^rtrrios,  wliitlier 
(jriizinuii  inarched  .uid  \valt(vl  twi'uty  days,  while  Jjoj)ez 
jiciictratctl  some  iil'teiMi  leagues  northward  into  the 
mountains;  hut  no  i'urther  pass  heing  Ibund  all  re- 
turned again  to  Ctdiacan.  Samaniego  was  sent  again 
to  uttemi)t  the  coast  i"oute,  and  succeeded  without 
much  ditHculty  in  reaching  the  Rio  do  Petatlan — so 
called  iVom  the  jx-fafcs,  or  mats,  Avith  which  th(^  natives 
covered  their  dwellings — now  the  llio  <le  Sinaloa. 
]->ut  he  found  no  largo  towns  or  rich  provinces,  (jnly  a 
com|>aiati\ cly  harren  tract  inhahited  by  a  rude  people, 
and  returned  to  join  his  commander. 

.Vs  a  uiatter  of  fact  the  country  north  of  Cullacan 
was  hy  no  means  im])assahle;  nor  were  the  diHiculties 
iiuich  greater  than  had  already  been  overcome;  but 
nftei'  tile  disa};[iointment  respecting  the  Auia/on  coun- 
ti'V,  of  which  so  mudi  had  been  expected,  The  north- 
west had  no  charms  that  could  I'ekindle  the  hopes 
oi'  (lu/man  and  his  men.  Two  destinations  had  been 
talked  of  when  the  exj)e(litiou  leit  ^lexico,  tins  Ama- 
zon isles  an<l  the  Seven  Cities.  L>isa[)pointed  in  his 
search  lor  the  foi'mer,  Guzman  now  determined  to 
si'ck  the  latter  by  crossi'i^-  the  sierra  eastward.  Dur- 
ing  Samaniego's  absence  two  exjtloring  parties  had 
been  scMit  out,  and  one  of  them  had  Ibund  a  pass.  lu 
JNIay  the  army  set  forth,  and  marched  some  twenty- 
iive  leagues,  much  of  the  way  uj)  the  ]\[ugeres  liiver, 
the  hea(hvaters  of  which  they  also  crossed  far  up  in 
the  mountains  latei',  to  a  town  of  ( Juamochiles.  Lo- 
]H>z  was  sent  forward,  and  after  twenty  days  sent 
l)ack  a  message  that  ho  had  crossed  all  the  sierras, 
jiad  reached  a  town,  and  was  about  to  start  for  a 
laige  jti'ovince  thi'ce  days  rli^taiit.  (luzman  aL  i.>nvc 
despatched  C^i])tain  Samano  to  joiu  the  maestro,  aiid 
soon  started  himself,  although  so  ill  that  he  had  to  be 


'III  lil  ['I 
III  ill 


ii 

iM 


illlM^'il!' 


Il!ll:i! 


'"But  pnssilily  the  Taniazuhi.  Tlie  \v.ny  in  wluoh  tlm  iiiirrators  spcnk  of 
'11  vivi>r.'  'till!  liver,'  'iiiKitlu'i'  livfi','  llio  dc  Mugcius,  liio  dv  1'asiua.  etc., 
is  siniiily  rxiispd'atinn;.  S^iniaiKi,  liowove.',  Ihldrioii,  '2>.",  ^ay.-*  tin'  cxiilnra- 
■tiiiii  was  tip  a  liver  llowiiii,'  into  that  of  Culiatau;  ami  Lojjcz,  lldadun,  -AdU-iJ, 
also  ineutious  u  juiKtion  ol  streams. 


iilLui*, 


ACROSS  THE  SIERRA. 


37 


;,  wliitlier 
lilc  Lopez 
.  into  tlio 
11(1  all  IV- 
■^I'lit  ac^aiii 
1  \vitliout 
tatlan— so 
lio  natives 
0  Sinaloa. 
CCS,  only  a 
ulc  l)CO[)lc, 

f  Ciiliacan 

tlirticultics 
x'onio;  but 
lazon  conn- 
tiic  noi'tli- 
thc  hopes 
IS  had  hccll 
,  the  A  ma- 
lted  iu  his 
'imincd  to 
aid.    Dur- 
iarties  had 
I  pass.     Ill 
u"  iwonty- 
[crcs  liiver, 
I  I'ar  up  ill 
hiles.     Lo- 
davs  sent 
he  sierras, 
tiirt  lor  a 
111   at   once 
aestre,  and 
had  to  bo 

Iratoi's  spcnk  of 
le  rascim.  etc., 
■ys  till'  cxiilma- 


carried  in  a  litter.  For  many  days  the  S|ianiards  and 
allies  pursued  their  toilsome  way  over  dilllcult  moun- 
tain jiasscs.  forty  leagues  in  all,  as  (jlarcia  del  l*ilar 
estimates  it,  and  wlii'ii  almost  across  the  ran^e  met 
Lopt'Z  rt'turniiiiL;'  with  the  report  that  a  march  of 
,.«  sevi'iitv  leagues  across  the  jilains  had  led  to  nothing. 

'fl|  Tlu;  country  alforded  no  supplies,  and  to  advam-e  was 

^  sure  destruction.      Slowly  and  desj)ondently  (jiuzman 

retraced  his  steps,  with  great  hartlships  and  losses, 
cs[)ccially  of  horses,  to  Culiacan,  or  Colombo,  wher(! 
he  arrive<l  on  Santiago  day,  or  July  i!5th.  J^xactly 
what  ngions  Lopez  had  explored  it  is  iin[)0ssil,)l(!  to 
sav,  since  no  })oints  of  the  conqiass  are  given  and  the 
distances  arc  evidently  much  exaggeratiMJ.  In  a  gen- 
eral way  we  may  sup[)ose  that  ho  asceiaU'd  the  Tania- 
zula,  crosse<l  the  sources  of  the  ^Slugeres,  or  San 
Jjorcnzo,  reached  a  branch  of  the  liio  Xazas,  and 
advanced  nearly  to  the  eastern  limit  of  Central  Du- 
ra iigo.'^ 

I]ack  in  Culiacan  Guzman  occu]Med  himself  with 
the  foundation  (;f  the  Villa  de  San  ^liguel,  also  send- 
^         ing  out  several  minor  expeditions  in  diiferent  direc- 
tions to  kee]^   the  nati\'es  in  subjection  and  obtain 
5  sup])lies.^^     Captain  Diego  de  Proaho  was  made  al- 

*'  Lnjicz,  nd'taov,  4.M-G0,  gives  a  somewhat  ilctnileil  account  of  i,is  trip, 
which  is  hiielly  as  follows,  ami  may  bo  compaixvl  with  tliu  iiiai>  in  this  uhap- 
ttr:  Ouato  hail  finiud  a  pa.ss  iu  the  ivgimi  whero  Lopez  had  lieeii  hetuii. 
From  (liiaiiiiirhile.s  (there  aie  sume  iiiclicatidim  tiiat  this  town  was  near  tliat 
<if  C'iiKi)  ]!arri('is)  crossed  t\ii'.  liio  (!e  Mii.i^cies  near  its  source,  over  a  raunc  I 
lcai.'"<  s  up  and  (i  down  to  ii,  ]]n<!do:  S  or  ',(  days  up  and  down  to  sonu'  plains, 
a  lino  river,  and  a  luielilo;  had  a  battle  on  tlie  river  near  a  irreat  bend;  sonio 
e\]ilor;itioiis  up  and  down  the  river;  a  mcssrn;^('r  sent  back  to  (iu/nian.  'I'heii 
'castas  before'  nearly  (iO  leagues  tiiroUL'h  a  Chichiniec  country,  to  a  river  'very 
lar^'e  for  one  llowin.L;  inland;'  it  lluwed  sometimes  east  and  sometimes  south; 
down  it  a  short  distance;  then  left  it  and  went  south  15  days  witii  nothing  to 
cat  to  a  I i\cr  and  a  Settlement  of  od  houses.  Left  Itcrnan  Cliiiinos  and  re- 
tin-iu'd  with  .-)  men  by  a  dillerent  route  tliroiiLdi  great  valleys  in  'A  d,i\s  to  tho 
liver  wher(!  the  light  had  occurred.  Iferc'  met  S.imano  with  news  that  (iuz- 
liir.n  was  coming.  Lojk'Z  went  to  meet  Ou/nian,  who  against  Lopez'  ath  ice 
resolved  to  recall  the  men  and  give  u]>  tin:  exploration. 

'''It  is  not  impossible  that  the  ixjilorations  of  Ofiatc  and  Angnlo  to  bo 
nicntioned  in  a  snbscijUent  chaptir  and  rc]irescnted  by  most  authors  as  liaving 
been  made  after  ( iuzman'.s  dcpai  tare,  should  be  inchuled  in  thesi'  cxiicditions. 
In  one  of  them  Saiiianiego  visited  tiie  coast,  am^  according  to  (iuznian,  ..'''" 
//'/.  Aiiiiii,,  b")!!,  discovered  a  tine  bay  which  lie  named  San  Miguel,  formed 
by  an  island  eight  leagues  la  circumference  and  about  one  league  from  tho 


3S 


XL'SO  I)E  GUZMAN  IX  SIXALOA. 


'I  pin 


iij       !' 


W'V 


caldo  mayor  of  tlio  now  villa,  and  one  lunidivd  sol- 
di(M-s,  fil'tv  favalrv,  and  lifty  inlantiy  wt'i'c  left  as 
VL'i'inos,  Jirotlicf  Alvaro  (jintierrcz  bciiijuc  the  curate 
in  cliar^e.  Land  was  allotted  to  each  citizen  with 
such  swine  and  cattle  as  could  lie  sj)ared  iVoni  the 
army.  Many  of  the  survivinuj  carriers  lV<jm  the  south 
were  ol)li;^cd  to  remain  nuich  against  their  will;  hy  a 
s^'stem  ol'  re[)aitimientos  each  settler  was  entitled  to 
the  services  of  a  certain  numl)er  of  natives;  ami 
authority  was  ^i-anted  to  I'uslave  all  hostile  Indians. 
lj;ir!Lj;e  stores  of  heads  and  other  trilles  weio  also  left 
to  he  bartered  with  the  natives  for  Ibod.  It  is  ditli- 
cult  to  determine  the  exact  site  which  was  chosen 
for  the  villa,  or  that  to  which  it  was  transferred  in 
this  or  th(  followin;^  year,  and  from  which  it  was  at 
Mil  unknown  date  again  mcjved  to  or  near  the  spot 
now  occupied  hy  the  city  of  Culiacan.  It  is  j)i'oh- 
ahle,  however,  that  the  original  location  was  on  the 
liio  de  ]\Iu<j'eres.  or  San  Lorenzo,  near  its  mouth. ^'^ 

Ilaxing  completed  his  arrangements  lor  the  new 
settlement,  (Juzman  with  his  army  started  southward 
in  the  middle  of  Oct(jl)er,  and  returned  to  Jalisco  hy 
the  same  I'oute  he  had  come,  without  incidents  calling 
for  mention.      On  the  wa}',  however,  or  very  soon  after 


i!'ll 


iiiiiin.  ITcri'i'iM,  J>isrrip.  (h  Ian  Tiid.,  cap.  xx.  ii.(('(l.  17.^0),  iir>t  only  (lesi'ril)C3 
Miili  an  islaml  umKr  tlio  iiaiiu'  of  (luayaljal,  Imt  locatin  it  on  hi.s  iiiaj)  as  cx- 
li'inliiii,'  nearly  tlif  whole  distance  from  tlie  Itio  do  Culiaean  (I'ascua)  to  tlio 
I'etatian  (Xra  Senuia).     Tlu.s  is  i-eniarkalile,  as  no  sndi  i^sland  exists. 

''■'J^o]K'Z,  /'(■/.,  4()],  says  it  was  on  the  liio  do  Mugeies.  In  Guzman, 
■'/''<  lul.  Aiioii,  4.")!l,  it  is  loeated  on  tiie  Itio  do  Agnatan  (Ci^uatanV).  Herrcra, 
doe.  iv.  lil).  ix.  xi.,  says  it  was  near  tlio  Mngeres.  Tillo,  //ist.  X.  (lid.,  ^.j."), 
«n<l  lieauniont,  i-'nii(.  Mich.,  iii.  4'J1-'J,  say  it  was  at  Xavitu,  wliieh  is  near 
the  mouth  of  the  S/in  Lorenzo.  Aeeording  to  the  ii"'' 7/(7.  Anuii.,  '-".I'J,  and 
J'lc  lid.  Aiii'iii.,  .'304,  it  was  in  the  Horaha  Valley,  soon  moved  down  tlie  river 
live  leagues  to  .a  situ  two  leagues  ahovo  tide-water;  anil  linally  many  old  mails 
jiut  San  Miguel  m,  the  stioani  next  south  of  the  Ctdiacan.  'J'eilo,  w  lio  .'<ays 
the  town  was  tia.i.-feri'ed  the  same  year  (eri'oneously  given  as  ].");!•_')  to  Culia- 
can, tells  us  that  idelehor  ])ia/,  was  made  alcalde  njayor — as  ho  was  a  little 
later— and  names  as  the  lirst  poliladores  tlio  following; — Pedro  ilo  Tohar, 
])iego  Lopez,  Estivan  Martin,  .luan  d(!  ^Medina,  I'edro  do  X'lijera,  (Jristohal 
de  'J"ai)ia,  .luan  ile  Lastida,  J^azaro  do  Cehreros,  Maldonado  llravo,  I'edro 
Alvarez,  Alonso  Mojia  ]']scalante,  .luan  Hidalgo  dt;  I'lasencia,  ])iego  de  ^len- 
doza,  I'edro  do  liarnica.  I'edro  Cordcro,  ,Jnan  do  I'larea,  ])iego  do  Torres, 
.Juan  do  Soto,  Juan  de  ^lintanilla,  .luan  de  Haeza,  Alvaro  de  .Arroyo,  .St'has- 
tian  <lo  J'^vora,  Alonso  C'ordero,  I'edro  de  Aniendia,  Alonso  do  Avilu,  Juaii 
Muuoz,  and  Alonso  IJodriguez, 


mgi 


nF.TURX  MArvCIT. 


so 


iidrod  sol- 
re   k'ft  as 
the  curate 
tizeii  with 
1   I'roin  the 
.  tlie  south 
\vill;  by  a 
entitled  to 
tives;    and 
le  Indians. 
10  also  K'l't 
It  is  dilli- 
vas  chosen 
iisrcned  in 
h  it  was  at 
ir  the  spot 
It  is  pnth- 
ivas  on  the 
mouth;'* 
)V  the  new 
southward 

Jalisco  hy 
lents  calling 

soon  alter 

t  only  (lescrihca 
his  iiiup  as  cx- 
(I'jiscua)  to  tlio 
fsists. 

Ill   Cir.nuui, 

Ln?).     lIuiTcra, 

]/.  X.   <<'ul.,  ',i'M, 

which  i.s  iieiii' 

\[injii.,  -'.i"2,  ami 

ilowii  till'  river 

many  uKl  maps 

'tild,  who  says 

l."i;!-_')  to  (.'uli'a- 

1k^  was  a  little 

(Iro  lie  Tohar, 

lajiTa,  (Jfistolial 

1    I'.ravo,   I'eilio 

1  (iego  tic  Mi'U- 

i('L,'o  lie  'i'orres, 

Ai'inyo,  Sehas- 

lile  Avihi,  Juan 


hi-  let  uiii,  lie  riiiiiK'd  a  small  settlement  at  C'hametla,-* 
(if  wliiise  eailv  aiiuals  we  know  little  or  nothing  he- 
\Mii(l  the  fact  that  it  maintained  lor  yeai's  a  |)ri'carious 
existence,  sometimes  ')eing  abandoned  altogether. 

])ack  in  .Ialisc(»  Gu.'man  ga\-e  hut  the  slightest  at- 
iciition  to  tli(j  I'ai'  north,  c(tnlining  his  efl'orts  to  the 
nioMiiization  of  his  government,  thedistrihution  among 
lii-  ii.irtisaiis  of  huids  south  of  the  Ilio  (Jrande  in  the 
ri'dons  whicli  he  ])i'(!tended  to  have  rec()ii(|iiere(l,  ;uid 
ill  tlio  foundation  of  Sjianish  towns.  JJy  I'oyal  order 
till'  name  of  Xneva  (Jalicia  was  substituted  for  the 
iiidiv  poiniiiius  one  of  Mayor  Ks|)aha,  ai»plied  by  (iu/- 
iii;iii:  it  iiieluded  all  the  newly  discovered  i'(\gions  from 
.bilix'i)  iiortliwai'd;  and  JJon  Xiiho  was  made  its  gov- 
ernor, retaining  for  a  time  his  title  also  oi'govei'uor  of 
1  'amico,  and  even  iiretcnded  to  retain  that  of  [»resident 
•  'I  Xew  S[)ain.  C'ompostela  was  made  the  capital. 
Soon  the  governor  became  involved  in  troubles  which 
ln'oiinlit  about  his  downfall;  but  these  troubles  have 
been  fully  recorded  in  another  part" of  my  work,  where 
also  an  analysis  of  Guzman's  character  has  been  niven.-^ 
( )f  this  pioneer  explorer  in  the  far  north  much  may 
be  said  in  regard  to  his  ability,  but  otherwise  his  char- 
acter presented  not  a  single  praiseworthy  or  attractive 
leatui'e.  lie  died  iri  povertv  and  disn'race;  but  the 
misfortunes  of  his  last  years  awaken  no  sympathy,  nor 
^\ould  thev  do  so  had  thev  included  burnin!«'  at  the 
stake.  I  shall  still  have  occasion  to  refer  to  some  of 
his  acts  in  opposition  to  the  efforts  of  Cortes. 

^'Trejos,  Hist.  Breve,  1S4,  says  that  Guzman  founded  CLanietla  on  hi^  way 
ni'i'th. 

-'yee  llld.  Max.,  ii.  305-72,  457^01. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14Sk^0 

(716)  872-4503 


y. 


K 
^ 


CHAPTER  III. 


^1 P  ' 


III         i!    ;l 


m  U 


:i||ihi 


iiillhiiii 


C0RTl5:S,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 

1532-1536. 

Voyage  of  Hurtado  de  Mendoza — Instructions  and  Mishaps — Guzman's 
Version — A  New  Fleet — Voyage  of  Becerka  and  Grijalva — Mutiny 
of  Jimenez — Discoveries — Expedition  of  Hernan  Cortes — March 
through  Nueva  Galicia — Colony  at  Santa  Cruz — Failure — Events 
at  San  Miguel  de  Culiacan — Vaguely  Recorded  Explorations — 
OSate  and  Angulo — Expedition  of  Diego  de  Guzman — To  the  Eio 
Yaqui — Indian  Troubles  at  San  Miguel — Raids  for  Plunder  and 
Slaves — Spaniards  Found  in  the  North — Nahvaez  in  Florida — 
Cabeza  de  Vaca  in  Texas — Wanderings  across  the  Continent — 
Route — Did  not  Reach  New  Mexico — Arrival  on  the  Yaqui  and  at 
San  Miguel — Subsequent  Career. 

We  loft  Cortes  in  1530  disheartened  at  the  success- 
ful efforts  of  hi.j  enemies  to  impede  the  construction 
of  four  vessels  then  on  the  stocks  at  J^  ilco  and 
Tehuantcpec.^  The  new  audiencia,  how(  ,  gave  him 
at  first  a  httle  encouragement,  and  even  ordered  him 
to  persevere  in  his  schemes  of  north-western  discov- 
ery.^ It  required  but  little  to  rekindle  all  the  con- 
queror's old  enthusiasm,  and  accordingly  early  in  1532 
he  had  the  two  vessels  at  Acapulco,  the  San  Migwl 

Diego  Hurtado  de 


and  San  Marcos,  ready  to  start. 


>  Cortds,  Escritos  Sueltos,  205-8. 

*  Ami  this  aceonliiig  to  the  royal  order  of  July  12,  1530,  by  which  tlio 
audiencia  is  to  notify  Cort^Js  that  ho  must  begin  the  building  of  his  vessels 
witliin  a  year  and  have  hia  fleet  ready  to  sail  iu  two  years,  under  penalty  of 
losing  his  privilege.  Pi«,ia,  Cedidario,  41. 

*.Sr  Navarrete,  Siitil  y  Mrx,  V'kkjc,  introd.,  xi.-xii.,  states  that  Corti'S 
bought  these  two  vessels  in  Nov.  1531  from  Juan  Rodriguez  de  Villafnerte. 
As  this  author  obtained  his  informarion  from  a  predoso  manmcrito  in  tlie 
royal  academy  I  will  not  question  the  accuracy  of  the  assertion;  at  the  same 
time  I  think  they  were  tlie  same  vessels  already  referred  to  as  built  by  Cortr's 
at  Acapulco.  If  ho  hought  them  of  Villafuerto  it  was  perhaps  because  ho 
hod  sold  them  to  that  oiUcer  in  tho  time  of  his  despondency.    Guzmaa 

(401 


HURTADO  DE  MENDOZA. 


41 


—Guzman's 
r\ — Mutiny 
[ES — March 
UE — Events 

LORATIONS — 
To  THE  ElO 

ldndeb  and 
<  Florida — 
Continent — 
'aqui  and  at 


success- 
:ructioii 
Ico  and 

^ave  liini 
Icrecl  liiui 

n  discov- 
;he  coii- 

y  in  15:32 

n  Miguel 
rtado  do 


jy  which  tho 
3f  his  vessels 
er  penalty  of 

that  Corti'S 
I  Villafucrte. 
uscrito  in  the 

at  the  saiiio 
lilt  hy  Cortt's 
because  ho 
cy.    CJuzmati 


Mendoza,  a  kinsman  of  the  captain-general,*  was 
chosen  to  command  this  fleet,  the  first  to  navigate  the 
Pacific  above  Colima.^  Hurtado's  instructions  are 
extant  and  in  several  respects  interesting."  He  is  to 
follow  the  coast  at  a  distance  of  eight  or  ten  leagues 
at  sea,  but  always  in  sight  of  land,  and  to  keep  a 
specially  sharp  lookout  seaward  for  land  in  the  west. 
In  case  such  land  is  discovered,  great  precautions  are 
prescribed  in  dealing  with  the  natives,  the  present 
purpose  being  not  to  conquer  but  to  avoid  a  conflict 
and  seek  information.  Great  care  must  be  used  to 
learn  what  vessels  the  natives  have,  and  if  they  prove 
superior  to  those  of  the  Spaniards  the  fleet  is  not  to 
risk  capture,  but  is  to  return  and  report.  Twenty 
leagues  beyond  the  latitude  of  Colima,  if  the  western 
land  be  not  found  sooner,  the  fleet  was  to  turn  west- 
ward for  twelve  or  fifteen  leagues,  and  at  that  distance 
to  continue  up  the  coast  until  the  limit  of  Guzman's 
exploration  was  passed.  This  limit  was  to  be  recog- 
nized by  the  sierra  approaching  the  sea,  the  obstacle 
which  had  stopped  Guzman's  progress.  Beyond  this 
point  Hurtado  was  to  land  and  take  possession  at  dif- 
ferent places,  exploring  the  shore,  ports,  and  rivers 
for  a  hundred  or  a  hundred  and  fifty  leagues,  and 
thence  to  return,  and  report  to  Cortes  from  the  first 
Spanish  port  he  might  reach. 

The  two  vessels  sailed  from  Acapulco  in  May  or 
June  1532,nhe  San  Marcos  as  flag-ship,  while  tho 

claimed,  Pro-eno  del  Marqiids,  344,  very  likely  tho  ilocnmcnt  consulted  1)y 
Xavarrctc,  that  he,  Guzman,  had  built  tho  vessels  for  a  pearl  voyage,  but 
they  were  eonfiseated  by  the  oidores  after  his  departure  and  sold  to  Villafuerto 
antl  by  him  to  Cortes.  They  were  not  fit  for  discovery,  nor  were  supplies  and 
arms  sufhcicnt. 

* '  Un  primo  mio  quo  so  dice  Diego  do  Hurtado.'  C'orlt^n,  Cartas,  304.  Seo 
also  Procao  del  Marqtwsdd  Valh,  in  Parhvco,  Col.  Doc,  xv.  301. 

^  We  have  seen  that  three  of  Saavedra's  vessels  in  1.V27  went  up  to  Port 
Santiago  in  Colima,  llunors  of  other  and  earlier  expeditions  by  Cortes, 
Anian,  Mahlonado,  etc.,  have  no  foundation  in  fact.  'J'ai  trouv(5  dans  un 
iiianiiscrit  conserve  dans  les  archives  do  la  vicc-royaute  do  Mexico,  que  la  Cali- 
fornic  avoit  ('ti  d(?eouveito  en  lo'2(>.  J'ignore  sur  quoi  so  fondo  cetto  asser' 
tion.'  If umbnldt,  Ess.  Pol.,  309. 

J^  Cortes.^  Ktrrito-i,  190-20.");  Col.  de  Doc.  Indd.,  para  la  Hist,  dc  Espana,  iv. 
107-/ 3.    Tho  instructioifs  bear  no  date. 

'  Cortes,  Pudicco  and  Cdrdcnas,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  541,  says  they  sailed  i 


m 


42 


CORT]^S,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


San  Miguel  was  under  the  command  of  Juan  de  Ma- 
zuela.^  Touching  at  the  port  of  Santiago  in  CoHma, 
just  above  the  modern  Manzanillo,"  where  he  took  on 
board  some  supphes.  Hurtado  sailed  to  the  port  of 
JaHsco/''  where  he  wished  to  obtain  water,  but  was 
forbidden  by  Nuno  de  Guzman's  orders,  and  was  ob- 
liged to  set  sail  immediatel}''  by  a  gale  of  wind,  though 
Guzman  charged  him  with  having  landed  and  taken 
supplies  by  force. 

Some  months  later  one  of  the  vessels,  probably  the 
San  Mi(jucl,  Avas  driven  ashore  in  the  bay  of  Banderas, 
just  below  Matanchel,  and  her  company,  weakened 
by  sickness  and  famine,  were  attacked  by  the  natives 
and  all  killed  save  two  or  three,  who  escaped  to  Co- 
lima  to  tell  the  story,  while  Guzman  took  possession 
of  all  that  could  be  saved  from  the  wreck;  or  at  least 
he  was  accused  by  Cortes  of  having  done  so."    From 


'     i> 


'"I 


May.  Gomara,  Conq.  Mez. ,  288,  makes  the  date  Corpus  Christi,  or  May  24tli, 
ill  which  ho  is  followed  by  Kamusio,  Navig.,  iii.  339.  Loi-cnzana,  Cortes,  IJ'ist., 
323,  Vcnegas,  Not.  CaL,  i.  151-2,  and  Buriicy,  Chron.  JJwf,  JJiscoe.,  i.  105-7, 
give  the  date  as  May  simply.  I  think  May  24th  was  probably  the  date,  but 
have  left  it  indefinite,  because  Navarretc,  with  access  perhaps  to  original  docu- 
ments, says  positively  it  was  June  30th.  Mofras,  Exptor.,  i.  !>1,  follows 
Navarretc.  Tayno,  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  2^  Ep.,  ii.  199,  says  May  15,30.  In 
the  Not  Idas  de  Exped.,  070,  the  date  is  given  as  March  20,  1531.  Taylor,  in 
Browne's  L.  CaL,  14,  makes  it  Juno  3,  1531.  The  matter  is  not  important 
as  no  other  date  is  known  in  connection  with  the  voyage. 

^Also  tr(!asurer,  Francisco  do  Acufia  was  maestro  of  the  San  Miffuel; 
Alonzo  do  !Molina,  purvcj'or;  Miguel  Marroquin,  maestre  do  campo;  Juan 
Ortiz  do  Cabcx,  alcalde  mayor;  Melchor  Fernandez,  pilot.  Qumara,  Ilkt. 
Mex.,  288. 

*  Navarretc  calls  the  port  also  Guatlan.  Cort(5s  in  his  instructions  to 
Saavedra  in  1527,  Navarrete,  Col,  Viafjes,  v.  454,  calls  it  Aguatan. 

'"  The  port  of  Jalisco,  or  Matanchel,  was  immediately  south  of  the  modern 
San  Bias,  and  not  apparently  identical  with  it.  I  find  no  name  for  any  cor- 
respouding  harbor  on  modern  maps.  Beaumont,  Crdii.  Mich.,  iii.  490-1,  says 
it  was  the  port  of  Bandei-as  where  Hurtado  was  forbidden  to  enter. 

"Guzman's  story,  as  told  in  connection  with  later  legal  proceedings, 
Puchecoaml  Cdrdenan,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  439-49,  is  as  follows:  The  maestro  of 
the  vessel  landed  with  six  men  to  find  out  what  part  of  the  coast  tliey  were 
on.  Four  of  them  were  killed  by  the  Indians,  and  three  came  to  Puriticacion 
and  reported  to  the  alcalde,  Hijar,  who  went  to  seo  the  vessel.  On  arrival  it 
was  found  that  she  had  gone  to  pieces,  and  the  remaining  17  men,  under 
Francisco  Rodriguez,  had  gone  inland,  where  all  were  killed  by  the  Indians. 
From  the  vessel  nothing  was  saved  but  a  few  broken  and  rotten  spars,  ropes, 
sails,  etc.  In  1534  Guzman  could  not  swear  to  details,  since  Hi'jar  had 
attended  to  the  matter;  but  the  property  was  Lis  because  found  abandoned 
in  his  territory,  and  because  CortOs'  expedition  wa«  unauthorized.  Still  if 
any  one  thought  ho  bad  a  claim  ho  might  bring  suit  oiid  justice  would  bo 
done. 


NORTH-WESTERN  SURVEYS. 


48 


EXI'LOKAIIONS,  1532-G. 


M 


CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


these  survivors  were  learned  some  particulars  respect- 
ing the  voyage.  Having  at  the  start  discovered  and 
taken  possession  of  the  group  of  islands  which  they 
called  Magdalena,  since  known  as  the  Tres  Marias,^^ 
they  were  tossed  about  in  a  storm  for  seven  or  eight 
days,  and  finally  landed  in  an  "arm  of  the  sea"  ex- 
tending eight  or  ten  leagues  inland."  Here  they  re- 
mained over  twenty  days,  until  their  provisions  were 
nearly  exhausted  and  the  men  became  mutinous. 
Finally  Hurtado,  taking  with  him  a  part  of  the  force 
on  one  vessel,  sailed  northward  to  continue  the  ex- 
ploration, while  the  malcontents  attempted  to  return 
southward,  with  what  result  we  have  seen."  "  Nunca 
mas  se  supo  de  ^1"  is  the  conclusion  of  several  writers 
respecting  Hurtado ;^^  but  the  next  year  Diego  de 
Guzman,  exploring  northward  from  Culiacan,  found 
relics  of  the  ill-fated  crew,  and  learned  from  the 
natives  that  the  commander  with  twenty  or  thirty 
men,  having  left  the  vessel  and  gone  up  the  Rio 
Tamotchala,  now  the  Rio  Fuerte,  to  the  villages, 
were  killed  when  sleeping,  sickness  and  fatigue  having 
rendered  them  careless.^^  The  few  men  left  in  charge 
of  the  vessel  were  also  killed  by  the  Indians  a  little 

"  Yet  it  appears  that  in  March  1532  Pedro  de  Guzman  was  hi  command 
of  a  brig  at  Matanchel;  and  that  sailing  on  tho  18th  ho  took  possession  for 
Don  Nuflo  of  the  islands  called  Ramos,  Nuestra  Sefiora,  and  Magdalena.  So 
at  least  it  was  claimed  in  1540.  Proceno  del  Murquis,  319-21.  Guzman,  in 
Id.,  344-C,  complains  of  Hurtado's  act  in  taking  new  possession. 

"  Goimira  and  Herrera  state  that  this  port  was  200  leagues  beyond  Jalisco; 
Navarrete's  authoi'ity  says  the  voyagers  located  it  m  27°;  Taylor  thinks  it 
was  near  the  Mayo  River.  Of  course  conjectures  on  the  matter  amount  to 
very  little. 

'*It  is  fair  to  give  also  Guzman's  version.  He  says  they  anchored  in 
Ch".metla,  wliere  38  men  refused  to  go  on,  and  remained  with  the  vessel. 
Twenty  of  them  came  by  land  to  Compostela,  where  they  were  arrested.  Tho 
other  18,  under  Francisco  Cortes  (Rodriguez?),  came  down  by  sea  to  Purifica- 
cion  and  landed,  as  elsewhere  described  (see  note  11).  Proceso  del  Murquen, 
34G.     Navarrete  also  says  that  20  men  came  down  by  laiul. 

'*  We  arc  informed  by  NavaiTcte  that  Hurtado  and  his  men  were  drowned, 
and  he  implies,  while  Mofras  states  clearly,  that  they  met  their  fate  at  tho 
Tres  Man'as. 

^'^Onr.man,  lichmon,  101-2;  Guzman,  2<ia  liel.  Andn.,  297.  See  also  Thr- 
rern,  dec.  v.  lib.  i.  cap.  vii. ;  lib.  vii.  cap.  iii.;  Bmumont,  C'ron.  Mich.,  iii.  485, 
490-1;  Ah  lire,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesus,  i.  235.  Guzman,  Proeeso  del  Mnrqiivfi, 
34(),  says  that  Hurtado,  a  negro,  and  an  Indian  slave  were  killed  for  their 
outrages  on  the  natives. 


BECERRA,  GRIJALVA,  AND  JIMENEZ. 


45 


jspect- 
;d  and 
1  tliey 
arias," 
r  eiglit 
ea"  ex- 
hey  re- 
is  were 
itinous. 
le  force 
the  ex- 
I  return 
*  Nunea 
[  writers 
>iego  de 
[1,  found 
rom  the 
)r  thirty 
the  Rio 
villages, 
e  having 
u  charge 
a  Uttle 


Ln  command 
issession  for 
;dalena.  So 
Guzman,  in 

^ond  Jalisco; 
lor  thinks  it 
Jr  amount  to 

I anchored  in 
the  vessel. 

Irested.  The 
,  to  Puriiica- 
lel  Marque.'i, 

tro  drowned, 
fate  at  the 

kcc  also  Il'-r- 
iirh.,n\.  485, 
ttd  MnrqtiiK, 
lied  for  their 


later,  and  tlic  'wooden  house'  in  which  the  strangers 
came  was  driven  ashore  and  broken  up  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Rio  Petatlan,  now  the  Sinaloa.  Cortes  attrib- 
uted the  faihire  of  this  expedition  to  the  hostihty  of 
Guzman,  preventing  his  landing  for  supplies  and  re- 
pairs." 

Assured  that  the  San  Miguel  was  lost,  and  receiving 
no  tidings  of  the  San  Marcos,  Cortds  had  still  left  two 
other  vessels  on  the  stocks  at  Tchuantepec.  He  went 
in  person  to  the  coast  to  superintend  their  completion 
and  out-fitting.'*  The  command  was  given  to  Diego 
Beccrra,  like  Hurtado  a  relative  of  Cortds/"  who 
sailed  on  the  Conccpcion  as  capitana  with  Fortun 
Jimenez'^''  as  piloto  mayor.  Hernando  de  Grijalva 
commanded  the  San  Lcizaro  with  Martin  de  Acosta 
as  piloto.-'  They  set  sail  from  Tehuantepec  on  the 
29th  or  30th  of  October  1533.22 

The  second  night  out  of  port  the  vessels  were  sepa- 
rated and  never  met  again.  Captain  Becerra  was  an 
arbitrary  and  disagreeable  man,  disliked  by  all  under 
his  orders,  and  it  is  more  than  probal)le  that  Grijalva 
had  no  desire  to  rejoin  his  commander.     The  official 

"Peel  Provision,  lS3/f,  35. 

"  Cortes  states  that  lie  lived  for  a  year  and  a  half  in  a  small  house  on  the 
shore  and  even  aided  personally  in  the  work.  Bcal  Provmon,  1534,  35-C. 
See  also  JliM.  Mcx.,  ii.  422,  this  series;  PacAeco and  Cardenas,  Col,  Doc,  xii. 
541-51. 

"  ]h.  The  hidalgo  Diego  Bezerra  de  Mcndoza,  one  of  the  Bezerras  of  Bada- 
joz  or  Mi^rida.  BeriHtl  Diaz,  Hist.  Coii'j.  Mcx.,  232-3. 

'■"' A  Biscayan,  wliose  name  is  written  Fortunio,  Ortuuo,  and  Ortun. 

'•''  Eomaj',  Ciwnta  de  lo  que  hi  nastado  cl  Mari/in^s  del  Valle,  Armada  de  1533, 
ill  Parhcro  and  Cardenas,  Col,  Doc,  xii.  298-313,  names  also  the  following 
ottioers:  Juan  Oclioa,  escribano;  Francisco  Palazuclos,  surgeon;  and  padres 
Martin  de  la  Coruna,  Juan  de  San  Miguel,  and  Francisco  Pastrana.  Military 
otlicials  besides  Beccrra  and  (ti'ijalva:  Bernaldino  de  Hinojosa,  treasurer; 
Pedro  de  Fuentes,  alguacil  mayor;  Juan  <le  Carasa,  contadoi-;  Antonio  <lo 
Ulloa,  niaestre  de  canipo;  and  Fernando  do  Alvarado,  vecdor.  Juan  do  los 
I'inos,  niaestre,  and  Martin  Perez  de  Leseano,  contra-maestrc,  of  the  Concep- 
eion;  Juan  Oarcfa,  niaestre  of  the  San  Luzaro,  There  were  43  sailors  and 
maritime  ofiicials,  to  whom  was  paid  7,499  pesos. 

'"  From  the  'pucrto  do  Jucatan  (.Jucntlan?),  llamadola  Bahfa  do  Santiago 
de  Buena  Espcranza,  donde  so  fabricaron  los  navios,'  Grijalva,  IMadon. 
Probably  tlie  modern  San  Diego  in  16°  1'.  Navarrete,  in  Sulil  y  Mcx.,  Via</e, 
xiii.-xvii. ;  Veiicgas,  A'ot.  Cal.,  i.  52-4,  and  Lorenzaua,  Cortds  Jlist.,  323-4, 
Bay  that  the  expedition  sailed  iu  1534. 


46 


CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CADEZA  DE  VACA. 


diary  of  Grijalva's  voyage  has  been  preserved,"^  but 
unfortunately  it  is  of  slight  importance  for  my  purpose, 
as  it  only  records,  for  the  most  part,  a  series  of  nautical 
minutia?  of  adventures  in  open  sea,  of  courses  and  lati- 
tudes not  to  be  depended  on,  and  all  apparently  south  of 
the  latitude  of  Cape  Corrientes.  In  the  course  of  his 
wanderings,  however,  Grijalva  discovered  the  islands 
now  known  as  the  Revilla  Gigedo  group,  landing  on 
Socorro,  and  naming  it  Santo  Tomas  from  the  day  of 
that  saint,  Dec.  20th.  The  northern  islands  of  this 
group  were  styled  Los  Inocentes.  From  a  point  on 
the  Colima  coast  the  San  Ldzaro  sailed  southward  in 
February  1534  to  Acapulco,  where  after  refitting  she 
was  sent  on  another  expedition  in  a  vain  search  for 
islands  in  the  south  and  south-west. 

Grijalva,  it  appears,  was  not  the  only  one  in  the 
fleet  who  desired  to  be  rid  of  Captain  IBecerra;  but 
the  pilot  Jimenez  and  his  companions  accomplished 
their  purpose  in  a  more  criminal  manner.  Soon  after 
parting  with  the  San  Ldzaro  the}'"  murdered  Becerra 
while  asleep,-*  wounded  the  few  who  cared  to  oppose 
their  acts,  and  at  the  earnest  request  of  two  Franciscan 
friars  on  board  landed  both  padres  and  the  wounded 
on  the  Colima  coast  at  Motin,"  whence  some  of  the 
party  brought  the  news  to  Cortes. 

'^^  Relac'wn  de  la  Jornada  que  hho  d  descubrir  en  la  Mar  del  Snr  el  Capitan 
Hcrnnndo  de  Grijalca,  etc.,  in  Florida,  Cat.  Doc,  i.  1G3-72;  also  in  Pacliero, 
Col.  Doc,  xiv.  rj8-42.  I  have  also  tlio  MS.  copy  made  from  the  original  in 
Spain  by  Mr  Buckingham  Smith.  This  belonged  to  the  valuable  collection  of 
the  late  E.  G.  Squier,  added  to  my  own  since  that  gentleman's  death.  Sonio 
drawings  in  this  manuscript,  representing  mermaids,  or  '  mcn-fisli'  seen  on 
several  occasions  during  the  voyage,  have  been  published  as  above,  and  in  the 
atlas  of  Stitil  y  il/cx.  Viage,  Uerrera,  dec.  v.  lib.  vii.  cap.  iii-iv.,  doubtless 
saw  this  document. 

^*  '  Dccrctando  en  el  cruel  tribunal  dc  su  alevosa  intencion,  apagar  las  luces 
de  sns  sentidos  con  la  funesta  mano  de  su  atreviiniento,'  etc.,  is  the  tlowery 
stylo  in  which  Salazar  tells  the  story.  Hint.  Coiiq.  Mex.,  442-4.  IJernal  Diaz 
says  some  of  Beccrra's  men  were  also  killed.  In  Proct'so  del  Man/nin  dd 
I'al/e,  301,  the  murderer  is  called  Martin  Ruiz  dc  Bertinclona,  and  this  in  a 
legal  document  by  the  representative  of  CortiT'S. 

"The  name  Motin  was  not,  as  might  be  supposed,  given  at  the  time.  A 
Cape  Motin  is  mentioned  in  the  diary  of  the  Ih'st  voyage  between  Zacatula 
and  Santiago.  Sam^edra,  lielacion,  89.  Taylor,  L.  Cal.,  14—15,  thinks  it  was 
in  the  vicinity  of  Mazatlan.  Beaumont,  Cr6n,  Mich.,  iii.  485-0,  490,  says  P. 
Martin  do  .Jesus  was  one  of  the  friars.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  of 
early  Frauciocins  in  Michoacan.  See  note  21. 


DISCOVERY  OF  SANTA  CRUZ. 


47 


Cir'  but 
mrpose, 
nautical 
lud  lati- 

30Uth  of 

30  of  liis 
1  islands 
ding  on 
0  day  of 
s  of  tins 
point  on 
iward  in 
:ting  slio 
iarch  I'or 

le  in  the 
jrra;  but 
mplished 
oon  after 
[  Becerra 
oppose 
fanciscan 
wounded 
le  of  the 


irel  Capitan 
)  in  Pachero, 
e  original  in 
collection  of 
eath.  Sonio 
fish'  seen  on 
e,  and  in  the 
,,  doubtless 

agar  las  luces 

the  tlowery 

15omal  Diaz 

Man/iiin  dii 

md  this  in  li 

:he  time.  A 
cen  Zacatula 
thinks  it  was 
|490,  says  V. 
Iproniineut  of 


Some  time  later — wo  have  no  exact  dates — throe  or 
four  sailors  brought  the  Cuncepcion  into  tlio  port  of 
Cliamctlaj  or  perhaps  Matanchcl/"  and  their  brief  tale 
is  all  we  can  ever  know  of  their  companions'  fate.  It 
seems  that  the  wicked  Jimenez,  freed  from  uncongenial 
authority,  sailed  on  in  accordance  with  the  dead  cap- 
tain's instructions  till  he  reached  a  bay  on  an  island 
coast  as  he  supposed.  Attempting  to  land  and  take 
possession,  he  was  killed  with  over  twenty  of  his  com- 
panions, and  the  few  left  took  advantage  of  a  favorable 
wind  to  bring  the  vessel  to  Chametla."  Nuno  do 
Guzman  at  once  conceived  the  idea  of  refitting  the 
craft  thus  providentially  thrown  into  his  hands,  and 
undertaking  a  voyage  of  discovery  on  his  own  account. 
The  sailors  brought  from  the  new  island  reports,  and 
perhaps  samples,  of  pearls,  which  proved  an  additional 
incentive.  He  at  once  seized  the  vessel  and  by  a 
pretence  of  trial  and  legal  formalities  tried  to  detain 
the  surviving  sailors  and  thus  keep  Cortes  in  ignor- 
ance of  his  plans,  but  they  managed  to  escape  and 
were  not  long  in  acquaintiiig  the  captain-general  with 
what  had  oceurred.^^ 

'"Gomara,  Co7iq.  Mex. ,  2S8-9,  says  two  sailors.  Cortds,  Irazhaketa,  Vol. 
Doc. ,  ii.  .3.5-0,  says  that  two  started  to  come  to  him  to  report,  hut  were  arrested 
by  Guzman.  In  Icazbalceta's  introduction  to  torn.  ii.  xxv.-vi.  it  is  stated  that 
'20  men  escaped  to  Jalisco.  Salazar,  Hist.  Conq,  Mex.,  442-4,  makes  them  re- 
turn to  the  port  of  Jalisco  instead  of  Chamctla.  Guzman,  Proreso  del  Mnr- 
quit>,  .340-7,  says  the  vessel  grounded  at  Esplritu  Santo.  See,  also,  Oviedo, 
iv.  007,  on  this  voyage. 

^•Guzman  testified,  Proceso  del  Marques,  34G-7,  that  two  men  came  across 
from  tiic  island  before  the  massacre  to  I'urificacion,  and  tlicnco  by  land  to 
Conipostela,  one  being  killed  on  the  way  and  the  other  an-ested  by  Oilate  on 
arrival.  (See  note  20. )  One  man  on  shore  escaped  the  massacre  and  swam 
olF  to  the  \easel,  on  which  were  four  or  five  men. 

^*It  appears  that  the  report  which  first  reached  Cort(5s  M'as  to  the  effect 
that  Jimenez  had  with  his  men  joined  Guzman  against  the  captain-genei'al. 
Pacheco  and  Cdrdeimn,  Cot.  Doc,  xii.  4.30.  According  to  the  Notkiade  Expe- 
didone><,  070,  this  expedition  consisted  of  three  vessels  under  Barrera  and  Gri- 
jalva.  They  went  up  to  20°,  saw  rivers  which  they  named  Santiago,  San 
Pedro,  and  Clota,  M'hen  they  beard  that  Hurtado  was  yet  sailing  along  the 
coast.  Parted  by  a  hurricane,  liarrera  returned  to  Acapulco,  while  Grijalva 
took  refuge  behind  a  small  island  which  he  called  Ballenas,  between  28"  an<l 
29' !  Mr  Jarves  founds  his  romance  of  Kiana  on  the  theory  that  two  of  Gri- 
jalva's  ships  were  never  heard  of  except  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where  the 
arrival  of  Spaniards  in  olden  time  is  recorded  in  native  tradition.  Unless  his 
information  respecting  the  tradition  is  more  correct  than  that  on  the  voyage, 
I  fear  his  theories  will  not  be  generally  accepted. 


«8 


CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


Other  vessels  must  have  been  far  toward  comple- 
tion when  Becerra's  fleet  sailed  from  Tchuantepoc, 
for  as  early  as  September  1534  Cortes  stated  to  the 
audiencia  that  he  had  four  large  ships  ready  to  con- 
tinue the  exploration.  No  sooner  was  the  result  of 
Becerra's  voyage  known  from  the  sailors  who  had 
landed  at  Chametla,  than  complaint  was  made  to  the 
audiencia  of  Guzman's  acts.  Consequently  that  tri- 
bunal the  19th  of  August  ordered  the  governor  of 
New  Galicia  to  give  up  the  vessel  he  had  seized  and 
by  no  means  to  undertake  any  expedition  to  the  island 
discovered  by  Jimenez;  but  again  the  2d  of  Septem- 
ber another  order  was  issued  enjoining  Cortes  also 
from  undertaking  a  voyage  to  that  island,  on  the 
ground  that  Guzman  was  understood  to  have  already 
sent  a  ship  thither  and  '  scandal '  was  feared  in  case 
the  two  hostile  leaders  should  meet.  This  was  made 
known  to  the  marquis  on  the  4th,  and  the  next  day  he 
preser.l<  d  a  long  protest  against  that  order,  recapitu- 
lating his  past  services  and  the  sacrifices  ho  was  mak- 
ing at  an  advanced  age  in  the  emperor's  service.  He 
called  attention  to  the  great  cost  of  the  vessels  that 
had  been  lost  and  of  those  now  ready  to  sail,  alluding 
to  his  direct  authority  from  the  government  to  under- 
take voyages  of  discovery,  and  finally  declared  that 
Guzman  neither  had  sent  nor  could  send  an  expedition, 
as  lie  had  neither  men  nor  vessels,  the  Concepcion 
being  stranded  on  the  coast.^" 

Respecting  the  action  taken  by  the  audiencia  on 
this  protest  we  only  know  that  Gonzalo  de  Ruiz  was 
sent  to  New  Galicia  to  investigate  Guzman's  acts  and 
arrest  other  offenders,  restoring  any  property  that 
might  have  been  taken  from  Cortes.^"  But,  either 
disgusted  with  the  slowness  of  that  tribunal  to  do  him 


"The  documents  referred  to  are  given  in  tlie  Real  Provision  sobre  Descu- 
hnmientos  cii  el  Mar  del  Stir. 

'"Commission  and  instructions  to  Ruiz  dated  Sept.  14th,  22d,  in  Pacheco 
and  CdrdenaH,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  429-39.  Herrera,  dec.  v.  lib.  vii.  cap.  iv.,  says 
the  audiencia  informed  Cortes  it  could  do  nothing,  Guzman's  province  being  a 
separate  government  not  under  the  jurisdiction  of  tlie  Mexican  tribunal. 


expi:dition  of  cortCs. 


49 


justice,  or  more  probably  fortified  by  some  docuincnt- 
ary  authority  from  its  oidores,  Cortes  resolved  not 
only  to  despatch  a  third  expedition,  but  to  command 
it  in  i)erson.  Volunteers  were  called  for,  including 
families  for  the  permanent  occupation  of  the  new 
island.  The  prestige  of  the  great  conquei'or,  tlie  a[)- 
parcut  confirmation  of  his  well  known  views  respect- 
ing the  South  Sea  islands,  and  the  current  report  of 
the  j)earl  discovery  were  all-powerful;  Cortes  soon  had 
more  a|)plicants  than  he  could  accommodate.  A  large 
store  of  suj)})lies  was  prepared,^'  and  late  in  1504  or  at 
the  btginning  of  1535  three  vessels  were  despatched 
from  Tehuantepcc  for  Chametla,  probably  under  Her- 
nando de  Grijalva.  They  were  the  San  Ldzuro,  Santa 
Ag>i('(la,  and  Santo  Tomds,  and  arrived  safely  at  their 
lirst  destination,  no  particulars  of  the  voyage  being 
known. 

A  little  later,  in  the  spring  of  1535,^-  Cortes  started 
for  Chametla  by  land  at  the  head  of  a  largo  forco,"^ 
not  at  all  averse  as  we  may  well  believe  to  a  conflict 
with  the  governor  of  New  Galicia.  But  Guzman,  too 
weak  to  make  a  successful  fight,  kept  out  of  the  way, 
being  called  to  the  valley  of  Banderas  by  Indian  dilli- 
cultics,  and  afforded  the  captain-general  no  })retext 
for  hostilities.  There  was,  however,  some  correspond- 
ence between  the  two  rivals.  The  20th  of  February 
Guzman,  at  Compostela,  commissioned  Pedro  de  Ulloa 
to  go  and  meet  Cortes,  and  to  serve  on  him  a  legal 
warning  not  to  enter  his  jurisdiction,  or  if  he  had 
already  done  so  to  retire.  Ulloa  found  Cortes  four 
days  later  at  Iztlan,  and  at  Ahuacatlan  on  the  25th 


sobre  Deacu- 


"  But Mcmloza in  his  letter  to  C;irloa  V.  says  the  expedition  was  compostil 
of  'quelfiucs  fantassins  ot  un  petit  uonibre  »ki  uavaliers  as.sfZ  iiial  poui'vus  des 
objets  iiecc'ssuires.'  Tenaux-Conqmns,  Voy.,  sOrie  i.  turn.  ix.  "JciG-T.  Also  in 
Ilidi lint's  Voij.,  iii.  3G4-5. 

^-Xavarretc,  tS'iitil  y  Mex.,  Viaf/e,  xvii.;  Id.,  Viar/e'i  Ap('ir.,  27-8,  says 
erroneously  it  was  in  Aug.  15IU.    Taylor  gives  the  date  Ang.  l.").''.!. 

"■'  A  witness  in  a  subsequent  lawsuit  testified  that  there  wore  400  Spaniards 
and  ."JOO  negroes.  Also  in  Mo/ms,  Erphr.,  i.  92-3.  Bernal  Diaz,  //;.■•/.  (Vr- 
dud.,  2.'?;}— 1,  says  the  colony  consisted  of  320  persons,  including  34  married 
couples. 

Hisi.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  I.    1 


ill  I!!' 

u 

II! 


CO 


CORTCS,  GUZMAX,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


received  liis  formal  reply.  The  captain-j^encral  denied 
tlie  riglit  of  the  governor  to  prevent  tlie  pansago 
ilirou'di  his  i)rovince  of  an  officer  cnijajied  in  the  ser- 
vice  of  his  Majesty,  warning  Guzman  to  place  no 
impediment  in  liis  way  under  penalty  of  punishment. 
Tiiis  reply  reached  the  governor  before  March  9th, 
on  wliich  date  he  wrote  to  the  audiencia  protesting 
against  liis  rival's  determination  to  invade  New  Gali- 
ciu."'*  The  sea  and  land  expeditions  luiving  been  re- 
united at  Chanietla,  Cortes  sailed  for  the  north-west 
about  the  middle  of  April,"' taking  on  board  his  fleet 
of  tln-ee  vessels,  for  the  Concepclon  seems  to  have  been 
found  in  such  a  condition  as  to  be  unserviceable,^" 
about  one  third  of  his  entire  force  with  thirty  horses.^'' 
Having  sighted  a  point  named  San  Felipe,  and  an 
island  of  Santiago  whose  identity  is  purely  con- 
jectural, the  fleet  entered  on  IMay  3d  the  bay  of  Santa 
Cruz,  so  named  from  the  day,  where,  according  to  the 
statement  of  the  survivors,  Jimenez  had  perished  with 
his  company;  and  where,  in  fact,  relics  of  tliat  unfor- 
tunate band  were  shortly  found.  This  bay  was  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  the  peninsula  later  known  as 
California,  and  is  generally  supposed  to  be  identical 
with  the  present  La  Paz.'*^     On  the  day  of  landing 

^*Pachfco  and  Curdena-^,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  448-50;  xiii.  443-.').  HIijar,  alcalde 
nt  ruriliwKioii,  tcatilied  later  that  (,'orti''s  entered  his  ollico  am  ly  force  took 
from  niidfr  his  bed  two  t'tro)*  lie  art'dkria.  Id.,  xvi.  539-47.  Uuziiuan  writes 
June  7tli  and  Sth,  15,']5,  givinj^  an  acconnt  of  Indian  troubles  chiinied  by  him 
to  have  bei.n  caused  i)y  the  bad  policy  of  Cortes  while  passing  through  Jalisco. 
/(/.,  xiii.  410,  445.  Cortesinaletti.rof  Juno  5, 1530,  speaks  of  having  stopped 
ft  few  diiys  at  Coinpostel.a  during  this  trip.   Cortti.t,  C'artun,  535-7,  559-0(3. 

3-' Naviirrcto,  Sitdl  i/  Mex.,  I'icuie,  xvii.-xxi.,  says  on  April  15th.  Ouznian 
in  letters  of  Juno  7th,  Sth.  1.J35,  says  April  18th.  Cortex,  CWr/ax,  537;  Pacbeco 
and  CdrdciiaK,  ( 'ol.  Doc,  xiii.  415-17,  448.  Most  writers,  save  such  as  have 
followed  Xavarrcte,  make  the  year  15.30. 

^"Although  Lorcnama,  Cortrs,  Hint.  N,  E.ipana,  .324,  Clavigcro,  Storia 
CaK,  149-51,  Venegas,  Xot.  CuL,  i.  155-S,  and  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii. 
555.  say  that  she  wis  refitted. 

•*' According  to  Gomara,  Conq.  ^fc.r.,  289,  .300  .Spaniards,  .37  women,  and 
1.30  horses  were  left  under  Andres  de  Tapia.  Guzman  says  betook  113peone9 
and  40  horsemen,  leaving  00  horsemen.  Cortes,  Cartas,  537;  Pacheco  and 
Cdrd('iin.i,  Col.  Dor.,  xiii.  417,  443. 

^■■^  There  is  so  far  as  I  know  no  very  strong  proof  for  or  against  this  iden- 
tity ;  but  it  was  favored  by  tiie  Spaniards  from  the  earliest  times.  Marcou, 
Kotes,  .5,  says  the  bay  became  known  in  later  years  as  Bahfa  dc  los  Mucrtoa 
on  account  of  the  massacre  of  Jimenez,  Becerra(l),  and  others. 


COLONY  AT  SANTA  CRUZ. 


51 


al  clciiiod 

passage 
I  the  ser- 
j)laco  no 
nshuicut. 
irch  9th, 
rotestiug 
icw  Gali- 

bccii  ro- 
:)rtli-west 

his  flout 
lavc  been 
k'iceable,'^^ 
Y  horses.'*'' 
0,  and  an 
rely  con- 
'•  of  Santa 
n<^  to  tlio 
■ihod  with 
lat  unfor- 
was  on 
known  as 

identical 
f  landing 

I'lijar,  alcalde 

ty  force  took 
luzinan  writes 
limed  by  him 
rough  Jalisco, 
iving  stopped 

',  5o9-0U. 
Jth.    Guzman 
I5.S7;  Pacheco 

mch  as  have 

ligero,  Storia 
\i.  Mich.,  iii. 

Iwomen,  and 
Ik  li;}peoiic8 
"\icheco  and 

kt  this  iden- 
Is.  Marcou, 
1  los  Muertos 


formal  possession  was  taken  for  Spain,  and  the  act 
duly  recorded  in  legal  form."''' 

Keniainin<:  at  Santa  Cruz  with  his  smallest  vessel 
Cortes  sent  the  other  two  across  to  tlio  main  to  bring 
over  a  part  of  the  remaining  force  and  supplies. 
These  vessels  seem  to  have  mado  the  trip  successfully 
find  M'ero  sent  back  to  bring  the  i.uiaining  colonists.*' 
In  this  attempt  they  were  less  fortuh  to,  being  driven 
uj)  the  coast  to  a  river  which  they  cilled  San  Pedro 
y  San  Pablo,  where  they  were  detained  several  months. 
Finally  they  came  down  to  the  port  of  Guayabal,*^ 
learned  that  the  colonists  had  come  up  overland  to  San 
]\Iiguel,  and  started  for  Santa  Cruz  with  supplies, 
more  needed  than  additional  mouths  to  feed  as  was 
correctl}'-  judged.  One  vessel  crossed  the  gulf  suc- 
cessfully, but  the  other,  probably  the  San  Ldzaro, 
was  wrecked  on  th>_  .Jalisco  coast,  and  lior  men  re- 
turned to  INIexico,  as  did  the  colonists  from  San  Mi- 
gu(jl,  perhaps,  ^^ince  we  hear  no  more  of  them. 

At  the  earnest  request  of  his  men  Cortes  now  took 
command  of  one  of  the  two  remaining  vessels,  and 
with  Grijalva  in  charge  of  the  other,  again  crossed 
over  to  Guayabal;  narrowly  escaped  shipwreck  at  the 
entrance  of  that  harbor;  and,  having  loaded  both 
vessels  with  supplies,  started  to  return.  The  voyage 
Mas  a  rough  one.  A  falling  yard  killed  the  i)ilot, 
Anton  Cordero,  and  Cortes  was  obliged  to  steer  hini- 

"  Co7id,%  Anto  dc  Poaex/on  que  de  Ian  Tierra/f  que  hahia  deneuhierto  en  el 
Mar  (lil  Sin\  i(Wid  el  Murqms  del  VuUe  en  el  piicrto  y  hahiit  dv  Saula  Cruz, 
3  lie  Ma;/  >  l.jJo.  In  Xararrcte,  Col.  ViaJfK,  iv.  1!)I)-"J;  Proceso  del  Mnn/iirs, 
!iU(i-8.  Martin  de  Castro  was  the  cacribano,  and  the  witnesses,  l)r  .Juaii 
(ionzalcz  do  Valdivieso,  alcalde  mayor,  .Tiian  do  .Jaso,  Aloiiso  do  Navancte, 
Fcrniindi)  Arias  de  Saavedra,  llernarilino  del  Castillo,  ami  Franci.sco(?)  do 
Ulloa.  ^lay  lOlli,  Cortes  caused  to  ))e  publicly  read  the  royal  order  aullior- 
iziii.;  him  to  rule  over  the  countries  ho  might  discover.  Same  witnesses,  ex- 
eept  (,'astillo,  and  Alonso  do  Ulloa  instead  of  rrancisco,  all  caiHains.  Paehreo 
and  ('(irdinciK,  Col.  JJoc.,  xii.  490-0. 

*"  (-'ortrs,  Escrilos,  '2'd2-'^.  followed  by  Navarrete.  Others  say  that  all  three 
vcsscU  wei-e  sent  across  at  first,  tlie  smallest  returning;  tlieu  (^-'ortC's  went  over 
witli  that  vessel  and  met  Grijalva 's  vessel  laden  with  supplies  bought  at  Saa 
Miguel. 

^'  I'^ighteen  leagues  from  San  Miguel  according  to  Uerrera,  dec.  v.  lib. 
viii.  cap.  ix.  Respecting  this  port  and  island  of  Guayabal,  see  chap  ii.  note  18 
of  this  vol. 


62 


CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


self;  but  at  last  he  succeeded  in  reaching  the  coast, 
and  after  being  driven  southward  some  distance,  re- 
turned and  anchored  at  Santa  Cruz,  where  some  of 
the  colonists  had  died  of  hunger,  and  others  now  died 
of  over-eating.*'"  Grijalva  also  succeeded  in  touching 
the  new  coast  far  south  of  Santa  Cruz,  but  was  forced 
to  cut  his  cables  and  was  driven  to  Matanchel.  Cor- 
tes waited  in  vain  for  his  companion,  and  realizing 
that  with  only  one  vessel  the  colony  must  surely 
perish,  decided  to  return  to  New  Spain  to  fit  out  a 
new  lleet  and  send  relief.  Another  motive  for  tliis 
resolve  was  the  news  that  Mendoza  had  arrived  as 
viceroy.  Tliis  information,  with  an  earnest  request 
from  the  wife  of  Cortes  for  his  return,  was  brought 
up  by  a  vessel  said  to  have  been  under  Francisco  do 
Ulloa.  The  latter  was  left  in  command  of  tlie  colony 
of  thirty  Spaniards,  with  twelve  horses  and  supplies 
for  ten  months;  Cortes  rejoined  Grijalva  at  Matan- 
chel; and  both  returned  in  the  Santa  Agucda  and 
Santo  Tomds  to  Acapulco." 

Of  events  that  innnediately  followed  the  return  of 
the  captain-general  wg  know  but  little;  of  the  colo- 
nists' experiences  at  Santa  Cruz,  absolutely  nothing; 
but  in  accordance  with  Viceroy  Mendoza's  advice  or 
orders,  with  his  wife's  entreaties,  and  not  improbably 

**  Bemal  Diaz  says  that  23  died  of  hunger  and  half  the  remainder  of  over- 
eating. 

^^  5lomorial  of  Cortt's  to  the  emperor  in  loSO,  in  /(/. ,  E.'^rrttox,  292-.'?,  .Wl  -2; 
Nnvarrvfc,  Col.  Vinjet,  iv.  203-4.  Kespecting  this  returning  lleet  there  i.s 
niucli  eonfiision  in  the  authorities.  Xavirrete  does  not  mention  any  vessel 
sent  after  Cortos,  and  tluis  implies  that  the  colony  remained  witliout  vessels, 
and  tliat  only  the  two  mentioned  returned  to  Acapulco.  ]}ut  all  others  state 
that  the  vessel  was  sent,  and  Burnal  Diuz  tells  us  that  Ulloa  was  in  eomni^uid. 
Cort(js  himself,  ProccfO  del  Marrjuix,  317,  says  three  vessels  were  sent  to  him. 
Most  of  the  authorities  also  state  that  two  other  vessels  were  despatched  by 
Mendoza  which  met  CortOs  returning'  fleet  and  returned  with  it.  Gomara, 
Coiiq.  Mcv.,  200,  says  CortiJs  returned  with  six  ves.sels,  having  been  joined  at 
Santiago  by  the  two  sent  out  by  his  wife.  According  to  Herrera,  dec.  v.  lib. 
viii.  cap.  x.,  Cortes  with  two  vessels  met  the  Saiito  Tomiis  at  sea;  all  three 
I'eturned  to  Jalisco;  set  afloat  the  ves.sel  already  stranded  there  (the  Sdii 
Luzaro'^);  met  two  craft  at  Santiago;  and  returned  to  Acapulco  with  six. 
Cavo,  TiTH  Sii/lox,  i.  120,  says  he  returned  with  live  vessels  after  having  left 
others  for  Ulloa  and  the  colony.  Venegas,  Xot.  Cut.,  i.  loU-T,  alHrms  that 
(iiijalva's  vessel,  having  returned,  was  one  of  those  sent  by  the  viceroy  to 
bring  back  Cort(58, 


RETURN  OF  THE  COLONY. 


53 


v.'itli  liis  own  inclinations  at  the  time,  the  result  of 
llio  expedition  having'  been  a  hitter  disappointment, 
Cortes  sent  vessels  to  bring'  back  the  unfortunate  colo- 
nists, perha[)s  at  the  end  of  153G.  Respecting  the 
voyage  jf  these  vessels  nothing  whatever  is  known."** 
It  should  be  noted  that  there  was  as  yet  no  suspicion 
that  the  newly  found  land  was  anything  but  an  island, 
and  that  no  other  name  than  Santa  Cruz  had  been 
applied  to  it. 

We  have  seen  tlio  vessels  of  Hurtado,  Jimenez,  and 
Cortes  successively  touching  at  different  [)oints  on  the 


**  .Mcndoza  s.Tys  most  of  the  colonists  died  of  hunger.  Tfninux-Compnns, 
T'o//.,  si'rie  i.  toni.  ix.  118(1-7.  l.oron/an.i,  Corfi.-i,  lli.it.,  ;V24,  iuid  other  writers 
(late  tlie  return  eurly  in  l.');i7;  but  most  of  them  also  i)laee  tiie  hci^inning  of 
the  Voyage  in  l.")3()  instead  of  l.Vj.").  Cortes,  Kscrihi.i,  'IWl  .'{,  ;<()!- 1.';  yar/ir- 
riic,  Col.  I>oc.,  iv.  20.'5-4,  says  ho  inten<h'd  to  return  with  aid;  but  the  rela- 
tives of  some  of  the  eolouists  eoniplaineil  to  the  viceroy,  who  oiilered  him  to 
biiug  them  baek,  ami  he  obeyed.  'J'hc  Uinj,'  in  l.VH,  Prvirsn  ur/  Mitrijuis, 
oDS-d,  has  been  told  that  Mendo/a  took  all  the  aeeounts  ami  maps  <if  the  voy- 
age, •iiid  refused  to  give  Corti's  a  license  to  send  succor  to  the  otlicer  left  in 
eomniand  of  the  colony.  Cuzman's  version,  /(/.,  317-S,  is  that  he  velcomed 
Cortes  in  New  (hdici.i,  though  he  maltreated  Indians  on  the  way,  kept  him 
in  his  own  house  four  days,  supplied  the  army  all  tlii'j'  needed,  and  helped 
them  on  to  Kspiritu  Santo  (Cliametla),  whence  Cortes  sent  a  vessel  to  Matan- 
chcl  fur  maize.  Having  sent  his  men  across  by  Ciu/.man's  aid,  Coi'tes  found 
nothing  to  live  on,  and  his  men  were  on  the  point  of  starvation  until  succored 
again  by  ( luznian.  ]5y  aliandoning  the  country  ( 'ortes  had  given  u]i  all  claim 
if  he  ever  hail  any.  Moreovtr  at  thi;  ( ml  of  \~>',i'),  /'ar/ii  '■(,  iiin[<'iir'/<'ii(is.  ( 'a/. 
J)w.,  xvi.  1-37,  (luzman  had  four  or  live  witnesses  examined  undi:r  oath,  all 
of  whom  testilied  to  the  poverty  of  the  country  discoveied;  to  the  fact  that 
many  pcrisheil  of  hunger,  ami  more  would  have  died  but  for  succor;  that 
Corti's  treated  his  men  bailly,  taking  away  tluir  clothing,  etc. ;  that  'rajiia 
and  (,'ortes  had  taken  away  Indians  against  their  will;  that  tli(!  Initians  of 
.'••anta  Cruz  were  very  low  beings,  eating  their  own  excrcnunt,  cohaliiting  in 
public,  and  approaching  their  women  from  behind  like  beasts;  and  that  the 
inuntrv  had  no  yold.  This  evidence  was  submitted  in  l.")41  to  the  courts  in 
Madrid. 

The  following  arc  miscellancons  I'cfei'ences  for  brief  and  more  or  less  sujier- 
ficial  accf)unts  of  (Jortcs' expend itions  to  Calif<iinia  umler  llmtailo,  r><'C('\ra, 
and  Cortes,  most  of  them  Iieing  adilition.d  to  those  given  in  the  priceding 
pages:  Marfh  y  Lahore.^,  •Mdf'iiKt.  IS-ji'iiicIn .  ii,  1!)4-'J(I0;  (!<ilriiiin.  in  I'c//. 
Hi-'ect.,  ;ii»-4l;  O/icsou's  //i.-<f.  Cdtli.  C/i.,'\.  :!.">  -7;  Sula-nr  ji  olmfi',  Ui.il.  <\,ii(i. 
JAv.,  441 -.■)();  Vnrn,  '/'/v.f  N/'/Aw,  i.  UI!»-'-M:  1 1  iniiUnhlK  AW/)  /'r,/.,  i.  ;i()!l; 
A'('///",s  Hint.  Dlxriii'.,  i.  •JOO-I'J;  ))(il,'i/n>/ili's  .V/'.s/.  C,,/.,  I'o//..  i.  .V)  (i:  />ii,iir- 
v<rli\i  /AxW.s  i.  --4-.");  <'fi.//i,  X<>/.  .ilriii.  Sh':.  lOS;  Ck,'.,  H'lsl.  <'/irif.,  ii.  I."i- 
lil;  J!ih(i.-i,  His/.  TrSiiiiiiJio.t,  4\\--2;  J,'nl,rrt.-«i,i'.-<  //is/.  Awr.,  ii.  141:  /■'"«■/,. 
ii(hi  rill  r's  Villi.,  ii.  4'J"2-;«;  drifnluiir'K  Or.  ami  C'ld.,  .">'J-4;  (•'rii'rlii}i'-\-<  .I/d/;., 
'J.");  /-'orhi's'  Cid.,  7-!l;  /'<i;iiio,  in  S<«:  .l/«,r.  <!<n>i.,  Ii,,l.,  'Jda  ('p.  ii.  1!HI-'J()!); 
/.(i.tKi /id.f,  ]}.  Cdl.,  Km:  Dor.  /lis'.  .)/cr.,  sirie  \v.  ])t.  v.  7-S;  llisf.  A/in/.,  \  i, 
;>lL'-i4;  Iak I,  Xorrs  OHiis,  'J'.l'J-.'i;  ('(iiiinr'io,  \\\  Xiuir.  An.  I'o//.,  xcix.  I.s4; 
Waljiioli'.'n  Four  Years,  ii,  •JiO-11;   Tulhilts  JJisl,  Cal.,  !>-'J;  Jlurrai/'n  JJist, 


54 


CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


northern  coast  between  1532  and  1536.  Respecting 
events  of  the  same  period  on  the  main  at  and  about 
San  Miguel,  where  Diego  de  Proano  had  been  left 
at  the  end  of  1531  with  one  hundred  vecinos,  the 
records  are  not  only  confused  but  meagre.  Many 
writers  dispose  of  the  period  by  stating  that  Nuno  de 
Guzman  on  departing  from  Culiacan  for  Jalisco  left  an 
army  in  the  north,  which  he  divided  into  three  divi- 
sions under  captains  Chirinos,  Oiiate,  and  Jose  de 
Angulo,  with  orders  to  explore  the  country  northward 
and  eastward;  that  Angulo  and  Oilate  crossed  the 
sierra  toward  the  east  and  north-east  by  different 
routes  not  definitely  known,  reaching  the  plains  of 
Guadiana,  or  Durango,  but  finding  only  savage  tribes 
and  accomplishing  nothing  in  the  way  of  conquest  or 
settlement;  and  that  Chirinos  with  his  force  pene- 
trated up  the  coast  to  the  Yaqui  River, ''^  Several 
of  the  number  add  erroneously  that  Chirinos  or  his 
officers  during  this  expedition  met  Cabeza  de  Vaca, 
of  whom  more  hereafter. 

Of  the  expeditions  of  Ouate  and  Angulo  nothing 
is  known  beyond  the  preceding  vague  references,  but 
it  is  more  than  probable  that  one  or  both  of  them 

Acrf.  N.  Amer.,  ii.  GO-7;  Dvfcy,  liimimd,  i.  5,  213;  Kowvdy^s  Tpxcix,  i.  200; 
Ti/llcr'n  JJisi.  JJiscuv.,  09-70;  Fiiidhn/'n  JJirerlorif,  i.  2!)'2-3;  'jhilrhhuia'  J/rc/., 
i.  Ill;  iii.  .309-400;  v.  ilH-.');  Fanihcu)i'x  Life  Cul.,  119-24;  /(•(/;.(•,  'VOrojoii, 
f)4;  Frii/iict,  Ln  Cal.,  0;  Saint  Aviniil,  Voy.,  ;i9-2-3;  <'or/c--<,  Jiriiroi,  ii.;  Cortr.-t, 
AviiiluruK,  300;  Jlasscl,  Jili'.i:  Giia!.,  177;  l/ohiu's''  Annals  Anicr.,  i.  of),  fiS; 
Lari'nani/iirc,  Mcx.  Gnat.,  139;  Mayer's  Mex.  Azlec,i.  00;  Jloufjlave,  licsumv, 
139-40;  Man-hand,  ]'oi/.,  i.  iii.-iv. 

*■>  Mota-Padilla,Coii(i.  ^'.  Gal.,  70,  82;  Frcji'si,  Ifist.  nrrrc,  111-14;  Jinm- 
irr~,  ProecKo,  211-12;  i\'(irarrc'tc,  Hisl.  Jul.,  ^u;  Gil,  in  iS  or.  Mix.  Gro;/.,  viii. 
479-80;  Payno.  in  Id.,  L'lln  Ep.,  ii.  137-8;  Escwhro,  A'ol.  J)nr.,  8;  ///.,  Not. 
Son.,  20-7;  Jiciiiimont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iii.  488  ct  socj.  IJcmunoiit  and  Tollo, 
J/ixt.  X.  Gal.,  2'M,  givo  fuUci' accoimta  of  An^ulo's  trip,  but  add  nothing  to 
tl\c  above  save  that  lie  had  50  Spaniards  and  400  Indians,  and  liad  orders  to 
eros-s  over  to  Tanipieo,  but  was  prevented  l)y  cold  and  want  of  f()o<l.  Tello 
nays  that  Onate  'followed  the  rivers  and  coasts  to  tlio  port  of  Batoand  Ostial,' 
rested  at  Culiacan,  and  in  a  few  days  continued  ids  niarcli  to  Las  Veiras  and 
Vi/caino,  and  thence  to  tlio  sierra  of  Capirato.  According  to  Mota-I'adilla 
and  Navarrete  Onute  went  to  Aldato,  llostial,  .and  Capirato,  Kscudero  tells 
xis  tiiat  Angulo  went  to  the  coast  of  tlic  gulf  of  California;  while  according  to 
Cil,  lie  went  through  central  Sinaioa  to  the  region  of  Alamos.  It  is  (|uito 
evident  tliat  none  of  these  writers  have  the  slightest  idea  of  what  they  arc 
talking  ;'.bout.  Ikauniont,  liowevcr,  implies  that  the  expeditions  took  place 
after  the  foundation  of  the  Jalisco  towns. 


DIEGO  DE  GUZMAN. 


65 


slioukl  be  inclutlod  in  the  miscellaneous  explorations 
already  mentioned  as  having  been  undertaken  by  Guz- 
man's orders  before  he  left  Culiacan  in  the  autunni  of 
1531/"  The  northern  trip  to  the  Yaqui  is  better 
recorded.  It  was  accomplished,  however,  not  innne- 
diately  after  the  governor's  departure  by  forces  which 
he  left  at  San  Miguel,  but  in  1533  and  probably  by  a 
force  sent  north  from  Jalisco.  It  was  not  commanded 
by  Chirinos,  who  probably  never  visited  northern 
Sinaloa,  having  left  Guzman  on  the  way  in  1530  and 
returned  to  Mexico,  but  was  under  the  command  of 
Diego  de  Guzman;  neither  was  it  connected  in  any 
way  with  the  arrival  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  an  event 
of  much  later  date.  We  have  no  definite  record  of 
the  sending  of  troops  from  Jalisco ;*''  but  of  the  north- 
ern campaign  we  have  two  original  accounts,  one 
written  by  the  commander  Diego  de  Guzman,  and  the 
other  In  one  of  his  officers  whose  name  is  not  known."*^ 
It  will  be  remembered  that  while  Nuno  de  Guzman 
was  at  Culiacan  in  1531,  Alcalde  Samaniego  had  been 
sent  northward  by  the  coast  route  and  had  reached 
and  named  the  river  of  Petatlan.  It  also  appears 
that  after  Guzman's  departure  Alcalde  Proaho  sent 
out  one  of  the  vecinos  of  San  IMiguel  who  reached 
the  small  river  next  north  of  the  Culiacan,  now  known 

*''  Sec  chap.  ii.  of  this  vol.  Tello's  statement  that  Guzman  accompanied 
Ofiato's  division  in  person  confirms  tliis  supposition. 

'''  Unless  it  bo  the  statement  of  the  author  of  the  i*""  liel.  An6n.,  20r»,  'y  X 
mi  mandijnie  quo  fuese  A.  la  villa,  de  San  Miguel,  fjue  habia  dcjailo  en  Culiacan 
dcspucs  que  cl  Ci'ist(')l)al  de  Darrios  oviesc  poblado,  que  dendo  alli  mo  diesc 
gentc  (|uc  me  acompanase  hnsta  la  villa.' 

** Tiio  fu'st  is  the  liiUicion  dc  lo  que  yo  D'teijo  <h.  Giaman  he  dinciihiirfo  cii 
1 1  cntst!i  di  I Mtir  del  Sur  por  S.  M.  >/ porel  ///'"» iScaV^'y/of/c  (hrjiuni,  in  /■'/•rliln. 
Col.  Doc,  !)4-100,  and  in  Pncheco,  C il.  Doc,  xv.  32r)-.'i8.  The  s^eeond  is  the 
ilir.mun,  ^'<'a  ltd.  Aiitiii.  The  first  is  an  ollicial  diary  giving  all  detailti  (/f 
tlr.tes,  distances,  pueblos,  and  minor  events,  ■written  during  tlio  trip  and  sent 
t')  the  autliorities;  while  the  other  is  a  more  general  account,  omitting  must 
detail:,,  naming  only  the  principal  rivers,  and  paying  more  atti'iitioii  to  the 
{.'cr.cral  features  of  the  country  and  tlic  customs  of  the  natives,  apparently 
Viritteu  from  memory  some  time  after  tlie  occuiTcnce  of  the  events  ilescriljcd. 
lca;:lialccta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  xlv.,  thinks  tlio  anonymous  narrative  icfors  to  the 
expedition  of  Cebrcroa  and  Alcaraz,  and  deems  it  remarkable  tliat  no  nu'ntion 
is  made  of  Cabeza  dc  Vaca;  but  there  is  no  possible  doubt  tliat  the  narrative 
relates  to  a  much  earlier  expedition.  Hcrrcra,  dec.  v.  lib.  i.  cap.  vii.-viii. ,  inves 
.in  ."ccount  evidently  taken  from  the  anonymous  relation,  under  the  date  of 
1532. 


56 


CORTliS,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


as  the  Mocorito,  and  gave  it  his  own  name  Sebastian 
do  Evora.  The  present  expedition  under  Diego  de 
Guzman  left  Culiacan  Valley  early  in  July  1533,*''  by 
the  same  route  that  Samaniego  had  followed,  and  a 
week  later  arrived  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Petatlan, 
the  Siiialoa  of  modern  maps.  Exploring  this  river 
live  leagues  toward  the  sea  the  Spaniards  obtained  a 
quantity  of  maize,  and  heard  of  a  town  called  Tamot- 
chala  on  a  river  toward  the  north.  Francisco  Velas- 
quez with  twenty  men  was  sent  in  advance  and  took 
the  town  by  assault,  the  inhabitants  for  the  most  part 
jumping  into  the  river  and  escaping.  The  rest  of  the 
army  coining  up,  remained  here  eight  days  and  ex- 
])lored  the  river  down  to  a  village  called  Ore  my. 
This  stream  of  Tamotchala,  named  by  Guzman  at 
this  time  Santiago,  was  the  Rio  del  Fuerte,  the  later 
boundary  between  Sinaloa  and  Sonera.™  Finding 
but  a  small  store  of  supplies,  though  the  banks  were 
well  dotted  with  jK'tate  huts,  the  arm}^  marched  up 
the  I'iver  nearly  to  the  sierra,  and  early  in  August 
arrived  in  tlie  province  of  Sinaloa,  which  has  given  its 
name  to  the  modern  stat<^.  Here  the  dwellings  were 
better,  and  large  fields  of  maize,  in  the  milk  at  the 
time,  gave  promise  of  plentiful  supplies.  The  natives 
at  first  ran  away  in  fright,  but  prcsentljn-eturned  with 
green  reeds  in  their  hands  which  they  placed  on  the 
ground  in  token  of  friendship  and  submission;  yet 
they  were  suspected  of  treacherous  intent  and  closely 
watched.'^ 

Tlie  I7th  of  September  crossing  the  river  in  balsas 

*"  The  diary  has  it  Aug.  4th,  obviously  an  error  of  copyist  or  printer.  It 
miiy  h;ive  been  July  4th. 

•"'.Fuly  "JSth,  forinal  possession  taken  of  tlie  Rio  Santinito  15  1.  from  tho 
Pctiitlaii.  Proieno  del  Mcm/iirn,  li'22.  <TUZnian  makes  tiio  distance  from  tlio 
I'i'tatlau  rj  1.;  tho  .'inonymous  narrative  'JO  1.  This  river  has  also  ])ceu 
called  Zuaque,  Ahonie,  and  even  Sinaloa.  The  name  Taiuotchala,  or  Tama- 
zula,  lias  also  been  applied  to  rivers  to  the  south,  thus  causinv'some  confusion 
in  iii.stui'ical  narratives,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  Tamotchala,  or  Santi- 
ago, of  the  iii'st  explorers  was  tho  Fuerte. 

'"'  Tlio  anonj  mous  writer  speaks  of  leavinf;  the  main  force  and  marching  up 
the  river  with  a  small  l  arty.  This  in  connection  with  (iuznum's  statement 
that  he  sent  such  a  party  couiirms  the  fact  that  tho  former  writer  was  one  of 
Guzman's  chief  olUcers. 


ON  THE  RIO  YAQUI. 


57 


kiriutcr.     It 


and  guided  by  a  Sinaloa  native,  the  Spaniards  resumed 
their  march,  and  having  passed  three  days  later  the 
town  of  Teocomo  on  a  small  stream,  arrived  on  the 
24th  at  the  Rio  Mayo,  where  they  found  plenty  of 
dry  maize  and  salt,  and  spent  five  days  killing  their 
hogs  which  had  been  driven  up  to  this  point.  The}'- 
named  the  river  San  Miguel,^'^  and  went  on  in  searcli 
of  a  town  of  Nevame,  possibly  the  origin  of  the  tribal 
name  Nevome,  on  a  larger  river;  crossed  the  river 
the  4th  of  October,  and  halted  at  the  town  of  Yaquimi 
on  its  northern  bank,  where  they  remained  seventeen 
days,  but  were  unable  to  overcome  the  fears  of  the 
natives,  who  had  fled  at  their  approach.  This  river, 
the  largest  they  had  crossed,  the  present  Yaqui,  was 
christened  San  Francisco.^*  The  anonymous  narra- 
tive of  these  events,  followed  by  Herrera  and  others, 
describes  an  encounter  with  the  natives  at  this  town, 
only  vaguely  alluded  t  ■  by  Guzman.  The  Yacjuis 
appeared  in  large  numbers,  and  forbade  the  Spaniards 
to  pass  a  line  indicated  on  the  ground.  Guzman  ex- 
])lained  his  peaceful  intentions  and  asked  for  food. 
The  Indians  offered  to  bring  food  if  the  Spaniards 
would  lirst  allow  themselves  and  their  horses  to  be 
tied.  Guzman  did  not  accede  to  this  modest  request, 
but  ordered  his  men  to  charge  with  the  battle-cry  of 
Santiago,  and  the  Yaquis  were  routed  after  a  desper- 
ate struggle,  in  which  two  Spaniards  and  twelve 
horses  were  wounded. 

In  the  last  days  of  October  the  river  was  explored 
up  to  Nevame,  ten  or  twelve  leagues  above  Yaquimi, 
and  the  author  of  the  anonymous  account  also  went 

'-  fiuzmau  calls  the  river  -\iayomo.  Both  accounts  make  the  distance  from 
tlie  Taniotcliala  30  lca,(,Mius.  The  stream  crossed  before  reaching  the  Ma.\()  id 
the  l!i(j  Ahimos  of  modern  maiis.  Tiie  Ucl.  Aiiuii.  does  not  mention  it  or  tho 
jmulilo.  I'ossession  was  taken,  .Sept.  'Jilth,  of  tlio  San  Miguel,  40  leagues  from 
the  Santiago.  Proccso  del  Marqiii'f,  'A'lW 

^••tiuxinan  mak<'8  the  distance  between  tho  Maj'o  and  Yaqui  IS  leagues. 
It  is  evident  that  the  distances  given  arc  of  little  iniiiortance,  since  we  liavo 
no  means  of  knowing  how  far  iidand  or  in  what  direction  the  route  lay  be- 
tween tiie  streams.  The  /iV/.  Amiii.  says  the  Yaqui  was  reached  on  the  day 
of  Xucstra  Sefiora,  or  Sept.  8th.  Formal  possession  of  tho  Yuquimi,  or  Suu 
rraiicisco  on  Oct.  4th.  I'roccso  dci,  Marquvs,  3'io. 


58 


CORTfiS,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


t 


down  to  the  sea,  but  found  no  prospect  of  a  pass 
northward  by  the  coast. ^*  It  was  now  decided  to 
return,  and  they  started  the  2d  of  November.  Eight 
or  ten  days  were  spent  in  exploring  the  Rio  Mayo, 
and  six  days  on  the  Rio  Teocomo,  or  Alamos.  Here 
they  noticed  a  piece  of  blue  cloth  and  a  string  of  nails 
evidently  of  European  manufacture,  and  learned  of 
Hurtado's  arrival  and  murder  at  a  town  of  Orumeme, 
to  the  south.^  From  the  1st  to  the  13th  of  Decem- 
ber they  were  on  the  Rio  Tamotchala,  reached  Oru- 
meme near  the  sea,  found  more  relics,  and  learned  the 
details  of  Hurtado's  fate.  Passing  the  Rio  Petatlan, 
on  Christmas  they  were  at  the  Rio  do  Sebastian  de 
£vora,  and  arrived  at  Culiacan  on  the  30th,  as  Guz- 
man states,  or  according  to  the  other  account,  on 
Christmas  eve.°^ 

Back  at  San  Miguel  from  the  north  Guzman's  party 
found  the  natives  in  revolt,  and  the  Christians  in  great 
fear  and  want.  The  author  of  the  anonymous  narra- 
tive proceeded  southward  with  a  small  escort  to  report 
to  the  governor  and  seek  aid.  He  found  the  settle- 
ment at  Chametla  in  much  the  same  condition  as  San 
Miguel,  the  Indians  having  revolted  and  killed  Captain 
Diego  de  la  Cueva  and  other  Spaniards.  But  little 
more  is  recorded  about  the  northern  settlements  during 
this  period.  The  colonists  at  San  Miguel,  instead  of 
cultivating  the  soil  at  first,  lived  on  the  supplies  left 

*^  Ho  noted  the  western  projection  of  the  coast  in  what  is  now  the  Quay- 
mas  region,  and  after  returning  to  Mexico  and  learning  of  the  discovery  of  a. 
western  land  liy  Jimenez,  concluded  that  the  new  land  was  not  an  island  but 
a  south-western  projection  of  the  mainland,  the  mouth  of  the  Yaqui  being  the 
head  of  the  gulf  thus  formed.  Thus  early  was  the  theory  advanced  that  Cali- 
fornia was  a  peninsula.  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii.  497,  also  vaguely  notices 
the  idea;  wliich  seems,  however,  not  to  have  found  a  place  on  any  early  map. 

^■'  The  I'd.  Av6n.  says  the  relics  were  noticed  on  the  march  northward, 
but  that  definite  information  of  Hurtado's  fate  was  obtained  from  an  Indian 
woman  on  the  return. 

^"Ilcucra,  as  I  have  said,  dec.  v.  lib.  i.  cap.  vii.-viii.,  follows  the  anony- 
mous narrative  almost  verbatim,  Tollo,  llht.  N.  Gal.,  ,S50-9,  Mota-Padilla, 
Conq.  X.  Val,  79-82,  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iii.  490-7,  Escudcro,  Not. 
Son.,  20-7,  and  others,  give  substantially  the  same  version,  drawn  evidently 
from  the  same  sources,  but  makes  Chirinos  the  commander  with  Celireros  and 
Alcaraz  as  subordinate  officers,  thus  confounding  this  expedition  with  events 
that  occurred  over  two  years  later.  Tcllo  also  speaks  of  a  battle  on  the  llio 
Sebastian  do  Evora. 


AFFAIRS  AT  CULIACAN. 


59 


by  the  governor,  and  on  others  bought  of  the  natives 
in  exchange  for  trinkets.  Peace  lasted  until  the  arti- 
cles of  trade  were  exhausted,  and  the  Christians  began 
to  Hve  by  plundering  the  natives,  and  by  seizing  them 
as  slaves  whenever  oppression  provoked  resistance. 
The  natives  then  gradually  ceased  to  cultivate  the 
land,  burned  their  remaining  towns,  and  fled  from 
their  persecutors  to  lead  a  wild  life  in  the  mountains. 
In  a  vain  effort  to  regain  lost  favor  at  court  Nuno  do 
Guzman,  regardless  of  his  own  past  policy  and  instruc- 
tions, caused  Captain  Proano  to  be  arrested  and 
brought  to  Compostela  for  trial,  on  charge  of  making 
slaves  in  violation  of  law.  Proano  was  sentenced  to 
death,  but  was  saved  before  the  audiencia  at  the  inter- 
cession of  the  Onates;  and,  according  to  Beaumont 
and  Ramirez,  Cristobal  de  Tapia  was  sent  as  alcalde 
mayor  to  San  Miguel. 

The  policy  of  kindness  introduced  by  Tapia,  as 
we  are  told,  so  disgusted  the  Spanish  vccinos,  by  de- 
priving them  of  the  profit  of  the  slave-trade,  and 
forcing  them  to  cultivate  their  own  fields,  or  hire  it 
done,  that  many  left  a  country  which  had  lost  all  its 
charm  for  them.  When  Tapia  assumed  the  position 
or  how  long  he  held  it  we  have  no  record;  but  in 
153G-7  Melchor  Diaz  was  alcalde  mayor."  It  does 
not  appear,,  however,  that  the  Indian  policy  in  this 
region  was  radically  changed  for  the  better  before 
1536;  for  it  was  a  party  of  Spanish  raiders  from  San 
Miguel  in  search  of  plunder  and  slaves  in  the  Petatlan 
country,  who  met  Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  his  companions, 
of  whose  strano-e  wanderings  across  the  continent  I 
have  now  to  speak. 

•''"  Dec.  10,  15.37,  Viceroy  Mendoza  M'rites  to  the  emperor  that  Diaz  had 
conic  to  Mexico,  at  a  date  not  mentioned,  to  complain  on  behalf  of  the  scttlcis 
tliat  they  had  no  means  of  living  now  that  they  were  not  allowed  to  iiiako 
slaves.  Mcndoza  regarded  it  aa  of  great  importance  that  the  villa  be  not 
abandoned,  and  had  sent  the  settlers  ncccs.sary  articles  to  the  value  of  1,000 
J10S03,  until  the  emperor  should  decide  on  some  means  of  ])erninneufc  relief. 
Florida,  Col.  JJoc,  i.  120-30.  See  also  on  the  matters  mentioned  in  the  text, 
L'c'iin)ioiit,Cidi>.  Mich.,  iii.  497;  iv.  71-4;  I.iim'trcz,  Pi-ocrxn.  'Jl'.VO;  Guzman, 
JraJkl.  Anvil.,  29;]-4;  ld.,2dalld.  Aii6n.,ZQ2-b;  Mota-Paddla,  Conq.  N.  UaL, 
87;  U'thas,  Hist.  Triumphos,  23-4. 


i; 


60 


CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


II" 


Piinfilo  d(!  Narvacz  with  a  commission  as  governor 
to  conquer  and  rule  the  ])rovinco  of  Las  Pahiias 
north  of  Pdnuco  on  the  gulf  coast,  sailed  from  Spain 
in  June  1527  with  a  fleet  of  five  ships  and  a  force  of 
six  hundred  men.  After  a  somewhat  disastrous  ex- 
perience of  storms  and  desertions  at  Espailola  and 
Cuba,  the  fleet  was  driven  by  a  storm  to  the  western 
coast  of  Florida  and  anchored  with  four  hundred  men 
and  eighty  horses  at  Tampa  Bay  in  April  1528.  Alvar 
Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca  was  treasurer  and  alcalde 
mayor  of  the  expedition,  and  of  Narvaez'  prosj)cctive 
li'overnment  of  Las  Palmas.  Aijainst  the  remon- 
strance  of  Nunez,  the  governor  determnied  to  march 
inland  while  the  vessels  should  follow  the  coast,  with 
which  a  pilot,  Miruelo,  professed  to  be  somewhat 
familiar.  The  separation  was  on  May  1st;  the  re- 
uniting of  the  sea  and  land  forces  was  never  eff'ected. 
The  fleet,  losing  one  vessel  and  being  joined  by  an- 
other from  Cuba,  seems  to  have  spent  about  a  year 
on  the  coast,  and,  hearing  nothing  of  the  army,  to 
have  returned  to  the  islands. 

Narvaez  with  his  three  hundred  men  and  forty 
horses  followed  the  general  direction  of  the  coast,  but 
at  a  considerable  distance  inland,  suffering  many  hard- 
ships from  the  natural  difficulties  of  sucli  a  march, 
from  want  of  food,  and  from  occasional  though  not 
serious  Indian  hostilities.  In  August  they  again 
drew  near  the  sea  and  abandoned  the  idea  of  further 
progress  by  land.  At  a  bay  called  by  them  Bahi'a.do 
los  Caballos,  probably  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Apalachicola  Hiver,  having  made  tools  from  their 
stirrups  and  other  articles  of  iron,  the  Spaniards  built 
five  boats.  Here  ten  men  were  killed  by  the  natives 
and  forty  died  from  sickness;  the  horses  were  killed 
for  food  and  for  their  skins  to  be  used  in  providing 
the  boats  with  water.  At  last,  in  September,  two 
hundred  and  forty-two  men  besides  the  officers,  all 
ignorant  of  navigation,  embarked  in  their  frail  craft 
to  coast  the  gulf  of  Pdnuco.     They  continued  the  voy- 


FATE  OF  NARVAEZ. 


Gl 


asfc  about  six  weeks,  tossed  by  storms,  suffering  ter- 
ribly from  thirst,  hunger,  and  exposure,  landing 
occasionally,  and  attacked  several  times  by  savages, 
until  early  in  November  the  boat  commanded  by 
Cubeza  de  Vaca  and  one  of  the  others  were  stranded 
on  an  island  near  the  main,  and  the  surviving  navi- 
gators, naked  and  more  dead  than  alive,  were  thrown 
into  the  hands  of  the  natives,  who  were  in  a  condition 
hardly  less  deplorable  than  their  own. 

Four  of  the  strongest  survivors  were  despatched 
with  instructions  to  press  on,  and  if  possible  to  reach 
Piinuco,  supposed  to  be  not  far  distant.  Famine 
and  pestilence  soon  reduced  the  Spaniards  from  eighty 
to  fifteen,  also  carrying  off  one  half  of  the  Indians. 
The  survivors  became  slaves  and  were  gradually  scat- 
tered. Alvar  Nunez  remained  over  a  year  on  the 
island,  very  harshly  treated,  and  employed  chiefly  in 
diljfiiing  from  under  the  water  a  root  used  ao  food. 
He  afterwards  bettered  his  condition  by  becoming  a 
trader  on  the  main,  traversing  the  country  for  many 
leasjfues,  and  exchan<]jinfj  shells  and  various  articles  of 
coast  merchandise  for  skins  and  other  island  products, 
lie  remained  in  the  service  of  the  Indians,  naked  like 
his  masters,  for  nearly  six  years,  naming  the  island 
]\Ialhado  from  his  misfortunes  there.  At  the  end  of 
that  time,  in  company  with  the  only  survivor  there, 
named  Oviedo,  he  escaped  from  his  masters,  and  went 
down  the  coast  to  a  bay  which  he  supposed  to  be 
the  Espiritu  Santo  discovered  in  1519,  crossing  four 
large  rivers  on  the  way.  Oviedo  returned  to  Malhado, 
but  Cabeza  de  Vaca  became  a  slave  in  another  tribe, 
and  soon  met  Andres  Dorantes,  Alonso  del  Castillo 
Maldonado,  and  Estevanico,  an  Arabian  negro  slave. 
All  these  were  of  the  party  wrecked  on  Malhado 
Island,  but  in  their  subsequent  wanderings  they  had 
gone  far  down  the  coast,  meeting  survivors  from  the 
other  boats,  and  learning  the  fate  of  Narvaez  and  his 
companions.  These  had  also  been  wrecked  and  had 
perished  one  by  one  with  very  few  exceptions.    Of  the 


62  CORTl!:S,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 

four  sent  to  Pilnuco,  one  had  gone  southward,  two  liad 
died,  and  one  was  still  with  the  Indians.  Of  nearly 
three  hundred  who  had  started  from  Florida,  besides 
the  four  now  reunited,  there  remained  only  five  not 
known  to  have  perished,  and  not  one  of  the  five  was 
ever  heard  of  afterward.  The  four  crossed  the  con- 
tinent and  reached  San  Miguel  in  New  Galicia  April 
1,  1530, 

The  wanderings  of  Alvar  Nunez  and  his  party, 
being  the  first  exploration  by  Europeans  of  a  largo 
tract  of  the  territory  which  constitutes  my  subject, 
it  would  be  desirable  to  trace  accurately  and  in  detail; 
but  unfortunately  the  data  extant  are  wholly  insufH- 
cient  for  the  purpose.    The  two  narrati\  es/'^  although 

'''One  was  by  Alvar  Nuflcz  after  liia  return  to  Spain  in  loS?.  It  was  first 
publislicil  at  Zamora  in  1542,  as  the  Itclanon  que  did  Alvar  Nnlirz,  etc. ;  ru- 
juiblishcd,  M'ith  ailiUtional  matter  not  relating  to  tliis  part  of  the  author's 
cavec.'r,  as  J'clacion  y  L'omentarion  in  looO;  and  again  in  liurcia,  Hintor'ntdon a 
PrimltiroH  in  173G,  under  the  title  of  A'anfruijios  dc.  Alvar  Nuniz,  followed 
by  the  C'omfiiturios,  and  also  by  an  L'xiuneu  Apolo;i>:t!ro  de  la  J/istuiirn  A'co'- 
raiioii,  etc.,  by  Dr  Antonio  Anloino.  The  Exdmi'n  was  a  refutation  of  llou- 
orius  Pliiloponus,  or  Caspar  I'lautua,  who  in  his  Nova  Ti/pia  Traii.ftuia 
Bcvcrcly  criticised  Cabeza  de  Vaca's  accounts  of  miracles.  An  Italian  trans- 
lation ap[)earcd  in  liumiixio,  Knvi;/.,  iii.  310-SO;  a  French  translation  in 
TcviKtiix-Compaiii*,  Vo;/.,  sdrie  i.  torn.  vii. ;  and  an  English  translation  by 
liuckingham  Smith  in  1801.  In  1871  a  new  edition  of  this  translation  ap- 
peared with  copious  notes,  not  quite  completed,  liowevci',  by  reason  of  tho 
translator's  sudden  death.  This  is  the  most  convenient  edition  for  use,  and 
is  tho  one  I  shall  refer  to  as  Caheza  de  I'aca'a  li(dut'ion. 

The  other  narrative  was  a  report  made  by  tlie  wanderers  to  the  audicneia 
in  Mexico  in  1530.  This  document  is  not  known  to  be  extant  in  its  original 
form;  but  from  it  Oviedo,  UiKt.  Ind.,  iii.  5Si!-(il8,  maile  up  his  account.  Mr 
Smith  claims  to  have  noted  in  his  translation  ill  the  dilFcrences  between  the 
two  narratives;  but  cither  because  ho  did  not  live  to  complete  the  annotation 
or  from  some  other  cause,  the  work  is  imperfectly  done,  not  one  in  ten  of  tlic 
discrepancies  being  noticed.  Other  writers  have  apparently  consulted  only 
tlie  first  mentioned  narrative,  and  have  added  nothing  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  expedition.  Mr  Davis,  however,  in  his  .S'^;f(H.  Conq.  of  N.  M<j:.,  "JO-IOS, 
has  given  many  careful  notes  and  suggestions.  The  following  works  mention 
the  jonrney  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  more  or  less  fully:  Jltlia.',  J/ixt.  TriuDi/i/io-; 
24-0;  JJcfiumout,  Crdii.  Mich.,  iv.  73-8,  14:!-4;  Al(;;n',  Jli-f.  Comp.  Je^n-',  i. 
320;  ii.  79;  Goinara,  Hist.  Iwl.,  52-5;  J/crn.ra,  dee.  iv.  lib.  iv.  cap.  v.-vi  ; 
dec.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  iii. -vii.;  lib.  ix.  cap.  xi.;  Mofa-Padilla,  ('oitq.  X.  Gid., 
80-1;  Trllo,  Hint.  N.  Gal.,  358-9;  Villaum,  list.  N.  Mvx.,  13-14;  ('luvi<jryo, 
I'H/oria  delta  Cat.,  152-3;  Datos  IJio'j.,  812-14;  Acontn,  l)c  Xalnni  Xor.  Orf>. 
(.SalmanticEC,  1589),  241;  Jlist.  Mmj.,  now  series,  141-3,  204-9,  347-57;  Al- 
hii'iiri,  Hist.  Mis., 'MS.,2S-',iS;  Lareuaudiirc,  Mex.  Gnat.,  145,227;  Zamaroia, 
Jlisf.  Mcj.,  iv.  G03-0;  Voiagcs  an  Xord,  iii.  257-07;  Overland  Monthbi,  x. 
514-18;  Vowjas,  Not.  Cat.,  i.  102-3;  Alccdo,  Dice,  iii.  183-4;  S'tlnzar  ij 
Vlarte,  Hist,  i'onq.  Mex.,  373-8;  Humboldt,  E<sai  Pol.,  i.  31()-17;  Purchufi, 
His Pilnriines.iv.  1499-1528;  Lorenzana,  iwCortcs,  /Jid.,3'2i;  Valle,  Xot.Sac, 


WANDERINGS  OF  ALVAR  NUfsEZ. 


69 


doubtless  prosontcd  in  good  faith,  were  written  from 
monioiy  under  circumstances  extremely  unfavorable, 
and  while  ajj^reeing  in  a  general  way  respecting  tho 
adventures  of  the  wanderers,  they  differ  widely  as 
might  be  expected  in  dates,  directions,  distances,  and 
all  that  could  aid  in  tracing  tho  route.  Moreover, 
the  statements  of  each  narrative  in  these  respects, 
even  if  unembarrassed  by  those  of  the  other,  are  fi'iig- 
mi'iitiiry,  disconnected,  contradictory,  and  often  unin- 
telligible. Such  being  tho  case,  a  full  discussion  would 
require  a  reproduction  of  both  narratives  in  full,  with 
a  larixo  amount  of  comment — in  flict  a  monograph  on 
the  subject,  which  of  course  would  be  altogether  out 
(;f  place  here.  I  shall  therefore  confine  my  connnents 
to  remarks  of  a  general  nature. 

jMalhado  Island  was  certainly  on  the  western  or 
northern  gulf  coast  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  Hiver, 
because  tho  Spaniards  had  not  crossed  that  river 
before  embarking  in  their  boats,  and  in  their  subse- 
(jueiit  wanderings  by  land  there  are  no  indications  that 
they  crossed  so  large  a  stream.^''  Tho  opinion  of  tho 
wanderorstliemselves  that  the  bay  was  Espiritu  Santo 
is  not  of  niucli  weight;  but  some  great  sand-hills  arc 
monlioned  by  Oviedo  as  a  prominent  landmark,  and 
the  Sand  IMounds  at  tho  bay  called  later  Es[)iritu 
Santo,  the  highest  peak  of  which  is  seventy-ilve 
feet  above  the  bay,  are  also  noted  by  tho  United 
States  coast  survey  as  "  forming  a  marked  feature  in 
tliat  otherwise  level  prairie  region. "'^^    Of  all  the  deli- 

](V2;  Kfiniili-ro,  Not.Son.,2C)-T;  M<ir<-li  y  Lahon'if,  Marina  K^jxin.,  \\.  17'>-S7; 
P'dio,  X.  Mix.,  o;  Dire.  Uiiic,  ii.  l-^;  Jj[i'>i:(l,  I'oi/.,  i.  l'J!(-'2(l();  L-ircimn- 
tl'i'rc,  Mcj-.  Gitaf.,  14.");  Galmiio,  in  I'v;/.  Srirrt.,  ',)'>;  JAU't,  Anrrn  Orhin,  07; 
J)(iri.r  Kl  Griiiiio,  C'J-liO;  Jlairis'  Xariij.,  i.  7'jy-'iO.");  GI<'(^on\t  I/i^t.  Ca'h.  <'h., 
i.  'l:.")-()4;  Jjrowiic'n  L.  (.'nl.,  10;  Domcno-k'ii  ])<. <(:)•!■■',  i.  KiS-!);  Gallrtliii,  mXunr. 
All.  Voij.,  cxNxi.  2\\-5;  Jiohiiisoii'n  Acd.  /^i.^ror.,  ',U2-o;  Init.  Ajf.  Itipl.,  1S71, 
3S0-1;  JJarrdro,  Ojmda,  5;  (r.7,  in  Soc.  Jfcx.  Geo;/.,  viii.  4S()-I;  TiilhiU'n 
J/i'''.  Cal.,  9-10;  Xav-trretc,  JJift.JaL,  o'J-ili);  iSimjtSDii,  in  Smil/nsoiiiun  liipt., 
181>!I,  a  10. 

•'*  In  his  first  edition  Mr  Smith  seems  to  have  believed  Cahcza  de  Vaca'a 
15ay  of  lvs])intu  Santo  identical  witii  .Mobile  IJay;  but  later  ho  chauued  that 
oi)inion.  1  can  tind  in  the  narratives  not  the  slightest  foundation  for  tlie  route 
northward  from  Mobile  l!ay  to  the  Mussel  Shoals  ofjthc  Tennessee  Kiver,  and 
thence  westward  to  tho  junction  of  the  Arkansas  and  Canadi.in. 

''^O/.vte/o,  iii.  593;  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  L'eport,  1859,  o2o.     There  seems  to 


ti 


COUTJiS,  GUZM^VN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


nito  IdCjitioiiH  oil  tlic  eastern  coast  of  Texas,  and  I  liavo 
no  «l()ul)t  that  Cubeza  de  Vaca  started  i'roin  tliat  eoast, 
Es|>iiitu  8anto  Bay,  or  San  Antonio,  lias  the  best 
claim  to  1)0  considered  the  initial  })olnt  of  this  journi'V. 
The  journey  was  begun  in  the  sunnner  of  1635,  appar- 
ently,"' when  the  ca[)tives  took  advantage  of  their 
masters'  annual  visit  to  the  interior  in  search  of  prickly 
pears  for  food,  to  effect  their  escape. 

Tluy  seem  to  have  passed  north-westward  through 
Texas,  following  perhaps  the  general  course  of  the 
rivers;  but  of  time,  distance,  or  direction  nothing  deli- 
nite  is  stated  until  after  having  forded  on  the  way  a 
breast-deep  river  as  wide  as  that  at  Seville,  they 
ap[)roached  the  base  of  a  mountain  range;  probaljly,  a.i 
Mr  Smith  believed,  the  San  Saba  mountains  of  Texas. 
Here  the  Indians  wished  them  to  go  down  toward 
the  sea,  but  they  insisted  on  going  up  a  river  for  a 
day  or  two  and  then  followed  the  base  of  the  mountains 
northward  from  fifty  to  eighty  leagues.*^"  Thence 
turning  westward  they  crossed  the  mountains  to  a 
village  on  a  fine  river,  where  they  received  among 

1)0  no  other  point  on  this  const  simiLnrly  marked;  neither  is  there,  ns  Mr 

iSniith  thinks,  Ji'i-talion,  89,  iiny  iahmtl  corresponding  to  Mulliado  nortli  of 
Kspiritii  ,S;nito  IJay  with  fonr  largo  intervening  rivers;  yet  vvliy  may  not  tho 
tJalveston  Ishmd  no  supposed  to  answer  the  condition  more  or  less  satisfac- 
torily?—as  IJiuicroft,  y//,-/.  U.  S.,  i.  400-2,  indeed  tliinks  probable. 

"'  C'abezii  do  Vaca,  Itclatioii,  195,  says  on  his  arrival  at  San  Miguel  in  April 
ir)3fi,  tliat  he  had  travelled  unceasingly  10  months;  that  is  since  June  K").")."; 
but  lie  also  says,  p.  80,  that  he  was  nearly  six  years  about  JIalhado  Island; 
tliat  is.  taking  Oviedo's  statement,  iii.  5U2,  of  five  and  one  half  years  for  nearly  six 
years,  from  Xoveiiiber  1  .V28  to  May  1534;  then  waited  six  months  for  the  tuna 
season,  to  Xovember  1534;  and  then  the  departure  was  postponed  again  for 
one  year,  or  to  Xovember  1535.  Again  he  says,  p.  Ill,  they  started  Sent. 
13th,  or  13  days  after  the  new  moon  which  cam  ^  on  Sept.  1st,  and  it  is  triio 
that  in  1535  tlic  new  moon  fell  within  a  day  or  vo  of  Sept.  1st.  Ovicdo,  iii. 
OO'J,  says  that  tiiey  met  to  escape  in  October  oi  tho  seventh  year,  probably 
meaning  15;>4,  and  then  postponed  tlicir  flight  i  il  August  of  tho  next  year, 
or  1535.  Cabeza  ile  Vaca,  p.  l'i'2,  also  speaks  o  nendiiig  eight  months  with 
one  tribe  soon  after  starting,  a  period  reduced  •  Oviedo,  iii.  003,  to  eiglit 
days.  1'iie  aliove  may  serve  as  a  sample  of  tho  coi 
out  till!  narratives. 

''-  Cabeza  do  Vaca,  ndnfion,  145-0,  says  tho  rai 
North  Sea,  and  that  tliey  followed  the  mountain; 
Smith  tliinka  this  part  of  tho  journey  was  wef  .vard.  Oviedo,  iii.  005-(i, 
says  tho  I'ango  extended  directly  north,  and  was  followed  'dercclio  al  norto' 
80  leagues  more  or  less.  Both  narratives  mention  a  copper  hawk-bell  jirc- 
sentcii  by  the  Indians  at  tiic  end  of  this  stage  of  the  march,  and  Oviedo  gives 
the  total  distance  travelled  up  to  this  point  as  150  leagues. 


,sion  that  appears  through- 

}  seemed  to  come  from  the 
nland  for  over  50  leaLjues. 


ROUTR  OF  Tin:  WAXDEIIERS!. 


«:> 


other  tliiiiLCs  "cowhide  hlankots;"  that  is  they  were  not 
t'iir  rroiii  the  IjordcTH  of  tho  builalo  country.  At  this 
])oint  C'uhczii  do  Vaca  hroaks  oft'  what  httlo  continuity 
the  narrative  has  <,nven  to  tho  route,  hy  the  remark 
that  they  j)assed  throuq^li  so  many  peoples  tluit  "tho 
memory  fails  to  recall  them;"  then  they  crossed  a  i^reat 
river  coming  I'rom  the  north,  thirty  leagues  of  plain 
and  lil'ty  leagues  of  mountains,  forded  a  "vei-y  large" 
rivei-,  and  arrived  at  [)lains  lying  at  the  foot  of  moun- 
tuins.  Oviedo  disposes  of  this  part  of  tho  journey  l»y 
sayinLT  that  they  went  forward  "manv  days."  The 
two  great  rivers  would  seem  to  bo  tho  Pec  and  Vi'u> 
del  Xorte;  but  they  were  guided  by  the  Indian  women 
to  where  a  river — possibly  'the'  river — ran  between 
rid'as,  and  where  they  found  the  first  "fixed  dwell- 
ings  t)f  civilization."  Tho  inhabitants  lived  on  l>cans, 
jiunipkins,  and  maize,  and  were  called  the  Ct)W  Nation 
i'rom  the  innnenso  number  of  buflalo  killed  farther  up 
tho  river.  They  were  probably  still  on  the  llio  del 
Xorte,  since  no  larji'o  river  is  mentioned  as  having 
been  crossed  to  tho  west;  and  they  were  below  Paso 
del  Xorte,  as  there  is  no  evidence  that  they  visited 
what  have  since  been  known  as  the  Pueblo  towns.*^'' 

From  this  point,  after  much  argument  with  the 
natives  respecting  the  route  to  bo  taken,  they  went 
up  a  river  for  seventeen  days,  apparently  westward, 
then  crossed  the  river  and  travelled  another  sevonteeu 
(lays,  also  west,  to  some  plains  lying  between  high 
mountains.*'*    Soon  after  they  came  to  a  land  of  maize, 

"^Tlmt  the  'fixcil  dwellings  of  civiliz.ition'  were  not  the  many-storied 
I'iilIjIo  houses  is  clear  from  the  fact  tiuit  if  so  tlicy  woukl  surely  have  been 
mentioned  as  they  were  later  when  reported  in  the  north,  and  also  from  thu 
tart  that  now  dwellinjj;s  of  the  style  used  hero  were  built  for  the  .acconunoda- 
tion  of  tlie  visitors.  Davis,  Sjmn.  Comj.  X.  J/'i'.,  07-S,  thinks  tliey  were  on 
the  I'ecos  to  wliieh  they  had  crossed  over  from  tiic  Canadian  or  Red  river.  I 
find  iu)tliinj,'  to  sliow  that  they  went  near  the  Canadian  or  Red  I'iver,  and  as 
to  theliutlido  killed  up  tho  river,  perhajis  no  more  is  meant  than  that  such 
wan  the  general  direction  of  the  bufTalo  country. 

"'Respecting  the  i-ivcr  thus  followed  for  17  days  there  is  much  difficulty. 
According  to  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  lidatkm,  IGO-fl,  the  Indians  said  that  the 
laaizc  country  was  toward  the  west,  but  that  the  best  way  to  get  there  M'as 
by  going  up  the  river  northward;  otherwise,  that  is  by  gohig  directly  west, 
no  food  would  lie  found  for  17  days.  They  also  said  that  up  the  river  (another 
UiBT.  N.  Uex.  Siaieb,  Vol.  I.    6 


60 


CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CAT5EZA  DE  VACA. 


l!ii 


beans,  pumpkins,  and  cotton,  anJ  of  permanent  habi- 
tations. Some  small  houses  were  of  adobe,  but  most 
were  of  pctatcs,  or  cane  mats.  Here  they  heard  of 
populous  towns  with  very  large  houses  in  the  nortli, 
clearly  the  Pueblo  towns,  and  were  given  some  tur- 
(pioises  and  emeralds  also  said  to  have  come  from 
there.  From  town  to  town  through  this  countrv 
they  travelled  for  eighty  or  a  hundred  leagues  as  they 
estimated  it,  to  a  town  which  they  named  Corazones, 
because  the  inhabitants  gave  them  deer's  hearts  for 
food.  This  Pueblo  de  Corazones  was  in  north-eastern 
Sonora  on  the  head-waters  of  the  Yaqui  or  Sonora 
rivers.  One  day  later,  at  least,  they  were  on  the 
Yaqui  and  heard  of  other  Christians.'^' 

From  the  foregoing  it  appears  that  Alvnr  Xuncz 
and  his  companions, Castillo,  J3orantes,and  Estevanico, 
startiuLi"  from  the  Texas  coast  in  the  region  between 
Galveston  and  mouth  of  the  liio  San  Antonio,  trav- 
ersed the  present  states  of  Texas  and  Chihuahua  to 
north-eastern  Sonora;  that  they  did  not  prt)l)alily  at 
anv  time  reach  so  liiuha  latitude  as  the  Can^ulian  and 
^Vrlcaiisas'  rivers ;'"''    that  the  mountains  first  met  in 


river?)  were  tlicir  cnomios  who  conM  give  no  food,  and  advised  the  Spaniards 
not  to  take  that  r<jute.  'J"he  Spaniard.^,  lio\vt;ver,  wero  not  willing  to  ^'n  up 
the  river  nortli  to  the  Imtl'alo  emintry,  becaiir<c  that  would  lie  a  circuitcnid 
way;  theroforo,  against  the  advice  of  tlie  natives,  tiiey  went  up  the  river 
Westward  and  found,  as  the  Indians  had  i)redicted,  no  food  for  17  days. 
This  is  all  al)siird  exeept  in  the  supposition  tiiat  they  were  at  or  near  tlio 
junetion  of  two  streams  and  went  up  the  t'onehos  westward  instead  of  tlio 
l!io  del  \orto  north-v.cstward.  IJut  Oviedo,  iii.  GO!),  implies  on  the  other 
hand,  that  they  went  np  tlie  river  northward  for  15  days,  and  then  turned 
West  for  twenty  days  to  the  land  of  niai;;e. 

'■■''  Aocordiug  to  the  Ih  Inthtn,  1  ~\\,  one  day's  journey  beyond  Corazones  they 
vere  detained  ITi  days  by  the  rising  of  tin;  river.  This  swollen  river  was 
eertainly  the  Yacjui,  because  it  is  siiok(  n  of  later,  p.  17(!,  as  'the  river  to 
which  Diego  do  tiuzman  came,  when  we  lirst  heard  of  Christians.'  lint 
Oviedo,  iii.  (il  1,  tells  us  the  swollen  river  was  ;<()  leagues  from  theCoiazoms, 
implying  ]ierhap3  that  the  latter  was  not  on  the  Vacpii.  Cabeza  de  \"aca 
speaks  of  Corazones  as  'the  entrance  to  niany  provinces  on  the  South  Sea.' 
Coronado  was  here  a  few  years  later,  and  nearly  all  the  early  writers  spi'alv 
of  the  town,  several  locating  it  in  th'?  valley  of  the  Sonora.  Yet  it  is  also 
said,  T(ni(uu--Coi)i/inii^,  I'oi/.,  serie  i.  toni.  ix.  p.  4!),  that  Airellano  cf 
Coroiiado's  expedition  founded  a  town  of  San  (len'ini'.no  de  !os  Cora/oui  s 
here,  and  lati'r  transferred  it  to  the  'Valley  of  Senora.'     Its  exact  location  is 


\niknowu  and  not  very  important. 


'liy  Casta  neda,  7iVAi 


l^'O,  1-2-2,  ^n 


oronados  expedition  is  sau 


diti 


id  to  hi 


lICIOII, 

k'arned  that  Vaca  uuil  Dorantes  passed  through  a  pueblo  on  the  plains  far 


V. 


FROM  TEXAS  TO  SOXORA. 


67 


lont  habi- 
but  most 
heard  of 
ihc  north, 
some  tur- 
oine  I'roui 
s   country 
ics  as  they 
^orazones, 
hearts  for 
'th-eastern 
or  Sonora 
)rc   on  the 

var  Xunez 
Estevanieo, 
m  between 
tonio,  trav- 
ihuahua  to 
)robably  at 
niulian  and 
rst  met  in 

'(1  the  Sp;>iiiavila 

ailliivj;  to.uoiip 

1)0  a  <  iviiiitoiia 

lit  up  tlio  liver 

[ul  ir.v  17  tlays. 

at  (IV  iK'ai'  tlio 

iustiiul  (if  the 

'3  <in  the  iitlu'i' 

[ml  tluii  turiR'il 

[  Cora/.onos  tlu'V 
lolk'U  livL'i-  was 
\n  'tlio  rivor  ti) 
iii'istiaiis.'  Ihit 
li  thoCinazoiio:^, 
I'alioza  do  Vaca, 
Itlic  South  Son.' 
writiis  spoiik 
Yot  it  i«  alsi) 
i\t  Anvllaui)  of 
los  l'orai^'>niS 
txaot  location  ia 

is  said  to  havo 
1  the  pluiua  far 


coming  from  the  cast  were  the  San  Saba  range  of 
western  Texas;  that  the  Rio  Grande  was  crossed 
between  Paso  del  Norte  and  the  Presidio  del  Norte; 
that  in  passing  througli  Chihuahua  they  eitlier  went 
u[>  the  Coiichos"  and  thence  north-wcstwardly,  or  up 
the  llio  Grande"^  and  thence  westwardly  to  the  hcad- 


/     '  :    *^  N.MEXICO 

SOX  O  U-V^^ 


C.VBEZA   DE  VaCA's   RoCTE. 

waters  of  the  Yaqui;  that  they  did  not  visit  the 
Pueblo  towns  of  New  Mexico  or  Arizona,  altliougli 
they  heard  of  theni;^'^  and  that  there  is  nothing  to 
indicate  a  journey  down  the  Gila  Valley. 

northeast  of  Santa  T6.  This  report  is  prohahly  the  o.dj'  foundation  for  tho 
o]iiniiiuof  Davis  and  Smith;  hut  the  lattor  sconis  to  lirao  <'liaii,L'C'd  his  opinion, 
thouuh  his  ctlitor  did  not.  Hut  this  tostiuKniy  of  Ci.stafioda  is  ooiup'otoly 
ovorthrown  liy  that  of  ■laraniillo  in  liis  narrative  of  tlio  s.iiiio  oxpoclitiou,  /!'• 
Iw'kiii  ill  I'loridd,  Col.  />()('.,  1.")!);  'J'lriKiii.r,  ',\~,  that  thoy  nut  an  old  Indian 
^vlio  said  ho  had  soin  four  other  Spaiilanls  'nu  aoia  la  Xu.va  Ks[iaria,'  that 
is  failhov  .south. 

'''('alioz.i  do  Vaca '.s  relation  favors  this  onto,  and  Ksp(  jo  in  l.'iS'J  hoard 
ainoiiL;  tlio  .lunianas,  not  far  above  the  mouth  of  tlio  (.'onclios.  tli.-it  tho  jiarty 
had  j)assod  that  way.  L'<jiijo,  J'dncioii,  H)~;  I hdlnni's  Toy.,  ill.  Us.'i.  Jiavis' 
(ilijcotioii  *liat  tho  Oonohos  is  not  Ionic  enoii.;li  for  a  jourmy  of  :!l  days  aloiii; 
its  lianks,  is  of  little  woipht,  sineo  it  is  not  irijiliod  in  the  iiaiiativc  that  tlio 
last  17  days'  trip  was  on  tho  river.  Smith,  Jidalioii,  U'rJ,  UiU,  favois  a  wost- 
oiiy  ooiir.so  from  tho  Conchos  junction. 

'■■M)viodo"s  narrative  wimhl  favor  this  route, 

"  'I'lio  editor  of  Siiiith's  translation,  'J.'l.'t,  thinks  tho  ronto  from  tho  Arkansas 
'marked  hy  indications  which  leave  little  room  for  doiilit'aiul  clearly  iiiiplies 
tliat  the  wanderers  pas.sed  through  the  Puchlo  towns.  Davis,  Sjuni.  Conq.  X. 
J/i.r.,  70.  !)(i,  seems  to  hold  the  same  opinion,  hut  qualities  that  opinion,  and 
shows  his  doubts  on  the  subject,  by  the  remark  that  Kcw  Mexico  then  extended 
much  farther  south  tlion  now. 


C8 


CORTliS,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 


Respecting  tlie  personal  adventures  of  this  first 
party  of  overland  travellers  in  the  north,  there  is  not 
much  to  be  said.  Soon  after  leaving  the  coast  of 
Texas  they  were  called  upon  by  the  natives  to  heal 
their  sick,  and  were  so  fortunate  as  to  be  very  suc- 
cessful in  their  first  cases.  Their  reputation  as  medi- 
cino-nien  of  remarkable  powers  was  thus  firmly  estab- 
lished. Their  method  of  healing  was  by  laying-on 
of  hands  and  repeating  the  prayers  of  their  church. 
The  Spaniards  believed  as  firmly  as  did  the  Indians 
that  they  were  aided  in  their  cures  by  supernatural 
interposition,  and  devout  Catholics  yet  believe  this.''" 
Whatever  ma}-  have  been  the  cause  of  their  success, 
it  satisfactorily  accounts  for  the  safety  with  which 
they  made  the  trip.  They  were  received  with  uni- 
form kindness  by  each  new  tribe,  supplied  always  with 
the  best  the  natives  had,  besicixed  at  each  town  with 
j)etitions  for  a  longer  stay  and  exercise  of  their  heal- 
ing powers,  and  finally  escorted  to  the  next  people  on 
the  way,  often  by  thousands  of  attendants.  The  nar- 
ratives are  largely  filled  by  descriptions  of  the  jnan- 
ners  and  customs  of  the  ditiPerent  tribes  visited. 

On  the  Yaqui  River  the  wanderers  saw  a  buckle 
and  horseshoe  in  the  possession  of  a  native,  and  on 
making  inquiries  heard  that  other  Christians  had  vis- 
ited the  country  l)y  sea,  the  reference  being  |)crhaps 
to  Hurtado  and  Cortes.  As  they  passed  southward 
down  the  river  they  heard  of  other  visits  during 
which  the  strangers  had  pillaged  the  country,  burned 
the  pueblos,  and  carried  away  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dr'en  as  slaves.  Soon  traces  of  Spanish  invasion  be- 
came frequent;  reports  were  current  that  the  invaders 
were  even  now  in  the  province;  the  natives  had  left 
their  fields  and  towns,  were  hiding  in  the  mountains, 
and  begged  the  new-comers  to  protect  them,  refusing 
to  believe  Nunez  and  his  party  to  be  in  any  way  con- 

'"Glceson,  IIM.  Cath.  Ch.,  i.  45-64,  advocates  tliis  view.  Tlic  criticism 
of  Caspar  Plautua  in  the  Nora  Typis  Tmimncfd,  already  referred  to,  was 
directed  not  so  much  against  the  probability  of  miracles  as  agiiinst  the  prob- 
ability that  such  uiu'uclua  would  bu  wrought  for  any  but  u  priest. 


ARRIVAL  AT  SAX  MIGUEL. 


69 


his  first 
re  is  not 
coast  of 
i  to  heal 
i^ery  suc- 
as  medi- 
ily  cstab- 
laying-on 
r  church. 
c  Indians 
ernatural 
n-e  this.'''' 
r  success, 
th  which 
with  uni- 
^vays  with 
;own  with 
heir  heal- 
people  on 
The  nar- 
the  man- 
ted, 
a  buckle 
e,  and  on 
s  had  vis- 
pevhaps 
outhward 
s  during- 
,  burned 
and  chil- 
asion  be- 
invaders 
had  left 
ountains, 
I,  refusing 
way  con- 

riic  criticism 
li-iod  to,  \V113 
lust  tlie  piob- 


f      ';, 


nected  with  the  destroyers  of  their  race.  At  last 
they  met  the  Spanish  raiders  under  Diego  de  Alcaraz 
on  the  Rio  Petatlan,  by  whom  of  course  they  were 
kindly  received,  and  to  whom  they  were  at  once  most 
useful ;  for  the  soldiers  had  for  some  time  been  unable 
to  find  either  Indians  or  food,  and  were  much  dis- 
couraged. Under  proinise  of  protection  by  their  new- 
found friends,  the  natives  agreed  to  return  to  their 
towns  and  again  cultivate  the  soil.  Alcaraz,  however, 
if  we  may  credit  Cabcza  de  Vaca,  when  his  innnediate 
necessities  had  been  relieved  found  the  pledges  given 
great  obstacles  to  his  plans,  sent  the  wanderers  south 
under  Cebreros,  and  renewed  his  outrages  on  the  na- 
tives. 

The  travellers  wore  met  at  Culiacan  by  j\Ielchor 
Diaz,  the  alcalde  mayor,  most  hospitably  entertained, 
and  taken  to  San  Miguel,  where  they  arrived  on  the 
1st  of  April  and  remained  until  the  middle  of  May. 
We  have  already  seen  in  what  condition  the  province 
was  at  this  time.  "The  deserted  land  was  without 
tillage  and  everywhere  badly  wasted;  the  Indians 
wore  ileeino-  and  concealinij  themselves  in  the  thickets, 
unwilling  to  occupy  their  towns."  Alvar  Xuiiez  and 
Dorantes  were  ui'ged  by  Diaz  to  give  the  unhappy 
])rovince  the  benefit  of  their  influence  on  the  natives. 
])itficulties  were  encountered  at  first  on  account  of 
the  outrages  of  Alcaraz;  but  the  faith  of  the  Indians 
was  strong  in  the  wise  men  from  the  east;  the  captain 
"made  a  covenant  with  God  not  to  invade  or  consent 
to  invasion,  nor  to  enslave  any  of  that  country  and 
people  to  whom  we  had  guaranteed  safety ;"  and  (  'abeza 
do  Vaca  had  the  pleasure  of  knowing,  before  his  de- 
parture, that  many  of  the  natives  had  returned  to 
their  homes.  The  writer  adds  most  positiveh'  that  if 
the  Indians  have  not  since  behaved  properly,  it  is  the 
Clivistians'  I'ault. 

Sent  southward  under  a  strong  escort,  the  party 
wore  Will  received  by  Governor  Guzman  at  Compos- 
tela,  and  also  by  the  viceroy  and  by  the  marques  del 


70  CORTES,  GUZMAN,  AND  CABEZA  DE  VACA. 

Vallc  in  Mexico,  where  they  arrived  July  25,  153G. 
After  having  prepared  a  report  of  their  travels,  and 
according  to  Beaumont  a  map  of  the  countries  visited, 
for  the  viceroy  and  audiencia,  the  company  separated. 
The  negro  Estevanico  became  the  slave  of  Mendoza. 
Alonso  del  Castillo  Maldonado  seems  to  have  remained 
in  Mexico,  but  is  not  again  heard  of  in  connection 
with  northern  history.  Andrds  Dorantes  started  for 
Spain,  but  returned  and  entered  Mendoza's  service 
for  projected  northern  explorations,  which  never  were 
carried  out, while  Alvar  Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca  arrived 
in  Lisbon  in  August  1537.  The  latter  was  again  sent 
to  the  New  World  in  1540  as  governor  and  captain- 
general  to  rule  over  the  fierce  tribes  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  in  South  America.  His  experience  in  this  new 
field  was  but  a  series  of  contentions  with  rivals  and 
enemies,  who  charge  him  with  deeds  of  cruelty  and 
injustice  ^v•holly  inconsistent  with  the  idea  of  the  man's 
character  which  is  formed  by  reading  his  relation. 
He  returned  to  Spain  in  1545  as  a  prisoner,  and  in 
1551  was  condemned  by  the  council  of  the  Indies  to  loss 
of  all  his  titles  and  banishment  to  Africa.  AVhether 
or  not  the  sentence  was  executed  is  not  known.  There 
is  some  evidence  that  he  was  afterward  pardoned.'^ 

"'  Munj'  notes  ini(,'lit  be  adtlcd  on  the  discrepancies  between  dilTercnt 
Avritcrs,  Init  this  would  amount  simply  to  a  list  of  errors  by  such  wiiturs  in 
taking  tlicir  information  from  the  original  narratives.  The  prevalent  state- 
ment tliat  Chirinos  was  in  command  of  the  party  that  met  Cabeza  dc  Vaca 
has  already  been  noticed.  Another  error  frefjuently  met  is  the  di\  ision  of 
the  name  Alonso  del  Castillo  Maldonado,  making  Maldonado  a  tiftli  mend)er 
of  the  party;  this  is  done  by  Mota-Padilla,  Tello,  Beaumont,  Clavigero, 
(Jomara,  ;nul  by  many  later  writers.  It  is  stated,  and  perhaps  correctly,  Ijy 
Alegre,  Itihas,  Tello,  and  Beaumont,  that  some  COO  of  tlio  frieixlly  natives 
who  served  Alvar  Nunez  as  escort,  changed  their  homes  and  settled  ]ierma- 
nently  on  the  llio  I'etatlan.  If  so  they  came  merely  from  a  little  farther 
north  in  Sonora  and  not  from  Florida,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  or  even  Chihuahua, 
as  some  writers  imply. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

NIZA,   ULLOA,   COROXADO,  AND  ALARCOX. 

lo37-1542. 

Gover:jors  Toere  and  Coro.vado  ix  Xf.w  GALiciA-rilEVDoz  v  -v  Rivu 

OF  C.UTKS-EXPKDITIO.V  OF  MaECOS  DE  XiZA-DisCOVERY  OF  ClBOLV- 

Fact  axu  Fiction-Cortes  Again  in  the  Field-Rival  Clvims- 
\0YA0E  OF  Francisco  de  Ulloa-Califoenia-Castillos  Mvp- 
Expedition  of  Francisco  Vazquez  de  Coroxado-Tiirol-gii  Sonora- 
To  ZcM,  MoQci,  C   LORADO  CaSon,  Xew   :Mexico,   and  QnviRi- 

I-AILFEE  AND    RETrEN-SETTLEMENT    IN    SoNORA-SaN    GeEONIMO    DE 

LOS  Corazones-Melciior  Diaz  Crosses  the  Rio  del  Tizov-His 
Death-Indian  Hostilities-San  Geronimo  Abandoned-Vovage  of 
Hernando  de  Alarcon  to  Head  of  the  Gclf-Up  the  Bufn-\  Gl-iv 
in  Boats-Cortes  Gives  Up  the  STRrcGLE-PEDRo  de  Alvarado  ov 
THE  Coast-Mixton  War-Xew  Galicia  to  End  of  the  CENTrEv. 

Diego  Perez  de  la  Torre,  appointed  governor  of 
Aucva  Gahcia  in  153G,  arrived  the  year  Ibllowino-  at 
Compostela,  where  Cristobal  de  Oilate  had  been  act- 
ing as  governor  for  a  short  time  since  Guzman's  de- 
jiarturc.     Torre's  Indian  policy  was  radically  different 
Iroiu  that  of  Guzman,  and  it  was  not  without  a  marked 
|lteet  for  the  good  of  the  province;  but  it  was  too 
Jate  to  atone  for  past  outrages,  or  to  evade  the  storm 
<'i  general  revolt  that  was  gathering.     The  governor 
however,    was    spared    the     humiliation    of    failure.' 
\V  liilc  pngvaged  in  a  campaign  against  revolting  tribes,  ' 
afer  winning  a  hard-fought  battle,  he  was  accidentally 
lulled    early  in   1538.     Ohato   again    became   actin<r 
governor;  but  before  the  end  of  the  year  the  viceroy 
appointed  Francisco  Vazquez  de  Coronado  to  succeed 
lorre.     The  new  ruler  left  Oilate  still  in  command  as 
lieutenant-governor,  and  himself  made  a  tour  of  his 

(71) 


72 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AXD  ALARCON. 


province,  subsequently  engaging  in  an  expedition  to 
tho  far  north.  An  attempt  was  made  to  continue 
Torre's  policy  toward  the  natives,  and  for  a  fr  \v  years 
the  cfeneral  outbreak  was  deferred.^ 


Guzman  was  now  out  of  the  way,  but  Cortes  had  a 
new  and  powerful,  though  more  honorable,  rival  in 
Viceroy  ^lendoza,  who  also  cherished  an  ambition  to 
acquire  fame  and  wealth  as  a  conquistador,  and  like 
the  otliers  looked  northward  for  a  field  of  conquest. 
To  his  credit  it  may  be  said  that  he  proposed  to  found 
his  fame  largely  on  a  lenient  and  just  treatment  of  the 
native  races.  When  Alvar  Nunez  and  his  party  came 
to  Mexico  Mendoza  had  frequent  interviews  with  them 
respecting  the  lands  they  had  visited ;  he  bought  the 
negro  Estevanico,  and  finally  secured  the  services  of 
Andres  Dorautes  to  go  with  fifty  men  on  a  new  expe- 
dition. This  j^rojcct  was  never  carried  out;^  but  it 
was  arranged  that  Governor  Coronado,  soon  after  his 
appointment,  should  go  north  to  San  Miguel  on  a 
visit  of  inspection,  and  with  him  were  sent  several 
Franciscans  accompanied  by  the  negro  Estevanico  and 
by  a  i)arty  of  liberated  slaves  from  the  region  of 
Culiacan.  The  plan  was  to  introduce  the  new  Indian 
poll  y  or  to  confirm  the  changes  already  made  by  the 
infliicnce  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  and  under  cover  of  this 
polir'v  to  send  out  a  small  party  to  prepare  for  the 
advance  of  a  larger  force  of  conquerors. 

After  some  preliminary  embassies  from  San  Miguel, 
composed  of  the  freed  slaves,  or  as  certain  authors 
say  of  friars,^  by  which  the  natives  were  convinced  of 

*  See  ITist.  Mex.,  ii.  chap,  xxii.,  this  series. 

^  '  Jc  11(1  saia  pas  comnieut  il  se  (it  que  I'lilFaire  n'eut  pas  clc  suite.'  Mcn- 
iloza,  in  Ti^nutux-t'ompitnt,  Voy.,  serie  i.  toiii.  ix.  '1S~;  Jtumusio,  Xavi'j.,  iii. 
3.W. 

'  Torqucmaila,  iii.  357-8,  and  Beaumont,  Crdii.  Mich.,  iv.  141-5,  speak  of 
tM-o  Franciscans  mIio  went  in  I.J.'IS  witii  a  captain  bent  on  conquest  and  gold. 
At  a  crrtain  place  the  captain  turned  to  the  right,  was  stojiped  by  the  sierra, 
and  r(  i  u'd.  The  paih'cs  went  to  the  left;  one  of  tliein  returned  on  account 
ii^  ilji.  I  lie  otlier  advanced  over  '200  leagues  until  he  heard  of  a  people 
w"^;'.!;  .  jioiiies,  houses  of  many  stories,  walled  towns  on  a  great  river,  tho 
»  .   ^'        /i'b,  ;i:ul  C^uivira.     This  i)adre,  who  was  probably  Juan  Oluiedo, 


MAP  OF  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


ii 


21     . 


-/ 


-I' 


Explorations  of  153[)-42. 


74 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORCXADO,  AND  ALARCON. 


II:  '" 


tlio  Spaniards'  good  faith,  Marcos  do  Niza,  chief  of 
the  Franciscan  band,  with  father  Onorato,  Estcvanico, 
the  freedmen,  and  many  natives  of  Cuhacin,  left  San 
Miguel  March  7,  1539.*  At  the  Rio  Petatkm  Ono- 
rato was  left  ill,  and  Niza  pursued  his  way  northward 
"as  the  holy  ghost  did  lead  him,"  being  received  with 
kind  attentions,  gifts,  and  triumphal  arches  all  along 
the  way.^ 

Some  twent3'^-five  leagues  beyond  Petatlan,  by  a 
route  not  far  inland  apparently,  the  friar  met  Indians 
whom  he  understood  to  have  come  from  the  land 
where  Cortes  had  been,  and  who  affirmed  it  to  be  an 
island  and  not  a  part  of  the  continent;  in  fact  Xiza 
himself  saw  the  natives  pass  to  and  from  tne  island, 
which  was  onlv  half  a  leai^ue  from  the  main.  Thus 
early  in  his  narrative"  does  the  venerable  padre  begin 

returned  anil  reporterl  to  his  superior  Marcos  dc  Niza.  See  also,  Salmeron, 
Hilncl'vc-!,  0-7;  Vd  in  Soc.  Mex.  Ceo;/.,  viii.  481.  Arricivitii  Vniii.  Sirii/., 
prolojio  S,  mcutioim  tliis  trip  as  havint,'  been  made  by  1'.  P.  Juan  de  la  Asun- 
cion and  I'edro  Nii<lal.  It  extended  (100  leagues  to  a  river  in  3.")°.  Garces, 
J)uct.  IIi'<f.  Mrx.,  serie  ii.,  i.  .SO-!-'),  also  names  V.  Asuncion.  I  think  it  most 
likely  that  tliesc  accounts  refer  to  Ni/a's  t':\\>  confounded  alse  perhaps  witli 
Liter  ones,  altliougli  Veuegas,  Not,  Cut.,  i.  103-4,  seems  to  regard  it  as  a  dis- 
tinct expedition. 

*  Instruetious  of  November  1,")38  given  in  Parhcco,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  325-8; 
TiTvaux-Conifiam,  Voy.,  serio  i.  torn.  ix.  249-r)3;  llerrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  vii. 
cap.  vii.  Tliey  iin^sent  no  notewortliy  feature.  The  country  Avas  of  course  to 
be  carefully  explored,  and  frequent  repoi'ts  were  to  be  sent  back. 

^  There  arc  some  vague  and  confusing  statements  respecting  a  province  of 
Topira  in  tlio  mountains,  rich  in  gold  and  emeralds,  whose  inhabitants  were 
warlike,  lighting  with  silver  weapons,  but  willing  to  be  Christians.  Some 
documents  seem  to  imply  that  Niza  found  this  province  soon  after  starting; 
others  that  it  was  reached  by  Coronado  or  his  men  after  Niza's  dc])artui'i\ 
The  province  was  probably  that  known  later  as  Topia,  endn-acing  parts  of 
iSinaloa  and  Diirango.  See  letters  of  Coronado  and  Mendoza  in  'J'o-iiaiix- 
t'oriipini>^,  Voji.,  serie  i.  torn.  ix.  287-90,  340-o4;  RamuHio,  Nnvi;/.,  iii.  3.')4-."). 

^ DcKnihvimiciilo  de  las  Side  CiiKtwlcn  jwr  fl  P.  Fr.  Marcos  tie  Kiza,  in 
Pacheco,  Cul.  Doc,  iii.  325-50.  This  is  Niza's  diary  from  the  original  in  tho 
Spanish  archives.  Italian  translation  in  Iidniii.iio,  Nurhj.,  iii.  350-!);  Eng- 
lish, in  J laldiii/t's  Voy.,  iii.  300-73;  Frcncli,  in  Tcniaux-Compmis,  Voy.,  SL'rio 
i.  torn.  ix.  250-84.  Also  letters  of  Mendoza,  Coronado,  and  other  olHcials, 
giving  original  but  wnimportant  information  on  certain  parts  of  the  trip  in 
Id.,  287-90,  349-54;  lidinuah,  Aar'nj.,  iii.  354-5;  Florida,  Col.  Doc,  i.  130; 
Orirdo,  iv.  18-19.  Castancda's  inaccurate  account,  in  Tcrvati.v,  as  above, 
10-14,  is  also  probably  from  original  sources.  Andres  Garcia  testilied  in 
Spain,  1540,  that  his  son-in-law  was  a  barber  who  shaved  Niza  and  heard 
from  him  many  details  of  the  trip!  Others  testified  in  a  general  way  to 
Niza's  return  and  reports.  Proccno  del  Mariiw^",  393  ct  seq.  A  full  account 
from  the  original  diary  in  Ilerrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  vii.  cap.  viii.  Whipple,  in 
l\ic.  Ji.  li.  Explor.,  iii.  104-8,  and  Davis,  Span.  Conq.  N.  Mex.,  114-31,  havo 


JIARCOS  DE  NIZA. 


75 


to  draw  on  his  imagination  for  facts.  He  also  heard 
of  thirty  other  inhabited  islands  where  pearls  were 
to  be  found.  There  is  clearly  something  worse  than 
exaggeration  in  this  part  of  the  diary,  whatever  may 
])(^  tlie  truth  of  the  charge  made  by  Cortes  that  all 
of  Niza's  pretended  discoveries  were  pure  inventions 
or  founded  only  on  the  reports  of  natives  brought  to 
Mexico  by  Cortds  himself^ 

A  journey  of  four  days  across  a  desert  brought  the 
friar  to  a  tribe  who  had  never  heard  of  the  Christians, 
liut  who  gave  food  and  called  their  guest  Haj'ota,  or 
Sayota,  "man  of  God,"  and  told  him  of  large  settle- 
ments four  or  five  da3^s  inland,  v.here  the  people 
dressed  in  cotton  and  had  golden  ornaments  and  im- 
[)lcuicnts.  Three  clays  later  he  reached  a  large  town 
called  Vacapa,  or  Vacupa,^  where  he  remained  from 
!March  28th  until  after  easter,  or  the  Gtli  of  April, 

given  in  notes  their  ideas  of  the  route  which  Davia  places  nearer  the  coast 
tiian  Wliii)iile.  For  a  poetical  version  printed  in  IfiJO,  see  ViUa<ird,  llinl.  X. 
Mix.,  15.  Other  accounts  more  or  less  full  and  accurate,  but  containing 
iiuthiiiL,'  original,  are  found  in  ArricivUa,  Crdn.  Srrti/.,  prolopo,  .S;  Juhas, 
Jli<t.  Trliihtpho.-.,  'J7;  JJiciiimoiit,  Crdn,  Mich.,  iv.  14.V<);  Bnnxd  DUiz,  Hint, 
Vdnld'l.,  '2^'y,  Torquemada,  iii.  358,  372;  Honiara,  Jii4.  Ind.,  271-3;  Vcnc- 
iji's,  Nat.  Cnl.,  i.  l()3-4;  Ahgre,  Hint.  Comp.  Jemn,  i.  23G-7;  Snhncron,  llchi' 
cionc.<,  7;  Alarcon,  in  llamnsio,  Nnvifj.,  iii.  308.  Additional  references:  (inlln- 
/'//,  in  N'.  An.  Voii.,  cxxxi.  24r)-G;  Giroihom^H  Or.  (Uil.,  F)C)-(\0;  Mlilllian.irn, 
H'lKcn,  i.  432;  ii.  loO,  211;  O'alvano,  Voi/.  Srlcct.,  43;  Jliirnf;/\i  Chron.  I/i.it. 
JM^cnv.,  i.  189-93;  J  kips'  Span.  Conq.,  iii.  37");  Duris  El  d'rlnno,  01,  70-1; 
March  >/  Lahorcs,  Marina  E^patl.,  ii.  225-(i;  (lil,  in  Sor.  M<x.  Ocor/.,  viii.  481 ; 
(//•■rvf(y/(',f  JJidf.  Calh.  Ch.,  i.  OrMi;  JJron^nr'ii  L.  Cal.,  Ifi;  Schoolcraft's  Arch., 
iv.  2.'!;  vi.  C9;  DomenecWs  Dcacrt'*,  i.  170-4;  Brnch'nhri(l<jc''s  Mcx.  Lrllcr,i,  i. 
80:  Jl(irrri7-o,Ojea<la,5;  MonfanuK,  New  Well,  2M-!);  Monfann.s  N,  Wcrrrhl, 
2(17-9;  /Vo,s7',s  J/alf  Jlonr.i,  122-8;  Barhcr'.-^  llixt.  West.  St.,  r)4G-8;  Lurenau- 
iHirc,  Mcx.  Guat.,  145;  /«(?.  yl/. /■\//<.  1803,  388;  Mnrmy's  N.  Amer.,  ii. 
ti!)-72;  Ilulchinqs'  Maq.,  i.  Ill;  Lardncr's  1H»K  Mar.  JJi^cor.,  ii.  98;  Lart, 
Xorr.-:  Orhis,  292,  297-9;  Taijlor,  in  Cal.  Farmer,  Juno  12,  1SG3;  Mayer's 
M<j\  Aztec,  i.  Ho;  Urini/'s  IJist.  Voy.,  374. 

'  Cortes'  memorial  of  June  25, 1540,  in  Icazhalcetn,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  xxviii.-ix. ; 
Corf(::<,  LWritim,  299-304;  Navarrele,  Col.  Via<ies,  iv.  209,  etc.  Cartes 
states  tliat  with  a  view  of  enlisting  Niza's  services,  he  had  imparted  to  liini 
^\  hat  he  Inul  learned  from  the  natives  during  his  voyage.  Tiic  friar  treacher- 
ously disclosed  the  information  to  the  viceroy  an<l  on  it  founded  his  narrative. 
It  is  stated  that  Niza  had  been  guilty  of  like  di.slionorable  conduct  in  Guate- 
mala and  I'eru. 

"Whipple,  Pac.  It,  Ii.  Pepts.,  iii.  104,  conjectures  that  the  eastern  settle- 
ment heard  of  was  that  now  represented  by  the  Casas  f  Jrandcs  of  Chihuahua. 
For  a  description  of  those  ruins  sec  Native  Eace-'^  of  the  Par.  Slale.i,  iv.  G04-14, 
tliis  series.  AVhipple  also  locates  Vacupa  at  Magdalena  on  the  Itio  dc  f<an 
MifTucl.  This  is  nothing  but  a  conjecture,  but  perhaps  as  accurate  a  one  aa 
could  bo  made.    It  h  adopted  by  some  other  writers. 


76 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALAECON. 


sending  native  messengers  to  the  coast,  and  also  de- 
spatching the  negro  in  advance  and  arranging  a  system 
of  signals  by  which  he  might  report  his  discoveries. 
Four  days  after  his  departure  there  came  messengers 
with  a  large  cross,  the  sign  agreed  upon  to  indicate 
that  Estevanico  had  discovered  or  heard  of  a  country 
larger  or  richer  than  New  Spain;  and  also  a  verbal 
message  of  such  wonderful  things  that  even  the  credu- 
lous friar  hesitated  to  believe  them.  The  Indians 
sent  to  the  coast  also  returned  and  brought  back 
natives  with  reports  of  thirty-four  inhabited  but  bar- 
ren isles,  the  people  of  which  were  large  and  strong, 
wearing  ornaments  of  pearl-oyster  shells,  and  bearing 
cow-hide  shields.  Three  Indians  of  a  tribe  called 
Pintados,  from  the  east,  and  claiming  to  know  some- 
thing of  Cibola,  together  with  two  of  the  islanders, 
set  out  with  Niza  to  overtake  Estevanico,  who  had 
sent  a  second  cross.  In  three  days  he  came  to  the 
people  who  had  told  the  negro  of  Cibola  and  its  seven 
cities,  thirty  days'  journey  beyond,  where  they  had 
been  to  get  turquoises.  They  also  spoke  of  the  prov- 
inces, or  kingdoms,  of  Marata,  Acus,  and  Totonteac. 
For  live  days  the  party  went  on  through  settlements, 
the  last  of  which,  well  watered  and  pleasant,  near  the 
site  of  Tucson  as  Whipple  thinks,  was  not  far  from 
the  borders  of  a  desert  crossed  in  four  days. 

Details  of  Niza's  subsequent  adventures,  observa- 
tions, and  falsehoods,  with  conjectures — for  nothing 
more  definite  is  possible — respecting  the  route  fol- 
lowed, belong  to  another  part  of  my  work.^  It  suffices 
here  to  say  that  he  continued  his  journey  until  late  in 
May  when  he  looked  from  a  hill  upon  Cibola,  which 
he  regarded  as  larger  than  Mexico,  though  said  to  be 
the  smallest  of  the  seven  cities.  A  cross  being  raised, 
possession  was  taken  of  the  country  as  New  San  Fran- 
cisco. Fray  Marcos  could  not  enter  the  town,  as  the 
people  were  hostile  and  had  killed  the  negro  and  sev- 

•See  IJist.  New  ilex,  and  AriT^,  this  series. 


ri 


NEW  EFFORTS  BY  CORTES. 


77 


oral  of  his  native  companions.  In  latitude  estimated 
as  35°  it  was  understood  that  the  coast  opposite  turned 
abru[)tly  westward.  The  return  was  by  the  same 
route  "with  more  fear  than  food;"  and  Niza  reached 
Coni[)ostc]a  at  the  end  of  June,  accompanying  Coro- 
nado  to  Mexico  late  in  August.  There  seems  to  bo 
no  good  reason  to  doubt  that  the  friar  really  went 
from  Culiacan  through  Sonora,  across  the  Gila  Val- 
ley, and  thence  north-westward  to  Cibola,  one  of  the 
Zuili  pueblos.  Despite  the  gross  exaggerations  result- 
ing from  Niza's  credulity  and  lively  imagination,  it  is 
evident  enough  that  his  story  may  have  been  remotely 
founded  on  the  true  state  of  things  at  that  time.  Ex- 
cept the  so-called  turquoises  there  was  no  foundation 
f(jr  the  tales  of  great  wealth  to  which  this  explorer's 
leports  gave  currency  in  Mexico. 


:e 

suffices 
late  iu 
which 
to  be 
raised, 
Fran- 
as  the 
id  sev- 


Though  bitterly  disappointed  at  the  failure  of  his 
colonization  scheme  of  lo35-G,  the  marques  del  Valle 
was  by  no  means  ready  to  give  up  all  the  brilliant 
hopes  which  had  so  long  filled  his  heart;  or,  if  he  had 
such  an  inclination  at  first,  the  reports  of  Alvar  Nunez 
kindled  his  enthusiasm  as  they  did  that  of  Mendoza. 
So  long  as  northern  conquest  promised  but  slight  re- 
ward, relations  between  captain-general  and  viceroy 
were  somewhat  friendly;  but  with  reports  of  great 
cities  causing  renewed  popular  interest,  serious  hos- 
tility was  developed  between  the  two.  Cortes  claimed 
the  exclusive  right  to  make  explorations  in  the  north. 
In  September  1538  he  wrote  to  the  council  of  the 
Indies  that  he  had  nine  good  vessels  ready  for  a  voy- 
age, only  lacking  pilots.^"  Mendoza's  act  in  despatch- 
ing Niza,  to  wdiom  Cortes  had  confided  all  he  had 
learned  about  the  north,  was  strenuously  but  vainly 
opposed  by  the  captain-general,  who,  on  hearing  the 
friar's  marvellous  tales,  became  alarmed  lest  another 
should  reap  the  fame  and  wealth  for  which  he  had 


"  Col.  Doe.  Inid.,  iv.  193;  Cortda,  Eacritot,  280-1. 


78 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCON. 


toiled  SO  earnestly,  and  resolved  to  get  the  start  of  his 
rival  by  sending  out  a  fleet  at  once." 

The  Santa  Afjiicda,  Trinidad,  and  Santo  Tomds,  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty,  thirty-five,  and  twenty  tony 
respectively,  were  jnit  under  the  command  of  Fran- 
cisco de  Ulloa,  and  liaving  on  board  sixty  soldiers  and 


"  In  liis  memorial  of  June  28,  1540,  Cortds,  EicrlloK,  303-4;  Col.  Dor.  Im'tl., 
iv,  213,  nays  tliat  Mcndoza  hearing  of  Ullon's  ik'iiartnre  sent  men  to  tlio 
ports  wiiero  tho  ileet  might  toneli  to  prevent  tlio  voyagi';  and  also  on  tho 
return  to  hear  wliat  had  been  aecomplished.  Tims  ft  nicssi'nger  sent  from 
Santiago  to  Cortea  was  seized  and  tortured  with  a  view  of  obtaining  informa- 
tion. The  viceroy  also  ordei-ed  that  no  person  be  allowed  to  leave  New  Spain 
witliont  his  permission,  so  that  no  aid  could  be  sent  to  Ulloa.  Bernal  l)iaz, 
however,  J/int.  Vtrdad.,  234,  says  tho  expedition  was  sent  by  the  expresa 
order  of  tho  andiencia.  In  his  memorial  of  l.")39  Cortis  announeci  that  Ulloa 
is  ready  to  sail,  and  asks  that  no  restrictions  bo  placed  on  his  sending  cxiicdi- 
tions  to  tho  countries  ho  had  discovered.  Eicrit'ix,  '-!)4-r>.  Tho  state  of  feeling 
between  tho  dill'erent  would-bo  conquerors  after  tho  receipt  of  Niza's  leporta 
is  best  shown  by  legal  proceedings  in  Spain  in  1540-1.  I'roccno  dd  Mnnjicn, 
300-408.  Cortes,  Guzman,  Alvarado,  and  Soto  each  by  an  attorney  urged 
upon  the  royal  council  his  title  to  Cibola.  Each  had  a  license  for  nortliern 
discovery,  obtained  in  tho  hope  that  in  tho  vague  northern  somewhere  was  a 
mighty  nation,  etc.,  to  make  tho  finder  famous,  powerful,  and  rich.  Xow  thij 
pi'ize  had  lieen  found  by  a  lifth  party,  tho  viceroy,  through  Niza,  and  Men- 
doza  was  said  to  be  preparing  to  follow  up  the  discovery.  Something  must 
1)0  done.  Soto  was  authorizetl  to  conquer  and  govern  200  le.igues  on  tho 
Florida  coast,  and  was  at  tho  time  engaged  in  active  explorations.  That 
Cibola  was  included  in  his  territory  was  a  fact  known  to  all  tho  world,  so 
clear  that  a  child  might  comprelicnd  it.  As  yet  his  obtuse  adversaries  had 
the  assurance  to  deny  that  Cibola  was  in  Florida. 

Cortes,  who  in  general  tonus  would  admit  tlie  right  of  no  other  to  make 
northern  discoveries  at  all,  had  authority  to  explore  and  conquer  on  the  Soutli 
Sea  coasts  toward  the  Gran  China;  ho  had  spent  largo  sums  of  money,  had 
sent  several  armadas,  and  had  another  ready;  indeed  ho  had  already  dis- 
covered Cibola,  or  the  lands  immediately  adjoining.  It  was  doubtful  whether 
Niza  had  found  anything,  but  he  had  probably  merely  repeated  the  reports 
obtained  from  Cortes.  Had  it  not  been  for  Guzman's  opposition  he  would  now 
be  in  full  possession  of  Cibola  and  tho  eountiy  far  lieyond.  Everybody  knew 
tliat  Soto's  claim  was  absurd,  Florida  being  a  long  way  off.  As  for  Don 
Nuiio,  he  was  simply  governor  of  New  Galicia,  and  would  do  well  to  attend 
to  his  own  business.  Guzman,  for  his  part,  was  also  licensed  to  make  nortl:  ern 
coiiqiiisfciit,  and  had  done  so  for  many  leagues.  Both  the  lands  eisc.  vi.rci?  l>y 
Cortes  (Santa  Cruz)  and  Cibola  were  notoriously  in  his  juri^'lii'tica.  ju&t  ad- 
joining in  fact  his  actual  settlements.  Cortes  never  had  any  lig'it  to  ,^o  north, 
his  license  being  for  the  west,  or  toward  India;  but  if  ho  had  fr,. y  jueh  right 
he  had  forfeited  it  by  not  retaining  possession  of  the  island  lie  claimed  to 
have  discovered.  He  could  not  have  mado  the  voyage  anyway  without  Guz- 
man's aid;  nor  could  Niza  have  gone  so  far  north  init  for  Guzman's  earlier 
conquest.  Alvarado  figured  less  prominently,  but  he  too  had  a  license  for 
South  Sea  exploration,  and  thought  it  well  to  keep  his  claim  alive  lieforc  tho 
eonsejo.  All  agreed  on  one  point,  that  Mendoza  had  no  right  to  continue  liia 
etlbrts.  Tiie  fiscal  rendered  an  opinion  that  each  part}',  being  so  strongly 
opposed,  was  probably  wrong!  and  the  council  at  last  gave  30  days  to  prove 
w  here  Cibola  was,  tho  decision  being  practically  in  favor  of  the  viceroy  aa 
representing  tho  crown. 


ULLOA'3  VOYAGE. 


70 


tlirco  friars  in  addition  to  tlio  crow,  sailed  from  Aca- 
j)ulc()  July  8,  1539."  Just  before  reaching  Santia_«,n> 
the  Scutci  A<jncila  broke  her  mast  in  a  storm  and  the 
Heet  did  not  leave  this  port  till  the  23d  of  August. 
The  details  of  Ulloa's  voyage  have  for  the  most  part 
no  geographical  importance,  as  but  very  few  of  the 
points  mentioned  can  be  identified;  yet  as  the  first 
t'X  pi  oration  of  the  gulf  to  its  head,  the  voynge  has  a 
certain  degree  of  historic  value,  and  I  therefore  con- 
dense the  details  in  a  note.^'  IlIig  Santo  Tomds  having 
been  lost  on  the  Culiacan  coast,  the  other  two  vessels 


'^  There  is  no  doubt  about  this  date.  Tho  many  errors  of  different  writers 
need  nut  tlicrcforc  lio  noticed  licrc. 

"Sailed  from  Santiago  Aug.  'J3d;  Sto  Tomds  lost  Aug.  27th-Sth,  and  tlio 
others  driven  to  Guayiibiil;  tlienco  across  to  Rta  Cruz,  vliich  tliey  left  Sept. 
\'li\\.  Two  days  across  to  Kio  S.  Pedro  y  S.  Pablo,  having  an  island  in  front 
4-.")  miles  out;  15  leagues  np  tho  coast  to  two  large  rivers  two  1.  apart;  IS  1. 
to  lar^'c  lagoons  and  lIkiUows;  1 7  1.  passing  a  bay  of  4-5 1. ;  Ki  1. ;  at  noon  nest 
day  ii  capo  of  white  saml  on  a  level  coast  in  21)"  4o'  named  C.  liojo;  net^r  by 
was  u  river  forming  a  lagoon,  and  several  other  rivers;  next  day  a  fine  port 
wiMi  two  entrances  in  a  line  country  (Guaymas?);  two  days  and  a  half  or  40 1. 
to  many  islands  on  tho  left,  also  Capo  Llagas;  30  1.  to  whcro  the  coasts  wero 
only  12  1.  ajiart  with  two  islands  in  the  middle  4  1,  apart;  a  river  seemed  to 
enter  here;  50  1.  of  sandy  and  ])arrcn  shores;  water  chalky  white,  high  mount- 
ains to  be  seen  in  the  N.  \v. ;  10  1.  to  where  the  water  was  black  and  turbid 
and  only  5  fathoms  dr-;p;  crossed  over  to  western  shore  where  depth  was  still 
less;  a  strong  llux  and  reflux  of  tho  waters  every  six  hours,  the  sea  appearing 
to  How  into  'ind  from  a  lagoon,  or  else  there  was  a  groat  river;  viewed  from 
the  mastdiead  the  shores  seemed  to  unite  at  a  distance  of  1  league;  posses- 
bion  was  taken,  apparently  on  the  California  side. 

Down  western  coast  a  few  leagues  to  a  largo  port  on  a  mountainous  coast, 
liaving  an  island  in  front;  passed  between  a  mountainous  island  and  the  coast 
into  port  S.  Andr(;3  (Oomara  and  Vcncgas  seem  to  locate  this  port  at  the  head 
of  the  gulf);  between  coast  and  another  island  over  1801.  in  circumfercnco 
1  or  "2  1.  out;  Oct.  11th,  another  largo  island  (Tortuga?)  on  left  and  a 
great  Iiay  on  right;  Oct.  13th  in  a  fine  bay  surrounded  by  mountains,  with 
two  small  islands  and  rivers;  Oct.  ICtli,  a  cape  ^^•ith  high  mountains  nearSta 
Cruz  (La  Paz);  Oct.  18th,  entered  Sta Cruz;  sailed  Oct.  29th;  Nov.  10th,  they 
were  54  1.  from  California  (from  Sta  Cruz?)  and  saw  the  Pearl  Island;  vessels 
separated  3  days;  Nov.  18th,  70  1.  from  Sta  Cruz;  Nov.  24th,  vessels  sepa- 
rated; land  seen  in  the  x.  w. 

^  Nov.  2()th  they  met  near  a  lagoon  30  1.  in  circumference  (^lagdalena  15., 
Xctmrrcfc)  with  a  deep  narrow  channel,  near  a  mountain;  fight  with  Indians 
Nov.  2!tth  (or  Dec.  2d);  Dec.  4th,  sailed  8-10  1.  to  a  fine  port  S.  Abad  with 
rivers  (Magdalena  B.,  Bitriie;/ — Sta  Marta  R,  Navarrcte);  20  1.  farther  lost 
anchors,  and  driven  back  to  tlic  lagoon  (or  toS.  Abad);  Dec.  17th,  to  Pt  Trin- 
idad (on  Margarita  Isl.,  Navdrretc)  and  thence  to  where  the  anchors  were  lost, 
35  1.  from  tho  lagoon;  03  1.  farther  by  Jan.  1,  1540,  to  a  point  in  front  of 
several  high  mountains;  35  ?  in  five  days  to  Cedros  Isl.,  large  and  inhabited, 
tho  chief  of  the  S.  Stephnno  gionp  of  three,  possession  taken  Jan.  22d;  ad- 
vanced 181.  but  driven  back;  several  vain  attempts  to  go  farther  north  until 
Mar.  24th;  Sta  Aijueda  sent  back  April  5th;  April  18th  arrived  at  Santiago. 
These  details  arc  from  Preciado's  account  in  Bamusio. 


!i' 


80 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  COROXADO,  AND  ALARCOX. 


after  crossing  over  to  Santa  Cruz  followed  up  the 
Sonora  coast,  entering  probably  the  port  now  called 
Guaynms,  nc'ling  the  numerous  islands  a  little  above, 
and  finally  reaching  a  point  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Colorado  where  the  low  sandy  shores  seemed  to  unite 
about  a  league  off.  It  was  the  opinion  of  most  of  the 
officers  that  they  did  so  unite,  forming  a  gulf  and 
making  Santa  Cruz  a  part  of  the  main." 

The  18th  of  October,  having  passed  down  the 
peninsula  coast,  the  fleet  anchored  in  Santa  Cruz 
Bay.  Rounding  the  cape  in  November,  Ulloa  con- 
tinued up  the  outer  coast,  entered  probably  INIagda- 
lena  Bav,  was  wounded  in  a  battle  with  the  natives, 
and  remained  from  January  to  April  at  or  near  Cedros 
Island,  since  known  as  Cerros.  Thence  he  made  sev- 
eral inofiectual  attempts  to  sail  north wai'd,  but  accord- 
ing to  the  diary''  the  farthest  point  reached  was  only 
about  eighteen  leagues  above  the  island.  The  map 
made  l)y  Domingo  Castillo  in  1541,  from  the  results 
of  this  voyage  only,  so  far  as  the  outer  coast  is  con- 
cerned, names  the  northern  limit  Cabo  del  Engano, 
or  Cape  Disappointment,  as  does  also  the  historian 

'■•  i3clow  on  the  California  coast  some  are  said  to  Iiavc  lieoii  disirasted  at 
the  idea  of  making  so  long  a  voyage  without  positively  settling  tlie  question; 
but  this  doubt  was  in  relation  to  an  inlet  just  above  8ta  Cruz  which  it  was 
thought  might  be  a  strait.  li'uuusio,  jVari;/.,  iii.  '.i-lX 

'^  UUod,  jRelatioie.  ddlo  Sropvhnento  chc  iicl  vome  di  Dio  ra  u  fur  Varmata 
dilViUu^tnuHimo  IcriKnido  Cortrsp,  etc.  In  lidwiisio,  i'i<".i;i',  iii.  .'WJ-M; 
I/aIJu;/t's  Voy.,  iii.  397-4*24.  The  writer  was  Francisco  I'rci'iado,  jierhaps 
one  of  tlio  friars,  but  I  think  not,  from  the  part  lie  took  in  llie  lighting.  Full 
accounts  from  tiie  .same  source,  or  exhibiting  a  few  variations  nf  unexplained 
origin,  are  given  in  llcrrcra,  dec.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap.  viii.-x. ;  Snlil  i/J/(.i:,  liajr, 
xxi.-v.,  app.  15;  Lmt,  Novva  Urlns,  29.3-7.  Sec  also  AncH/w^',  Viaji s  Ajtor., 
28-9;  Berml  Diaz,  HiM.  Verdwl.,  234;  Gnmarn,  Coiiq.  M<.r.,  2!  12  3;  Vene- 
tian, Nft.  L'al.,  i.  loS-GO;  Burncifs  Chron.  llht.  ])kcoi\,\.  1!'.'5-2I('-  Clariijero, 
'Stor.  Cal.,  mi;  Corti%  JIisl.,''^2-i;  Cortes,  LWr'dos,  2S0-I,  21i4-,"i,  3();}-4; 
Mo/ras,  Explor.,  i.  9.3-4;  Purchas,  Ilia  Pil[irlmcs,  v.  8d();  Gidraiio,  in  I'o//. 
Select,  43;  Cavo,  Trcs  Siijlos,  1.  123,  128;  lieaumovt,  CrOii.  Mali.,  iv.  142-3; 
iSalazar  y  Olarte,  1114.  Coikj.  Mix.,  450;  liromne'K  L.  Cal.,  l.j-l(i;  Orcdi/iow'/t 
Man.,  20-7;  Id.,  Or.  and  Cal.,  .50-7;  TuthilVs  Jlist.  Cal.,  9;  Got/incdt,  Xeire 
Well,  G0')-7;  Montanns.  iV.  Weereld,  205-7;  Id.,  N.  Well,  232-4;  Mora,  in  Sot: 
JfUx.  aeofj.,ix.  311;  Gordon's  N.  Amcr.,  92;  Gleeson'n  llht.  Cath.  C/i.,  i.  OS-9; 
nines'  Voi).,  349;  Fiiidlai/s  Uirectorii;  Domeneeli's  L>(.ierl.i,  i.  22,'j-O;  I'ani- 
harti's  Life  in  Ccd.,  124-5;  Fedix,  VOreijon,  55;  Fvrhes'  Cal.,  9;  Lareiiaidliere, 
Mex.  Guat.,  151;  I/tdrhivjs'  Mag.,  iii.  400;  Mnrrafs  lli4.  Trar.,  ii.  OS; 
Poussin,  I'Oreijon,  18-19;  Ru8chrnher<jer,  Voy.,  ii.  424;  Tai/lor,  in  Cal.  Farmer, 
April  18,  1804;  Tytlcr's  Hist.  Liscov.,  70-3;  Frost's  Half  Hours,  110-19. 


FATE  OF  ULLOA. 


81 


Gomara.^"  At  last,  on  April  5th,  the  vessels  parted 
company,  the  Santa  Arjueda,  the  weaker  of  the  two, 
bein*'  sent  back  under  command  of  the  chief  pilot  to 
report  to  Cortes.  She  arrived  at  Santiago  April 
18th,  remained  a  few  days,  and  then  went  south.^^ 
Of  Ulloa's  voyage  on  the  Trinidad  after  the  separa- 
tion absolutely  nothing  is  known.  It  is  probable 
that  he  never  returned,  the  only  original  evidence  to 


Castillo's  Map,  1j41. 

the  contrary  being  the  statement  of  Bern  il  Diaz  that 
he  came  back  to  Jalisco,  where  he  was  poon  waylaid 
and  killed  by  one  of  his  own  men.^^ 


'"Map  published  by  Lorenzana  in  Corti'-'i,  ITi.f.,  ."i'iS.  Tlio  niithor  also 
vent  with  Alarcon  in  1540,  but  did  not  in  tliat  voyage  visit  the  wc-itini 
roast  of  the  peninsula. 

''  This  must  have  haen  the  occasion  already  i-eforrcd  to  (note  1 1  of  this 
chapter)  wlicn  the  messenger  to  Cortes  was  tortured  by  Maldonado  acting 
under  Mcndoza's  orders,  ('ortes  states  fiirtiier,  h'urrilim,  ',W,\-4,  that  tlio 
vessel,  having  lost  her  boat  ai"'  ,  uchors,  was  oliliged  to  enter  the  port  of 
(iiiatuleo,  wlien  the  crew  were         .il  an<l  tlie  vessel  was  lost. 

^^  l/i-'f.  I'duldd.,  'I'.H.  Alofras,  E.cjilur,,  i.  83-4,  says  Uiloa  cuuio  back 
tu  Acapulco  in  May  1340. 

Uisi.  N.  Mkx.  States,  Vol.  I.    0 


82 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  COROXADO,  AXD  ALARCOX. 


It  should  bo  noted  hero  that  the  name  California 
Avas  first  applied  to  the  region  before  known  as  Santa 
Cruz  in  the  narrative  of  Ulloa's  voyage.  It  was  ap- 
plied to  a  locality,  probably  that  of  Santa  Cruz  itself> 
though  this  is  not  quite  «"ertain;  and  it  was  soon  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  peninsula.  The  origin  of  the 
name  afforded  grounds  for  much  conjecture,  no  evi- 
dence beyond  conjecture  being  adduced,  until  the 
truth  was  known.  The  most  plausible  theory  was 
that  the  name  was  a  corruption  of  some  imperfectly 
understood  native  words:  another  being  that  it  was 
deliberately  formed  by  Cortes  and  his  associates  from 
Latin  or  Greek  roots.  In  18G2  Edward  E.  Hale  dis- 
covered the  source  from  which  the  name  was  obtained 
in  an  old  romance,  the  Sergan  dc  EKplandkin  by  Or- 
donez do  Montalvo,  popular  among  the  adventurers 
of  the  time  of  Cortes,  and  in  which  was  mentioned 
an  island  of  California  "on  the  right  hand  of  the 
Indies,  very  near  the  terrestrial  paradisu."  There  is 
no  evidence  respecting  the  circumstances  under  which 
the  name  was  given,  nor  is  any  likely  ever  to  be 
found.  It  was  given  between  1535  and  1539,  and  not 
by  Cortes,  for  he  never  even  used  the  name.  It  will 
be  remembered  that  Ulloa  was  left  on  the  peninsula 
in  command  of  the  colony  in  153G;  and  I  hazard  the 
conjecture  that  the  j)lace  of  their  sufterings,  or  pos- 
sibly one  of  the  islands  in  the  vicinity,  was  named 
CaUfornia  by  the  disgusted  colonists  on  their  depar- 
ture, as  a  term  of  ridicule.  This  may  bo  the  reason 
that  Don  Hernan  never  wrote  the  name.  I  treat  the 
general  subject  somewhat  more  fully  elsewhere.^* 

Governor  Coronado  received  Niza's  report,  de- 
spatched Melchor  Diaz  and  Juan  de  Zaldivar  with 
fifteen  men  to  verify  it,  and  hastened  to  ^lexico  to 
raise  an  army  for  the  conquest  of  Cibola  and  iti 
seven  cities.  At  the  capital  the  friar  scattered  his 
marvellous  tales  broadcast;  he  was  made  provincial  of 

'*Soo  Hid,  Cat,,  i.  C4-8,  this  scries. 


VAZQUEZ  DE  CORONADO, 


83 


the  Franciscans  and  thus  \vas  secured  the  earnest 
euoporation  of  that  order.  Coronado  atFected  secrecy 
and  mystery  the  better  to  excite  popular  interest. 
!Mendoza,  no  less  enthusiastic,  lent  to  the  scheme  the 
full  aid  of  liis  inliuence  and  authority .  The  response 
was  as  immediate  and  satisfactory  as  had  been  tlioso 
to  the  calls  of  Guzman  in  1529  and  of  Cortes  in  1539, 
notwithstandini?  the  disastrous  termination  of  both 
expeditions.  Three  hundred  Spaniards,  including 
many  gentlemen  of  good  family  and  high  rank,  with 
eight  liundred  Indian  allies  were  eidisted  without 
(HiHculty.  !Mendoza  wished  at  first  to  take  command 
in  [)erson,  but  the  state  of  affairs  in  Mexico  making 
this  im])racti  -able  Coronado  was  made  captain-general 
of  the  LApf  'i.ion.  He  had  the  entire  confidence  of 
the  viei  V' V  .1  was  at  this  time  popular  with  his 
men;  ihoiig]'.  it  appears  that  he  had  no  real  military 
autliority  over  many  of  his  gentleman  officers,  ^^•llo 
were  bound  only  by  their  promise,  Mendoza  went 
to  Coinpostela,  and  cheered  the  army  by  a  parting 
address  in  February  1540,  A  maritime  expedition 
under  Pedro  de  Alarcon  was  to  cooperate  with  the 
ami}",  but  as  there  was  no  conmiunication  between 
the  two  branches,  the  voyage  >viil  be  noticed  later. 

At  Chametla,  liopc  de  Samaniego,  the  maestro  de 
cauij)o,  who  it  will  be  remembered  had  served  under 
(luzman  and  h'td  be(;p  first  to  reach  the  Petatlan 
Piver,  ha\ing  imprudently  entered  a  pueblo  with  but 
few  companion>:,  was  kil !'  d  by  the  natives.  His  death 
was  much  regrettc  1,  ni.l  was  terrif)ly  avenged  by  the 
lianging  of  such  inl'.ibli  intii:  of  the  town  and  vicinity 
as  could  be  caught.  Its^io  also  Diaz  and  Zaldivar 
joined  the  army,  coming  back  from  a  preliniinar\'  ex- 
ploration undertaken  from  San  Miguel  in  the  preced- 
ing November  by  Coronado's  order.  I'hey  had  followed 
Xi/a's  route  and  ri'ached  Chichilticale,  perhaps  on  tlie 
Gilu  Itiver,  l)ut  had  found  little  or  nothing  to  justiiy 
the  padre  provii  al's  glowing  statements.  Their 
report  was  made  l;  o-  etly,  but  its  i)urport  leaked  out, 


84 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCOX. 


and  it  required  all  Coronado's  zeal  and  renewed  assev- 
erations by  Niza  to  revive  the  hopes  of  the  arm3^*' 

After  fifteen  days  of  rest  and  preparation  at  San 
Miguel,'^^  the  general,  taking  with  him  fifty  horsemen, 
a  few  foot-soldiers,  his  best  friends,  and  all  the  friars, 
started  northward  about  the  middle  of  April,  leaving 
the  main  army  under  Captain  Tristan  de  Arellano 
with  instructions  to  follow  fifteen  or  twenty  days 
later  and  to  await  further  orders  at  the  valley  of 
Corazones.  The  advance  was  slow,  difficulties  of  tlio 
way  being  much  greater  than  they  had  been  rep- 
resented, although  the  natives  were  always  friendl}-. 
Late  in  May  he  reached  th(  vallev  of  Corazones, 
where  he  learned  that  the  coasc  ivc  days  distant, 

that  seven  or  eight  inhabited  i^x.  Is  lay  opposite, 
and  that  a  ship  had  been  seen  to  pass.  Next  he 
marched  to  Chichilticale,  the  "red  house,"  probably 
the  structure  since  known  as  the  Casa  Grande  on  tlio 
Gila,  then  as  now  a  roofless  ruin.^     The  23d  of  June 


ill  !  I 
M 


""Memloza,  ina  letter  dated  Jacona  (Mich.),  April  17, 1540,  Tfiriianx-Com' 
pa7iK,  Voij.,  sOric  i.  torn.  ix.  291-8,  says  tliat  Diaz  was  stopped  by  extreino 
cold  more  than  100  leagues  beyond  Culiacan,  and  found  it  impossible  to  rcacli 
(-'ibnla,  but  acipiired  mucli  information  from  the  Indians  about  tliat  province, 
and  sent  back  Zaldivar  with  a  letter  to  tlic  viceroy  wliich  was  received  March 
*20th.  Both  Diaz  and  Zaldivar  doubtless  returned  to  Chametla,  M'hence  the 
latter  was  sent  soutli  with  the  letter.  Mcndoza's  return  to  Mexico  ^v■as  de- 
layed by  an  attack  of  fever  in  Colima. 

The  standard  and  original  authorities  on  Coronado's  expedition  are:  Can- 
iaiicila,  Rdation  dii  Voymje  dc.  (Jlhola;  Vorovndo,  Helnrioii.  del  iSiti-cso  di'  la 
Jornada,  by  an  unknown  writer;  Jaramillo,  lielacioti  que  did  el  Capitaii;  and 
Bcveral  printed  letters  of  Coronado  and  Mendoza.  Mota-Padilla  gives  some 
unimportant  details  from  unknown  sources  not  the  preceding;  most  of  tlio 
early  chroniclers  devote  considerable  space  to  tlie  subject;  and  n;any  modern 
writers  have  given  their  versions  and  comments.  Interest  in  thu  expedition, 
however,  centres  in  the  far  north,  and  for  bibliographical  details  and  a  list  of 
authorities  I  refer  the  reader  to  JJisf.  N.  Mix.  and  Ariz.,  this  scries. 

^'According  to  Frvjex,  lli.it.  Breve,  115-17,  Coronado  sent  troops  from 
Culiacan  to  8.  Sebastian  de  Coras  (?)  and  hanged  150  natives  for  uo  otTcnce. 
This  may  be  a  reference  to  the  affairs  at  Chametla.  The  author  is  very  bitter 
against  Coronado. 

--  Jaramillo  gives  more  details  of  the  route:  From  the  Rio  Sinaloa  (Fuerte), 
five  days  to  Cedros  Creek;  three  days  to  the  Rio  Yaqui;  three  days  to  a  creek 
on  which  were  straw  huts;  two  diiys  to  the  creek  and  pueblo  of  Corazones. 
Through  a  kind  of  pass  to  the  valley  of  Sefiora  (Sonora),  on  the  savte  creel:; 
one  day  along  the  creek  to  Ispa;  four  days  through  a  desert  toXexpa  Creek 
(Sta  Cruz  Kiver,  Sini/ixon,  325.  Gila  River,  S<)ni(  r  in  Amer.  I'cv.,  Nov.  IStO, 
G);  two  days  down  tliis  creek,  turneil  to  right  and  followed  Chichilticale 
Mts.  for  two  day.s,  x.  e.;  crossed  tlie  niouutaius  to  a  stieani  in  a  deep  canada; 


COnONADO'S  EXPEDITION. 


83 


a  assev- 

at  San 
rsenicii, 
c  friars, 
leaving 
\Lrcllano 
ty  days 
alloy  of 
:s  of  tlio 
een  rep- 
friendly. 
)razones, 
5  distant, 
opposite. 
Next  he 
probably 
ie  on  the 
I  of  June 


by  extreme 
sible  to  i-oacli 
liat  province, 
■civud  ^laioli 
,  wlionco  the 
ixico  VU8  de- 
ion  arc;  Ca.i- 
Snccxo  dc  III 
^Japitan;  ami 
gives  some 
most  of  the 
any  niodcru 
expeilitiou, 
and  a  list  of 
vies. 

troops  from 
r  no  otTence. 
is  very  bitter 

Lloa(Fucrtc), 
ys  to  a  creik 
f  Corazoncs. 
i>  name  cnct; 
expa  Creek 
Nov.  1840, 
IChioliilticalo 
lleep  eafiada; 


he  entered  the  country  beyond  and  directed  his  course 
north-eastward.  Fifteen  days  later  he  was  on  the 
Itio  Verincjo,  or  Elo  do  Lino,  now  the  Colorado 
Chiquito;  and  about  the  10th  of  July  he  came  in 
sight  of  the  famous  towns  of  Cibola.  The  one  first 
ai)proachcd,  and  named  Granada,  was  built  on  a  higli 
rocky  mesa  accessible  at  one  point  only.  It  doubtless 
stood  where  now  are  seen  the  ruins  of  Old  Zuni. 

Particular's  of  Coronado's  further  explorations, 
though  interesting,  important,  and  somewhat  com- 
phcated,  belong  obviously  to  the  annals  of  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico.  An  outline  is  all  that  is  required 
here.-^  During  his  stay  of  five  months  at  Cibola  with 
his  advance  guard,  Coronado  sen:  Captain  Tobar  to 
Tusayan,  or  the  JMoqui  towns,  Captain  Cardenas  to 
the  great  canon  of  the  Colorado  farther  west,  and 
Captain  Alvarado  far  east  to  Cicuye,  or  Pecos,  in 
New  Mexico.  In  December,  the  main  army  under 
Arellano  having  meanwhile  arrived  from  the  south  to 
join  him,  Coronado  marched  east  and  went  into  winter 
(juaiters  in  the  province  of  Tiguex,  or  country  of  the 
Tiguas,  in  the  valley  of  the  Kio  Grande  del  Norte, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Puerco.  The  natives  were 
well  disposed  at  first,  but  outrageous  oppression  soon 
made  them  liostilc,  and  the  winter  was  spent  in  war. 
The  natives  of  Tiguex  were  defeated,  but  loft  their 
pueblos  and  would  not  submit.  In  ^lay  1541  Coro- 
nado crossed  the  river  and  started  out  into  the  plains 
noi'th-oastward  in  search  of  great  towns  and  precious 
nutals  reported  to  exist  in  that  direction.  One  divi- 
sion of  the  army  returned  to  Tiguex  in  -Tuly  and 
Coronado  himself  in  September.  He  had  ponetrate<l 
f(S  lie  believed  to  40°,  and  had  very  likely  reached 
Kaii^^as  between  the  Arkansas  and  Mis.souri  rivers. 
The  limit  Mas  a  province  called  Quivii'a,  and  though 

tlnvi-  (liiys  N.  E.  to  Kio  S.  Jiinn  (.Tunc  24tli);  two  days  N.  to  Rio  dc  las  Eal- 
f^as;  two  shoit  days  N.  K.  to  jjarranca  Creek;  one  day  to  Rio  Frio;  one  day, 
tlM(iii,L.'li  a  pine  forest,  to  a  creek;  two  days  N.  E.  to  Eio  Vcrmejo;  two  days 
to  Cil)iila. 

"•'  Sc:c  Ili8t.  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz,,  this  seiios,  for  full  details. 


86 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCON. 


he  found  a  populous  country  and  large  villages  of 
wigwams,  there  were  no  gold  and  silver,  no  powerful 
kingdoms,  no  advanced  civilization.  It  should  be 
noted,  however,  that  popular  belief  in  the  wealth  of 
Quivira  increased  notwithstanding  Coronado's  failure, 
so  that  the  place  played  a  prominent  part  in  later  con- 
jectures and  reasonings  about  what  must  exist  in  the 
far  north.  Moreover  by  a  strange  error,  apparently 
of  the  historian  Gomara,  Quivira  and  most  of  Coro- 
nado's discoveries  were  soon  transferred  to  the  northern 
Pacific  coast,  where  they  figured  on  maps  for  many 
years.  Meanwhile  expeditions  were  also  sent  far  down 
the  Rio  Grande  and  up  as  far  as  Taos.  In  the  spring 
of  1542,  when  ready  for  a  new  campaign,  Coronado 
was  seriously  injured  in  a  tournament,  and  on  con- 
valescence determined,  against  the  will  of  his  oflficcrs, 
to  give  up  the  expedition.  Some  friars  were  left 
behind,  who  were  afterward  killed,  and  in  April  the 
return  march  was  begun. 

At  Chichilticale  Captain  Gallego  was  met,  with  a 
small  rcenforcemcnt  from  Mexico  and  Culiacan.  His 
march  had  been  through  hostile  tribes  who  resisted 
every  step,  and  his  exploits  gave  him  great  fame  as 
an  Indian-fighter.  The  chronicler  believes  that  with 
his  little  company  of  twenty-two  nen  Gallego  would 
have  gone  on  and  penetrated  the  rich  country  de- 
f  'bribed  by  El  Turco.  Here  the  gentlemen  renewed 
their  requests  for  a  further  prosecution  of  the  con- 
quest; but  neither  the  leader  nor  the  army  would 
listen  to  their  pleadings;  at  least  the  latter  would  not, 
for  Coronado  seenis  to  have  lost  all  real  control.  The 
march  homeward  through  Sonora  was  marked  by 
several  encounters  with  the  natives,  and  by  tlie  dis- 
covery of  an  antidote  for  the  poisoned  arrows.  At 
Culiacan  the  army  arrived  in  a  sad  state  of  insubordi- 
nation. Coronado,  still  unwell,  was  unable  to  make 
his  authority  respected  either  as  commander  or  as  gov- 
ernor of  the  province,  and  it  was  only  with  much  diffi- 
culty and  by  a  lavish  distribution  of  gifts  and  promises 


t': 


SETTLEMENT  OF  SAN  GER6NnrO. 


87 


that  tlic  army  was  induced  to  accompan}'  him  to 
^lexico.-^  This  last  stage  of  the  return  was  bci^un 
late  in  June,  and  after  a  difficult  march,  durinc^  whicli 
the  soldiers  were  constantly  deserting,  the  sick  cap- 
tain-general arrived  in  the  capital  with  barely  a  hun- 
dred men.-^  He  was  coldly  received  at  fir.st  by  the 
viceroy,  who  was  naturally  nmch  disappointed  at  the 
failure  of  his  grand  scheme  of  conquest;  but  his 
explanations  seem  to  have  been  finally  accoi>ted  as 
satisfactory,  he  was  honorably  discharged  I'rom  liis 
command,  and  as  soon  as  his  health  would  permit 
resumed  his  duties  as  governor  of  New  Galicia. 

I  have  now  to  note  the  progress  of  events  in  the 
tcri'itory  since  called  Sonora,  during  Coronado's  stay 
in  New  Mexico  from  1540  to  1542.  Arellano  in  com- 
mand of  Coronado's  main  force  had  left  San  Miguel 
in  Ai)ril  1540  and  marched  to  Corazones  Valley.'^*' 
Here  he  began  the  foundation  of  a  town  to  be  named 
San  Geronimo;  but  the  site  was  soon  changed  to  the 
valley  of  Seiior,  or  Senora,  perhaps  the  original  form 
of  tlie  name  Sonora,  still  applied  to  the  valley  as  to 
the  state.  The  site  was  probably  in  the  region  be- 
tween the  modern  Hermosillo  and  Arizjie,  but  all 
details  of  exact  location  in  the  different  authorities  are 
hopelessly  confused.     Captain  Maldonado  was  sent 


^'  From  Culiacan  eacli  one  went  where  he  pleased.  Coronado,  Jielacion, 
154. 

"  Gomara,  Flist.  fnd.,  274.  Vcnc,;as,  Xot.  Cat.,  i.  1G7-9,  and  others  date 
the  arrival  in  Mexico  as  Jlarch  l')i'2. 

-"  '  My  idea  is,  that  the  to\\n  of  (?orazoncs  on  the  Sonora  Ri\'cr,  was  Sonora, 
po  called  because  it  was  eminently  the  town  of  the  province  of  corazones,  in 
V,  hicli  it  was  situated;  that  San  Hieronimo  do  los  Corazones  was  situated  ac- 
lordiiii,' to  Coronado  10  or  12  1.  from  tlic  sea,  and. .  .401.  from  Sonora,  on  the 
Suya  liiver;  whicli  would  place  it. .  .on  a  river  wliicli  is  now  called  S.  I.L'nacio.' 
S'nnjisuii,  in  Siiiilhfointtn  lifipf.,  1809,  'S'2't.  I'ossibly  the  above  was  clear  to 
^Ir  S.  San  Geronimo,  12  1.  fnmi  the  later  town  of  Sonora,  Mot'i-l'tal'iUit, 
<'o)iq.  K.  ilal.,  103.  The  vallo  del  Senor  was  tliat  of  the  Sjin  Mi;,'uel  Ki\er. 
W/ii/ipIc  in  Pac.  li.  II.  Rviit.,  iii.  108-12.  Corazones  Valley  probably  on 
Miilatos  liio,  where  Yecora  lies.  Alajre,  Iflxt.  Vomp.  Jesim,  i.  2."{7.  Sefiora 
A'alley  10  1.  beyond  Corazones.  Coronado,  IMucion,  147-8.  Corazones  in  tiie 
lower  part  of  Seilora  Valley.  Caxtaueda,  lo7.  According  to  JkiKividiti,  lie- 
ijirstc,  109-10,  Corazones  was  the  first  pueblo  in  Senora  Valley,  and  0  1. 
beyond  was  the  larger  pueblo  of  Agastan,  a  name  which  I  find  nowhere  else. 


88 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCOX. 


down  the  river  to  the  gulf  in  the  hope  of  finding  a 
port  or  meeting  Ahircon's  fleet,  but  acconiphshcd 
neither  object.  In  October  captains  Diaz  and  Gal- 
lego  arrived  at  San  Geroninio  from  the  north,  having 
been  despatched  by  Coronatlo  from  Cibola.  Diaz  was 
to  remain  in  connnand  at  the  new  settlement  with 
eighty  men,  and  to  put  himself  if  possible  in  connnu- 
nication  with  Alarcon.  Gallego  was  to  proceed  to 
Mexico  with  reports  for  the  viceroy,  and  Arellano 
with  the  main  force  was  to  join  the  general  at  Cibola, 
as  he  did  in  December. 

Leaving  Diego  de  Alcaraz  in  command  at  San 
Geronimo,  Melchor  Diaz  soon  started  with  twenty- 
five  picked  men,  and  Indian  guides,  in  search  of  Alar- 
con. He  probably  went  down  the  river  to  the  gulf 
and  thence  proceeded  north-westwardly,  not  far  fi-om 
the  coast.  We  have  no  particulars  of  the  march,  esti- 
mated at  a  hundred  and  fifty  leagues,  until  ho  reached 
the  region  about  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado,  a  r'>'er 
named  by  Diaz  Rio  del  Tizon  from  the  custom  of  the 
natives  of  carrying  a  fire-brand  with  which  to  warm 
themselves,  and  which  was  perfectly  understood  by 
the  Spaniards  to  be  the  same  river  discovered  nearer 
its  source  by  Cdrdenas  from  Cibola  and  the  Moqui 
towns.  The  natives  were  so  laro-o  and  strouijf,  it  is 
gravely  stated,  that  one  of  tiiein  easily  bore  upon  his 
head  a  burden  which  six  Spaniards  could  not  move. 
On  reaching  the  river,  Diaz  heard  that  the  vessels  had 
been  seen  below,  and  after  travelling  three  days  to  a 
point  which  he  considered  fifteen  leagues  from  the 
mouth,  he  found  letters  from  Alarcon,  buried  at  the 
foot  of  a  tree.  Tlie  letters  announced  the  voyager's 
return  to  New  Spain  and  his  discovery  that  California 
was  not  an  island.  The  party  then  went  up  the  river 
for  five  or  six  daj's  in  search  of  a  ford.  They  finally 
crossed  on  rafts  in  the  country  of  a  hostile  tribe  who 
plotted  their  destruction,  but  whose  plans  were  dis- 
covered and  circumvented.  There  is  no  evidence  that 
Diaz  went  above  the  mouth  of  the  Gila.    After  cross- 


MELCHOR  DIAZ. 


SO 


ing  he  proceeded  down  the  river  and  coast  for  an  un- 
known distance,  reaching  a  region  where  the  ground 
is  said  to  have  been  so  hot  and  trenibHng  as  to  bo 
inijxissable.  Finally,  in  attempting  to  drive  away  a 
(log  which  was  worrying  the  sheep  brought  for  food, 
he  throw  his  lance,  and,  his  horse  still  running,  was 
pierced  in  the  thigh  by  the  weapon  which  had  stuck 
])()int  uppermost  in  the  ground.  He  was  carried  back 
toward  San  Geronimo  for  twenty  days,  but  died  before 
his  party  arrived  there  early  in  1541.^^^ 

Alcaraz  at  once  sent  to  Coronado  the  report  of 
Diaz's  death,  with  the  further  information  that  the 
natives  were  hostile,  the  soldiers  mutinous,  and  the 
prospects  of  the  colony  bad.  Captain  Tobar  was  sent 
south  from  Tiguex,  and  on  his  arrival  caused  the  arrest 
of  some  of  the  worst  native  chieftains;  but  Alcaraz 
freed  them  for  a  ransom  of  cloth.  As  soon  as  their 
chiefs  were  released  the  Indians  attacked  the  Spaniards 
and  killed  seventeen  w'ith  poisoned  arrows  before  they 
could  regain  the  settlement.  Tobar  now  changed  again 
the  site  of  San  Geronimo,  transferring  it  forty  leagues 
iiortliward  to  the  valley  of  Suya,  perhaps  identicr' 
with  the  Rio  San  Ignacio  of  modern  maps,  in  tlie 
Aicinity  of  Magdalcna.  About  August  1541  Tobar 
loturned  to  Tiguex,  and  is  said  to  have  taken  with  him 
the  best  of  the  soldiers,  leaving  the  most  unmanage- 
able at  San  Geronimo.  In  the  spring  of  1542,  when 
(^iptain  Cardenas  arrived  from  the  north  he  found 
the  town  empty.  Before  its  final  abandonment  most 
of  the  remaining  force  had  deserted  and  fled  toward 
('uliacan  under  Pedro  de  Avila.  Of  the  deserters 
some  were  killed  by  the  savages,  others  were  detained 
by  Saavedra  at  San  IMiguel,  and  the  rest  fled  toward 
]\Iexico.     The  natives  took  advantage  of  the  colony's 


'"  Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  lCS-9,  says  that  Diaz  after  crossing  the 
rivfjr  trivvi'lloil  four  days,  found  no  people,  and  resolved  to  return;  on  the  re- 
turn lie  was  wounded  by  the  shaft  and  not  the  point  of  the  lance;  and  died 
<liin.  ISth.  According  to  ('orouailo,  Ih'hirioi),  141),  he  crossed  the  river  30  1. 
from  its  mouth,  travelled  westward  u  or  (j  days,  returned  for  want  of  water, 
and  was  killed  during  the  return. 


00 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCON. 


defenceless  condition  to  renew  their  hostilities.  One 
morning  they  suddenly  attacked  and  took  the  town, 
killed  Alearazand  several  other  Spaniards,  with  many 
native  servants,  cattle,  and  horses,  and  retired  laden 
with  booty.  The  survivors"^  started  on  foot  next  day 
for  Culiacan,  where  they  finally  arrived  after  having 
been  succored  on  the  way  by  the  ever  faithful  natives 
of  Corazones.  Coronado  on  his  return  march  found 
the  natives  still  hostile,  but  disposed  to  keep  out  of 
the  wa}',  and  he  seems  to  have  made  no  stop  at  the 
deserted  San  Ger6nimo.  Thus  unfortunate  were  the 
earliest  attempts  to  settle  the  territory  of  Sonora. 

In  connection  with  Coronado's  expedition,  Her- 
nando de  Alarcon,  chamberlain  of  the  viceroy  as 
Bernal  Diaz  asserts,  was  ordered  to  proceed  u\)  the 
coast  by  water,  to  carry  supplies  and  otherwise  coop- 
erate with  the  army.  Alarcon's  instructions  were 
made  with  a  knowledge  of  Ulloa's  explorations,  and 
of  the  probability  of  having  to  ascend  a  river  in  order 
to  reach  the  prescribed  latitude  of  3G°.  Still,  as  no 
river  had  been  seen  and  nothing  whatever  of  its  course 
was  known,  it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  so  much 
confidence  was  felt  in  the  meeting  of  the  land  and  sea 
forces. 

With  the  San  Pedro  and  Santa  Catallna,  the  latter 
in  command  of  ]\Iarcos  Ruiz  de  Rojas,  Alarcon  sailed, 
probably  from  Acapulco,^"  May  9,  1540.  At  San- 
tiago, in  Colima,  having  repaired  the  damages  result- 
ing from  a  gale,  he  took  on  board  additional  men 
waiting  there  and  directed  his  course  to  Guayabal,  or 
the  poit  of  San  Miguel.  Here  he  learned  that  Coro- 
nado had  already  left  Culiacan,  and  also  found  the 
San  Gahric'l,  laden  with  provisions  for  the  army. 
Hence  the  fleet  of  three  vessels  sailed  up  the  coast, 

^^  Alcgrc,  Jlist.  Comp.  Jesus,  i.  237-8,  says  that  of  40  only  a  priest  and  four 
men  escaped;  also  that  the  revolt  was  caused  by  tlic  outrages  of  Alcaraz, 

'■"'The  port  is  not  named  in  the  diary.  Simpson,  Smithxoiiiaii  Ji'cjri.,  186!), 
315-1(»,  says  Xatividad,  but  this  is  not  consistent  with  his  touching'  later  at 
iSauti;i;;o. 


VOYAGE  OF  AL^VRCON. 


01 


ii<)tini»",  as  is  claimed,  several  harbors  not  seen  l)y 
Vllt>'>,  to  the  shoals  near  the  head  of  the  gulf  where 
l^lloa  had  turiud  back.  Alarcon's  men  wished  to 
iiturn,  also  tliJ  shoals  seemed  impassable,  but  he 
st'iit  out  the  pilots  Nicohls  Zamorano  and  Dominiio 
del  Castillo,  who  found  a  passage,  through  which, 
after  grounding  and  narrowly  escaping  wreck,  the 
vessels  were  brought  and  anchored  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river. 

August  2Gth  two  boats,  one  of  them  having  on 
hoard  Alarcon,  Rodrigo  Maldonado  the  treasurer, 
and  Gaspar  del  Castillo  the  contador,  with  twenty 
men,  started  up  the  river,  towing  being  necessary  at 
times  by  reason  of  the  rapid  current.  The  natives 
soon  made  their  appearance  in  constantly  increasing 
iiunil)ers;  at  first  hostile  and  menacing,  so  that  Alar- 
con had  often  to  retire  to  the  middle  of  the  stream, 
l)ut  gradually  becoming  appeased  and  consenting  to 
an  exchange  of  gifts.  After  a  few  days,  persuaded 
11  Kit  the  Spaniards  were  children  of  the  sun,  the}' 
l)roiight  food  in  great  abundance,  volunteered  to  aid 
in  towing  the  boats,  and  finally  consented  to  make 
Alarcon  their  chief  if  he  would  remain.  The  narra- 
tive of  the  voyage  is  for  the  most  part  filled  with 
unimportant  particulars  of  attempted  conversations 
MJth  the  Indians,  and  efforts  to  learn  something  of 
Coronado.  Most  of  Marcos  de  Niza's  names  were 
unknown  to  the  natives,  who  nevertheless  gratified 
their  visitors  with  not  a  few  tales  of  grand  rivers, 
mountains  of  copper,  powerful  chieftains,  and  tradi- 
tions of  bearded  white  men,  which  they  or  their 
ancestors  had  heard  of  some  time  and  somewhere. 
One  or  more  'old  men'  usually  accompanied  Alarcon 
in  the  boat,  keeping  him  supplied  with  these  vagaries; 
and  they  talked  also  of  an  old  woman,  Quatazaca, 
who  lived  without  eating  on  a  lake,  or  near  the  sea, 
or  by  a  mountain,  in  the  country  where  copper  bells 
were  made. 

Natives  were  met  who  had  been  at  Cibola,  and 


02 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCON. 


ir 


\vho  seemed  to  have  sonic  knowledge  of  Niza's  visit 
and  the  fate  of  the  negro  Estevanico.  At  one  place 
the  natives  were  found  to  be  greatly  excited  because 
two  of  their  number  had  brought  frjm  Cibola  the 
news  that  white  men  had  again  made  their  appear- 
ance there.  Alarcon  calmed  their  fears  by  the  assur- 
ance that  those  at  Cibola  were  like  his  own  nien, 
children  of  the  sun,  and  would  do  the  Indians  no 
harm.  It  was  proposed  to  send  messengers  to  Cibola, 
the  distance,  or  rather  that  part  of  it  lying  in  an 
uninhabited  country,  being  represented  as  only  ten 
days' journey;  but  none  of  the  officers  would  volun- 
teer to  make  the  attempt,  and  the  natives  excused 
themselves  from  furnishing  supplier  and  guides,  wish- 
ing the  Spaniards  to  remain  and  help  them  conquer 
their  foes  of  Cumana.  Quicama,  and  Coana  are  the 
only  places  named  on  the  river,  and  respecting  their 
location  nothing  definite  is  stated. 

Early  in  September  the  boats  started  down  the 
river,  reaching  the  ships  in  two  days  and  a  htilf 
There  is  absolutely  nothing  in  the  narrative,  beyond 
the  last  statements,  on  which  to  found  an  opinion  as  to 
how  far  Alarcon  went  up  the  Colorado  on  this  triji; 
but  after  some  preparations  for  careening  and  repair- 
ing the  San  Pedro,  he  started  again,  thinking  that 
Coronado  might  in  the  mean  time  have  heard  of  his 
presence  in  the  country.  He  started  September  14th 
and  went  up  again  to  Quicama  and  Coana.  At  the 
latter  place  he  met  a  Spaniard  who  had  been  left 
there  in  the  first  trip,  and  who  had  been  kindly 
treated.  Farther  up  an  encjhanter  from  Cumana 
planted  reeds  on  the  banks,  which  by  their  magical 
power  were  to  stop  the  progress  of  the  boats,  but 
failed  to  do  so.  At  the  home  of  the  last  *  old  man ' 
who  served  as  guide,  Alarcon  erected  a  cross,  buried 
at  its  foot  letters  for  Coronado  or  others  who  migiit 
find  them,  and  having  received  a  message  from  the 
chief  of  Cumana  declining  to  visit  the  Spaniards, 
started  to  return  to  the  gulf. 


ON  THE  COLORADO  RIVER. 


03 


1  .)rc  turning  back  Alarcon  says  ho  passed  a  place 
wluTo  the  river  flowed  between  high  mountains;  he 
states  also  that  he  went  eighty-five  leagues — which 
may  mean  any  distance  from  100  to  250  miles — up 
tlie  river;  and  further  that  he  advanced  four  degrees 
1)(  yond  the  latitude  reached  by  Ulloa.  The  mountain 
])ass  with  a  medium  estimate  of  distance  would  seem 
to  indicate  a  part  of  the  Colorado  above  the  Gila  and 
below  Bill  Williams  Fork;  but  Melchor  Diaz  found 
Alarcon's  letters  two  months  later  at  a  distance  which 
he  estimated  to  be  only  fifteen  leagues  from  the 
mouth,  so  that  if  these  were  the  only  letters  depositetl, 
Alarcon's  statement  of  distance  is  grossly  exagger- 
ated. It  may  also  be  noted  that  he  mentions  no 
stream  corresponding  to  the  Gila,  as  he  would  natu- 
rally have  done  had  he  passed  its  mouth.^° 

The  name  Buena  Guia  was  given  to  the  river  from 
a  part  of  the  motto  on  Mendoza's  coat-of-arms,  and 
on  the  shore,  near  the  mouth,  at  a  place  called  La 
( '  ;,  a  kind  of  chapel  was  built  and  dedicated  to 
'  ^^fi<ly  of  Buena  Guia.  The  return  was  in  Octo- 
ber or  November  probably,  and  the  fleet  touched  at 
several  points  on  the  coast  during  the  voyage  south- 
ward. At  the  port  of  Colinia,  probably  Nati\idad,"'^ 
Pedro  de  Alvarado  was  found  with  his  fleet.  He 
attempted  to  exercise  some  authority  over  Alarcon, 
who,  after  delivering  to  Luis  de  Castilla  and  Agustin 
(Juerrero  his  narrative  of  thevoyagc,^^  sailed  away  in 
the  darkness  of  the  niixht  "to  avoid  scandal." 


Hagical 
,  but 
man ' 
Duried 
might 
m  the 
iiiards, 


'"  Vcnegas,  Not.  Cat.,  i.  170-1,  ami  other  writers  say  that  Alarcon  reached 
oi)°.  This  conies  from  his  iustructiona  or  from  tiio  stutemeut  tliat  ho  wont  -i" 
fartlicr  than  UHoa. 

^'  Vcnegas,  Xot.  Cal.,  i.  170-1,  says  Purificacion. 

''-'This  nnnativc,  Alarcon,  J'datioitf  dtlla  Safiijntione  <t  Scopcrta  rlie. 
fir<'  il  ('(ijiitaiio  Fcniati'lo  Alarcoiic,  etc.,  sent  to  the  viceroy  from  (jilima, 
seems  to  be  the  only  original  authority  on  this  voyage.  It  was  traiishitcd 
mill  i)uhlishe(l  in  Ji'amutiio,  Navi<j.,  iii.  ;^(!3-70;  IhikhinCs  Voi/.,  iii.  ■l'2r>-'Mi, 
mill  'l\riiaiix-Comjiaii8,  Voy.,  s^ric  i.  torn.  ix.  2!'!t-.S48.  llerrera,  dec.  vi. 
lili.  ix.  cap.  xiii.-xv.,  also  gives  the  narrative  nearly  in  full.  Alarcon  in- 
ti'iidcd  to  write  a  more  complete  account,  hut  prohahly  never  did  so.  AI>ircon 
mill  1 11(1(1,  Rvlacion  d'i  Armitila,  in  Col.  Doc.  InriL,  iv.  "218,  is  a  hi'icf  and  un- 
iiaimi  tuiit  narrative  of  both  expeditions.  For  co))y  of  the  ma)»  made  by  Cas- 
tillo, one  of  Alarcon's  pilots,  see  p.  SI  of  this  volume.    Other  references  are  as 


ill 


M 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AXD  ALARCON. 


Most  writers  state  that  jMendoza  was  exceedingly 
displeased  at  Alurcoii's  want  of  .success,  thou<!;1i  it  is 
not  easy  to  understand  in  what  respect  he  I'ailed  to 
carry  out  the  spirit  of  his  instructions.  Torqueniada 
affirms  that  one  cause  of  Mendoza's  dissatisfaction  was 
that  fuller  reports  of  the  voyage  were  sent  to  the  king 
than  to  himself,  and  that  Alarcon  claimed  the  honor 
that  was  due  to  the  viceroy.  He  says  fuither  that 
Alarcon  retired  in  great  disgrace  and  sorrow  to  Cuer- 
navaca,  where  he  fell  sick  and  died.  But  the  current 
statements  on  this  subject  are  doubtless  erroneous,  for 
there  are  extant,  and  bearing  date  of  May  31,  1541, 
instructions^^  from  Mendoza  to  Alarcon  for  a  second 
voyage  and  a  new  attempt  to  conununieate  with  Cor- 
onado  and  with  Melchor  Diaz,  v. hose  depaiture  from 
San  Geronimo  was  alreadv  known.  In  the  document''* 
Alarcon  is  spoken  of  as  the  discoverer  of  tlie  Bucna 
Guia,  of  which  river  he  is  ordered  to  make  further 
explorations,  as  also  of  an  estero  said  to  exist  at  the 
head  of  the  gulf ''^  Another  proposed  voyage  is  men- 
tioned, probably  to  be  directed  up  the  outer  or  Pacific 
coast,  under  Zuniga,  with  whom  Alarcon  was  to  com- 
municate if  possible.     From  another  document^"  wo 

follows:  Torqufmada,  i.  COS-f);  Bernal  Din:,  Hi^t.  Verdad.  23.")-0;  V<nc- 
(/((■•<,  Sot,  Cctl.,  i.  170-1;  S(dn>eron,  in  Dor.  Hist.  Mex.,  sOiic  iii.  toni.  iv.  (i; 
PinrluLs,  JHh  PUi/rimes,  ".  8.")0-7;  Caro,  Tre.i  Sii/lofi,  i.  I'Jl);  (.'oitr.i,  J/(k(  .  ,'{2."); 
F/oridit,  Vol.  Doc,  i.  l-d,  JJeainno)it,  CnUi.  Mkli.,  W.  .■{IS;  ('itU<\  Xof.  .*s'"'., 
lOS;  Gidruiio,  in  Toy.  ScleH.,  4(5;  Siitil  ;/  J/c.f.,  I'itijc,  xxviii.;  Grdfalhi,  in 
X.  A.  Voy.,  cxxxi.  l!o."i-8;  Cawanio,  in  Id.,  xeix.  1X7-8;  H'/(iii,''/'-'x  Hi-in.rt. 
11'2-13;  Si7)ijj.'<oii'.i  L'<iromido''s  Marrh,  lUo-Ki;  jJiiniC'i'n  C/iron.  Hixt.,  i.  "JIl- 
]();  Brmnn'tt  L.  (Ml.,  1(5-17;  Grenihoir'a  Mitn.,  •![);  Id.,  Or.  and  t'(d.,  r)S-!1; 
IlfoilcH'.-i  P(i:i.  Xfir.,  ii.  108-82;  March  y  l.rdxirr.-',  Mdriiui,  Esjun'i.,  ii.  'Ill-'; 
uMoiil(iiiii.<,  y.  ]V(crelil,  210;  Jlcliue's  Tiro  Thoimond  Milf.  I  IKS;  Taylor,  in 
Cell.  Farmer,  Feb.  21,  28,  April  4,  18,  1802;  Fuidluy's  Dirrriury,  i.\  Fri'/mf, 
LaCal.,  7;  I'oumn,  rOrcymi,  23.");  Gkrson'.t  IliM.  Calli.  Cli.,  i.  •■'i-7U!  /(vs' 
Col.  L'ir.,  10;  Larl,  Xovrs  Orim, 'AQTt-Q;  Marrhaii'l,  \'<>y.,  i.  viii.;  Mufrn-, 
L'.rj)lur.,i.  !>.");  Mdllhausi'u,  Heisen,  i.  113;  [d.,  Tco/djiich,  40j-8,  Jtiirray'n 
Hilt.  Trill'.,  ii.  73-8;  Paytm,  in  Soc.  MfX.  Gtoj.,  ii.  \'J'J. 

^^  FlorUhi,  Col.  Dor..,  i.  l-(i. 

'*Taylo.,  Jlruit'nr'.'^  L.  C'll.,  10-17,  seems  to  have  noticed  this  dornnicnt, 
Imt  lieeonies  very  much  eoufusc-cl  in  its  use,  applying  it  to  the  lirst  voyage 
v.liieh  lie  represents  u.s  having  begun  May  31,  l.'i41. 

''■■  This  is  doubtless  ti'e  Ikazo  ile  Mirallorcs  laid  down  on  Castilk)'s  map 
though  not  mentioned  in  Alarcon's  narrative.  It  peiliaps  corresponds  with 
the  slough  exteudhig  northward  from  the  I'ort  I.^^aliel  of  modern  maps. 

''*  ViiUa  d  Mendoza  in  Icuzbaktta,  Col,  Dor,,  ii.  UU. 


PEDRO  DE  ALV.iRADO. 


es 


codingly 
Lurli  it  is 
lailctl  to 
queiiiuda 
;tion  was 
the  king 
ic  honor 
her  that 
to  Ciier- 
3  current 
icons,  for 
31,  1541, 
a  second 
nth  Cor- 
:urc  from 
•cv.nu  nt"'^ 
10  Buena 
e  further 
ist  at  the 
■e  is  nuMi- 
)r  Pacific 
to  coni- 
leut'"  we 


;.")-0;     Voir. 

toni.  iv.  (i; 

y/(,s<,.  ;!'J.'i; 

Xof.  S<i,:, 
O'riHaHii,  in 

!!■■</.,  i.'-JIl- 

('<(/.,  ,-)S-0; 

,  ii.  -'J-'-7; 

Tiii/Znr.  in 

i.;  Fri'iiKl, 

i;'l-70;  /cs' 

.l/':/'/V' ., 

i,  Mumiifs 


ilocninciit, 
lirst  voyayo 

stillo's  tiiap 
siiDUils  with 
iiiups, 


loarn  that  three  vessels  were  made  ready  for  this  sec- 
ond voyage,  which  was  prevented  by  the  brealdng-out 
(>f  tlu;  Guadalajara  revolt,  of  which  more  elsewhere, 
and  during  which  xVlarcon  was  stationed  with  thirty 
men  at  Autlan. 

As  we  have  seen,  Xiza's  reports  broke  off  all  friendly 
relations  between  ^Mendoza  and  Cortes.  The  latter 
sent  out  Ulloa  against  the  viceroy's  wishes.  He  pro- 
tested against  the  fitting-out  of  the  expeditions  under 
Coronado  and  Alarcon,  and  prepared  a  new  fleet  after 
Ulioa's  return.  He  struggled  liard  to  maintain  bis 
prestige  and  authority  as  ca[)tain-general,  and  called 
ii])on  tlie  emperor  to  prevent  Mendoza's  interference 
with  his  plans.^'  His  efforts  proving  fruitless  he  de- 
termined to  go  in  person  to  lay  his  grievances  before 
tlie  throne.  He  started  early  in  1540,  and  spent  three 
of  his  remaining  seven  years  of  life  in  vain  eilbrts  to 
obtain  redress.  Formal  courtesy  at  first,  followed  by 
cold  neglect,  was  all  the  satisfaction  he  received  at 
court.  Great  injustice  had  been  done  him  in  the  Xew 
World,  and  the  emperor  was  basely  ungratel'ul;  yet 
in  his  last  quarrel  Cortes  had  an  opponent  in  Mendoza, 
against  whom  his  oft-repeated  and  frivolous  charges 
are  to  be  regarded  for  the  most  i)art  as  the  ravings 
of  a  soured  and  disappointed  (jld  man.'*^ 

Before  Cortes  went  to  Spain  a  new  rival  to  both 
captain-general  and  the  viceroy  had  entered  the  field 
of  S(juth  Sea  coiupiest  in  the  person  of  Pedro  de  Alva- 
rado.  His  o[)erations  in  the  south  and  in  Jalisco, 
with  his  licenses  and  plans,  have  been  noted  in  suffi- 
cient detail  else  where.''''*     In  1539  he  made  ready  in 

^' In  l."i,'?0  CortOs  sent  conimissioners  to  Si)aiii  with  the  statement  that  he 
hail  li\e  vessels  ii'aily  to  enntiniio  Ullua",s  cxiilnratioiis  luiiler  liif  sun  1>.  Luis 
(iirti's,  and  Liiat  W  v  as  l)nihling  four  other  xoshlIs.  ][e  tlcnianilcil  that  .Men- 
doza's exiieilition  lie  in-invented  liy  royal  order.  CorltK,  Escriij.^,  :.".)U-!l;  /'a- 
chi'i-ii  and  CiirifciKis,  dl,  Jjai.,  xv.  IflT. 

""('./W',.*,  Men.  Ill  Kiiii>.,  in  Cnrh.s.  Kscrlfo.t,  •2!)0-.'?01t;  LL,  '\\0-'2\-  Cortrx, 
J'lHrioii  coiifi'd  Mnitlicji,  in  Ln-JiuUi In,  Cul.  ]>ui\,  ii.  till- 71!;  I'l'dnult  i^  ]li>t. 
('uiii/,  Mcx.,  iii.  Iio^  4."i;  ViiKijus,  Xvt.  t'uL,  i.  lli4-7.  See  also  ///'.si.  JIi;x,, 
ii.  474  et  se([.,  tliis  series. 

^"See  Jlist.  Cent.  Am.,  ii.  and  Hist.  Mex.,  ii.  this  series. 


1*1 


OG 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCON. 


the  Guatoinalaii  ports  a  fleet  of  a  dozen  vessels,  the 
largest  and  most  costly  yet  seen  in  the  Pacilic,  and 
brought  it  with  a  large  force  of  men  to  the  Colinia 
coast  in  1540.  Whatever  his  intentions  at  first,  after 
Niza's  re[)orts  he  resolved  to  direct  his  course  to  the 
north.  Mendoza  instead  of  quarrelling  with  Alvarado 
opened  negotiations  with  him,  which  resulted  in  an 
agreement  signed  in  November  1540,  for  a  joint  prose- 
cution of  northern  discovery  and  conquest.  Mendoza 
became  owner  of  one  half  the  fleet;  Alvarado  received 
one  fifth  of  all  profits  and  advantages  accruing  from 
the  viceroy's  expeditions  under  Coronado  and  Alarcon, 
while  for  twenty  years  expenses  and  profits  were  to  bo 
equally  shared.*^  Don  Pedro  returned  to  the  coast  to 
sujjerintend  preparations  for  departure;  but  in  the 
early  summer  of  1541,  in  response  to  an  urgent  appeal 
for  aid  from  Acting-governor  Onate,  he  landed  his 
men  and  marched  inland.  He  lost  his  life  during  the 
campaign,  and  his  men  after  doing  garrison  duty  in 
Jalisco  durmg  the  war  were  disbanded  and  scattered. 
The  death  of  Alvarado's  wife  without  heirs  left  the 
entire  fleet  in  Mendoza's  possession. 

The  Mixton  war,  in  which  Alvarado  lost  his  life  as 
just  mentioned,  raging  from  1540  to  1542  during  Coro- 
nado's  absence  in  the  far  north,  was  the  most  formid- 
able and  wide-spread  struggle  for  liberty  ever  made 
by  the  native  races  in  any  part  of  Mexico.  The  Jal- 
isco tribes  killed  their  encomenderos,  abandoned  their 
towns,  and  took  refuge  on  fortified  penoles,  or  clifl's, 
believed  to  be  impregnable.  At  the  end  of  1540  Gua- 
dalajara, already  moved  to  the  Tacotlan  Valley,  was 
the  only  place  north  of  the  river  and  east  of  the  sierra 
still  held  by  the  Spaniards.  Strong  forces  of  soldiers 
under  difterent  leaders  were  repeatedly  repulsed  by  the 
native  warriors.    Alvarado  marched  rashly  inland  only 

*"  Alrarxdo  nnd  Mendoza,  Axinito  y  Capitiihiriovcfi.  Signed  in  Michoacan 
Nov«'.iil)ci-  'JO,  l.")40.  Ill  Pin/nc'i  ami  Ciirdenati,  t'ul.  I'oc,  iii.  351-(!'2i  xvi. 
31:.i-5o;  Mcuduza,  IudUuc.  liAijullar, 


PROGRESS  IN  NEW  GALICIA. 


97 


to  be  dofcatccl  and  killed.  Mendoza  was  alarmed  for 
the  safety  not  only  of  New  Galicia  but  of  all  New 
Spain,  and  he  marched  north  at  the  head  of  a  large 
army.  In  a  short  but  vigorous  campaign  he  captured 
the  peiloles  one  by  one,  l)y  siege,  by  assault,  by  strata- 
gem, or  through  the  treachery  of  the  defenders,  end- 
ing with  Mixton,  the  strongest  of  all,  and  returned 
southward  in  1542.  Thousands  of  natives  had  been 
killed  in  battle;  thousands  cast  themselves  from  the 
cliffs  and  perished;  thousands  were  enslaved.  Many 
escaped  to  the  sierras  of  Nayarit  and  Zacatecas;  but 
the  s^^rit  of  rebellion  was  broken  forever." 

There  is  little  more  to  be  said  of  New  Galicia  that 
concerns  my  present  subject.  The  province  was  now 
explored  and  conquered,  though  there  wore  occasional 
revolts  on  the  northern  frontier.  The  audiencia  was 
established  in  1548,  and  was  moved  with  the  capital 
about  15G1  to  Guadalajara,  a  town  transferred  to  its 
modern  site  in  consequence  of  the  Mixton  war.  The 
])vesident  of  the  audiencia  was  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince, extending, after  the  separation  of  Nueva  Vizcaya, 
to  the  northern  lines  of  the  modern  Jalisco  and  Zaca- 
tecas; and  the  jurisdiction  of  the  body  in  judicial 
matters  extended  over  the  whole  north.  So  did  the 
bishopric  founded  in  1544,  the  see  being  with  the 
capital  transfe  red  from  Compostela  to  Guadalajara. 
The  Franciscans  had  accompanied  the  conquerors  in 
all  their  movements;  and  while  they  founded  no 
missions  of  the  regular  type  of  more  northern  regions, 
lliey  were  actively  engaged  in  the  work  of  conversion 
before  1(500,  as  were  membei'e  of  other  orders  to  a 
t-Hght  extent.  Agriculture  made  some  progress,  and 
stot-lc-raising  nmch  more.  JMany  new  towns  were 
built.  Rich  mines  were  worked,  especially  in  Zaca- 
tecas, where  the  town  of  that  name  was  founded  in 
1548,  and  in  favor  of  which  region  during  the  first 
excitement  the  rest  of  the  province  was  well  nigh 

*'  I'or  (li'tiiila  of  the  Mixton  war  and  subsequent  Nueva  Galician  annals 
ecu  Hid,  M< .v.,  ii.  olmp.  xxiv.  this  scries. 
UiuT.  N.  M£X.  SXAi£B>  Vol.  I.    7 


08 


NIZA,  ULLOA,  CORONADO,  AND  ALARCON. 


depopulated;  and  again  before  the  end  of  the  century 
the  southern  Zacatecas  mines  were  nearly,  though 
temporarily,  abandoned  for  the  northern  about  Nom- 
bre  de  Dios,  some  of  the  explorers  penetrating  much 
farther  north.  Besides  soldiers  in  active  service,  and 
miners  in  Zacatecas  at  certain  times,  it  is  not  likely 
that  there  were  more  than  five  hundred  Spaniards  in 
New  Galicia  before  1600. 


CHAPTER  V. 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VKCAYA. 

1554-lCOO. 

Zacatecas  Mines — Mercado's  Silver  Mountaiv — Ibarra's  Private  Ex- 
plorations— Mendoza  and  the  Franciscans — Ibarra  as  Governor — 
Province  of  Nceva  Vizcaya — Expedition — At  San  Juan — Focndino 
of  Nombre  de  Dios  and  Duranoo — To  Copala  or  Topia — Grand 
Reports — Indi6  and  Santa  Barbara  Mines — March  to  Sinaloa — 
Villa  of  San  Juan — Tour  in  the  Far  North— City  of  Pagme — San 
Sebastian  de  Chametla — Death  of  Ibarra — Progress  in  Duranoo — 
List  of  Governors — Annals  of  Sinaloa — Murder  op  Friars — Villa 
Abandoned — Montoya's  Expedition — Bazan's  Entrada — San  Felipk 
DE  Sinaloa— Franciscan  Convents— Four  Martyrs — Arlegui's 
Chronicle— Jesuit  Annals — In  Sinaloa-  The  Anuas — Martyrdom 
of  Father  Tapia — In  Topia — Tepehuane  Missions — Santa  MarIa  de 
Parras— Exploration  and  Conquest  of  New  Mexico. 

After  the  MIxton  war  the  wild  tribes  of  the 
frontier,  corresponding  to  the  northern  parts  of  the 
modern  sta;.e  of  Zacatecas,  continued  their  hostihties 
to  some  extent  until  their  subjugation  by  peaceful 
means  was  authorized  by  viceroy  and  king.  After 
several  minor  efforts  by  Oilate  and  others,  Juan  de 
Tolosa  with  a  few  Spaniards,  friars,  and  natives 
reached  the  Bufa  mountain  in  1 54G,and  soon  succeedetl 
in  pacifying  and  converting  the  savage  inhabitants, 
who  in  return  revealed  the  existence  of  rich  silver 
lodes.  Tolosa  was  joined  in  1548  by  Ohate,  Bafiue- 
los,  and  Diego  de  Ibarra;  the  rich  mines  of  San 
Bernabe,  San  Benito,  Pdnuco,  and  others  were  dis- 
covered and  worked.  The  town  of  Zacatecas  was 
founded,  and  a  mining  rush  to  this  region  well  nigh 
depopulated  other  parts  of  New  Galicia.     In  1552 

I  90) 


100 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Gines  Vazquez  tie  Mercado  marched  into  the  regions 
to  the  north,  but  was  defeated  and  wounded  in  a 
battle  near  Sorabrerete,  after  which  for  a  time  no 
entradas  M'cre  authorized  by  the  government.  Two 
years  after  Mercado's  failure,  however,  Francisco  do 
Ibarra  began  a  series  of  exploring  and  prospecting 
tours  by  which  in  eight  years  he  brought  to  light  the 
mineral  deposits  of  Fresnillo,  San  Martin,  Sombrerete, 
Nieves,  and  many  others  up  to  and  beyond  the  lino 
of  the  modei'n  Zacatccas.  So  rich  were  these  mines 
and  so  liberal  the  policy  of  Ibarra  and  his  associates 
that  before  the  end  of  the  century  the  southern  dis- 
tricts in  their  turn  were  nearly  abandoned  for  a  time.^ 
Mercado's  entry  in  1552  had  been  in  search  of  a 
mountain  of  silver,  which  he  did  not  find.  The 
foundation  of  the  reports  which  attracted  him  was 
not  improbably  the  famous  iron  mountain  still  bearing 
the  fortune-hunter's  name  near  tlic  city  of  Durango.'' 
The  annals  of  the  re2:ion  beyond  the  line  of  the  modern 

CD  t/ 

Durango  begin  with  Ibarra's  explorations  of  1554-G2, 
which  covered  a  broad  territory  and  brought  to  light 
many  mines,  but  which,  being  private  enterprises, 
are  not  recorded  so  far  as  details  are  concerned.  It 
does  not  appear  that  tliese  private  explorations,  how- 
ever, extended  beyond  the  limits  of  what  is  now 
Durango. 

In  one  of  Ibarra's  earliest  tours  he  was  accompanied 
by  the  Fianciscan  Geronimo  do  Mendoza,  who  from 
the  mining  camp  of  San  Martin  went  on  with  one  sol- 
dier into  unexplored  territory,  and  began  missionary 
work  on  the  Ilio  Suchil,  meeting  with  much  success, 
and  soon  calhng  upon  his  provincial  for  assistance.     In 

'  For  further  particulars  on  Zacatccas  annals  clown  to  IGOO  see  Hist.  Mex., 
ii.,  thin  series.  • 

'■'On  this  mountain — a  mass  of  magnetic  iron  ore  900  by  1,900  varas  and 
(iSO  vains  high,  containing  400,000  tons  of  metal  assaying  '20  or  7o  per  cent  of 
puro  hull— si:ortr)vriailel>uniii<io,m Dice.  l/iiiv.,ix.  334-40;  Motn-Pculilla, 
Jl'mt,  JV.  Gal.,  :203;  litauiiiovt,  Crdii.  Mich.,  v.  231-2;  Wrkhier  in  Sac.  Mcx. 
(Ii'oij.,  liol.,  vi,  (iO;  Lecttdtro,  Not.  Dui:,  8-9;  Frijis,  Hist.  JJntr.,  127-9; 
JUusco  Jhx.,  i.  2S-34. 


IBARRA'S  EXPEDITIONS. 


101 


e  Hist,  jifex., 


looG  !Mondoza  wafs  joined  by  three  friars,  Pedro  do 
Espinarcda,  Diego  do  la  Cadena,  and  Jacinto  do  San 
Francisco,  with  a  young  donatio,  or  assistant,  named 
Lucas.  About  the  same  time  Mendoza  departed  for 
Spain.  Meanwhile,  or  a  little  later,  there  were  troubles 
with  the  natives,  but  Ibarra  came  to  the  rescue,  pre- 


NCKVA  ViZCAYA,   IGOO. 

vcntin<Tf  an  abandonment  of  the  work,  and  not  only 
l)aeifvinti"the  Indians  but  colloctiuLi'  nianv  of  tla-in  into 
a  mission  conmmnity.  The  site  was  iixed  alter  one  or 
two  transfers,  and  a  church  built  where  Xombre  do 
Dios  now  stands;  indeed  the  establishment  was  prc^ba- 
bly  known  as  San  Francisco  del  Nombre  de  JJios  even 
at  this  early  date.     A  few  Spanish  settlers  seem  to 


102 


ANXALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


have  gathered  here,  and  there  are  indications  even 
of  some  irregular  steps  by  Martin  Perez,  the  alcalde  of 
Zacatecas,  toward  the  founding  of  a  town.^  It  appears 
also  that  Father  Cadena  and  Liicas,  before  15G2,  ex- 
tended their  missionary  labors  northward  to  the  Gua- 
diana  Valley,  where  Durango  was  founded  later,  still 
working  in  connection  with  Ibarra's  mining  explora- 
tions.* 

About  15G1  Francisco  de  Ibarra,  by  reason  of  his 
past  services,  and  by  the  influence  of  his  uncle  Don 
Diego  of  Zacatecas,  who  had  married  the  viceroy's 
daughter,  was  commissioned  a«  governor  and  captain- 
general  to  conquer  and  rule  the  northern  regions  not 
yet  subjected  to  Spanish  dominion.  A  reported 
wealthy  province  of  Copala  was  the  particular  object 
of  the  viceroy's  project,  which  he  had  entertained  for 
some  years,  but  had  hitherto  found  no  opportunity  of 
carrying  out.  But  soon  the  name  of  Nueva  Vizcaya, 
or  New  Biscay,  was  applied  by  Ibarra  in  honor  of  his 
native  province  in  Spain.  The  original  commission 
and  other  documents  arc  not  extant  so  far  as  I  know ; 
therefore  exact  dates,  names,  and  boundaries  cannot 
be  given.  The  line  of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  however,  was 
practically  tliat  which  now  separates  Jalisco  and  Zaca- 
tecas from  Sinaloa  and  Durango.  It  was  probably 
intended  to  confine  the  new  province  to  territory  east 
of  the  main  sierra;  but  Ibarra  was  able  to  extend  his 
authority  over  the  coast  provinces  as  well,  on  the 

'  1.553  is  given  by  some  as  the  date  of  Mendoza's  arrival  at  Ojo  de  Berros, 
Imt  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  lie  came  with  the  party  that  discovered 
San  Martin,  that  the  discoverer  was  Ibarra,  or  that  his  operations  began  in 
I.mJ.  Jliarra,  Rilacion,  4G4;  Diiramjo,  Doc.  JlUt.,  MS.,  97-103;  Morfi,  JJiarlo, 
.'UO-l;  Arle(jHi,  Cr6n.  Zac,  30-40;  Beaumont,  Cniii.  Mich.,  v.  503-4;  Tonjiu'- 
inada,  iii.  344.  Father  Mendoza,  was  a  native  of  Vitoria,  Alava,  Spain,  and 
a  nephew  of  tlie  viceroy  of  the  same  name.  He  came  witii  his  nncle  to  Mexico, 
and  was  captain  of  tlie  viceregal  guard  before  he  became  a  Franciscan,  lie 
came  nortli  in  1553,  being  sent  to  use  his  infhicnce  in  (juelling  disturbances 
among  tlie  Zacatecas  miners.  He  died  at  Madrid.  Jiamirez,  Not.  Jlint. ,  10-1 1 ; 
Arlcijui,  Crdii.  Zac,  2*2,  257-64. 

*  Arlegui,  Crdu,  Zac,  35,  says  Cadena  founded  a  town  there  which  attracted 
many  Spaniards;  though  on  p.  58  he  credits  the  founding  to  Juan  de  Tolosa. 
There  is  a  tendency  on  tlie  part  of  missionary  chroniclers  to  claim  everything 
for  their  order;  and  among  moat  authorities  in  the  early  annals  of  these 
regions  there  is  hopeless  confusion  of  da  "es. 


FOUNDING  OF  DURANGO. 


103 


ground  that  they  were  for  the  most  part  unoccupied, 
and  not  provided  with  Christian  instructors.^ 

The  governor  fitted  out  his  expedition  at  Zacatccas 
and  the  San  Martin  mines,  enhsting  about  one  hun- 
dred Spaniards  besides  many  native  auxilaries."  Mar- 
tin Gamon,  an  intimate  friend  of  the  governor,  joined 
the  army  with  twelve  trusted  comrades  and  was  made 
niaestre  de  campo."  Four  Franciscans,  Fray  Pablo 
Acebedo,  Brother  Juan  Herrera,  and  two  whose 
names  arc  not  known,  accompanied  the  force,  which 
in  June  15G2  arrived  in  the  San  Juan  Valley,  appar- 
ently the  site  of  the  later  San  Juan  del  Rio,  which 
was  for  a  long  time  a  kind  of  head-quarters.  Here 
some  of  the  men  became  mutinous  and  deserted;  and 
Gamon  for  insubordination  and  insolence  was  sen- 
tenced to  death.  The  sentence  being  approved  by 
the  viceroy,  the  maestro  de  campo,  who  had  escaped 
to  San  Martin,  was  brought  back  and  executed.  The 
rest  of  the  year  was  passed  in  camp  at  San  Juan,  and 
in  various  minor  explorations  not  recorded.  Here  the 
force  was  considerably  increased  by  recruits  from  the 
different  mining  camps. 

In  15G3  was  formally  founded  the  town  of  Durango, 
in  the  Guadiana  Valley,  near  where  Father  Cadena, 
as  already  related,  had  formed  a  settlement  of  natives 
called  apparently  San  Juan  Bautista  de  Analco. 
Alonso  Pacheco  was   sent   from  San  Juan   in  the 


'  Deaumont,  Crdn,  Mich.,  v.  523  et  scq.;  Mota-Padilla,  Hist.  N,  Gal.,  107. 
Jjcfore  tliis  Alonso  de  Zurita,  Memor'ud,  in  Icadiaketa,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  333;  Id., 
intiod.,  xlvi.-vii.,  had  asked  the  king  to  give  him  authority  to  form  a  new 
piovmcc  in  the  north.  Ibarra  himself,  llchicion,  4(58,  says  lie  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  '  toda  la  ticrra  adcntro  do  las  minas  dc  San  Martin  en  adelaute. ' 
]>uaumont,  'gobemador  de  la  gran  laguna  de  Copala  en  la  ticrra adentro,  entro 
il(»n(le  sale  el  sol  y  cl  nortc,  y  que  no  se  arrimaso  al  norte  y  poniente  (que  era 
de  T/ibola  que  Coronado  anduvo)  y  que  nsimismo  no  fuese  hacia  cl  sur  ni  A 
hi  mar  de  (A  quo  era  Chiametla,  Topia,  y  Tziualoa. '  Ho  was  to  use  force  only 
after  exhausting  mild  means.  Galeriade  Virci/es,  214-15. 

^ Expedidon  de  la  Nutva  Vizcaya,  1503,  MS.,  13,  is  an  account  in  Aztec, 
with  Spjuush  translation  by  Prof.  Galicia,  of  the  part  taken  in  the  expedition 
by  the  Aztec  auxiliaries. 

'  licaumont,  l'r6n.  Mich.,  v.  467  et  scq.,  represents  Gamon  as  having  been 
the  first  to  plan  the  enterprise.  Morfi,  Diario,  354,  tells  us  that  the  12  under 
<  iiimon  were  famous  as  criminals,  and  that  a  place  iu  Durango  bears  Gamon 'a 
name. 


104 


ANNiVLS  OF  NUF.VA  VIZCAYA. 


ft 


spring''  with  live-stock, seed,  implements,  and  autliority 
to  distribute  lands  to  settlers;  and  in  July  Ibarra 
came  to  organize  a  municipal  government.  Ho  called 
the  town  Durango  in  memory  of  the  Basque  city; 
but  for  a  century  it  was  better  known  as  Guadiana. 
It  was  intended  as  tlie  capital  of  New  Biscay,  and  t(j 
the  task  of  promoting  its  prosperity  the  governor 
devoted  much  attention.  To  this  end  he  not  only 
pursued  a  most  liberal  policy  in  other  respects,  but 
having  opened  rich  mines  in  the  Aviilo  district,  ho 
threw  them  open  to  all  who  wished  to  work,  on  the 
sole,  condition  that  they  were  to  build  houses  and 
ren)ain  in  the  country.  Bartolomo  Arriola  was  left 
at  the  capital  as  lieutcuant-governor,  and  \\as  suc- 
ceeded in  1505  by  Martin  Lopez  do  Ibarra.  There 
M'ere  at  first  thirteen  vecinos." 

It  was  also  in  15G3  that  the  villa  of  Nombre  de 
Dios  was  formally  founded  and  its  municipal  govern- 
ment organized  by  Governor  Ibarra.*"  But  it  will  bo 
remembered  that  this  was  not  the  actual  beginning 
of  the  settlement,  and  that  there  may  have  been  an 
alcc'ddc  appointetl  before."  At  any  rate  the  alcalde 
mayor  of  San  INIartin  soon  claimed  jurisdiction  over 
the  citizens  of  the  new  villa  who  disputed  his  author- 
ity. Oidor  Orozco,  being  in  Zacatecas,  took  upon 
himself  the  defence  of  the  jurisdiction  of  his  audiencia 
of  New  Galicia,  while  Ibarra,  called  back  in  haste  from 

"April  14th  is  given  as  tho  date  of  foundation  in  Doa  liepuhUais,  Feb.  S, 
1879. 

"Some  particulars  in  I'amirez,  Not,  I/ist.,  17-10;  IiJ.,Ifi^t.  Diir.,  12.  See 
also /Arovo,  IMartoii,  47--4;  livaumuiit,  v.  inll-S;  JJuramjo,  JJoc  Jli^f.,  MS., 
G-7;  Fnjfs,  Ili/it.  Breve,  21i)-'21;  Enrm/ero,  Xat.  Dur.,  7-11;  Jlrrn rn,  ilov. 
viii.  lib.  X.  cap.  xxiv. ;  Loct,  Xorvi  Orb'ix.,  iSiV-OO.  Arlcgui,  Cron.  Zar..  ."iS, 
names  Tolosa  as  the  founder;  and  others  writers  yi%'e  various  dates  from  \')7>i 
to  1^)G.^ 

'''  Ibarra,  Itclaeiov,  408-9;  cabililo  records  as  cited  in  Dtirartfjo,  Doc.  f/i<f., 
^18.,  83-104;  Oct.  G,  1JU3,  viceroy'.s  decree  authorizing  tlic  founiUition.  />/.  ; 
yowbrrde  Dios,  Dcsrrijtciou  dc  la  villa,  JOoS,  .'131,  338;  tho  alcalde  seem.s  to 
have  been  Alonso  Garcia,  one  of  the  earlier  settlers. 

"  Mota-Padilla,  JliKt.  X.  Gal.,  107,  says  the  town  was  founded  in  l.'Uii  liy 
Diego  do  Colio,  alcalde  of  San  Martin.  Others  say  that  Martin  Perez,  alcalde 
of  Zacatecas,  was  tlic  founder  in  about  I.'mS,  ami  that  Colio  was  alcahle  nf 
Nond)rc  de  Dios.  But  it  appears  tliat  Colio  (Celio  or  Celis)  was  alcalde  nf 
San  Martin,  and  the  one  whose  claim  made  the  trouble.  Sec /><_/«  ^,  J  list. 
JJrcie,  129-31;  Etcudero,  Xot,  Dur.,  D-IO;  JJcaumont,  v.  501-8. 


IBARRA  IX  TOriA. 


105 


liis  ox[)lorations,  insisted  that  the  villa  belonged  to  his 
jiroviiieo.  Open  warfare  was  at  one  time  ininiincnt, 
Init  was  prevented  l)y  the  influence  of  ]3iego  de  Ibarra, 
and  the  matter  in  dispute  was  referred  to  the  viceroy 
of  ^Foxico.  He  settled  it  by  ruling  the  disputed  ter- 
ritory himself  until  about  IGll,  when  by  royal  order 
Xombre  de  Dios  was  restored  to  Nueva  Vizcaya.^^ 

]3efore  founding  the  two  towns  as  just  recorded, 
Iban-a  marched  with  all  his  force  from  tlic  San  Juan 
fortified  camp  in  ]\Iarch  15G3,  bent  on  the  conquest 
of  Copala,^'  Topiame,  or  Topia,  in  the  mountains 
north-westward.  On  reaching  the  San  Jose  Valley, 
some  thirty  leagues  distant,  it  was  suspected  that  the 
natives  were  plotting  to  lead  the  Spaniards,  by  tales 
of  great  cities,  to  destruction  in  the  labvrinth  of 
sierras.  ]\Iartin  de  Rentcria  was  sent  in  advance  to 
explore,  and  returned  in  six  days  reporting  a  bad 
country  with  no  settlements  for  thirty  leagues.  Ac- 
cordingly the  army  turned  back,  discovering  on  the 
way  rich  mines  in  the  valleys  called  Santa  Maria^* 
and  San  Geronimo.  At  the  latter  place  a  native 
woman  offered  to  guide  the  Spaniards  to  Topiame, 
and  Ibarra  with  tliirty  or  forty  men  followed  her, 
sending  the  rest  of  the  army  back  to  San  Juan.  Ho 
niarclied  rapidly  for  eight  days  from  April  1 5th  to  a 
l)lace  eight  leagues  beyond  lienteria's  limit.  Here 
from  the  sunmiit  of  a  lofty  range  they  looked  down 
u])on  a  large  settlement  of  people,  clothed  like  the 
^lexieans,  and  living  in  flat-roofed  houses  of  several 
stories.  They  did  not  enter  the  town,  but  at  night 
a})proached  so  near  as  to  hear  the  beating  of  Aztec 
U'lMw.stUs.     They  understood  from  the  guide  that 


^^Diirnnfjo,  Doc.  IlhL,  MS.,  84-7;  Bemtmmif,  v.  nnn-fiO;  FnJrD,  217-10. 
In  1, ")!)()  a  ti'iiiisfcr  of  tlic  town  to  tho  Santiajio  iiiinca  was  authori/ed. 

'^Tliis  iiaino  is  used  ])y  IJcaiunont  and  others;  but  1  think  tliat  its  appli- 
cation to  Topia  is  doubtful.  It  is  probable  tliat  Copala  was  a  province  vaguely 
reported  to  exist  iu  the  far  north  and  which  furnished  one  of  tlie  chief  motives 
for  the  general  movement  at  first;  but  that  the  report  of  Topiame  was  a  dis- 
tinct and  later  one  heard  by  Ii>arra,  and  which  led  to  this  special  expedition. 
Of  Copala  and  its  lake  wo  shall  hear  nnich  later. 

"  \\ritteu Sunt  Matia,  perhaps  fciau  Matias. 


100 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


there  were  many  other  sucli  towns;  and  they  marched 
back  to  San  Juan  at  the  beginning  of  May,  enthusi- 
astic in  the  behcf  that  they  had  discovered  a  new 
Mexico." 

At  least  such  was  the  report  sent  to  viceroy  and 
king.  It  is  difficult,  however,  to  see  in  this  report 
anything  but  intentional  exaggeration  with  a  view  to 
reward  tor  past  services  and  aid  for  new  explorations. 
Topla  was  a  region  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Tania- 
zula  River,  where  there  is  still  a  town  of  the  name. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  Coronado  had  heard  won- 
derful reports  about  a  province  of  Topira,  or  Topiza, 
in  1540,  which  was  probably  the  same.  The  people 
of  that  rcfnon  were  intelligent,  and  like  other  tribes 
of  Nueva  A^lzcaya  practised  agriculture  to  some  ex- 
tent; but  there  was  never  any  foundation  for  tlie 
wealth  or  civilization  of  the  first  reports. 

From  his  camp  at  San  Juan  Ibarra  next  sent  Cap- 
tain Eodrigo  del  Rio  with  men  and  supplies  to  settle 
the  mines  of  Inde,^"  where  a  town  of  the  same  name 
still  stands;  and  a  little  later,  but  still  apparently  in 
15G3,  the  same  officer  was  despatched  to  settle  the 
mines  of  San  Juan  and  Santa  Barbara  some  twenty 
leagues  to  the  north,  in  the  region  of  the  modern 
Parral,  Allende,  and  Jimenez,  or  southern  Chihuahua 
on  the  Rio  Florido,  also  called  in  these  earliest  years 
San  Bartolome  Valley.  This  was  the  limit  of  Spanish 
occupation  in  Ibarra's  time.  The  mines  were  very 
productive,  and  soon  attracted  quite  a  large  popula- 

'•>  Vetnxro,  JJehicion  di'  lo  que  descnbrid  Dier/o  (Francisco)  de  Ibarra  en  la 
prorincla  dc  Cojuila  llamoda  Tojiiami;  descrihkndo  muy  jwr  mexor  su  viaje  if 
discuJifhn'ienlo,  etc.  In  Pacheco  and  t'lirdenas.  Col.  Doc,  xiv.  5i53-Gl.  Tliis! 
account  is  a  letter  of  Viceroy  Velasco  to  the  king,  of  May  2()tli,  to  which  nic 
iwUleil  .an  unsigned  narrative  giving  more  detaila,  a  short  note  of  Francisco 
Ibarra  from  San  Juan  M.oy  3il,  and  a  note  of  Diego  Ibarra  to  the  viceroy  from 
San  Martin  May  Oth.  In  his  lielacion,  476-7,  written  after  a  second  visit, 
tliough  written  with  a  view  to  set  forth  his  great  services  to  the  king,  Ibarra 
says  nothing  about  the  grandeur  of  the  settlement  or  civilization  of  its  people. 
Beaumont,  v.  531,  erroneously  puts  this  first  visit  to  Topia  in  L'>G2,  and  says 
IbaiTa  went  on  to  Sinaloa  at  this  time.  He  also  states  that  in  Topia  he  founil 
on  a  fig-tree  an  inscription :  '  This  pueblo  belongs  to  Diego  Guevara. '  Arlcgui, 
<'r6n.  Zac.,  3r>-7,  Go-fi,  222-5,  makes  the  first  entry  in  1555-9,  crediting 
everytliing  as  is  his  custom  to  the  friars. 

'"Written  also  Endc,  Endec,  and  ludeh^. 


ACROSS  THE  SIERRA  TO  SINALOA. 


107 


narchcd 
onthuHi- 

i  a  now 

roy  and 

i  report 

view  to 

)rati()ns. 

3  Tania- 

e  name. 

ird  won- 

Topiza, 

)  people 

3r  tribes 

ome  cx- 

I'or   the 

3nt  Cap- 
to  settle 
ne  name 
'ently  in 
ittle  the 
twenty 
modern 
ihuahua 
st  years 
Spanish 
ire  very 
popula- 

'harra  en  la 
})•  ml  viaie  // 
3-Gl.  tlii>» 
o  which  are 
f  Francisco 
iceroy  from 
conil  visit, 
ing,  Ibarra 
its  people. 
2,  and  says 
lia  he  found 
Arlegui, 
),  crediting 


tion.  Some  writers  erroneously  credit  Ibarra  with 
liavinij  penetrated  to  the  region  of  the  modern  city 
of  Cliiliuahua,  and  SL^ome  give  too  early  a  date  for  the 
occupation  of  San  Bartolomd.^^  At  San  Jiuin  during 
tlie  winter  the  Indians  became  troublesome,  killing 
(iver  four  hundred  horses  and  mules,  and  obliging  the 
governor  not  only  to  send  to  the  south  for  more  live- 
^;to(;k,  arms,  and  ammunition,  but  to  build  a  new  fort. 

Ill  the  spring  of  15G4  Ibarra  marched  again  into  the 
mountains  of  Topia,  finding  nothing  apparently  of  the 
wonders  before  reported,  but  pacifying  the  natives, 
<'stal)lishing  a  garrison,  and  probably  opening  some  of 
the  mines  discovered  in  the  previous  trip.  At  any 
rate  the  mining  camps  of  San  Andres  and  San  Hipo- 
lito  soon  became  somewhat  fit  'irishinj;  in  this  refjion. 
Instead,  however,  of  returning  to  San  Juan  in  Du- 
lango,  Ibarra  continued  his  march  across  the  sierra 
until  he  reached  the  Rio  Suaqui,  or  Sinaloa,  now  the 
Fuerte.  Of  the  coast  provinces  above  Jalisco  for  the 
])ast  twenty  years  and  more,  since  Coronado's  return 
in  1542,  w«^  know  nothing  except  that  the  little  town 
(if  San  ])JigU(M  had  managed  to  maintain  its  precarious 
existence,  being  the  only  Spanish  settlement  in  all  that 
legion,'^  and  that  outside  of  Culiacan  the  natives  were 
independent  and  hostile.  The  results  of  Guzman's 
coiuiuest  had  been  well  nigh  obliterated,  except  the 
moinory  of  his  outrages. 

The  state  of  things  enabled  Ibarra  to  extend  his 
authorit}''  as  governor  of  Nueva  Vizcaya  over  the 
toast  provinces,  and  on  reaching  the  Suaqui  River  he 

"  Ihiirra,  I'elacion.  He  calls  the  mines  Santa  T5ilrlx)la,  or  at  least  the 
printer  does.  Hce  Jlerrera,  dec.  viii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xxiv.;  (Jam,  Tres  Si'/los,  i. 
I(i4;  Esciahro,  Kot.  Chih.,  88;  Coiide,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoij.,  Bo!.,  v.  27-.  Ar- 
lou'iii,  Cr6n.  Zac,  .37-8,  talks  of  the  occupation  of  San  liaitolomt?  Valley  by 
friiii-s  in  ir)i)!)-6.3.  Ibarra  left  garrisons  in  many  forts  in  Chihuahua  before  ho 
went  to  Sinaloa.  Monumentoa  I)omin.  Exp.,  5IS.,  no.  2,  p.  243;  Frejea,  JJiit. 
/.V')v,217,  219. 

'^Hcrrcra,  however,  dec.  viii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  xvi.,  speaks  of  a  Christian  pueblo 
on  tlic  Oinitlan  River  ns  resisting  the  savages  with  the  aid  of  a  few  Spaniards 
iu  \'h)0.  Chainetla  may  not  have  been  abandoned  all  the  time.  Mota-Padilla, 
V/'-v.  X.  Gal.,  112-l.S,  mentions  outrages  comniittcd  on  the  natives  far  north 
of  Sau  ^ligucl  between  1540  and  1550,  but  his  meaning  is  not  clear. 


103 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


prococdetl  to  found  there  a  town  named  San  Juan  de 
Sinaloa,  or  San  Juan  Bautista  de  Carapoa  as  llibas 
calls  it.  Pedro  Ochoa  de  Garraga  or  Esfcwm  Mar- 
tin Bohorques  was  put  in  command;  Hernando  de 
Pedroza  was  made  curate;  and  before  the  governor's 
final  departure  two  Franciscans  Avere  left  to  labor 
among  the  adjoining  tribes.  Antonio  de  Bctanzos, 
the  maestre  de  campo,  was  sent  to  San  Miguel 
where  he  obtained  supplies  for  the  new  settlement 
from  Pedro  de  Tobar,  whose  relations  with  Ibarra 
seem  to  have  been   nost  friendl3\^'' 

After  the  founding  of  San  Juan,  and  perhaps  after 
a  trip  down  to  Chametla,'"  Ibarra  made  a  tour  of  ex- 
j>loration  to  the  far  north,  of  which  in  detail  little  can 
be  known.  The  governor  himself  says  he  "  went 
three  hundred  leasfues  from  Chametla,  in  which  entrada 
he  found  large  settlements  of  natives  clothed  and  well 
provided  with  maize  and  other  things  for  their  sup- 
port; and  there  were  many  fertile  tracts  fit  for  wheat, 
corn,  and  other  grains,  parts  of  which  might  be  cou- 

'*TIic  town  is  called  San  Juan  tie  Sinaloa  in  Ibarra,  Jiclariou,  4S1 ;  Drait- 
mnni,  ('■•On.  Mich.,  v.  WX\  ct  fcq. ;  llrrrcra,  dec.  viii.  lib.  x.  cap.  x\iv. ;  ami 
Mv.rh'Q,  IiifiPini,  ii<  Prrhecn  M\i\  CurdenaH,  Col.  Doc,  xv.  4(iO-l.  This  naiiio 
jimbaldy  Tueans  simply  San  Juan  in  Suialoa,  or  tiic  Sinaloa  San  Juan,  as  dis- 
tinj^'uishcd  from  tiio  eamp  in  Durango.  Tlic  proper  name  was  jirolialily  Sail 
Juan  Ikiutistii  dc  Carapoa,  as  it  is  called  in  Shialun,  Due.  Ilisl.,  AiS.,  10;  Iil., 
Mnn.  lliM.,  MS.,  Vl-XW;  Alfi/rc,  Hh4.  Comp.  ,/i:vi.f,  i.  '-'.'IS;  Ji'ihn.i,  ///.^^  T,i- 
vwji/ios,  i!S;  and  AUiiairi,  Jlist.  Mii>.,  MS.,  (i.V-TO.  Alcirro  and  tlie  S'nuilna 
JJor.  say  tiiat  tiie  town  was  on  the  soutli  bank  of  tlic  .Sua(|ui  on  a  line  peniii- 
sidu  l)et\vecn  that  river  and  the  Oeoroni  ilowing  into  it.  'J'iiis  is  not  very 
int('lligil)le,  and  applies  hotter  to  the  Itio  dc  Sinaloa  fartlier  south;  but  tlieio 
seems  to  bo  no  doubt  tliat  the  town  was  on  the  t'uorte.  Albieuri  calls  it  the 
Siualoa,  l)ut  that  name  was  al.'^o  applied  in  early  times  to  tiie  northern  stream. 
'I'lio  connnandcr  is  also  called  Larraga.  See,  also,  Jlinliifi,  Coniptnilio.  1  l-l'J; 
])icc.  Univ.,  X.  401.  Many  writers  date  this  settlement  from  l.V)4  to  b"i.")(i, 
but  tliis  simply  means  that  it  was  made  by  Ibarra,  who  betxan  his  northtin 
operations  in  I.m4.  Sec  Mendkla,  Hint.  Eilcn.,  7">fMi();  Mordli,  Dis/i  Xvr. 
Vrh.,  'Jo;  OijiWi/'n  Amer.,  28.">-8;  Monuvi.  Dom.  Kxp.,  iSIS.,  no.  2,  p.  'iY\. 

^"  IJoth  Ibarra  and  Beaumont  say  tliat  he  went  to  (,'hametla,  ami  foumled 
a  villa  there  before  his  northern  exploration;  but  from  lliarra's  lani;\u»i,'e— 
'fui^  il  la  provincia  de  Chiatmela,  que  en  por  la  hniida.  ilel  Xcirle  (honi  Sail 
Juan)  en  la  cual  poblo  la  villa  de  San  Sebastian,  donde  so  proveyo  do  eitrt:» 
cantidad  de  soldados  y  do  bastimontos,  y  otras  ('osas  necesarias,  paraentrar  l;v 
tierra  adentro  en  ilcmanda  de  iiuevas  tierras,'  etc, — and  from  lierrera's  state- 
ment tliat  from  Sinaloa  he  went  nort'i,  founded  San  .Sebastian,  and  then  cun- 
tintied  his  march  nortiiwavd,  doc.  viii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xxiv.,  I  tiiink  tlieie  is  au 
error.  'J'o  go  so  far  soutli  in  order  to  undertake  )>  trip  to  the  fui  north  would 
bo  a  strange  proceeding.     Sec  note  24  this  chaptt.. 


IBiUlBA  IN  THE  FAR  NOETII. 


100 


111  Juan  de 
1  as  Ribas 
i.un  Mar- 
jiiiando  (le 
governor's 
"t  to  labor 
Bctanzos, 
vn  !Mii>-uel 
scttloiiieiit 
itli  Ibarra 

rliaps  after 
our  of  e\- 
il  little  can 
lie  "  went 
iclicntrada 
od  and  well 
their  sup- 
for  wheat, 
lit  bo  con- 

ion,  481;  Dmii' 

\\>.  x\iv. ;  and 

1.     Tliin  iiaiiio 

n  Juan,  as  dis- 

pi'olialily  San 

]S1S.,  lo';  /-/., 

hut,  nisi.  Til- 

(I    tllO    SlIlllllKl 

II  a  (iiic  pcniu- 
is  is  not  very 
nth;  ))ut  tlu'io 
mi  calls  it  tho 
rtlicni  stream. 
priiilio,  1 1-1'J; 
1.m4  to  I.V)(1, 
n  liis  iiortlit  in 
//;,  /W.v/(  .Vu^'. 

•2.  p.  -jrj. 

,  and  I'liundcil 
I's  la II sjiia !.'»'— 
)(■//'  (tniiii  Sail 
vt'yi)  i\f  cii  rta 

jiara  oiitrar  \:\ 
lirrci-aV  statc- 

nnd  tlii'ii  cuii- 
iik  tlii'ii'  is  an 

.  north  would 


vcnicntlj  irrigated  from  tho  rivers;  and  they  also  had 
many  houses  of  several  stories.  But  because  it  was 
so  far  from  Xew  Spain  and  Spanish  settlements,  and 
because  the  governor  had  not  jieoplo  enough  for  set- 
tlement, and  the  natives  were  hostile,  using  poisoned 
arrows,  he  was  obliged  to  return"  after  many  fights 
and  dangers.  And  in  retreating  he  was  obli<rcd  to 
cross  a  mountain  range  of  thirty-five  leagues,  with 
great  rivers,  where  they  were  near  starvation,  living 
on  herbs  and  horse-meat  for  more  ''Jian  forty  days.'^^ 
]3eauiiiont,  deriving  his  ir.formatien  from  unknown 
sources,  adds  that  Ibarra  was  accompanied  by  fifty 
soldiers,  by  Pedro  de  Tobar,  and  by  Father  Aeebedo 
and  others  friars.  His  course  was  ^o  the  right  of 
that  followed  by  Coronado,  and  nearer  New  Mexico. 
He  reached  some  great  plains  adjoining  those  of  tho 
Yacas — the  buft'alo  plains — and  there  found  an  aban- 
doned pueblo,  whose  houses  were  of  several  stories, 
which  was  called  Paguemi,  and  where  there  were 
traces  of  metals  having  been  smelted.  A  few  days 
lat<,'r,  as  this  writer  seenisL-  to  say,  Ibarra  reached  the 
great  city  of  Pagmc,  "a  most  beautiful  city,  adorned 
with  very  sumptuous  edifices,  extending  over  three 
leagues,  with  houses  of  three  stories,  very  grand,  with 
various  and  extensive  plazas,  and  the  houses  sur- 
rounded by  walls  that  appeared  to  be  of  masonry." 
This  town  was  also  abandoned,  and  the  people  were 
said  to  have  gone  eastward."" 

Tliis  expedition  may  have  been  made  i:i  15G4,  but 
more  ja-obably  in  15G5,  as  no  definite  date  is  gi\en. 
It  is  ditlicult  to  determine  what  reliance  should  be 
)laced  on  Beaumont's  narrative;  and  there  a[)pear  to 
)e  no  grounds  f  jr  more  than  the  vaguest  conjecture 
as  tj»  what  region  was  thus  explored  by  Il)arra.  lie 
may  have  visited  some  of  tho  abandoned  pueblos  of 


1 


^'  Jhitrra,  livfac'wn,  48'2-3. 

^^  Bfitinnont,  CrOn.  Mic/i.,  v.  r)3.S-41.  Water  wns  broupht  in  a  ditch  from 
a  lii;,di  laiiiic.  llcrc  tlicy  fonnd  inill-stoncs,  traces  of  smelting',  and  a  copper 
I'liiti;.  I'd  liapH  tho  ineuuiii^  of  the  author  ia  thut  I'ugnio  uud  ruguemi  wcru 
the  baiiiu  towu. 


110 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


the  Gila  Valley;  or  may  have  gone  farther,  as  Beau- 
mont seems  to  think  to  the  region  of  the  Moqui 
towns;  or  perhaps  he  went  more  to  the  east  and 
reached  the  Casas  Grandes  of  Chihuahua. 

Soon  after  his  return  to  Sinaloa,  after  making  ar- 
rangements for  the  prosperity  of  the  new  town  of 
San  Juan,^'  Ibarra  marched  southward  to  Chametla 
with  the  intention  of  adding  that  region  to  his  do- 
main, of  founding  a  town,  and  of  discovering  mines 
or  perhaps  taking  advantage  of  earlier  discoveries.-* 
These  objects  were  accomplished  after  some  hardships 
and  troubles  with  the  natives  on  the  march  down  the 
coast.  The  new  villa  was  named  San  Sebastian.  Rich 
mines  were  developed,  and  two  flourishing  reales,  or 
mining  districts,  were  soon  in  existence.  It  appears 
that  the  settlement  of  this  region  had  previously  been 
intrusted  to  Doctor  Morones  of  the  audiencia,  but 
of  his  death,  or  perhaps  too  long  delay  in  beginning 
operations,  Ibarra  took  advantage  to  extend  his  au- 
thority over  Chametla.  In  all  parts  of  the  province 
from  Jalisco  up  to  San  Miguel  he  made  many  changes 
in  the  old  encomiendas  with  a  view  to  reward  his 
friends.'" 

The  occupation  of  Chametla  may  be  supposed  to 
have  been  in  the  year  15G5.  From  this  time  we  have 
nothing  definite  respecting  the  life  of  Governor  Ibarra, 
which  seems  to  have  been  spent  mainly  at  San  Sebas- 


"  Beaumont  says  lio  began  the  building  of  ships  there  with  a  view  to 
furtliei'  cxplorutions  by  sen;  l)ut  was  iliverteil  from  tlmt  purpose  by  a  letter 
from  his  uncle  Diego,  urging  him  to  search  for  mines,  since  'toilo  lo  (lenms  :^^ra 
cartas  audadus.'  Uc  souglit  unsuccessfully  for  mines  in  the  north  and  then 
went  south. 

'•'*  I  have  explained,  note  20,  that  Beaumont,  with  some  support  from  Ibarra, 
represents  tlie  founding  of  the  town  as  a  separate  atl'air  preceding  the  north- 
ern expedition,  tiio  present  enterprise  being  with  a  sole  view  to  the  mines. 
Tins  seems  an  unlikely  version,  and  Itiarra,  yt't'/r(r/'^'>i,48;j,  says  distinctly  tiiat 
he  went  now  to  take  possession  of  tiie  region,  pacify  tiie  natives,  and  found 
the  villa,  alluding  to  the  mines  as  discovered  incidentally  as  a  result  of  thes-u 
cperatiiins. 

**  Alonso  do  Panti,  and  his  sons  and  nephews,  arc  said  to  have  been  prom- 
inent vecinos  of  San  Se'mstian.  A  few  detiiils  of  clm';ges  in  cucomiendia.i 
are  given.  Beaumont,  Cr6ii.  Mif/i.,  v.  531,  5H7-8;  I>'iraiigi>,  Doc.  UM.,  MS., 
60-1;  Fi-fjfs,  llixt.  Jirere,  2l!)-'2I;  IWiidi-m,  i\<J.  Jhir.,  7-11.  Alegre,  ]lUt. 
Coiitp,  Jidus,  i.  238,  says  that  Ibarra  by  forced  marcLes  got  ahead  of  Morones. 


DEATH  OF  '.^0  PERNOR  IBARRA. 


Ill 


tian.  In  his  exploring  enterprises  he  had  spent  all 
his  wealth,  over  400,000  pesos  as  he  claimed;  and 
worse  still  his  health  had  been  wrecked  by  exposure. 
At  an  unknown  date  he  wrote  or  caused  to  be  written 
the  memorial  of  his  services  wdiich  I  have  so  often 
cited,  in  whicli  the  king  was  informed  of  his  great  sac- 
rifices in  behalf  of  the  royal  cause,  in  the  hope  of  duo 
recompense; -^^  but  it  led  to  no  results  so  far  as  can  be 
known.  The  governor  seems  to  have  revisited  Du- 
lango,  probably  moi^  than  once;"^  and  he  died  appar- 
ently about  1575.  He  was  not  only  an  able  and  am- 
bitious conquistador,  but  withal  an  honorable,  liberal, 
and  popular  man.** 

From  the  death  of  Governor  Ibarra,  or  rather  from 
the  end  of  his  active  explorations  in  15G5,  to  the  end 
of  the  century,  the  annals  of  Nueva  Vizcaya  are 
meagre.  East  of  the  mountains  the  natives  gave  but 
little  trouble,  and  the  records  of  missionary  progress 
will  be  presented  separately.  The  two  villas  of 
Durango  and  Nombre  de  Dios  had  in  15G9  each 
about  thirty  vecinos,  representing  perhaps  a  popula- 
tion of  three  hundred;""  and  it  is  not  probable  that 


'"  Fharra,  lielacion  de  log  descubnmkiitos  conquhtas  y  pobhiclonrs  fifchas  por 
el ijniicrnador  Francisco  dn  Ybarraen/aa  jii'orincitin  de  C'opatn,  Xiitva  Vizecnja 
y  Chiiilmela,  In  Pacheco  and  Cdnlcnas,  Col.  Doc,  xiv.  4();{-8-t;  JJnraiiyo, 
Jhic.  Hint.,  MS.,  1-14;  und  translation  in  Ternaux-Compatis,  Voij.,  sC'rio  i. 
t.)!!).  X.  307-99. 

"Uc  was  at  Nombre  do  Dios  in  June  15C9.  Durango,  Doc,  Jliit.,  MS., 
8.1-0.  Also  probably  in  1505  in  connection  with  the  quarrel  about  jurisdic- 
tion. 

''*  Died  in  Chamctla  soon  after  1572.  Daton  Diogro/icai,  in  Cartaitde  India.\ 
770-80.  Bcauinent  erroneously  says  he  died  in  1504,  and  adds  that  hi.s  body 
vas  transferred  later  to  Durango.  Ho  left  a  large  estuto  encundjcrcd  with 
laigi-r  dc'l>t8.  The  nearest  indication  of  the  date  of  his  death  is  tlie  appoint- 
iMont  of  his  successor  in  1570.  Ibarra  was  a  native  of  Vizcaya,  a  nciihew  of 
l>ie<,'o  do  Ibarra  the  wealthy  mine-owner  of  Zacatccas  who  married  the  vice- 
roy's  daughter,  and  a  knight  of  Santiago,  ikaumont,  i'r6n.  Mich.,  v.  500-4; 
AHiiciiri,  JJitf.  Mi.i,,  MS.,  03-5j  Freje»,  Hid.  linve,  221.  'llombrc  virtuoso 
y  Ijiistantc'  says  Viceroy  Velasco.  lielncion,  553. 

''''Giindalajara.  Infonne  del  Cahildo  al  Jicy,  15C9,  492.  In  DiiraiKjo, 
J>i)c.  /lint.,  MS.,  30-1,  is  a  record  in  Aztec  and  Spanish  of  a  meeting  in  158.'i 
111  Aztec  and  other  settlers  of  Durango  to  deliberate  on  the  best  way  of  dis- 
tiilmting  their  labors,  etc.  In  1595,  a  suit  arose  between  Li^izeus  and  the 
curate  of  Durango,  in  consequence  of  a  lady  of  high  social  position  not  hav- 
ing been  buried  near  enougii  to  the  altur.  liamirn,  JJist.  JJitr.,  12-13. 


112 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


there  was  a  large  increase  before  IGOO.  During  this 
]>criod,  as  we  shall  see,  a  villa  was  founded  at  Saltillo 
and  also  a  settlement  of  Spaniards  and  Tlasealtecs  in 
connection  w  t'l  the  mission  at  Parras,  both  in  Nueva 
Vizcava  in  tlic  region  later  called  Coahuila;  besides 
the  town  of  Leon,  or  Monterey,  in  Nucvo  Leon 
beyond  tlic  limits  of  Nueva  Vizcaya.^*^  There  wore  a 
few  large  stock-ranchos  in  different  parts  of  the 
country,  the  mining  cami:)S  affording  an  excellent 
market  for  cattle  and  agricultural  products.^^  The 
leading  feature  of  the  whole  region  was  its  mines 
of  silver,  successfully  worked  at  many  points  from 
San  jSIartin  up  to  Santa  Barbara;  but  unfortunately 
there  are  no  details  or  statistics  extant.'^^  It  does  not 
appear  that  Spanish  occupation  was  extended  beyond 
the  San  Bartolome  valley  of  southern  Chihuahua 
until  after  IGOO;''^  though  it  is  probable  that  pros- 
pecting tours  covered  the  territory  considerably 
further  north;  and,  as  we  shall  see,  several  expedi- 
tions traversed  the  whole  lenfi^th  of  the  modern 
Chihuahua  on  the  way  to  New  Mexico. 

The  licentiate  Ibarra,  a  brother  of  Don  Francisco, 
was  appointed  by  the  king  to  succeed  the  latter  as 
governor  of  Nueva  Vizcaya  in  1576;^*  but  he  was 
soon  succeeded,  if  indeed  he  over  assumed  the  office 

'Tor  annals  of  Nucvo  Leon  to  IGOO  see  Hist.  Mrx.,  ii.,  this  scries. 

°'Iu  15SG  two  haciendas  belonginf;  to  Dieij;o  do  Ibarra  and  Iiochigo  del 
Rio  branded  over  .'W.OOO  and  42,000  head  of  stock  respectively.  UdUdleiD/in', 
J/ist.  I'roi:  a.  NkoUis,  184;  Ramim,  Hint.  JJur.,  14,  73;  Id.,  2i'ot.  Hist. 
JJur.,  '21. 

"^  In  ^firnnlla,  Pdnclon  sohre  fa  tkrra  y  pnUarion  que  hay  dr.f'Ic.  his  minus 
dc  San  Martin,  d  Ian  de  Santa  Bdrhara  at'io  de  1675,  arc  the  following  items 
of  points  along  the  way:  Aviiio  mines,  10  or  12  Spaniards;  San  Juan,  fri;irs 
and  tlieir  Indians  (Arlegui,  Cr6n.  Zac,  72-3,  says  a  Franciscan  convent 
was  founded  at  San  Juau  del  Rio — or  transferred  there  from  Penol  Blanco — 
in  1504);  Valle  do  Palmitos,  3  estancias  Je  labor  ou  the  Rio  Xazas;  ludelu', 
20  1.  from  Palmitos,  1  1.  from  Rio  Nazas;  mines  rich  and  worked  for  G  years 
but  abandoned  on  account  of  tho  Indians;  Villa  de  Vitoriaon  the  Rio  Florido, 
now  abandoned  (I  find  no  other  record  of  such  a  town);  Santa  IJarbara  mines, 
30  settlers,  and  4  estancias  in  the  mountains;  Nombro  do  Dios,  a  Spanish 
settlement;  San  IJuenaventura  mines,  20  1.  s.  of  Nombro  dcDios;  iSan  Liieas, 
IG  1.  N.  of  Mom))rc  do  Dios,  a  mining  camp;  Soncto  mines,  7  1.  N.  w,  of  San 
Lucas,  50  Spaniards. 

8^  According  to  OarHii  Conde,  L'nsmjo  EnfMl.  Chih.,  272,  there  were  7,000 
inhabitants  at  the  Sta  Barbara  mines  in  IGOO,  probably  n  great  exaggeration. 

'^iJni'iqmz,  Carta  al Ihij,  iu  CaHaa de  Indian,  325;  JJcUoa llio<j,,  iu Id.,  780. 


SAN  JUAX  DE  SIXALOA. 


113 


at  all,  by  Fernando  do  Trojo,  who  rulod  until  158.3. 
Then  Fernando  de  Bazan  became  governor,  his  term 
Ixjinu'  in  1584-5.  Antonio  do  Monroy  ruled  from 
1 58G  to  1589 ;  Rodrigo  del  Rio  y  Loza,  one  of  Ibarra's 
captains  from  the  first,  from  1589  to  1590;  and  Diego 
Fernando  de  Velasco  from  159G  or  a  little  earlier."' 


At  San  Juan,  on  the  Rio  Suaqui  in  Sinaloa,  very 
soon,  perhaps  a  year  or  two  after  Governor  Ibarra's 
departure  in  1504-0,""  the  natives  without  any  })re- 
vious  indications  of  hostility  killed  the  two  friars 
Acebedo  and  lierrcra  and  also  fifteen  Spaniards  who 
visitetl  S(mie  of  their  villages  in  search  of  maize,  soon 
attacking  and  setting  fire  to  the  villa.  The  settlers 
(lefendetl  themselves  by  hastily  constructing  a  wooden 
I'ort,  and  sent  to  Culiacan  for  aid;  but  l)efore  succor 
arrived  they  were  forced  to  abandon  the  ])laco  and 
r»,'tire  southward  to  the  Rio  Petatlan.^'     Hei-e  thev 

4/ 

soem  not  to  have  been  molested  for  ten  veai's  or 
iiiore;''^  until  in  1583  Pedro  de  Montoya  obtained 
from  Governor  Trojo  authority  to  make  a  new  en- 
tiada.  He  marched  from  San  Miguel  with  thirty 
men,  accompanied  by  Pedroza,  the  former  alcalde  of 
San  Juan.^^  As  they  advanced  northward  the  natives 
ilcd  at  first,  but  soon  returned  and  made  peace, 
^[ontoya  ref  uncled  the  villa  and  named  it  San  Felipe 
y  Santiago  de  Carapoa.  It  was  not  on  the  original 
>^ite,  but  apparently  still  on  the  Rio  Suaqui.     Rut 

'^■'Siitnliin,  Mem.  Ilkif.,  MS.,  14-19;  followed  l)y  Ah'ijre.  Ifist.  Comp.  Jisui, 
•JIVS-!),  ;{|.S.  Tliu  date  of  JUo's  accession  in  tlio  MS.  is  given  as  loS.j,  doulit- 
Ir.s.-i  an  error  fur  loS'J  or  loJIO. 

"Arlegui,  t'r6ii.  Zac,  210-21,  says  it  was  in  1507,  liut  his  dates  arc  all 
uncertain. 

^'■SiiKilon,  Mem.  Il'ii^t.,  MS.,  13  et  scq.;  Ah'pr,  Hist.  Comp.  Jcmi^,  i.  2"S 
(t  .sec(. ;  and  l\iliii».  Hid.  Triinnpfins,  28  et  S(>i|.,  are  (lie  l)est  atitlidi'ltics  on 
tlnse  and  tlio  following  events.  Some  writers  tliinlc  that  all  tlie  settlers  ex- 
ei  |it  live  retired  to  Culiacan;  l)ut  this  seems  to  have  bien  later. 

"8 In  l.")l)!),  necordinj,'  to  Oumlnlajtira,  liifvrtiw  thl  ('alil/do,  403.  there 
Were  12  or  13  vecinos  nt  Sinaloa,  hut  liy  reason  of  its  remoteness  and  poverty 
the  settlement  was  likely  to  lie  ahandoned. 

"  AUtieuri,  Hist.  A/is.,  MS.,  70-!),  represents  Montoya  as  having  hecn  sent 
l',\  Iharra,  that  is  nlxmt  loO();  and  lie  gives  some  details  of  the  mas'-- ^rc  of 
tlii.s  olUcer  and  his  men  at  a  banquet  given  by  the  tieaclierous  Suac^uij. 
Hut.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  I.    8 


11    *      ■' 


lU 


ANXALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAVA. 


soon  the  Suaquis,  determined  that  no  Spaniards  should 
possess  their  country,  and  having  succeeded  in  remov- 
ing all  suspicions  of  their  good  faith,  found  an  oppor- 
tunity to  repeat  their  massacre  of  former  years,  killing 
!Montova  and  twelve  of  his  men.  Aid  was  sent  from 
(Juliacan  as  before,  but  Gaspar  do  Osorio,  the  officer 
in  command,  decided  that  the  post  must  be  abandoned, 
setting  out  on  his  march  southward  in  August  1584. 
At  the  Rio  Petatlan  on  their  retreat  the  fugitives 
met  Juan  Lopez  de  Quijada  with  twenty  men  and  a 
c(mmii.ssion  as  commandant  of  Sinaloa,  from  the  new 
governor  Bazan.  Quijada  brought  news  that  the 
governor  was  coming  in  person,  and  orders  that  the 
})rovince  must  not  be  abandoned.  Accordingly  the 
forces  recrossed  the  river,  reestablishing  the  Villa  do 
San  Felipe  apparently  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Peta- 
tlan. Bazan  arrived  in  April  1585  with  a  hundred 
Spaniards  and  a  small  force  of  Indian  allies.  After  a 
stay  of  two  weeks  at  the  villa  he  marched  on  into  the 
enemy's  country.  From  the  old  site  of  Carapoa, 
Gonzalo  ]\Iartin  was  sent  in  advance  with  eighteen 
men  to  ex[»lore,  but  was  drawn  into  an  ambuscade 
and  killed  after  a  desperate  conflict,  only  two  of  his 
men  escaping  to  tell  the  story.  The  governor  then 
advanced  with  the  main  force,  harassed  by  the  foe 
but  unable  to  bring  on  a  general  battle.    When  he  had 

ixissed  through  the  Suaqui  country  he  came  to  the 
Llio  Mayo,  and  found  the  natives  most  friendly  ami 
hospitable;  but  he  made  a  most  dishonorable  and  bar- 
barous return  for  the  kindness  of  the  Mayos,  seizing 
and  putting  in  chains  those  who  came  to  his  canip 
\vith  supplies,  on  the  pretended  suspicion  that  they 
were  accomplices  of  the  Suaquis.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  for  this  outrage  that  lie  was  removed  from  the 
governorship.  Having  accomplished  nothing  towanl 
conquering  or  pacifying  the  northern  tribes  Bazan 
left  the  country,  Melchor  Tellez  being  made  co- 
jnandanto  at  San  Felipe  on  the  Petatlan.*'^ 

*"  Albicuri,  IJist.  Mis.,  MS.,  7S>-8G,  puts  this,  like  former  events,  too  early, 


EVENTS  ON  THE  COAST. 


115 


ents,  too  early, 


Tellez  was  soon  succeeded  in  the  command  by  Pedro 
Tobar  who  soon  abandoned  San  Felipe  and  went  to 
Cuhacan.  The  settlers  for  the  most  part  followed  his 
example,  until  only  five  remained  at  the  villa."  At 
the  petition  of  these  men  Bartolome  j\Iondragon,  one 
of  the  five,  was  appointed  comandante  of  Sinaloa  by 
Governor  Monroy  in  1580;  and  it  is  said  that  this 
little  band  not  only  held  their  ground  but  made  some 
tours  in  the  interior  hi  search  of  mines.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  1591  Antonio  Ruiz  went  down  to  Chamctla 
to  meet  the  new  governor,  Rio  y  Loza,  who  became 
deeply  interested  in  the  northern  province,  and  at  once 
took  steps  to  provide  relief  and  especially  to  olitain 
missionaries  for  that  field.  Such  additional  details  as 
are  extant  respecting  Sinaloa  annals  of  the  century 
may  best  be  given  in  connection  with  mission  work. 
I  may  add,  however,  that  about  1596  a  kind  of  presi- 
dio, consisting  of  an  adobe  fort  guarded  by  twenty- 
five  men  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Alonso  Diaz,  was 
established  at  San  Felipe  by  order  of  Viceroy  jMon- 
tcrey;"  also  that  a  little  later  some  Aztec  and  Tlas- 
caltec  settlers  were  introduced.  Thus  we  see  that  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  territory 
of  the  modern  Sinaloa  consisted  of  three  provinces: 
Chametla  in  the  south,  with  its  villa  of  San  Sebastian 
wliere  lived  a  dozen  or  fifteen  vecinos  too  poor  and 
lew,  generally,  to  work  the  rich  mines  with  profit;  Cu- 
liaean,  represented  by  the  Spanish  villa  of  San  IMiguel 
with  twenty -five  settlers  controlling  some  two  tliou- 

nia!:iiig  Bft/iin  succeed  Ibarra.  He  nlso  says  that  Fio  succeeded  Kazan  at  tlie 
liittet's  death.  Mange,  llmt.  Pimrriit,  Sil.")-",  implies  that  Martin's  (U'tVat 
was  soon  after  150.3.  According  to  A'o^/c (•(••<  (A'  Ex/xdirhinci,  <i7--H,  IJazan's 
expedition  was  in  1570,  and  lie  liad  500  vohuiteers,  losing  100.  Sec  also  I<l. 
ill  Moinim.  JJomin.  Lxp.,  MS.,  24.'5-4;  /Ifrininilrz,  Covqt.  Oeo(j.  Son.,  l)-'24. 
Tlie  cost  is  said  to  have  heen  8-210, (KX)  or.^i.'iOO.WtO. 

"Tliese  were  Bartoloni(j  Mondrngon,  .Tunn  Martinez  del  Castillo,  Toniila 
Siihcninis,  Juan  Caballcro,  and  Antonio  I'uiz,  'de  ciiyos  eonientarios  liastan- 
teiiiente  exactos  hcmos  toinadocstas  noticias'  auds  Alegre;  followiiiLr  literallv 
the  Siualod,  Mem,  IJint.,  MS.,  which  is  torn,  xv,  of  the  Arcliiro  Uimral  de 
Mcilrn. 

^'Tho  commandants  at  San  Felipe,  civil  or  military,  during  the  last  dec- 
ade of  the  century  seem  to  have  lieen  Miguel  Ortiz  Maldouado,  Aluiiso  Diaz, 
Jiiau  Vcrez  de  Cebreros,  Diego  de  Quiros,  and  Alouso  Diaz  o^jaiu. 


116 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


sand  Christian  Indians,  the  mines  being  exhausted  or 
at  least  not  worked;  and  Sinaloa,  with  its  five  or  more 
adventurous  citizens  of  San  Felipe,  surrounded  by 
savages,  among  whom  in  the  later  years  the  Jesuits 
began  their  labors. 

The  Franciscans  were  the  first  workers  in  the 
spiritual  conquest  of  Nueva  Vizcaya.  One  or  more 
of  their  number  accompanied  each  party  of  explorers, 
settlers,  and  miners  from  the  time  of  Nuno  de  Guz- 
man. Between  1554  and  1590  they  had  established 
east  of  the  main  sierra  ten  of  their  stations,  or  con- 
vents as  they  were  called,  all  dependent  on  the  cen- 
tral establishment,  or  custody,  of  Zacatecas."  Only 
Nombre  de  Dios  and  Durango  can  be  properly  said  to 
have  been  founded  before  15G3.  Father  Mendoza's 
labors  at  Nombre  de  Dios  from  1554  have  been  al- 
ready recorded,  also  the  arrival  in  this  field  of  padres 
Pedro  de  Espinareda,  Diego  de  la  Cadena,  Jacinto  de 
San  Francisco,  and  the  donado  Lilcas  in  155G,  Cadena 
and  Liicas  extending  their  labors  northward  to  the 
Guadiana  Valley  before  1562.**  During  this  period 
Father  Bernardo  de  Cossin  came  to  join  the  mission- 
ary band,  and  in  a  few  years  was  the  first  to  attain 
the  honors  of  martyrdom  in  Nueva  Vizcaya.*^ 

*^  These  in  the  order,  so  far  as  it  can  be  ascertained,  of  their  founding 
were  at  Nombre  de  Dios,  Durango,  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo  de  Topia,  Pefiol 
Blanco  (near  Cuencam^  and  afterward  transferred  to  San  Juan  del  Kio),  ^la- 
pinii  (soon  abandoned,  but  perhaps  reiistablislied),  San  Bartolom6  Valley 
(Allcnde),  San  Juan  del  Mezquital,  San  Francisco  del  Mezquital,  CucncauK', 
and  Saltillo.  As  to  the  dates  the  Franciscan  chroniclers  give  invariably  those 
of  the  flrst  visits  to  the  regions  in  question,  in  most  cases  several  years  before 
permanent  establishments  were  founded,  and  generally  too  early  even  for  the 
preliminary  visits.  These  first  visits  correspond  with  Ibarra's  private  ex- 
plorations of  1554-GO,  and  the  permanent  convents  date  from  his  official  tours 
as  governor  from  1502. 

**  See  p.  101  of  this  volume. 

*^  Cossin  was  a  Frenchman  by  birth,  a  native  of  Aquitaine,  but  belonged 
to  the  convent  of  San  Juan  de  la  Luz  near  tlie  Basque  city  of  Fnenterrabia. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  in  America  he  was  sent  to  join  Espinareda's  band,  and 
by  the  latter  to  join  Cadena  at  Guadiana.  Eager  for  work  he  soon  obtained 
leave  to  make  an  entrada  among  the  gentiles,  by  whom  he  was  shot  with 
arrows  while  engaged  in  showing  them  the  falsity  of  their  old  faith.  Arlegui 
dates  his  martyrdom  in  1555,  but  it  must  have  been  after  1556,  and  was  prob- 
ably several  years  later. 

Jacinto  de  San  Francisco,  popularly  known  as  Fadre  Cintos,  had  been  one 


FRANCISCANS  IN  DURANGO. 


iir 


had  been  one 


Ibarra  was  accompanied  in  his  expeditions  as  gov- 
ernor by  four  Franciscans.  Two  of  these  were  per- 
haps left  to  serve  in  the  region  of  Topia  from  1563-4 
when  mines  were  opened  and  a  garrison  left.  It  is 
possible,  but  not  probable,  that  Espinareda  sent  some 
friars  to  that  region  before  Ibarra's  entry.  It  is  re- 
corded that  two  Franciscans — one  of  them  an  old  man 
and  the  other  young,  but  whose  names  are  unknown — 
were  thus  sent  to  work  in  Topia  and  after  nuich  suc- 
cess at  first  were  put  to  death  at  the  instigation  of  a 
native  sorcerer  in  1502.*°  I  suppose,  however,  that 
these  were  the  two  friars,  also  nameless  in  the  records, 
left  by  Ibarra,  and  that  there  is  an  error  in  the  date 
of  their  death.  Nothing  more  is  known  of  cither 
missionary  or  mining  operations  in  Tojua  until  tho 
Jesuits  made  their  appearance;  though  it  is  implied 
tliat  the  Franciscan  convent  was  maintained  continu- 
ously. 

North  of  San  Bartolome  in  Chihuahua  the  Fran- 
ciscans introduced  their  faith  at  different  points  on  tho 

of  Cortc^s'  soldiers  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  and  liad  received  valuable  en- 
coniicndas;  but  compunctions  of  conscience  for  past  deeds  of  blood  caused 
him  to  relin<|uisli  his  veiilth  and  assume  tho  Franciscan  vows  and  lialiit. 
No  details  of  his  labors  in  Duransjo  from  liis  arrival  in  ITwO  arc  known;  Imt 
he  was  famous  for  his  zeal,  and  inmiensoly  popular  anionf,'  tiic  natives.  Tho 
time  of  his  death  is  given  by  Toniueniada  as  1500;  and  ho  was  buried  at 
Nombre  do  Dios,  where  for  100  years  and  more,  as  is  said,  his  grave  was  daily 
decorated  with  ilowers. 

Espinareda  was  from  the  province  of  Santiago  in  Spain,  one  of  the  fnst 
twelve  sent  to  Mexico  from  that  province.  In  the  lirst  six  years  of  his  min- 
istry he  baptized  IT), 000  adults.  Of  Padre  Cadena's  early  life  notiiing  is 
rc'C(jrdcd.  After  30  years  of  service  in  the  north  they  both  died  in  October 
1  JS(»,  Espinareda  at  Zacatecas,  and  Cadcna  at  Durango. 

Not  long  after  Cossin's  death  it  ^s  said  that  Fatiicr  .Tuan  do  Tapia,  who  had 
served  at  Dnrango,  was  killed  by  the  natives  in  the  Zacatecas  Mountains,  to- 
gether with  tlie  faithful  Lucas,  who  M'as  a  native  of  .Miclioacaii;  and  in  l.")f-(l 
I'adre  Andrt/s  de  Puebla  was  killed  by  the  savages  as  had  been  iiri'dicteil 
before  he  set  out,  while  on  hirf  way  to  the  siei'ra  of  Topia.  l'edro<le  Heredia, 
iSuenaventura  Aniaga,  and  I'aili'e  Quijas  are  also  mentioned  as  prominent 
Franciscans.  On  the  lives  of  these  friars  sec  Ar/njiii,  Cioii.  Z(u\,  211-  15, 
'-'.•{l-o,  2\\^9,  2G4-9;  Mciidietii,  IIi»t.  Erhx.,  (iT")-?,  74.V(i;  Vrlmirrr/,  Mom- 
hjlo,  7,  7:i.  1)1;  Unminz,  Not.  IliM.  Dur.,  10-11,20-1;  hi.,  J)vr.,  i;M4; 
JJemiviMif,  Crtiii.  Ulicfi.,  v.  504-8,  51(5-18,  542-7;  Toy/iKmadn,  iii.  (ii;<. 

*'^Arl)'fjiii,  Cron.  Zac,  35-7,  05,  222-5.  This  author  says  also  that  tho 
original  entry  was  in  1555,  doubtless  an  error,  the  reentry  and  building  of  a 
church  in  1559-00,  the  killing  of  the  friars  in  1502,  and  the  restoration  of  the 
convent  in  15(i4.  According  to  Meudkta,  Hint.  Ecles.,  740;  Torqucnuula,  iii. 
U13,  their  death  was  in  1555. 


iiS 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


route  to  New  Mexico;  but  apparently  they  established 
no  permanent  stations  there.  Nor  does  i*:  appear 
that  any  regular  convents  were  founded  in  the  Sinaloa 
provinces.  The  Chametla  region  was  v;sited  occa- 
sionally by  friars  from  Jalisco;  one  or  tv'o  mission- 
aries worked  at  times  in  connection  with  the  curate 
of  San  Miguel;  and  as  we  have  seen  fathera  Acebedo 
and  Herrera  were  left  at  San  Juan  by  Ibarra,  but 
soon  fell  victims  to  the  murderous  Suaquis.*' 

They  were  all,  if  we  may  credit  the  somewhat  par- 
tial chroniclers,  most  holy  men,  entirely  devoted  to 
their  work.  Hardly  one  of  their  number  to  whom 
supernatural  aid  was  not  vouchsafed.  Arrows  directed 
at  the  missionaries  with  deadly  intent  were  often  de- 
riccted  from  their  course;  and  in  the  case  of  Padre 
Cossin  they  even  returned  to  pierce  the  wicked  bar- 
barian who  discharged  them.  A  horse  was  miracu- 
lously furnished  to  bear  Padre  Heredia  from  danger; 
his  own  death  and  the  manner  of  it  were  foretold  to 
Padre  Puebla;  sweet  strains  of  music  were  heard  at 
the  funeral  of  Padre  Quijas;  the  fishes  jumped  of 
their  own  accord  from  the  stream  into  Padre  Cintos' 
hands  when  he  was  threatened  with  starvation,  these 
fishes  being  moreover  of  a  species  never  found  in  the 
stream  before  or  since.  Most  of  the  friars  sought 
martyrdom,  and  the  desires  of  five  or  six  of  their 
number  were  gratified.  To  their  eternal  profit  they 
were  tortured,  shot,  and  mutilated  by  the  savages 
they  sought  to  save.  Here  as  elsewhere  the  heads 
and  limbs  of  the  martyrs  often  resisted  the  action  of 
fire  when  the  savages  attempted  to  roast  them;  and 

*'  Pablo  do  Acebedo  was  a  Portuguese,  who  took  the  habit  in  the  province 
of  Santa  Cruz,  Espnfiola.  Ho  came  to  the  north  soon  after  his  arrival  in 
Mexico.  Juan  <le  Herrera,  lay  brother,  came  to  America  from  the  province 
of  Santiago  in  1541  with  12  friars  sent  to  Guatemala,  and  served  for  sonio 
time  in  Yucatan.  It  is  said  that  their  murder  was  instigated  by  a  mulatto 
interpreter,  who  was  himself  subsequently  killed.  Acebedo's  body  was 
miraculously  preserved  and  shrunken  to  the  size  of  a  child  of  three  years,  a 
r»"oof  of  his  iimocence.  Arleijui,  C'rdn.  Zac,  21&-23;  Torquemada,  iii.  G23-5; 
l.eaumonl,  v.  542-7;  Memlieta,  Hist.  Eclea,,  759-Cl;  Sinaloa,  Mem.  IlUt.,  M8., 
13-14;  Fernamlez,  Hist.  Ecles,  159;  Vttancvrt,  Mcnolog.,  131;  Vazquez,  Crdn. 
Gnat.,  OlS-lO;  Dice.  Univ.,  viii.  30. 


COMING  OP  THE  JESUITS. 


110 


itablishod 
,•>  appear 
.0  Sinaloa 
ted  occa- 
mission- 
bo  curate 
Acebedo 
larra,  but 

r 

svhat  par- 

3Voted  to 

to  wlioin 

s  directed 

often  de- 

of  Padro 

eked  bar- 

s  miracu- 

n  danger; 

:)retold  to 

I  lieard  at 

inipcd  of 

e  Cintos' 

ion,  these 

nd  in  the 

?a  sought 

of  their 

ofit  they 

savages 

le  heads 

action  of 

lem;  and 

the  province 
lis  arrival  in 
the  province 
•vcd  for  some 
by  a  mulatto 
I's  body  was 
hree  years,  a 
la,  lit.  G23-5; 
I. //<V.,M8., 
azquez,  Crdn. 


a  frequent  token  of  divine  approval — or  of  a  dry 
climate  as  modern  incredulity  would  put  it — was  the 
])re.'ervation  of  their  bodies  for  months  or  even  years 
wit  lout  taint  of  putrefaction.  For  the  Franciscan 
ani.als  of  this  period  as  of  the  following  century 
Arlogui  is  the  leading  authority.^' 

The  entrance  of  the  Company  of  Jesus — whoso 
annals  are  almost  identical  and  co-extensive  with 
north-western  history  down  to  17G7 — into  Nueva  Viz- 
caya,  dates  from  1590,  when  this  order  undertook  the 
spiritual  conquest  of  the  northern  barbarians  by  an 
arrangement  between  Philip  II.,  the  Jesuit  general 
Borja,  the  ^Mexican  provincial  Mendoza,  and  Governor 
Rio.  A  few  members  of  the  society  had  previously, 
as  we  have  seen,  made  proselyting  tours  in  different 
parts  of  Nueva  Galicia,  and  in  one  of  those  tours  Gon- 
zalez de  Tapia  and  Nicolds  de  Ardoya  had  reached 
Durango,  perhaps  in  1589.  Several  years  passed,  how- 
ever, before  a  college  was  establislied  at  the  capital, 
and  meanwhile  Tapia  and  Martin  Perez  were  sent  to 
San  Felipe  in  the  modern  Sinaloa,  where  they  arrived 
in  1591  and  at  once  set  to  work  among  the  towns  on 
or  near  the  rivers  Petatlan  and  Mocorito.*" 

*^Arlefiui,  Chrdnica  de  la  Provincia  de  N.  S.  P.  S.  Francisco  de  Zacatecaa, 
Mexico,  1737,  sm.  4to.  13  1.  412  pp.  9  1.  The  author,  Padro  Joseph  Ai-logui, 
besides  holding  other  important  positions  in  his  order,  was  provincial  of  tlie 
provincia  in  17"i5-8.  The  capilulo  ynernl  of  the  order  at  Milan  in  June  17-9, 
liaving  directed  that  each  provincia  should  appoint  a  competent  friar  to 
record  its  annals,  Arlegui  was  thus  appointed  by  the  subordinate  chapter  in 
November  1734.  His  work  was  completed  in  1730  and  published,  as  above, 
in  1737.  He  was  already  familiar  with  ti>e  archives;  had  some  notes  and  origi- 
nal papers;  was  aided  by  the  actual  provincial  Antonio  llizo  in  new  researches, 
and  also  used  certain  manuscript  Noticing  on  his  subject  left  by  Padro  Jos<5  do 
( "astro.  The  result  is  tlierefore  more  complete  than  might  bo  expected  from 
the  short  time  iu  which  it  was  prepared.  The  Chrtiiiicn  is  devoted  to  tlie 
foundation  and  progress  of  the  different  convents,  and  tlie  life,  virtues,  and 
sufferings  of  the  friars.  Like  other  works  of  the  class  it  leaves  much  to  ha 
desired  from  a  secular  historian's  point  of  view,  the  autlior  being  somewhat 
more  narrow-minded  and  allowing  himself  less  scope  as  a  historian  even  than 
some  of  his  brother  chroniclers.  Yet  he  was  evidently  faithful  and  diligent, 
and  with  other  writers  of  his  class,  bigoted  as  they  were,  merits  our  hearty 
gratitude,  especially  when  we  think  of  the  dreary  blank  which,  but  for  their 
labors,  wouhl  constitute  so  large  a  portion  of  American  annals.  This  work  i; 
very  rare.  I  have  also  a  repriut  done  iu  Mexico,  1S51,  8vo,  to  whicli  is  added 
Memorias  pcra  la  Continuacion  de  la  Crdnica,  by  P.  Antonio  Galvez,  thus  bring- 
ing the  record  down  to  1828.    This  work  also  is  becoming  rare. 

''Among  the  villages  named  as  having  been  christianized  during  this  first 


120 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Six  other  Jesuits  were  sent  to  toil  in  the  same  field 
before  1595.''*'  The  natives,  of  many  different  tribes 
if  their  languages  be  taken  as  a  guide,"  but  generally 
spoken  of  in  the  Jesuit  relations  by  the  village  names, 
seem  to  have  been  for  the  most  part  well  disposed  and 
quite  willing  to  be  gathered  in  little  eommunities,  to  bo 
baptized  and  married,  to  learn  the  doctrina,  and  under 
the  good  padres'  instruction  and  watching  to  till  the 
soil  for  their  own  support  as  they  had  been  accustomed 
to  do  in  a  ruder  manner  before  the  Spaniards  came. 
These  little  establishments  were  the  nuclei  of  the 
great  mission  system  of  which  I  shall  have  so  much  to 
say  in  later  chapters  and  volumes.  Records  of  prog- 
ress even  in  this  earliest  period  are  voluminous,  but 
of  such  a  nature  that  they  can  hardly  be  utilized  for 
present  purposes.  That  is,  the  petty  happenings,  in 
connection  with  each  village,  each  conversion,  each 
apostasy,  each  interposition  of  divine  or  diabolic  power, 
which  seemed  to  the  Jesuits  of  such  vital  importance 
and  interest,  and  with  which  their  annual  reports  were 
lilled,  defy  for  the  most  part  condensation  into  the 
form  of  history 


C3 


decade  arc:  Guazave,  Cubiri,  Nio,  Bamoa,  Ures,  Dcboropa,  Lopocho,  Mata- 
pan,  Ocoroni  (or  Ocoroiri),  feisiinicari,  Bacoburitu,  Orobatu,  Mocorito,  Navi- 
taina,  Tcrabio,  Biara,  Xavoria,  aiid  Tovoropa,  nil  with  ortUograpliieal  varia- 
tions. Several  of  these  namea  appear  in  the  same  region  on  modern  maps, 
Bonie  of  them  perhaps  still  applied  to  the  original  localities. 

''"These  were  Juan  Bautista  do  Vclasco,  Hernando  do  Villafafle,  Alonso 
de  Santiago  (who  retired  in  1594),  Juan  Bantista  do  Orobato,  Hernando  do 
Santarcn,  and  Pedro  Mcndez.  Some  particulars  respecting  the  lives  of  each 
are  given  by  llibas  and  Alegro. 

*' According  to  the  Carta  Etnofjnijica  of  Orozco  y  Berra  these  dialectic 
tribes  on  or  near  the  llio  do  Sinaloa  arc  almost  as  numerous  as  the  chroniclers 
make  them  by  the  use  of  pueblo  names.  They  arc  Vacoreguo  or  Gna>savc, 
i'ima,  Ogucra,  Cahuimeto,  Basopa,  Zoe,  Tubar,  Cahita,  and  Mexican. 

"'^  Chief  nnioug  orijriual  autliorities  should  bo  mentioned  Memorlan  jxtrn  hi, 
JfiMoria  de  la  I'rvviiicia  da  Sinaloa,  loJO-lC  '0,  MS.,  991  pp.  This  is  an  18th 
century  copy  in  a  clear  handwriting  of  torn  xv.  of  the  Archivo  Gaxrul  da 
Mexico,  MS..  32  vols.  I  have  another  later  copy  under  tho  title  of  Dormw::- 
to8  para  la  llidoria  de  Stnalod,  MS.,  2  vols.  This  work  is  mado  up  of  tho 
original  annua  of  tho  Jesuit  provincial,  with  many  letters  and  reports  of  tho 
missionaries  themselves.  It  is  the  source  from  which  Kibas  and  Alegro  drew 
most  of  their  material;  and  indeed  Alegro  copies  literally,  without  credit,  a 
largo  part  of  tho  introduction.  Tho  period  extending  from  tho  begiimiug  to 
1000  fills  .339  pages  of  tho  manuscript.  Tho  work  also  contains — pp.  817-991, 
froui  another  vol.  of  the  Arch.  Gen.,  and  not  iu  the  Doc.  JJint. — similar  mate- 
rial for  other  pai-ts  of  Nueva  Vizcayo. 


MISSIONARIES  IX  SIXALOA. 


in 


According  to  the  statements  of  Ribas  and  Alcgre, 
the  standard  authorities  for  Jesuit  annals  in  this  re- 
gion, eight  churches  of  a  permanent  character,  though 
of  very  modest  architectural  pretensions,  besides 
sixty  temporary  structures  for  religious  service,  were 
erected  during  this  decade.  Two  thousand  converts 
were  baptized  the  first  year  and  four  thousand  before 
1597."'^  Omnipotence,  ever  ready  to  encourage  these 
faitliful  workers,  sent  upon  the  people  epidemics, 
earthquakes,  tornados,  and  droughts,  with  a  view  both 
to  frighten  the  pagans  into  an  application  for  relief 
and  to  show  how  uniformly  these  troubles  yielded  to 
Jesuit  prayer.  The  miracles  were  not,  however,  all 
on  the  side  of  the  Christians;  for  on  one  occasion 
when  tlic  missionaries  had  demolished  an  idol  of  stone 
and  preached  earnestly  against  idolatry,  the  heathen 
deities  sent  a  violent  hurricane  which  was  interpreted 
as  a  protest,  and  caused  not  a  few  converts  to  return 
to  their  former  faith. 

Father  Tapia  \ 'sited  in  1592  the  wilder  tribes 
dwelling  on  the  Rio  Tamotchala,  Suaqui,  or  Fuerte, 
and  also  penetrated  the  mountainous  Topia,  laying 
there  the  foundations  for  future  conversions.  The 
same  padre  found  time  in  1593  for  a  trip  to  Mexico 
in  the  interests  of  his  missions;  but  the  next  year,  at 
the  age  of  thirty-three,  he  had  the  honor  of  becoming 
the  first  martyr  of  his  order  in  Sinaloa.  Nacabeba, 
a  native  who  had  some  influence  as  a  sorcerer  at 

'"Kllctire,  nut.  Comp.  Jesus,  i.  241-3,  258-9,  287-95, 307-19,  350-4,  377-9, 
3S7-9;  Ji'ihiifi,  Hist.  Trlnmjthos  de  la  Fc,  35-80.  According  to  the  orij^inal 
JviMirta  there  were  0,100  converts  in  1594;  0,770  in  1595;  and  8,400  in  1597. 
Ill  l.y.15  the  converts  were  distributed  as  follows:  l.-'iSS  in  5  pueblos  on  tho 
KioEvora;  .'1,312  in  13  pueblos  on  tho  Rio Pctatlan;  1,270 in  3  pueblos  on  tho 
liio  Ocoroni;  and  GOO  converts  on  tho  Rio  Sinaloa  (Fuerte).  There  was  a 
pfstilGiico  in  1593.  I'adre  Martin  Pelaez  visited  the  missions  in  1595,  P.  Luis 
de  Hoiiifa/.  in  1 590,  and  two  Jesuits  in  1598.  According  to  letters  of  P.  Perez, 
dated  Dec.  1591,  and  printed  in  Purchas,  IHh  I'ilnrhnes,  IV.,  18.14,  there  liad 
bi  en  l.COO  baptized  and  13  churches  built  at  that  date.  Statistics  of  tlia 
period  arc  naturally  very  meagre  and  unreliable.  Hernandez  y  Davalos, 
den;/.  Soil.,  14,  absurdly  says  that  the  Jesuit  establishments  of  Sinaloa  iu 
l.VJl-G  cost  the  government  8,000,000  /jcw*.  Other  works  containing  matter 
on  the  Jesuit  nnssiona  in  Sinaloa  befere  1000,  arc:  Apoufdlicus  A/ane/i,  224; 
Floroiria,  Hist.  Prw.  Comp.  Jesus,  138;  I'elasco,  Not.  Son.,  138;  Soc.  Mex, 
Ucoj.,  Ld.,  vUi.  G58;  Bueliia,  Compend.,  58;  Dice.  Univ.,  x.  096-7. 


;1    : 


I  i 


If 


122  ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 

!l)eboropa,  having  been  chidcd  for  habitual  absence 
from  church,  drunkenness,  and  other  offences,  was  at 
last  flogged  at  the  padre's  request.  After  trying 
unsuccessfully  to  incite  his  people  to  revolt,  Nacabeba, 
aided  by  a  few  accomplices,  nmrdered  Padre  Tapia 
when  he  came  to  renew  his  remonstrances,  fleeing 
immediately  after  the  act  to  tlie  hostile  Suaquis  and ' 
Teiiuecos  in  the  north,  and  bearing  with  him  the 
padre's  head  and  arm  as  trophies.  In  orgies  of  vic- 
tory chey  used  the  victim's  skull  for  a  drinking-cup, 
and  cried  to  roast  the  arm ;  but  fire,  as  we  are  gravely 
told  had  no  effect  upon  the  sacred  relic." 

Ill  1595  the  governor  sent  Alonso  Diaz  with  twenty- 
five  men  from  Durango,  who  built  a  fort  at  San  Fe- 
lipe, and  left  Juan  Perez  de  Cebreros  in  command. 
He  recovered  the  remains  of  Father  Tapia,  but  failed 
to  secure  the  murderer,  who  took  refuge  with  the  sav- 
age Tohuecos.  During  this  year  and  the  next  mission 
work  sceuis  to  have  been  at  a  stand-still.  The  loss  of 
Tapia's  influence,  the  fear  of  being  suspected  in  con- 
nection with  his  murder,  dread  of  the  soldiers,  and 
other  diabolical  influences  caused  many  of  the  con- 
verted tribes  to  abandon  their  pueblos,  and  the  gen- 
tiles were  hostile  in  every  direction.  By  patient 
ettbrt,  however,  the  missionaries  gradually  brought 
back  the  fugitives;  and  meanwhile  they  had  done 
some  work  in  the  southern  regions  of  Culiacan,  and 

'*  AV'iriiri,  H'Morhi  de  !n/t  ML'tloridi  Aj)6^lnf!rns  i/uc  loArh'r'ujni^  rrijiihirrn  If. 
In  Com[i(unit  <lf  ./cikx  an  icho  en  Inn  Iinlidn  <)crithiiliil<  n  il<l  Iteijiio  dc  la  Nwrii 
I'izmi/d,  dc,  Ms.,  4to,  WiW  pp.  is  a  history  of  tlio  iiiissioh.-j  down  to  l.">!H,  Imt 
mainly  ili^votcil  to  tlio  life  :inil  virtUL's  and  inartyrilom  of  Father  Tuiiia,  an 
oiigraveil  ]i(>rtrait  of  Mlinin  ia  iittudieil  to  the  froiitispiuco.  'I'ho  uuMmi-, 
Fathor  .lu.iii  Alhiciiii,  was  himself  ii  missionary  in  Siiiiiloa,  anil  personally 
ni-'quainteil  with  the  cor,,paiiions  of  Tapia.  Hm  auto;,'iin)h  is  attached  to  tlio 
preface  dated  San  Ignai'io  do  Vaniupa,  April  hi,  l(i:{;{;  and  tiio  work  is  ap- 
iiroved  by  the  rector,  I'adre  iluaii  Varela,  and  liy  Tapia's  U8soci;>tes,  I'edro 
Rfendez  und  }Iernan<lo  do  Villafaue,  wlio,so  onieiidations  arc  seen  thiouuh- 
ont  the  volume,  Backer,  liiiiliotlirfjKc,  iv,  (i,  mentions  this  MS.,  as  being  in 
the  library  of  the  Universit.y  of  Mexico. 

A  very  completo  narrative  of  nil  the  circumstances  attending  Tapia 's 
murder  is  the  h'ehichm  ile  la  rinurli'  del  Padre  (lonzal>  de  Ta})ia,  niii>erivr  di- 
l(,  Comjiailia  de  Jetnts  de  Ciiinloa,  que  sun  did  d  Ion  11  de  Julio,  l.VJU  en  il 
pueblo  de  Tovoripa,  MS.  Sec  also,  li'diai*.  Hint.  Triumphos,  52;  Ale<jre,  i. 
2S7-0o;  GonzcUa,  JJdvilu,  TccUro  EcUa,  i.  i252-a 


ill- 
i  -.  : 
I'i  ■ 

J  I  . 

11  ?'■  ■ 


PRESIDIO  OP  SAN  FELIPE. 


123 


1  absence 
)s,  was  at 
3r  trying 
^'^acabeba, 
Ire  Tapia 
;s,  fleeing 
aquis  and" 
him  the 
ies  of  vic- 
iking-cup, 
?G  gravely 

:h  twenty- 
b  San  Fe- 
cominancl. 
but  lailed 
,h  the  sav- 
xt  mission 
?he  loss  of 
;ecl  in  con- 
Idiers,  and 
i'  the  con- 

the  gen- 
Jy  patient 
y  brought 

lad  done 
iacan,  and 


,1  rdivlarrK  It' 

no  <ll'  III  Xlli  l-'l 

11  to  i:>!M,  tint 
thcr  Tiii>iii,  nil 

'I'lio  aiitliiii, 
nd  jiersoimlly 
ttacluMl  to  tlio 

work  ii  »]<• 
ioci;itos,  IVilio 
seen  tlifotiLtli- 
S.,  as  U-iiig  iu 

luling  Tnpiii'.s 

lia,  fiijieriur  il<' 

lio,  r.'JU  rii  '} 

5"J;  Ateijir,  i. 


had  built  and  decorated  a  fine  adobe  church  and  resi- 
dence at  San  Felipe.  The  year  1597  was  marked  by 
one  or  two  minor  revolts,  and  by  fierce  conflicts 
between  different  native  tribes,  but  great  progress 
in  conversion  was  also  made.  In  1598  by  the  vice- 
roy's orders  a  reenforcement  of  twenty  soldiers  was 
sent  to  the  presidio  of  San  Felipe.  It  would  nppear 
also  that  many  new  settlers  came  about  this  time ;  and 
ill  1599  with  the  capture  and  execution  of  Tapia's 
murderer  the  spiritual  conquest  took  a  new  start, 
success  being  great.  Finally  in  IGOO  Captain  Diego 
j\Iartinez  de  Hurdaide,  of  whose  valorous  deeds  much 
will  be  said  in  later  chapters,  assumed  command  of 
the  garrison,  made  permanent  allies  of  the  hilherto 
troublesome  Guazaves,  and  penetrated  to  the  moun- 
tai'i  region  of  Chinipas. 

'I  have  already  mentioned  the  little  that  is  knov;n 
of  Franciscan  operations  in  the  Topia  mountains,  where 
wore  the  mining  camps  of  San  Andrds,  San  Hip6lito, 
and  Parpudos.  As  early  as  1592  Father  Tapia,  from 
Sinaloa,  had  visited  the  Acaxeos  of  that  region,  find- 
ing them  well  disposed.  Other  visits  were  made  from 
time  to  time  by  the  Sinaloa  Jesuits,  who  obtained 
there  in  1597  a  contribution  of  twelve  hundred  dollars 
iVom  the  miners  for  their  San  Felipe  church.  In  1599 
Father  Santaren  made  an  extended  visit  and  found 
tlic  natives  so  desirous  of  conversion  ct  Jesuit  hands 
that  he  had  to  depart  secretly  by  night  from  some  of 
tlio  districts.  Finally  in  IGOO  the  same  missionary 
with  Father  Alonso  Ruiz  entered  the  province,  and 
they  began  their  permanent  work  in  earnest.  They 
wore  accompaiMod  by  Diego  de  Avila  who  was  com- 
missioned by  ti^e  viee*"oy  as  "capitan  pacificador  y 
juez  protector"  o"  the  natives.^' 

^'  Ihtartf,  TcK'imonio^  -ridico  de  las  poblaciones  y  eonvcrRumeit  de  /os  St'rra- 
tiott  Ai-arhru,  hechait  por  <  Capitan  Dieijo  dr  Avila  y  el  venfraUe  ^mdre  Jlir- 
v'lifl'  de  Saiitarni  por  el  ilo  de  IGOO.  In  Doc.  Hht.  Mex.,  strio  iv.  torn,  iv. 
)7.}-L*(J7i  (ilso  MS.,  iu  Sit.  Ion,  Mem,  Hint.,  1.59-340;  also  ri^'sunn}  in />Kra;i.'/o, 
hoc.  J I  int.,  M8.,  140-50.     Tills  Icngtliy  account  was  written  by  Martin  Du- 


124 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


In  this  pious  raid  they  taught  the  natives  to  kneel 
and  kiss  the  padres'  hands  at  their  approach,  to  build 
churches,  and  to  say  doctrina.  They  whipped  some 
who  were  refractory  about  receiving  the  new  faith, 
and  broke  up,  united,  or  reiistabhshed  the  villages  ac- 
cording to  their  own  ideas  of  convenience  or  policy. 
They  appointed  alcaldes  and  other  officials  as  usual, 
and  especially  directed  their  attention  to  breaking  or 
burning  all  stones  and  bones  worshipped  as  idols.  The 
records  show  the  Spaniards  to  have  been  hardly  less 
superstitious  than  the  Acaxees,  since  accounts  of  idols 
speaking  or  eating  are  accepted  apparently  without 
the  slightest  doubt. 

At  Durango,  or  Guadiana,  twenty-two  thousand 
pesos  having  been  contributed  by  Governor  del  Rio 
and  others,  the  Jesuit  college  was  founded  in  1593-4, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  century  had  eight  priests  and  two 
liermanos  in  its  fellowship.  Two  padres  worked  at  the 
college  among  the  Spaniards  and  other  inhabitants  c»t' 
the  city  and  vicinity,  while  two  were  stationed  at  each 
of  the  three  missions  that  had  been  founded.  Of  these 
Santaren  and  Ruiz,  as  already  noted,  were  in  the 
mountains  of  Topia.  Two  others  of  the  eight  Jesuits 
were  fathers  Ger6nimo  Ramirez  and  Juan  do  Fonto 
engaged  in  converting  the  great  Tepehuane  nation, 
which  occupied  a  large  part  f)f  what  is  now  Durango 
from   Papasquiaro   northward.     Ramirez  began  the 

arte,  the  cscribano  of  tlio  expedition,  who  niinutoly  describes  and  swoai-s  to 
every  petty  dotail  of  each  day's  acta,  each  movement  and  word  of  ciptaiii, 
padivs,  and  natives,  each  idol  destroyed.  More  worda  to  less  purpose  could 
hardly  Jte  writtvn.  The  pue))los  as  left  after  tiiis  entrada  were:  Santa  Ana, 
San  Afartin,  San  Pedro  y  San  I'aijlo,  San  Dieju'O,  S.m  Juan  Xapecis,  San 
<  lei'i'ininio,  San  Telmo,  Cuevaa,  Aihupa,  (Jtatitlan,  Acapn,  iNlatenipa,  Saa 
^liguel  de  los  Reyes,  Toeotlan,  and  San  Juan  de  Cuhia,  having  from  (iS  to 
3'J()  inliabibints  eaeli.  'J'lie  veal  de  San  Andies  was  already  under  the  care  oi 
a  curate.  A  regulation  was  made  forludding  outsiders  to  visit  the  Indian 
puehlos  or  to  entice  away  tii(!  iidiahitants  under  penalty  of  10()  jiesos  if  tiio 
ollcnder  were  a  Spaniard,  or  'JOO  lilow.-i  if  an  Indian.  Alegro,  i.  378-8'J,  gives 
Pome  details  of  Santaren's  cxperiem'c  in  '~!Ht.  Mota-I'adilla,  Ilia/.  A^  ti'<tl., 
tl'ti),  mentions  a  revolt  ((Uelled  hy  IJishop  Mota  in  l.VJO  after  tlie  militaiy  liml 
failed.  According  to  /)ici'.  Univ.,  i.  HI;  x.  til!)  et  seq.,  the  name  'I'opia  came 
from  an  old  woman  transformed  into  a  stone,  still  venerated  iu  the  form  of 
jkaras.    See  also  liibds,  J  J  id.  Trlunqihon,  471-S. 


JESUITS  IN  DURANGO. 


125 


work  in  1590  at  Sauccda  and  Ubamari,  or  Santa  Cruz. 
Fontc  entered  the  field  several  years  later,  and  down 
to  the  end  of  the  century  the  harvest  was  found  more 
plenteous  than  there  were  laborers  to  reap.  A  town 
iit  Za[)c  and  that  of  Santa  Catalina  in  Atotonilco 
A^'dloy  are  said  to  have  been  founded  durinj^  this 
])eriod. 

]\Ieanwhile  padres  Francisco  Ramirez  and  Juan 
Agustin  de  Espinosa  preached  in  the  region  of  Cuen- 
cauic  in  1594,  and  passing  on  to  what  is  now  south- 
western Coahuila,  found  .'d  in  the  lake  region  the  mis- 
sion of  Santa  Maria  de  Parras.  The  Laguna  Indians 
were  friendly  from  the  first,  and  not  averse  to  salva- 
tion, although  somewhat  disinclined  to  live  in  viilaires. 
]\tany  of  them  spoke  Aztec  dialects,  which  was  a  great 
help  to  the  missionaries.  The  devil  often  appeared 
lure,  taking  the  form  of  a  horrible  beast;  but  on  the 
other  hand  divine  assistance  was  not  withheld,  and  the 
success  of  th*^  padres  was  flattering.  In  IGOO  there 
were  fifteen  l.mnlied  converts  in  tliis  mission,  and  three 
ill )uris] ling  towns  dependent  on  it.  Among  the  many 
jiroofs  of  the  Jesuits'  efficacious  teaching  the  chroniclers 
jioint  with  pride  to  the  fact  that  a  young  convert  sub- 
mitted to  torture  and  death  rather  than  sacrifice  her 
ihastitv. 

In  addition  to  the  statements  of  Ribas  and  Alegre, 
several  of  the  auuas,  or  yearly  reports  of  work,  accom- 
jiHslied  under  this  Jesuit  college  of  Durango  have 
l)eon  preserved,  together  with  several  letters  of  the 
missionaries.  They  are  filled  for  the  most  part  with 
jtetty  details  of  remarkable  conversions  and  cures, 
showing  all  to  have  been  coidnir  de  rose  in  the  i)rog- 
less  of  the  good  work  at  this  early  time,  but  noticeable 
for  an  almost  entire  absence  of  all  facts,  figures,  or 
names  of  historic  value.'" 


'•  Kveva  Vizcnyn,  DoeumentoH  pnra  la  IltHtoria  EclrskiHicn  y  Civil.  In 
Doc.  Jlixt.  JIAcr.,  scries  iv.  torn,  iii.-iv.  Tlio  matter  prccfdinj,'  KKX)  extends 
t"  p.  (iO  of  torn.  iii.  This  collection  is  torn.  xix.-x.\.  of  the  Archivn  Gin.  ile 
Mii:  I  liavo  also  tlie  AIS.  copy  from  the  Andrade-Mnximiliiin  lii)rary.  A 
large  portion  in  also  in  t\ui  Hiiiuloa,  Man,  Ilht.,  MS.,  bl7  et  swj.     See  also 


120 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


I  may  here  glance  briefly  at  the  few  events  to  be 
noted  in  sixteenth -century  annals  of  the  territory 
since  known  as  Coahuila,  then  a  part  of  Nueva  Viz 
caya.  Saltillo  has  already  been  named  in  the  list  of 
Franciscan  convents.  It  was  founded  as  early  as 
1582'''  by  Padre  Lorenzo  Gavira;  but  the  natives 
after  a  time  became  intractable,  the  little  church  was 
destroyed  in  a  revolt,  and  finally  Gavira  was  forced 
to  seek  a  new  field  of  labor.  In  1586  the  villa  of 
Saltillo  was  founded  under  a  regular  municipal  gov- 
ernment.^ It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  this  was 
before  or  after  the  revolt  alluded  to;  but  either  that 
revolt  or  other  hostilities  endangered  the  safety  of 
the  town  about  1592  and  caused  the  inhabitants  to 
call  upon  the  viceroy  for  succor.  In  response  Captain 
Francisco  Urdifiola  was  sent  north  with  a  colony  of 
four  hundred  Tlascaltecs,  who,  under  the  direction 
of  Buenaventura  de  Paz,  were  settled  in  a  town  called 
Nueva  Tlascala  close  to  the  villa  but  independent  of 
Spanish  control.  The  Franciscan  establishment  was 
also  revived  at  this  time.^*  The  settlement  thus  pro- 
tected was  subsequently  quite  prosperous,  but  there 
is  no  further  record  of  its  progress  until  after  IGOO. 
In  connection  also  with  the  Jesuit  mission  at  Parras*^ 
a  settlement  of  Spaniard  and  Tlascaltecs  from  Saltillo 
seems  to  have  sprung  up  about  1598.  This  colony  was 
welcomed  by  the  mild  Laguna  tribes  as  a  protection 
from  their  fierce  foes  the  Tobosos  and  Cocoyomes  of 
the  north.     It  prospered  for  a  time  by  reason  of  the 

Afcure,  i.  283-7,  319-23,  354-6;  liibas,  060-710;  Tamaron,  Vislta  de  Dm:, 
!MS.,  41;  Orozro  v  Dirra,  in  llmtracion  Mcx.,  269;  Durango,  Doc.  ll'iM., 
MS.,  139-40;  Alhkuri,  Hid.  Mis.,  MS.,  140-8. 

''^  Arhijiii,  Crdi).  Zoc,  17,  Tornucn\acla,  iil.  341,  also  favors  this  early 
date.  Ailegui,  pp.  224-5,  speaks  of  tlio  muriler  heru  at  a  still  earlier  ilate  of 
a  Franciscan  who  was  preaching  to  the  Guachichiles  at  Santa  Elena. 

■'"Two  alealtk's  ana  a  sindico  were  elected  annually,  but  the  office  of 
ffjliforcs  and  clerk  were  sold  at  auction.  Ari^iif,  Memorial,  10;  Avila,  in 
^itt.ti'O  Max.,  ii.  73;  Dice.  Univ.,  vi.  202. 

'•  It  is  not  impossible  that  the  revolt  of  1592  was  the  same  that  drove  out 
Gavira.  Morfi,  Diario,  404-6,  followed  by  Orozco  y  Berra,  Oeoy.,  301,  so 
represents  it. 

*"  Tlie  name  comes  from  the  wild  grape-vines  in  the  vicinity.  See  also 
TamuroH,  yisita,  MS.,  41. 


it 


ANNALS  OP  NEW  MEXICO. 


127 


soil's  remarkable  fertility;  but  in  the  following  century 
its  progress  was  seriously  retarded  through  the  op- 
pression of  the  poorer  classes  and  especially  the  natives 
by  rich  monopolists  of  land  and  water. "^ 

The  annals  of  New  Mexico  are  fully  presented  in 
another  volume;''  hence  an  outline  only  is  required  in 
this  connection,  the  province  being  one  of  the  North 
Mexican  States  thougli  never  belonging  to  Nueva 
Vizcaya.  The  first  visit  of  Europeans  was  that  of 
Vazquez  do  Coronado  from  the  west  in  1540-2  as 
already  recorded.  Before  the  end  of  the  century  the 
country  was  several  times  revisited  and  finally  occu- 
l»ied  by  Spanish  forces  from  the  south,  the  various 
expeditions  being  voluminously  and  for  the  most  part 
•satisfactorily  recorded  in  documents  yet  extant. 

In  1581  Father  Agustin  Rodriguez,  moved  by  a 
perusal  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca's  narrative  and  by  certain 
reports  brought  by  natives  from  the  north,  set  out 
from  San  Bartolomd  Valley  in  southern  Chihuahua, 
accompanied  by  two  other  Franciscans  and  a  few  sol- 
diers under  one  Chamuscado.  They  went  down  tlio 
Conchos  and  up  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  province  of 
tlio  Tiguas,  Coronado's  Tiguex.  They  called  the 
country  San  Felipe,  perhaps  San  Felipe  de  Nuevo 
^Mexico.  The  soldiers  soon  returned;  but  the  friars 
remained,  and  after  working  for  a  while  were  killed  by 
the  natives. 

Late  in  1582  Antonio  Espejo  with  Father  Bcltran 
and  fourteen  soldiers  went  by  the  same  route  in  search 
<»t'  Rodriijuez  and  his  comrades.  Their  fate  was 
learned  at  one  of  the  Tigua  pueblos;  and  Espejo  also 

"'  .Morfi,  Diario,  390-2,  relates  that  Capt.  Unlinola  W>frnn  a  ditch  to 
iiioi)oii()li/o  the  water  for  irrigation,  but  tlic  governor  of  X.  \'i/i"iiyft  stopptil 
tlu'  Work.  Later,  however,  the  governor  niarritMl  into  irnlinola's  family  ami 
llie  (Htlicnitiea  were  thus  ottectunlly  roniovcd  antl  tlic  >litcli  i(ini]ilrtocl.  This 
writer  sUitoa  that  the  mission  at  Parras  was  foumlcd  liy  I'.  Kspiuusii  at  the 
Banie  time  as  the  villa,  which  must  ho  an  error.     See  also  iJkc.  Univ.,  vi. 

"-See  Jfixt.  jV.  Mex.  and  Ariz,,  thisso-rks,  for  a  fall  prosontmont  of  details 
and  authorities. 


128 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


'4   ? 


U 


heard  of  Coronado's  ravages  in  this  provijico.  He 
extended  his  explorations  eastward  to  tlie  border  of 
the  buftalo-plains,  northward  to  Cia  and  Gahsti-o,  and 
westward  to  Zuiii  and  the  region  of  the  modern 
l^roseott.  He  heard  of  a  great  river  in  the  north- 
west, and  of  a  wealthy  province  on  a  great  lake; 
\\liich  reports  in  connection  with  tlic  popular  estreclio 
and  Ibarra's  Copala  did  not  fail  to  be  utilized  as  elo- 
nieuts  of  the  Northern  jMystery.  The  return  was 
i'rom  Coroimdo's  Cicuic  down  the  Rio  Pecos  in  ISSH. 
Espojo  wafj  disposed  to  call  the  country  Nueva  Anda- 
lucia,  but  the  name  New  Mexico  soon  became  preva- 
lent. 

The  king  in  consequence  of  the  reports  brought  by 
Chnniuseado's  companions  authorized  the  viceroy  to 
make  a  contract  with  some  suitable  person  for  the 
conquest  and  settlement  of  the  province.  This  was  in 
I088.  ^Nfany  deemed  themselves  fitted  for  the  enter- 
prise, and  became  enthusiastic  after  Espejo's  reports 
were  received,  Espejo  himself,  Crist('>bal  Martin, 
Francisco  Diaz  dc  A^argas,  Juan  Bautista  de  Lomas, 
and  Francis(?o  Urdinola  were  among  those  who  in  the 
next  few  years  made  earnest  effort!-  —  but  without  suc- 
cess on  account  of  tlieir  character,  poverty,  or  extrava- 
gant claims — to  secure  the  c<'nqueror's  contrtvct. 

jNleanwhile  Gaspar  Castano  dc  Sosa,  g()\(  rnor  of 
Nuevo  Leon,  started  in  1590,  Milliout  aiilh(;rity  as  it 
would  appear,  with  a  colony  of  nearly  two  hundred  to 
take  advantage  of  Espejo's  discoveries.  He  went  up 
the  Pecos  and  ci-ossed  to  the  Pio  Grande;  visited  and 
received  the  submission  of  thirty-three  |)iieb]os  in 
1591,  and  then  he  was  arrested  aiul  talien  hack  to 
^Mexico  in  cliains  by  Captain  ISforlete,  who  had  been 
sent  with  fifty  soldiers  and  Father  Juan  Gomez  to 
arrest  Sosa  for  havinjj!:  undertaken  an  illeiyal  entrada. 
The  colonists  soon  retrav  jd  their  steps  southward. 

About  1595  Bonilla  and  Humana,  sent  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  Nueva  Vizcaya  against  some  rebellious 
natives  in  the  north,  extended  their  ex[)edition  with- 


off ATE'S  CONQUEST. 


m 


out  license  to  New  Mexico.  They  niarclicd  far  out 
into  the  north-eastern  plains  in  search  of  Quivira; 
Humana  murdered  his  chief  in  a  quarrel;  and  was 
jiiniself  killed  with  nearly  all  his  men  in  a  fight  with 
the  savages,  only  one  or  two  surviving  to  tell  tho 
talc. 

At  last  in  1595  Juan  dc  Onate,  more  fortunate  per- 
haps than  other  claimants,  was  commissioned  as  gov- 
tvnor  and  captain-general  to  effect  the  conquest.  Ho 
laisod  a  largo  force  of  soldiers  and  colonists,  and  left 
!Mcxico  in  159G.  Vexatious  complications  hindered 
his  progress  and  exhausted  his  funds;  but  he  reached 
the  southern  part  of  his  province  with  several  hun- 
dred men  and  took  formal  possession  in  the  region  of 
El  Paso  in  April  1598.  All  the  pueblos  submitted, 
most  of  them  without  resistance;  Franciscan  mission- 
aries were  stationed  in  the  pueblos  of  six  nations; 
( )nate  visited  all  the  towns  and  penetrated  far  west  of 
Zufii ;  and  the  rebellious,  or  patriotic,  warriors  of  tho 
Aooma  penol  were  reduced  to  submission  after  a  series 
of  hard-fought  battles.  All  this  was  before  the  sum- 
mer of  1599.  San  Juan  de  los  Caballcros  was  made 
tlie  capital.  Santa  F<5  was  not  founded  until  consid- 
erably later.  There  is  no  foundation  for  the  popular 
idea  that  the  latter  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  United 
States. 


Hut.  N.  Mex  Btatks,  Yol.  I.    0 


CHAPTER  VI. 

VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 
1540-lGOO. 

iNTRODrCTORY  REMARKS— MARITIME  AnNALS — VOYAOE  OF  JCTAN  RODRIOt'F.Z 
CAliRILLO  AND  BaRTOI.OME  FeRRELO— DeATH  OF  CaBRILLO— DISCOVER V 

OF  Alta  California — Resilts — Rrv  Lopez  de  Villalobos  Discovers 
THE  PiiiLippixEs — Legaspi  Crosses  the  Pacific — Padre  Andhes  Ur- 

DANKIA    Ol'KNS    THE    NoKTHEKN    RoUTE — ArELLANO's   TRIP    FROM    THE 

AVest— The  .Manila  Galleons — Piratical  CitcisE  of  Francis  Drake 
IN  THE  Mar  del  Sir — Voyage  of  Francisco  de  Gali — Cruise  of 
Thomas  Cavendish— Captire  of  the  Galleon  'Santa  Ana' — Apoc- 
ryphal ExPEDirroNS  to  Stkait  of  Anian  by  Lorenzo  Ferrer  Mal- 

DONADO  AND  .lUAN  DE  FUCA — CeRMESon's  VoYA(!E — TlIE  'SaN  AgCSTIN' 

IN  San  Francisco  Bay — Sebastian  Vizcaino  Explores  the  Gilf — 
UNsrccEssFUL  Aitempt  to  Settle  California — A  Battle  and  a  Ro- 
mance— Old  Maps. 

Turning  again  to  the  coast,  I  take  up  the  thread 
of  maritime  discovery  in  the  Mar  del  Sur  where  it 
w  as  dropped  in  a  preceding  chapter  at  the  failure  of 
Pedro  de  Alvarado's  schemes  in  1541.  So  slight  is 
the  connection  between  the  progress  of  exploration  by 
water  and  the  course  of  events  on  land  in  the  coast 
provinces,  that  it  is  found  most  convenient  to  treat 
the  two  subjects  separately  down  to  the  last  years  of 
the  seventeeth  century.  I  therefore  describe  in  this 
and  the  two  following  chapters  all  voyages  in  the 
north-western  waters  of  ocean  or  gulf  during  the 
period  named,  with  the  motives  actuating  and  circum- 
stances attending  them,  and  the  results  accomplished, 
including  of  course  the  history  of  the  temporary  set- 
tlements effected  by  some  of  the  explorers  on  the 
Californian  peninsula. 

(130) 


NORTHERN  MYSTERY. 


131 


Many  details  of  local  geography  and  adventure 
connected  with  these  voyages  belong  obviously  to  the 
history  proper  of  Alta  California,  and  of  countries  to 
the  north,  possessing  little  or  no  interest  in  connection 
with  the  present  subject  in  its  general  aspects.  Such 
details  will  therefore  be  briefly — but  none  the  less  I 
hope  judiciously — disposed  of  here,  to  bo  treated  in 
full  when  I  come  to  narrate  the  annals  of  more  north- 
ern regions  in  a  future  volume,  where  in  their  turn 
generalities  of  the  various  expeditions  may  be  in  like 
manner  presented  en  rt'sume. 

Still  another  phase  of  the  subject  may  be  advan- 
tageously left  for  fuller  treatment  elsewhere.  I  allude 
to  fictitious  narratives  of  voyages,  or  authentic  narra- 
tives of  fictitious  voyages,  to  and  into  and  through 
the  fabulous  strait  of  Anian.  Three  only  assumed 
definite  form  of  date  or  detail — those  of  Maldonado, 
Fuea,  and  Fonte — each  of  which  will  be  mentioned 
briefly  in  its  chronological  order;  but  the  minutiai  of 
these  expeditions  and  of  others  more  vaguely  recorded, 
as  well  as  the  endless  variety  of  tales  growing  out  of 
them,  which  were  told  and  listened  to  in  Mexico  and 
Europe,  I  defer  with  all  the  annals  of  impossible  ad- 
VL'uture  and  imaginary  geography  for  future  considera- 
tion in  chapters  devoted  to  the  Northern  Mystery.^ 

It  is  well,  however,  to  understand  at  the  outset 
that  the  fables  and  fancies  alluded  to  had  an  element 
of  reality,  inasmuch  as  tliey  were  implicitly  believed 
at  the  time,  and  exercised  a  marked  influence  on  every 
expedition  despatched.  But  for  this  influence  it  may 
almost  be  doubted  that  Spanish  occupation  at  the  end 
of  the  seventeenth  or  even  the  eighteenth  century 
would  have  extended  above  Colima  on  the  Pacific  and 
Paiiuco  on  the  Atlantic  side.  I  have  already  cx- 
])laiiied  how  faith  in  a  northern  strait  uniting  the 
oceans  was  gradually  and  naturally  develoi)e(l  from 
early  cosmographical  ideas  respecting  America  as  a 
part  of  Asia.     During  the  later  period,  now  to  be 

'See  Hist.  Northwest  Coast,  i.  chap,  i.-iv.  thia  series. 


133 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


considered,  when  expeditions  by  land  and  water  were 
j^reatly  multiplied,  both  soldiers  and  sailors,  imbued 
with  the  prevalent  expectation  of  wonders  in  the 
north,  shaped  their  reports  as  far  as  possible  by  what 
they  were  desired  to  see  rather  than  by  what  they 
saw.  The  aborigines  were  not  slow  to  comprehend  the 
luling  desire  of  the  Spaniards  and  accordingly  to  fash- 
ion their  stories  of  great  rivers,  and  lakes,  and  straits, 
always  a  little  farther  on,  thus  supplying  explorers 
with  all  the  basis  they  needed  for  their  marvellous  re- 
ports. 

Sailors  found  from  time  to  time  at  the  northern 
limit  of  their  voyage  the  mouth  of  a  river,  bay,  or 
inlet,  and  on  each  occasion  doubted  not  they  hud  at 
last  discovered  the  estrecho.  It  were  a  pity  that  be- 
cause circumstances  did  not  permit  them  just  then  to 
]>ass  through  to  the  other  ocean,  others  should  do  so 
u  little  later  and  thus  rob  them  of  a  merited  honor; 
consequently  their  reports  were  made  to  include  what 
they  would  luivc  seen,  had  weather,  or  health,  or  sup- 
j^lies  allowed  them  to  sail  farther  east  or  west.  The 
influence  of  this  all-pervading  geographical  dogma  of 
Anian  must  be  kept  always  in  mind  by  the  reader. 

The  voyages  treated  in  this  chapter  have  been 
already  put  before  the  public  many  times  in  many 
i'orms,  often  with  accuracy  and  completeness.  Both 
individually  and  collectively  they  were  in  former  years 
the  subject  of  much  more  research  than  the  inland 
annals  of  the  same  period,  and  later  researches  in  the 
Spanish  and  Mexican  archives  have  brought  to  light 
comparatively  little  new  material.  Hence  it  is  that 
here  to  a  greater  degree  than  elsewhere  in  my  work, 
I  must  be  content  to  repeat  an  oft- told  tale;  yet  patient 
investigation  is  none  the  less  a  duty  and  a  pleasure  to 
the  historian  because  comparatively  barren  of  results 
or  not  easily  made  apparent  to  the  reader. 


The  threatened  perils  of  a  general  uprising  of  native 
American  nations  having  been  averted  by  a  success- 


CABRILLOS  VOYAGE. 


133 


many 

Both 

r  yoai's 

iilancl 

in  the 


fill  issue  of  the  Mixton  campaign,  Viceroy  IMcndoza 
was  again  at  liberty  to  turn  his  attention  northward. 
Ct)ronailo  had  abandoned  the  conquest  of  Cibola, 
Tiguex,  and  Quiriva,  and  was  returning  homeward 
with  the  remnants  of  his  grand  army.  By  the  voy- 
ages of  Ulloa  and  Alarcon  the  gulf  coasts  had  been 
explored  and  California  proved  to  be  a  peninsula. 
Such  results  had  evidently  done  mucii  to  cool  jNIen- 
doza's  ardor  for  northern  enterprise;  yet  he  liad  a  tleet 
on  his  hands  and  one  route  for  exploration  still  re- 
mained open — the  continuation  of  that  followed  l>y 
Ulloa,  up  the  outer  coast  beyond  Cedros  Island.  Two 
vessels  of  Alvarado's  former  fleet,  the  San  Sah'a<h>i' 
and  ]^ictoria,  were  made  ready  and  despatched  from 
Natividad  on  June  .27,  1542,  under  the  connuand  of 
Juan  Kodrigucz  Cabrillo,  a  Portuguese  by  birth,  and 
an  experienced  and  adventurous  navigator  in  the  vice- 
regal service.^ 

'■^ Cahrilh,  liihic'ion  <h'l  dinaihrimiento  que  hizo  Jnnn  Kodrifpiez  vnvoriniifJo 
j)or  hi,  roiilrwiiMa  dvl  Mui'  del  Sur  at  norle,  hccha  jior  Juan  I'licz,  puldislifil 
ill  I'di'hico,  Col.  Dor.,  xiv.  IGJ  etc.,  is  the  oriHinnl  iliary  of  (.'ahrillo's  VDynire. 
Tlio  siiiiio  tlocuineut  had  been  before  publisheil  in  Florida,  Col.  JJor.,  i.  17.'}- 
SO,  uiiiler  the  title  llcludou,  6  dinrio,  de  lu  vavr'jucionqiio  /iizo.Ji(an  limlrii/Kiz 
Ci'hi'illo  run  dos  )i((vlos,  (d  dinridirimiento  del  j>iwo  dd  Mardil  Sur  td  iinrfr. 
In  this  edition  it  is  stated  tliat  a  copy  in  tlie  Mnfioz  collection  has  the  namo 
Juan  J'acz  wi'itten  several  times  upon  it.  Thus  there  is  some  uncertainty 
about  the  authorship.  l'os,«il)ly  the  later  editor  has  no  better  authority  than 
this  for  puttinj,'  it  under  that  name.  This  diary  seems  to  be  the  source  of  all 
that  is  known  about  the  voyaije,  though  Herrcra,  dec.  vii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iii.-iv. 
(t'ollowed  by  j\lnriiia  K.yxiiiold,  ii.  244-7),  and  Navarretc,  Sutil  ;/  Mr.r., 
iiitrod.  xxvii.-xxxvi.,  show  a  few  slight  variations  of  unexplained  origin. 
J-.'rdiin'  and  /Jcnulifin^'it  Tnuishd'ion  J'totn  the  Sjxtuish  oj'thr  orinunt  hythr  jiilot 
I'l  nil)  of  the  viii/fKjfi  of  ('(dirillo  ulouij  the  icist  coant  of  Xorth  Amnrirn  in  I'l'ii 
is  the  latest  and  best  English  version,  uith  critical  notes.  NaA'arrete"a 
Version  was  ti'anslated  by  Alex.  S.  Taylor,  and  jiublisliecl  in  San  I''ra)icisco, 
Is.'),'),  under  the  title,  The  Fir^t  Voyaije  to  the  Coftxt  of  Ctdi/nru'vi.  A  M."^. 
trauslatinn  of  the  original  diary  from  liuckinghani  Smith's  Florida  collection, 
also  bv  Taylor,  is  in  the  library  of  the  California  Pioneers.  Otiier  refcreiice-j 
are:  Sloi;-a.<,  Exjdnr.,  i.  })((,  32S;  Taijlor'n  lli»t.  Sum.,  IS-JO;  Id.,  in  Cfil. 
J'.n-mir,  May  4,  ISOO,  April  18,  1802,  Aug.  14,;-M,  ISO;!;  C/arhjrro,  S/or.  C,d., 
l.">4-.">;  Lorcuzuua,  in  Corlrn,  llht.  N.  L'")).,  ',i2'<-(i;  VrurijaK,  Xol.  Cid.,  i. 
lS()-;i;  /lunici/'K  <'liroii.  J/isf.,  i.  'iiO-');  Torquemnda,  Mnu.  lud.,  i.  (i!»:{-4; 
Ctiro,  Trrs  Si.jlo.o,  i.  135;  Jlumbnldt,  E^mi  PuL,  .'{•_»!);  Tulh'dl'.-<  J/i>'.  I'id., 
l-'-i;!;  Grrruhou-'^  Or.  md  Cal.,  Gl-3;  Tu'isn' Or.  (Jueyl.,  '2-2;  Cnprou'.t  I  list. 
C(d.,  2,  121-2;  raruhii  'x  Lite  Ctd.,  127;  Oo)(/.ve'.i  JSat.  W'udih,  .5;  Ltut, 
SocrH  Orlii!<,  oO(5-7;  I'uyuo,  in  Sor.  Mrx.  Gfo;/.,  /jo/.,  2daep.  ii.  10!)-2(K);  Jtmnr. 
vrrh\'<  nesiriK,  i.  220;  /'ovAtV ///.%<.  Voij.,  448-0;  J/o»/o»im,  iV.  Writ.  210-11; 
ai<,Kon\t  Hist.  Cntfi.  Ch.,  i.  70-2;  fiudlai/''^  JJlrrrtori/,  i.  .'{|4;  Forh' s'  C(d.,  0; 
i'rijnet,  La  Cal.,  0-2G;  Monlli,  Janti,  24;  Jlintu'  Voi/.,  3J2;  JJinl.  Maj.,  is.. 


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134 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


The  diary  presents,  at  least  in  that  part  which  now 
concerns  us,  but  a  dry  record  of  dates  and  of  names 
apphed  to  points  visited  along  the  coast,  most  of  which 
have  not  been  retained,  and  some  cannot  with  any 
degree  of  certainty  be  identified.  I  append  in  a  note 
a  full  list  corresponding  to  the  Lower  Californian 
coast,  with  equivalents  in  1802  and  1879  as  identified 
by  Navarrete  and  Evans.  The  former  has,  however, 
done  little  more  than  adopt  the  names  given  by  Viz- 
caino sixty  years  later,  some  of  which  are  as  hard  to 
lind  on  modern  maps  as  the  originals.  It  will  be  noted 
that  the  two  commentators  dillcr  in  identifying  points 
north  of  Canoas  Bay;  but  without  being  very  positive 
as  to  details  I  prefer  to  follow  Navarrete  and  to  iden- 
tify CaliHllo's  San  jMiguel  with  San  Diego  for  reasons 
that  will  be  somewliat  more  fully  given  in  another 
volume  of  my  work.^ 

Reaching  the  southern  point  of  the  peninsula,  now 

148;  IhttrhtmiH'  Mrtfi.,  iii.  140;  iv.  110,  547;  v.  205;  Mxthlenpfordt,  Mrj.,  ii. 
451;  MurnnfH  N.  Ame.r.,  ii.  79-80;  Norman's  Jli.st.  CaL,  20-7;  Saint- Amant, 
Voii.  fill.  39,3;  Fa/ix,  VUri'<joi\,  55;  Marchniid,  I'oi/.,  i.  viii. ;  liovhanJ, 
J'c'jioiin  Nuuv.,  20;  Wcik,  ('ali/ornirr),  5;  Ti/tler's  Hist.  DUcov.,  78-9;  Alayer'a 
Mex.  Aztei'.,  i.  142;  Pousx'in,  I'liiasaiice,  i.  34.'}. 
^  See  .ilso  next  cluipter  for  Vizcaino's  iIHum 


Date. 

Cabrillo't  Natnft. 

Dia. 

Lat. 

[Evans'  uiinies  in  Ijnickofs.] 

July   0. 

8. 

Port  Snn  LOcns ,., 

6? 

01. 

17  1. 
5  1. 

ISI. 
111. 

18  1. 

101.? 

10  1. 

7  1. 

10  1. 

171. 
01. 

Gl. 

2.1° 
20" 

'IV' 

28° 

28'/;° 

20° 

;;o° 

30^=' 

:ii° 

32J^ 
3.1° 

34,'<y' 

S.  Josf  [B.  S.  Lticn.s]. 
Isl.   Slinpirita.    |CJ.  Tosco   Strt  Ma- 
rina  II. J 

^Ineilalina  11.] 

.Ma^'ilulcim  JJ.     [Pcqucflrt  B.] 
[No  liaiiK',] 

I't  und  I'urt  Trinidad 

19. 

I't  Sta  ratuliua 

25. 

Alircojii.t  [Aliroojos], 
.Mirt'ojos  HtioalH.j 
Isl.  Asuncion  IllipnlifoPt]. 
1 11.  oast  of  Asuucion  Isl.] 
San   liarluloMii'.     |Iil.| 
Xatividad.    [Id.  and  I't  Eugfnlo.] 
(Vtros.     |Iil.] 
(I'laya  Maria  B.] 
•  anoaa.     [Id. J 
.*>.  (Ji'r.'iiinio.    [Id.] 
('.  Bajo  |iio  nanii']. 

Ilnltrn   Oio 

.Iulv27. 

Aug.  1. 

2. 
fi. 

Vuvt  S.  Tt'dro  ViucxiUi 

Isl.  H.  K:^tiVilU 

I?il .  <  'edruii 

11. 

l*i)rt  SliiClarii 

r.. 

I't  Rial  AbiiRO    

H). 

l!(l. 

21. 

27. 

I'lirt  I'lwe.sion 

Isl.  S.  Agustin 

VirRi'm's  [8.  (iuiutin]. 
S.  Mai'tin.     [Id.] 

Sept.   8. 

C.  S.  Murtiu 

t>.  Uulntln.    (No   name,  past  Todoa 

iSantoa.J 
[Evans  oniit3  (i  1.  of  distance.] 
'l'odosi*antiw|S.  l)U't;o|. 

17. 

CCmr. 

I'oit  .''■.  Miif eo 

27. 

Isl.  Ucsiurtw 

Los  C'oronaduH  [it.  Cli'iuuute  and  StA 

28. 

Port  S.  Miguel 

Cataliua]. 
San  Diego  [S.  Pedro]. 

DISCOVERY  OF  UPPER  CALIFORNIA. 


185 


Cape  San  Li'icas,*  on  the  3cl  of  Jul}',  Cabiillo  followed 
the  coast  in  his  two  frail  vessels  until  on  Auujust  5th 
he  arrived  without  accident  at  Ccdros  Island,  the 
northern  limit  of  Ulloa's  voyage/  Formal  possession 
was  taken  of  the  country  on  the  2 2d  at  what  was  per- 
haps the  bay  of  Virgenes  of  modern  maps,  and  hero 
the  first  natives  were  met,  who  claimed  to  have  seen 
other  Spaniards  in  the  interior,  and  were  intrusted 
with  a  letter  for  them.  Nothing  worthy  of  note  oc- 
curred until  the  voyagers  anchored  at  San  ^ligiiel,  or 
Mhat  is  now  San  JDiego  harbor,  on  the  28th  of  Sep- 
tember. Here  again  the  natives  spoke  of  Spaniards 
and  their  hostilities  inland,  and  like  reports  were 
received  at  other  points  on  the  coast  and  islands  above, 
doubtless  founded  on  rumors  of  Diaz  and  Alarcon 
which  had  reached  the  tribes  of  the  coast. 

Cabrillo's  voyage  derives  its  greatest  importance 
from  the  fact  that  it  was  the  first  exploration  by  Euro- 
]>eans  of  Alta  California  from  San  Diego  to  Cape 
]\[endocino,  and  perhaps  beyond.  A  close  examination 
of  this  pioneer  navigator's  adventures  and  discoveries 
will,  therefore,  be  n^ore  appro})riately  given  in  a  subse- 
quent volume  on  the  earliest  annals  of  California. 
During  the  month  of  October  the  coast  and  islands 
between  San  Diego  and  Point  Concepcion  were  vis- 
ited at  various  points,  observations  of  latitude  were 
made,  and  notes  were  taken  of  the  country  and  its 
inhabitants,  intercourse  with  the  latter  being  frequent 
and  friendly.  In  November,  against  contrary  winds, 
Cabrillo  continued  his  voyage,  but  without  landing,  to 
a  wooded  point  which  he  located  in  latitude  40°,  and 
then  returned  to  the  islands  of  the  Santa  Barbara 
Channel.  He  had  broken  his  arm  before  leaving  the 
iislands,  and  from  the  effects  of  this  accident,  aggra- 
vated by  subsequent  exposure,  he  died  after  his  return 


♦  Ilerrera  and  Navarrcte  say  that  he  visited  the  port  called  by  Cortes  La 
Cruz,  and  the  latter  adds  that  it  was  probably  San  Jose  (del  L'abo). 

■*  Unless,  according  to  Castillo's  map,  that  limit  be  Capo  Enj^afio,  which 
Cabrillo  locates  2"  fartiier  north. 


ise 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH- WEST. 


on  Januar}'  3,  1543,  leaving  the  command  to  his  chief 
pilot,  Bartoiome  Forrclo. 

In  February  the  new  captain  started  a^^ain  north- 
ward, and  after  being  tossed  about  for  some  days  by 
the  ever  changing  winds  and  sighting  again  the  cape 
in  40",  the  vessels  were,  according  to  observations 
made  on  the  28th,  in  latitude  43°.  Subsequently  they 
Mere  put  in  great  peril  by  a  storm,  and  seem  to  have 
been  driven  still  farther  north.  The  land  was  hidden 
by  a  dense  fog,  but  the  navigators  thought  they  ob- 
served signs  of  a  great  river  entering  the  sea  in  this 
northern  region.  It  seems  indeed  to  have  been  im- 
possible for  any  northern  navigator  to  return  without 
a  report  of  something  that  could  be  interpreted  to 
mean  the  strait  of  Anian.  Returning,  the  fleet  passed 
on  the  5th  of  March  the  island  where  Cabrillo  had 
died,  named  for  him  Isla  de  Juan  Rodriguez,  and  the 
two  vessels  were  separated,  to  be  again  united  at 
Cedros  Island  on  the  2Gth,thc  capitana  having  touched 
on  the  way  at  San  Miguel  and  other  ports.  The  almi- 
rante  had  been  in  imminent  peril  at  one  time,  but  on 
a  solemn  promise  from  the  sailors  to  go  naked  to 
(ihurch,  Our  Lady  had  delivered  them,  though  why 
she  fancied  such  a  costume  is  not  told.  Sailing  from 
Cedros  April  2d  they  anchored  at  Natividad  on  the 
14th. 

As  Cabrillo's  latitudes  are  all  from  1°  30'  to  2°  30' 
too  high,  he  may  for  his  present  purposes  be  supposed 
to  have  passed  Cape  Mendocino,  which,  however,  he 
did  not  name;  or  even  to  have  reached  the  present 
line  between  California  and  Oregon;  but  more  of  tiiis 
in  other  volumes.^  Neither  large  cities,  powerful 
nations,  nor  rich  i.slan<ls  were  brought  to  light  as  had 
been  hoped.  The  only  practical  result  was  to  make 
known  the  general  trend  of  the  coast  for  some  eight 
hundred  miles  beyond  the  limit  reached  before.  To 
the  few  thinking  men  who  knew  this  result  it  must 
have  given  a  comparatively  accurate  idea  of  the  con- 

•See  ni«l.  Cal.,  i.  09  ct  seq.;  Uiat.  y.  IT.  Coast,  i.  137  ct  seq. 


VILLALOBOS  AND  LEGASri. 


137 


this 
crful 

had 
iiaku 
)iglit 
T.) 


ncction  between  America  and  Asia,  especially  when 
.studied  in  connection  with  the  voyages  made  before 
and  immediately  after,  across  the  broad  Pacific  to  the 
Asiatic  Islands.  If  the  two  continents  were  joined 
it  must  be  in  the  far  north;  but  the  "secret  of  the 
strait"  remained  yet  unrevealed. 

During  Cabrillo's  absence  two  ships  and  three 
smaller  craft,  also  remnants  of  Alvarado's  fleet,  were 
di.'spatched  by  order  of  Mendoza  from  the  western 
coast,  and  probably  from  the  port«of  Natividad.  These 
vessels,  sailing  in  November  1542''  under  the  com- 
mand of  Ruy  Lopez  de  Villalobos,  bore  a  large  force 
destined  for  the  islands  of  the  South  Pacific.  Witli 
tlic  discoveries  and  misfortunes  of  this  expedition  I 
have  nothing  to  do  here.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  by  it 
Spain  acquired  no  foothold  in  the  East  Indies.  To 
gain  such  a  foothold  was  regarded  as  of  primary 
importance;  but  more  than  twenty  years  passed 
l)cfore  anything  was  accomplislicd  in  this  direction; 
and  this  period  was  also  a  blank  in  the  annals  of 
north-western  exploration  by  water,  as  also  in  the 
record  of  events  on  the  land,  but  for  the  continued 
existence  of  the  settlement  at  San  Miguel  de  Culia- 
can. 

In  1550  Viceroy  Velasco  organized  an  expedition 
under  Miguel  Lopez  do  Legaspi.  Andres  de  Ur- 
duneta,  now  an  Austin  friar,  but  formerly  a  skilful 
navigator  and  companion  of  Loaisa  and  Saavedra, 
was  entreated  and  directed  by  a  royal  order  to  accom- 
pany Legaspi  as  councillor.  There  were  many  delays, 
and  Velasco  died  just  before  the  preparations  were 
completed;  but  the  fleet  of  four  vessels,  with  four 
hundred  men,  sailed  from  Natividad  in  the  autumn 
of  15G4.  It  is  unnecessary  here  to  say  more  of  this 
expedition   than    that   it    accomplished   the   desired 

'Jimn  Fornnn<lcz  de  Lnilrillero  declared  in  l.')74  that  he  and  a  company 
were  in  (Mifornia  until  called  back  to  join  Villalobos'  expedition.  Xavarn  f<; 
Siitil  y  Me.v.,  introd.,  xlii.-iv.  This,  if  not  pure  invention,  niiiy  be  a  vayue 
alluaiou  to  Ulloa  or  Aluruou. 


188 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


f 


I 


object,  tlie  permanent  occupation  of  the  Philippines 
for  Spain. 

The  orders  of  the  audiencia  required  that  as  soon 
as  a  settlement  had  been  effected  in  the  islands,  Ur- 
daneta  should  attempt  with  a  part  of  the  iieot  to  find 
a  practicable  route  back  to  the  coast  of  Arierica. 
This  return  voyage  had  never  yet  been  made  by  rea- 
son of  the  very  winds  that  made  the  westsvard  voyage 
so  easy,  and  it  was  regarded  by  the  king  and  his  ad- 
visers as  an  achievement  by  no  means  less  important 
than  the  conquest  of«the  islands.  Urdaneta  had  his 
theories  on  the  subject,  which  he  had  doubtless  ex- 
jilained  to  the  authorities,  and  the  accuracy  of  wliich 
he  was  ordered  to  test.  Accordingly  the  Srtn  Pedro, 
capitana  of  the  fleet,  was  made  ready  and  sailed  from 
the  island  of  Zebi\  on  the  1st  of  June,  15G5.  Felipe 
Salcedo,  a  grandson  of  Legaspi,  only  sixteen  years 
old,  was  in  command,  though  instructed  to  be  guided 
entirely  as  to  the  route  by  Urdaneta,  who  took  with 
liini  as  a  companion  Padre  Andres  de  Aguirre.  After 
sailing  eastward  to  the  Ladrones,  tJie  course  was 
north  to  the  coast  of  Japan,  and  still  northward  to 
the  latitude  of  38°,  whence  the  prevailing  winds  bore 
the  vessel  across  to  New  Spain.^ 

We  have  no  further  particulars  of  the  route,  but 
passing  Natividad,  said  to  have  been  found  abandoned, 
the  San  Pedro  arrived  at  Acapulco  early  in  October. 
It  had  been  a  long  and  hard  voyage.  The  vessel  had 
been  short-handed  at  the  start;  the  pilot  and  master 
died  at  the  beginning  of  the  voyage,  and  fourteen 
others  before  it  was  ended;  and  so  weak  were  the  rest 
from  sickness  that  on  arrival  at  Acapulco  there  was 
not  force  enough  to  cast  anchor.  To  Urdaneta,  "aquel 
famoso  argonauta,"'  with  his  friar  companion,  had 
fallen  the^reat  work  of  the  voyage,  and  right  bravely 

*  This  is  Grijalva's  Htatcment,  Crdnica,  fol.  122,  and  ho  adils,  spcakinp;  of 
this  as  a  route  followoil  by  later  navigators,  that  if  the  wind  is  not  fouml  iu 
38"  tliey  keep  on  to  40",  or  even  43",  where  they  arc  sure  to  find  it.  Uurnty, 
Cron.  JJkf.,  270,  followed  by  many  other  writers,  states  that  Urdaneta  hiin- 
Bclf  reached  these  higher  latitudes. 


URDANETA'S  VOYAGE. 


180 


had  they  done  it,  steering  the  vessel,  caring  for  the 
nick,  performing  the  last  rites  for  the  (lying  and  dead, 
making  frequent  and  careful  observations,  and  pre- 
paring a  chart  by  which  the  Manila  galleons  sailed  for 
many  a  year.  The  worthy  friar  is  entitled  to  all  the 
honor  of  having  been  the  first  to  cross  the  Pacific 
eastward."     He  died  in  Mexico  in  15G8. 

The  route  once  found,  the  voyage  eastward,  though 
long  and  tedious,  and  cold  in  its  northern  parts,  pre- 
sented no  great  ditBculty,  or  risk  save  that  of  scurvy, 
short  supplies,  and  a  little  later  attacks  of  freebooters. 
Each  year  one  or  more  vessels  laden  with  the  rich 
juoducts  of  the  east  were  wafted  down  the  coast 
bciore  the  winds,  but  we  have  no  infonnation  about 
any  particular  voyage.^"     They  were  no  longer  voy- 

•  Yet  such  is  tho  blind  injustice  of  fate  that  ns  it  seems,  Biiriiri/s  Hist. 
Chfoii.,  i.  '270-1,  and  GrIJalva,  Cron.,  fol.  117,  he  did  not  actually  make  tho 
lirst  jjassnge.  Alonso  de  Arellano  deserted  tho  fleet  in  command  of  the  San 
J.i'tra.<,  made  the  trip  from  the  Philippines  across  to  the  region  of  capo  Mcn- 
d(!ciiio,  and  arrived  at  Aciipulco  three  months  before  Urdancta.  The  two 
met  at  the  court  of  Spain,  whither  each  had  pone  to  report  his  success.  Are- 
Ihinn  reported  the  rest  of  tiio  licet  as  lost,  and  claimed  a  reward  for  his  own 
acliiuvcincnt.  It  is  satisfactory  to  know  that  he  was  inmicdiatily  sent  back 
Westward  to  be  tried  as  a  deserter.  Torqueniada,  Mon.  Ltd.,  i.  (i!).'l-4,  states 
that  .Mcndoza  sent  a  fleet  to  the  Philipjiincs  which  in  returning  came  in  about 
4'J' til  a  point  ■which  they  named  cape  Mendocino,  following  the  coast  down 
to  Xativiilad.  Tlie  viceroy  sent  vessels  again  to  explore,  but  they  cjuld  not 
go  beyond  Magdalena  in  25°,  Here  is  evidently  confusion  both  of  voyages 
and  vicci'oys.  It  is  not  stated  that  Urdancta  reached  that  point,  ami  tho 
f^tatcnicnt  that  Arellano  did  so  is  not  entitled  to  great  weight.  1  ii  the  abscnco 
of  any  positive  evidence  it  is  more  probable  that  the  name  was  applied  in 
Mexico  to  a  nameless  cape  of  Cabrillo's  narrative,  or  tliat  the  capo  was  named 
later  by  one  of  the  galleons  in  honor  of  the  S3cond  Mcndoza.  Taylor,  in 
Hiriiriic'if  L,  Cah,  20,  takes  his  account  apparently  from  Burncy  and  not  with 
sutiieient  care.  Anson,  Voijwjc,  2.3o,  tells  us  that  the  I'hilippiue  trade  was 
lirst  carried  on  from  Callao,  but  the  winds  were  unfavorable  for  the  return, 
which  fiomctimcs  lasted  a  ye.ir,  and  therefore  the  route  was  changed  and 
tiadc  diverted  to  Acapulco  by  the  advice  of  a  Jesuit,  who  persuaded  naviga- 
tors to  take  the  northern  route.  This  is  all  erroneous.  Toniucmada,  i.  (i!Hi, 
also  speaks  of  Xatividad  as  the  port  of  the  I'hilippinc  vessels  before  .Acapulco 
was  opcneil.  This  is  true,  liowcver,  only  of  western  voyages.  Vcncgas,  Not, 
( 'ill.,  i.  1S;J,  repeated  in  Sut'd  ij  Mex.,  p.  .\li.,  says  that  Viceroy  Vdasco  sent  tho 
Sm)  Afjiistin  to  establish  a  station  for  the  Philippine  trade  on  tiie  outer  coast 
of  California.  The  reference  is  doubtless  to  the  later  voyage  of  I'l!).").  Xav- 
,aiTctc,  Sulil  y  Mr.r.,  Ixxxvi.,  speaks  of  Urdaneta's  voyage  only  to  correct  tho 
impression  given  by  Forstcr  and  others,  that  he  discovered  a  passage  from  tho 
north  to  the  south  sea;  for  this  voyage,  like  every  other  of  the  jicriod,  was 
made  to  bear  on  the  all-absorbing  topic,  about  which  Urdancta  was  indeed 
called  upon  to  testify  in  Spain. 

'"Burney,  Chrnn.  Hint.,  i.  270-2,  notes  the  sailing  of  a  ship,  the  Snn  Gfrd' 
nimo,  for  tho  Philippines  in  150C;  also  the  San  Juan  for  New  Spain  in  loU7.. 


IM 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


ages  of  discovery,  and  there  was  no  occasion  that  the 
loj^-books  or  diaries  should  bo  made  pubhc;  on  tho 
contrary  it  was  the  pohcy  of  the  government  to 
shroud  the  movements  of  the  galleons  with  every 
possible  mystery.  There  were  fears  of  foreign  inter- 
ference. 


The  Spaniards*  fears  were  not  unfounded;  they 
were  not  to  be  left  undisturbed  in  their  South  Sea 
exploits;  an  English  navigator  appears  upon  the  scene. 
English  navigators — a  better  sounding  term  than  ad- 
venturers, freebooters,  privateers,  or  pirates — had  for 
some  years  made  themselves  a  terror  to  all  the  Span- 
ish main  on  the  Atlantic  side.  The  two  governments 
were  still  at  peace  ostensibly;  but  Spain  in  her 
haughty  arrogance  showed  no  liberality  or  tolcjanco 
to  foreign  traders  in  her  Indies,  treating  all  such  as 
intruders.  The  commercial  spirit  of  England  could 
ill  brook  this  monopoly  of  western  wealth,  and  trad- 
ers came  to  regard  the  Spanish  policy  as  a  personal 
wrong  and  insult  to  each  one  of  themselves,  to  be 
avenged  upon  the  persons,  and  above  all  on  the  prop- 
erty of  any  Spanish  subject  wherever  found.  Tlu; 
British  government  found  that  to  leave  the  adven- 
turers to  right  their  own  wrongs  was  an  easier  way 
to  restore  commercial  equilibrium  than  to  waste  timo 
in  appeals  to  King  Philip.  Moreover  the  Spaniards 
were  Catholics,  and  there  was  a  prevalent  sentiment 
in  England  at  this  time  that  the  poor  deluded  vic- 
tims of  popery  might  be  righteously  robbed,  and 
killed  if  not  altojjother  submissive  to  the  robbin*;. 
Thus  does  a  holy  faith  ever  prompt  to  grand  efforts 
freebooters  no  less  than  missionaries. 

Francis  Drake,  at  the  time  but  little  over  th'rty 
years  old,  had  already  distinguished  himself  in  m  ri- 
time  exploits.    He  had  several  times  visited  the  \V«;st 

the  arrival  of  two  vessels  from  New  Spain  tlie  same  year,  and  orders  to  niio 
of  tho  vessels  in  lo72  to  take  a  course  farther  north  than  usual  for  purpo its 
of  exploration.    He  takes  these  items  from  standard  works  ou  the  Pliilippiu^s. 


FRANCIS  DRAKE. 


141 


ludios  in  a  subordinate  position  as  a  slave-trader,  and 
liad  been  instrumental  in  the  sacking  of  divers  towns 
on  the  coast.  The  unholy  papists  had,  however,  pre- 
vented the  complete  success  of  some  of  his  schemes  for 
o-ain,  thus  incurring  his  hatred  and  justifying,  as  ho 
thought,  a  life-long  warfare  on  all  that  was  Spanish. 
]n  1573,  from  a  hill  on  the  Isthmus,  ho  had  looked 
upon  the  broad  Mar  del  Sur,  and  kneeling  had  prayed 
tliat  he  might  be  the  first  to  navigate  those  waters  in 
nn  English  bottom.  His  prayer  was  not  quite  literally 
jinswcred,  for  John  Oxenham,  another  pirate,  by  cross- 
ing the  Isthmus  and  stealing  the  bottom,  ijained  for 
liiniself  the  honor;  still  Drake  cherished  his  scheme 
and  attached  no  more  importance  to  his  compatriot's 
achievement  than  has  the  world  since  accorded  it.  In 
1577  he  fitted  out  a  fleet  of  five  vessels,  with  a  force 
of  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  men,  and  sailed  from 
Falmouth  on  the  13th  of  December. 

His  plans  and  the  destination  of  his  expedition  were 
kept  secret  from  even  his  own  men,  both  for  fear  of  rivals 
and  of  precautions  on  the  part  of  his  intended  victims. 
Yet  liis  designs  were  well  matured;  he  would  explore 
tlio  Pacific  for  England,  would  either  circumnavigate 
the  world  or  return  by  the  long  sought  northern  pass; 
would  attack  Spanish  commerce  in  a  new  and  unpro- 
tected spot,  and  would  return  laden  with  booty  and 
honors.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  his  scheme 
was  secretly  supported  by  the  favor  and  purse  of 
Queen  Elizabeth." 

Drake's  operations  on  the  coasts  of  South  and  Cen- 
tral America  have  been  mentioned  cLscwhcre.*"  With 
one  vessel,  the  Golden  Hind,  so  laden  with  booty  that 
a  continuation  of  his  piratical  cruise  seemed  a  fool- 
hardy risk,  a  return  to  England  by  a  southern  route 
being  for  several  reasons  hazardous,  Drake  at  last 
determined  to  seek  a  northern  passage.     With  this 

"  The  Hakluyt  Society's  edition  of  Drake's  World  Encompnsned  contains 
practically  all  that  is  known  of  this  expedition;  and  ia  the  only  authority  that 
ueed  1)0  referred  to  in  this  connection. 

"See  lliist.  Cent.  Am.,  ii.  tliis  series. 


148 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


view,  after  refitting  on  a  southern  island  and  taking 
one  or  two  additional  prizes,  he  anchored  at  Guatuleo 
in  Oajaca  in  s-^arch  of  supplies.  After  some  furtlier 
outrages  here,  the  freebooter,  now  adopting  the  rol  3 
of  explorer,  sailed  in  April  1579  out  into  the  Pacific 
north-westward.  He  did  not  touch  the  territory 
treated  in  this  volume;  yet  the  bearing  of  his  expedi- 
tion on  my  present  subject  is  obvious.  Details  of 
achievements  in  the  north  are  fully  treated  in  later 
volumes." 

The  Golden  Hind  in  June  anchored  in  a  bad  bay 
somewhere  between  latitudes  42°  and  48°  according 
to  difibrent  versions.  Here  it  was  resolved  to  aban- 
don the  attempt  to  find  the  northern  strait.  Excessive 
cold  was  the  obstacle  which  mainly  forced  the  navi- 
gators to  this  course;  and  it  was  grossly  exaggerated 
with  a  view  not  only  to  account  for  their  failure,  but  to 
show  that  they  had  reached  a  very  high  latitude  and 
to  deter  others  from  similar  attempts.  Then  they  fol- 
lowed the  coast  southward  until  between  latitudes  37° 
and  38°  they  found  "  a  conuonient  and  fit  harborow," 
respecting  the  identity  of  which  I  shall  have  much  to 
say  in  the  proper  place,  and  where  they  remained  six 
weeks  refitting.  Drake  also  took  possession  of  tiie 
country  for  Elizabeth,  and  named  it  Albion,  and  then 
started  homeward  across  the  broad  Pacific,  doubled 
Good  Hope  in  June  1580,  and,  having  accomplished 
the  first  circumnavigation  of  the  globe,  arrived  at 
Plymouth  in  November,  to  be  soon  made  Sir  Francis 
for  his  achievements. 

One  effect  of  this  expedition  was  to  confine  Englisli 
researclies  for  the  northern  strait  for  a  long  time  to 
the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent.  In  Mexico  it  was 
long  before  any  even  approximatively  accurate  idea 
was  formed  of  Drake's  doings;  but  on  the  contrary 
the  most  extravagant  rumors  were  prevalent,  and  it 
was  for  years   supposed   that   the  Englishman  had 


"Seo  Hist.  Cal;  i.  81  et  seq.;  Iliat.  Northwest  Coast,  i.  139  et  scq. 


FRANCISCO  DE  GALL 


la 


(Xcessivo 


nctually  passed  through  the  strait  of  Anian.  Among 
tlio  popular  talcs  of  the  time  was  that  of  a  [)ilot  named 
]\Iort'na  who  claimed  that,  being  sick  and  nigh  unto 
(loath,  he  had  been  put  on  shore  by  Drake  either  ia 
the  strait  or  just  before  he  entered  it  on  his  way  to 
Kiigland,  that  he  had  recovered  and  had  wandered 
through  the  country  for  four  years  until  he  ^amc  to 
Santa  Bilrbara  in  Nueva  Vizcaya  by  way  of  New 
!^[cxico.  On  the  way,  over  five  hundred  leagues  from 
tlie  starting-point,  the  wanderer  reached  an  arm  of 
the  sea  separating  New  Mexico  from  a  great  western 
land  where  there  were  great  towns  and  a  nation  of 
white  men  using  horses.  Thus  did  all  these  narratorn 
of  northern  marvels  unthinkingly  "give  themselves 
away"  l<>r  the  distant  future.  Morena  told  his  story 
at  tlio  Sombrerete  mines  to  Governor  Rio,  a  man  who 
was  deeply  interested  in  the  Northern  Mystery  and 
tlierefore  a  credulous  listener." 


By  chance  a  record  has  been  preserved  oi  a  Philip- 
jiiiio  voyage  made  a  few  years  after  Drake's  departure. 
Francisco  de  Gali,  having  sailed  from  Acapulco  in 
^[arch  1582,  left  Macao  on  his  return  July  24,  1584. 
Following  the  usual  northern  route  he  sighted  the 
American  coast  in  latitude  37°  30',  and  followed  tho 
coast  without  anchoring  to  Acapulco.  Gali  made 
some  observations  respecting  the  currents  and  winds 
in  the  North  Pacific;  noted  on  reaching  the  coast  a 
high  and  fair  land  covered  with  trees  and  free  from 
snow;  and  in  his  course  southward  passed  several 
islands,  among  which  may  be  identified  perhaps  San 
!Martin,  Cedros,  and  the  Tres  Marias.  The  only  im- 
l)ortance  of  this  voyage  in  the  eyes  of  historical 
students  has  resulted  apparently  from  an  error  of 
translation,  by  which  the  latitude  given  was  trans- 
posed to  57°  30',  thus  involving  the  question  of  pri- 

'*  Salmeron,  lielacionea,  50-1,  obtained  liis  information  from  P.  Ascension. 
Drake's  voyaj,'e  is  often  confounded  with  that  of  Cavendish  by  Mexicans,  as 
in  t'aio,  Treti  Shjlon,  i.  214-15. 


144 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTHWEST. 


ority  of  discovery  by  Spain  of  a  long   stretch   of 
coast." 


Another  EngHsh  voyage  ia  next  to  bo  noted,  simi- 
hir  to  that  of  Francis  Drake  in  every  respect  save 
that  open  war  between  England  and  Sj)ain  covered 
with  a  kind  of  legal  sanction  many  of  the  privateer's 
least  outrageous  acts.  Thomas  Cavendish  after  a  lonix 
series  of  ravages  on  tlie  southern  coasts  as  far  as 
Colima,  arrived  at  Mazatlan,  so  called  at  the  time, 
late  in  September  1588  with  two  ships  well  armed. 
Here  the  British  obtained  fruits,  and  repaired  their 
craft  at  the  islands  near  by,  watched  the  while  by  a 
])arty  of  Spanish  horsemen  from  the  villa  of  San 
Sebastian  de  Chametla.  Then  Cavendish  crossed 
over  to  Aguada  Segura,  later  called  San  Bernabd,  or 
Puerto  del  Cabo;  lying  off  and  on  near  Cape  San 
Li'icas  in  wait  for  the  galleon.  That  unfortunate 
vessel,  the  Santa  Ana  of  seven  hundred  tons,  com- 
manded by  Tomils  de  Alzola,  and  laden  with  rich  silks 
and  other  goods  from  the  Indies  besides  122,000  pesos 
in  gold,  hove  in  sight  the  4th  of  November.  After 
valiant  defence  the  Sp'  liards  were  forced  to  yield; 
and  the  prize  was  to  we  a  into  the  cape  harbor  to  be 
stripped  of  all  her  cargo  that  was  worth  the  taking. 
The  surviving  victims,  nearly  two  hundred  in  number, 
were  put  on  shore  while  the  Santa  Ana  was  set  on 
fire;  but  enough  of  her  hulk  remained  unburned  to 
carry  the  company  to  Acapulco.  Meanwhile  the 
victors  went  on  their  way  rejoicing,  and  one  of  the 
ships  being  lost  the  other  completed  lier  voyage  rouiftd 
the  world.'* 

The  apocryphal  voyage  of  Lorenzo  Ferrer  de  Mal- 

"  The  original  Spanish  diary  not  being  extant,  our  only  knowledge  of  the 
voyage  comes  from  a  Dutch  translation  published  in  Linachoten,  lieys-Chech- 
rift,  of  which  the  first  edition  appeared  in  1590  according  to  Bninet.  See  also 
Hist.  Cal.,  i.  04,  this  series. 

^^  Pretty' 8  Admirable  and  Prosperous  Voyage  qf  the  Worship/ull  ifaster 
Thomas  Vand'mh.  In  Ilakluyfs  Voij.,  iii.  803-25.  Cavendish's  exploits  are 
fnlly  described  in  Ilutt.  Mex.,  ii.  74G  et  seci.,  this  series. 


MALDOXADO  AND  FUCA. 


145 


ch   of 


,  simi- 
t  savo 
Dvcrod 
atecr's 
'  a  low* 
far  as 
D  time, 
aruictl. 
J  their 
Ic  by  a 
of  San 
crossed 
nab(5,  or 
ipe  San 
>rtunato 
IS,  com- 
ich  silks 
0  pesos 
After 
,o  yield; 
jr  to  bo 
taking. 
Inumber, 
set  on 
rned  to 
liilo   tlio 
of  the 
te  rouad 


Ide  Mal- 

|c(lge  of  tho 
Ueya-Ohech- 
pt.  See  also 

full  MaMcr 
bxploits  are 


donado  is  entitled  ('liroiiol()«:fically  to  l)rii'f  lui'iitioii 
here  under  date  of  158.S;  altlioU|^h  tlie  claiui  soeius 
not  to  have  boon  made  publicly  until  UIOD,  and  its: 
ifVect  on  the  popular  imagination  with  the  discussions 
it  provoked — il..  only  reality  connected  with  it — 
slioidd  pt'rhaps  be  ''aced  much  later,  ^faldonado 
]H(»ri'ssod  to  Iwive  entered  tho  strait  on  the  coast  of 
Lahra(U)r;  to  have  followed  its  windings  u[)  to  Ta", 
iind  down  again  to  its  Pacific  niouth  in  GO^;  to  havo 
followed  the  J^acitic  coast  south-east  to  J>i>  ;  to  havo 
crossed  the  ^Far  del  Sur  westward  one  hundred  and 
twenty  leagues  until  he  saw  land;  and  fhiallv  to  ha'  i; 
returned  by  the  same  route.     There   ..as  cvidi?'<-..' to 

)rove  the  man  a  liar  and  his  story  a  pure  tdtricatiou 

ong  V''  fore  actual  exploration  had  demriistialed  iho 
non-existence  of  tho  strait  he  describes.  Now  that 
northern  geography  is  no  longer  mysterious  in  navi- 
gable latitudes  the  voluminous  reasonings  of  the  past 
respecting  Maldonado's  pretensions  merit  attention 
oidy  as  a  curiosity  of  literature.     The  narrative  will, 

however,  claim  some  notice  with  other  northern  fables 

in  another  volume.^' 

The  story  of  Juan  do  Fuca  was  similar  to  that  of 
Maldonado  in  many  respects;  but  there  have  been 
those  in  rocent  times  who  believed  in  its  truth.  As 
told  to  Michael  Lok  at  Venice  in  1590  it  was  in  sub- 
stance as  follows:  Fuca  had  long  served  Spain  as 
sailor  and  pilot,  and  had  been  on  board  the  Santa 
Ana  when  captured  by  Cavendish,  losing  $00,000  at 
that  time.  Later  he  went  as  pilot  in  a  Heet  of  three 
vessels,  with  three  hundred  men  sent  by  the  viceroy 
to  find  tho  strait  of  Anian  and  fortify  it  against  tho 
English;  but  mutiny  prevented  success,  and  the  fleet 
returned  from  the  California  "oast.  A  little  later, 
however,  in  1592,  he  was  sent  out  again  by  the  viceroy 
with  two  vessels  manned  by  sailors  only.     He  fol- 

"  See  Hist.  X.  W.  Coast,  i.  92  et  acq. ;  Maldonado,  Uelacion.    See  also 
for  a  goo<l  statement  of  the  subject  Navarrete,  Viages  ApocH/oa. 

Hist.  N.  Mex.  States.  Vol.  I.    10  > 


ill 


[yw 


146 


■VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


lowed  tlio  coast  nortliward  until  between  47'  and  48° 
he  found  a  strait  about  a  hundred  miles  wide  at  the 
mouth,  through  which  he  sailed  in  various  courses 
until  he  came  to  the  xVtlantic.  Then  having  effected 
his  purpose  he  returned — after  ascertaining  the  coun- 
try on  the  strait  to  be  rich  in  gold,  silver,  and  j)carls — 
to  Acapulco  in  the  same  year.  Failing  to  obtain  a 
reward  for  his  services  from  Spain,  he  was  willing  to 
give  England  the  benefit  of  his  great  discovery,  to 
which  end  negotiations  were  opened  but  came  tu 
nothing.^"* 

There  is  some  evidence  that  Fuca  was,  like  Mal- 
donado,  a  real  personage;  but  not  a  word  respecting 
either  of  the  voyages  described,  though  both  are  said 
to  havfe  been  fitted  t)ut  by  the  authority  of  the  vice- 
roy, has  ever  been  found  in  the  Spanish  archives,  or 
elsewhere  except  in  Fuca's  own  statement.  Circum- 
stantial evidence  is  all  against  the  truth  of  that  state- 
ment. Similar  tales  were  very  connnon  among  Spanish 
j»ilots  at  the  time,  when  few  doubted  the  existence  of 
a  strait  north  of  43°.  Each  desired  an  opportunity 
to  search  for  the  strait  and  for  fame  at  public  cxjiense, 
and  few  hesitated  at  falsehood  to  gratify  their  ambi- 
tion. Fuca,  old,  poor,  and  disappointed  like  tlie  rest 
in  this  respect,  was  fortunate  enough  to  fall  in  with 
a  man  interested  in  promoting  English  discoveries. 
To  him  he  could  make  the  claim,  absurd  to  Spanish 
ears,  that  he  had  discovered  the  strait  in  an  official 
expedition;  and  shrewdly  affirm  that  Spain  was  keep- 
ing the  diiscovery  secret  through  jealousy  of  Englaiui. 
Ho  had  manifest  advantages  over  his  confreres  in 
New  Spain,  W'ho  had  to  invent  stories  of  mysterious 
shipwrecks  on  the  Atlantic  coast;  but  there  is  not 
tlie  slightest  reason  to  suppose  that  this  tale  was  any- 
thing but  pure  fiction.  I  shall  be  obliged,  however, 
to  present  the  argument  in  full  elsewhere.^"  The 
pilot  s  fiction  was  in  one  respect  a  brilliant  success;  for 

"Lok's  note  in  Purchan,  Ilii  Pi!iir!»irs,  iii.  849-.'52. 
"See  JJist.  2^^orthwcst  t'oant,  i.  78  et  seq.,  this  Heiies. 


CERMESON  AND  VIZCAINO. 


U7 


lias  it  not  immortalized  his  name  by  attaching  it  to 
an  inlet  of  the  Northwest  Coast? 

It  is  remarkable  that,  with  one  or  more  vessels 
following  each  year  the  Philippine  route  and  coming 
regularly  in  sight  of  the  California  coast,  more  ener- 
getic eftbrts  were  not  made  to  find  an  available  port. 
Nevertheless  we  have  but  one  record  of  such  an 
attempt,  that  of  Sebastian  Rodriguez  Cermeh6n,  de- 
spatched from  Manila  in  1595  for  the  express  purpose 
of  ex[)loring  the  coast.  Of  the  result  we  know  only 
that  his  vessel,  the  San  Af/ustin,  ran  ashore  in  what 
was  named  at  the  time  San  Francisco  Port,  since 
known  as  Drake  Bay.  Whether  the  ship  escaped 
after  being  lightened  of  her  cargo  or  was  accompanied 
l)y  a  tender  on  which  the  crew  escaped  is  not  recorded; 
but  Cermefion's  pih^t  Bolaiios  lived  to  visit  the  port 
again  with  Vizcaino  in  1G03,  and  his  statement  is  all 
there  is  extant  on  the  voyage.  It  is  not  impossible 
that  some  additional  results  of  the  expedition  were 
intentionally  kept  secret  by  the  government;  at  any 
rate  no  record  has  ever  come  to  liu:ht  in  the  archives."" 


xVfter  the  capture  of  the  Santa  Ana  by  Cavendish 
the  urgent  necessity  of  occupying  California  for  the 
})rotection  of  the  Manila  trade  became  more  than  ever 
jipparcnt  to  the  Spanish  government.  Not  only  were 
measures  adopted,  as  we  have  seen,  for  the  exploration 
of  the  northern  coast,  resultinijc  in  tlie  vovaijfe  of  the 
San  Af/tistin,  but  in  1594  Viceroy  Velasco,  probably 
by  royal  instructions,  contracted  with  Sebastian  Xh- 
raino  to  explore  anew  and  occu})y  for  Spain  the  T^las 
C.'aliforiiias.  Velasco's  successor,  the  count  of  ^Ton  • 
tere}',  ratified  the  contract  and  despatched  the  expedi- 
tion^in  1597.'-" 

"■"Toi-qticmniln,  i.  717-lS;  Anccwiov,  lid.  Breve,  uoS;  Cnhrera  fSiicno,  Xav. 
E'<pic.,  IWA.     See  JUM.  t'al.,  i.  UO,  this  series. 

'■"According  to  Vi-ralno,  J'llncioii  del  Vinjc,  ICll-l.'i,  101-2,  Don  Sihas- 
tian  was  a  kou  of  Viceroy  Velasco.  Toniueniada,  followed  ajipai-ently  liy  all 
otlier  writeia,  states  that  iu  lo'JU  the  kiug  ordered  Viceroy  ^loiiterey  to  seiiil 


148 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


I 


w 

m 


VL-'caino  sailcHl  from  Acapulco  with  three  vessels, 
a  large  force,  and  four  Franciscan  friars."  He  touched 
at  Sali>,^"ua,  wheie  a  part  of  his  men  were  taken  on 
board,  at  San  Sebastian,  and  at  the  jSIazatlan  islos.^' 
At  the  latter  place  fifty  men  deserted,  thinking  the 
supplies  inadequate;  and  here  also  Father  Balda  turned 
back,  ill  and  dreading  the  voyage  and  prospective  ex- 
l)osure."  Five  days  farther  up  they  left  the  coast  and 
next  day  sighted  California,  their  land  of  promise. 
A  little  later  one  hundred  men  were  landed  and  were 
well  received;  but  the  spot  did  not  seem  suited  to  the 
lequirements  of  a  colony,  and  the  fleet  passed  ou 
apparently  northward  to  a  port  named  San  Sebastian, 
where  a  stay  of  fifteen  days^'  was  made,  and  where 
after  <lcliberation  by  a  junta  of  officials  it  was  deter- 
mined to  take  formal  possession  of  the  country.  A 
nmltitude  of  aborigines  witnessed  the  hoisting  of  the 
Spanish  iiag,  and  listened  to  an  artillery  salute. 

One  of  the  iViars  was  sent  with  thirty  soldiers  to 
explore  the  interior,  finding  the  people  well  enough 
disposed  though  unwilling  that  the  strangers  shoultl 
enter  their  dwellings,  many  of  whicli  were  observed 
to  be  underground.  They  furnished  food  an(1  a  few 
l)earls,  and  the  rancherias  near  the  camp  showed  no 
signs  of  hostility  while  the  Spaniards  remained;  but 
fresh  water  was  not  i)lentiful,  and  it  was  deemed  best 
not  to  settle  [)ernianently  at  San  Sebastian.    Neither 

Vizcaino  to  California,  and  that  the  expedition  was  made  the  same  year.  All  tiio 
evidence  I  have  to  tlic  coiiti'iiry  is  a  royal  c(/dulaof  Aui;.  '2,  10"J8,  in  J>oc.  Hift. 
Mex\,  series  ii.,  iii.  44'2-,'?,  in  which  the  kini;  states  the  facts  as  I  have  given 
them,  adding  that  Monterey  ordered  Vizcaino  to  fulfil  his  contract,  'no  eui- 
liargantc  que  en  la  susUineia  y  capacidad  de  bu  persona,  hallo  algunos  incon- 
venientes.'  (Jreenhow,  Or.  and  Cat.,  8!)-'Jl,  tells  ns  without  any  known 
autiiority  that  Vizcaino  had  been  on  the  Savta  Ana  captured  hy  Ciivendisli. 

'■^  Padres  Francisco  de  llalda  (comisario),  Diego  I'erdonw,  Bernardino  /aiiiu- 
d'l,  Nicoliis  do  Saravia,  and  l?r.  Nicohls  (or  Cristtthal)  Lopez.  Salnieron,  /A  In- 
cioiirn,  I'J-l.'J,  says  all  were  Franciscans  by  royal  order.  Alegre,  J/isf,.  ('oni)i. 
,/i'siis,  i.  311,  tells  us  tliat  botli  the  viceroy  and  Vizcaino  preferred  Jesuits, 
)iut  missionaries  of  that  order  were  scarce  and  could  not  be  obtaine<l.  A 
Franciscan  Croiiifu,  in  liozlntlreta,  Col.  Dof  ,  ii.  xlviii.-ix.,  includes  1*.  Tello, 
the  iiistorian,  in  tlie  number. 

-'  Niel,  Ai>iuit.,  00,  puts  Matanchier  (Matanchel)  in  place  of  Mazatlan. 

'*  He  was  succeeded  ns  comisario  by  I'adro  Pcrdomo,  and  later  by  I'adro 
Zamndio. 

^  Torqucmada  mentions  both  15  and  8  daya. 


VIZCAINO  IN  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


149 


cssels, 
lUcUcil 
:on  on 
islos. 
i<T  the 
turned 
ivo  cx- 
ast  and 
romisc. 
ul  wore 
lI  to  the 
sscd  ou 
ibastian, 
il  where 
IS  dctev- 
ttry.     A 
(T  of  the 

»iaiers  to 

jl  cuougU 

;s  should 
observed 
lul  a  iew 
lowed  no 

lined;  hut 

■mod  best 

Neither 

J. year.    Alltl>o 

\;\ni>oc.  //;>'• 

\  I  have  given 
Cvact,  '  11"  P'"- 
hlgunos  iucou- 
It  any  Uikavii 
Ihy  C'livnuliHli. 
lnariUuo/.ii|ii>i- 

Ic,  7/J.'*'.  ''"'"/'• 
Iferrcil  Jtsnit^. 
\  ol)tJ(inc(l.  A 
Jlmles  r.  Tull'), 

if  Mazatlaii. 
[later  by  Taclro 


tlic  women  nor  the  horses  weru landed  at  all,  and  after 
some  preliminary  explorations  by  one  of  the  vessels, 
the  fleet  moved  on  to  a  port  named  from  the  peaceful 
character  of  the  natives  La  Paz,  a  name  it  has  since 
retained,  being  also  identical  probably  with  the  Santa 
Cruz  of  Cortes,  since  a  tradition  of  former  visitors  was 
retained,  and  even  some  material  relics  were  found  in 
the  shape  of  iron  fragments  and  traces  of  an  cncam[»- 
ment.-« 

Immediately  on  landing  temporary  dwellings  were 
l)uilt  of  branches,  and  a  little  church,  all  }>roteeted  by 
a  rude  barricade  of  trees.  The  encam[)ment  was  sol- 
emnly proclaimed  capital  of  the  new  province,  and  the 
work  of  permanent  occupation  was  begun.  The  natives 
came  in  great  numbers  and  were  kindly  treated  by  the 
iViars,  who  succeeded  in  obtainiuLT  nianv  of  their  chil- 
(h'en  for  instruction.  The  soldiers,  as  was  not  unusual 
ill  these  expeditions,  were  disliked  and  feared  by  the 
jx'ople,  whom,  and  especially  the  women,  they  took 
hut  little  pains  to  treat  with  justice.  Not  much  prog- 
ress was  made  in  the  work  of  conversion,  since  the 
time,  only  two  months,  was  too  short  to  master  the- 
language. 

The  almiranta  with  her  boat  was  sent  up  the  gulf 
coast  and  is  said  to  have  advanced  nearly  one  hundred 
Icagnes.^^  The  explorers  landed  frequently  and  were 
for  the  most  part  kindly  received,  but  at  a  few  })oints 
wei'c  threatened.  iVt  one  landing  about  fifty  leagues 
ahove  La  Paz'-"*  arrows  were  diseharged  at  the  Span- 
iards, who  replied  with  nuisket-shots,  killing  two  or 
three  natives.  The  rest  fled  to  the  woods  and  the 
navigators    proceeded    to    reiimbark,    one    boat-load 

"Somo  suspected  that  the  relics  were  h-ft  l)j^  Englishmen.  The  ])ri"sonci> 
of  any  Kiiglislnnannt  La  Paz  hefure  this  date  is.  however,  veiy  douhttul,  and 
tliu  .same  remark  may  he  made  respecting  all  rumors  of  visits  from  I'ichilin- 
gues  save  those  specially  noticed  in  this  anil  the  next  chapters. 

■■''  Salnieron  tells  ns  that  Lope  de  Argiielles  (Ci>niuones)  was  in  command 
mill  that  he  reached  'MV.  Niel,  Apuiit.,  77,  says  he  ^.id  nut  go  beyond  Sau 
ISriino  and  the  Coronados  Ish'S. 

^"Navarrete  and  others  imply  that  the  fight  was  at  the  highest  latitude 
reached. 


190 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST, 


I 


I 


(? 


goint^  off  safoly  to  the  sbip;  but  the  roniainini^  twent}'- 
i'our  mvn  just  as  they  had  entered  the  boat  Avero 
attacked  by  five  huiuhed  natives;  nineteen  of  the 
soldiers  perished,  the  boat  liaving  l)een  capsized  in 
the  melee,  while  five,  badly  wounded  with  arrows  or 
stones,  escaped  by  swimming  to  the  ship,  the  crew 
of  which  for  want  of  a  boat  had  been  unable  to  render 
any  aid.""  Duiing  tliis  northern  trip  no  better  country 
was  found  than  that  in  the  region  of  J^a  l*az,  altlKJUgli 
some  fertile  isles,  and  good  ports,  and  very  rich  i^ome- 
tlrro.'i,  or  ])earl-beds,  were  re])oi-ted.  The  explorers 
retui'ued  for  want  of  food,  and  they  found  A^izcaino 
and  his  men  also  living  on  short  rations.  There  being 
no  relial)le  source  of  food-su]>})ly  in  the  country,  a 
junta  of  ofhcers  advised  a  return  to  Mexico.  Not  a 
I'ew  opposed  this  nieasuiv,  prol»ably  willing  to  risk 
liunger  in  view  of  the  pearl  i)r()s])eets,*' but  before  the 
(piestion  was  definitely  settled  there  came  a  norther 
and  a  fire  which  laid  the  camp  in  ashes  and  left  barely 
food  enouo'h  for  the  return  vovai^e.'*^ 

Vizcaino  sent  the  capitana  with  most  of  the  colony 
4o  Acajiulco,  the  vessel  touching  at  Chaniella  and 
Colinia  on  the  way;  while  lie  with  a  few  men  set  sail 
in  another  direction  with  a  view  to  further  discoveries; 
but  he  ari'ived  at  Acapulco  only  a  few  days  later 
than   his  companions.^'-     Thus  failed  the  second  at- 

-■•Accordinjj  to  Orfrj/a,  Ihlai-ion,  4.'?S,  tlic  Imlian  ntt.ick  wms  ciiuscd  liytlio 
net  ipf  (iiio  <  Jiiu's,  wild  seized  a  liir^'e  j».ail  finiu  tho  breast  of  a,  native  {.'ill. 
He  wan  afterward  liaiiLted  iu  Mexico  for  other  crimes. 

""I'adre  Zaniudio  told  .Salmeron,  Ji't luriuiiin,  I'J-I,'},  tliat  tlie  nun  srcurod 
jiiaiiy  i)earl«  mitil  \"i/caiiio  forced  tliein  to  show  tlieir  grains  that  tho  kiiig'.s 
lilth  iiiii;ht  he  sejiarated,  after  wjiich  they  refused  to  search  further. 

^'  Ajiaricio,  ('oiiv( nlo't,  '.2S4-()iS,  says  tiie  Sjiaiiiards  were  forced  to  evacuate 
l.a  I'az  hy  the  natives,  who  were  nndered  hostile  hy  the  act  elsewhei'e  attriii- 
iite<l  (see  note  'J'.t)  to  the  trouliles  fartiier  north.  Tliis author,  moreover,  udils 
the  eharma  tjf  romance  to  his  vei'sion.  It  seems  that  I'ou  i^tjie,  a  ]ia;,'o  of  the 
viceroy,  loved  l)onii  Klvira,  who  at  last  promised  him  her  hand  if  he  could  re- 
j)liicu  a  mafiiiilieent  pearl  she  had  lost.  With  thi.s  in  view  Lope  joined  \'iz- 
<'aino'.s  e.xpcdition,  and  at  List  saw  the  pearl  m  liiidi  would  Ijring  him  li.'i]>pines.s 
in  the  lip  of  u  chieftain's  dan^'hter.  Entreaties  .-ivailed  him  nothing,'  and  ho 
took  the  treasure  liy  force.  JJy  this  act  California  was  for  the  time  lost  to 
Spain,  hut  the  lover  gained  his  hride,  who  after  tlie  marriage  naively  con- 
fessed she  had  lost  no  pearl  at  all  ! 

"^Taylor,  Ui^t.  Sitminuri/,  -3-4,  says  the  return  was  in  October. 


THE  TEXINSULA. 


151 


rcnty- 
Mcro 
)f  tho 
zed  ill 
,)ws  or 
5  crow 
roiukr 
Hiutry 
lunigli 

1  iOliic- 

jilorors 
izeaino 
13  beiiiL? 
nlry,  a 

X<)t  !l 

to  risk 
x)re  tho 
iiorllur 
}  barely 


('( 


)l()iiy 
I  aii<l 
set  sail 
reries; 
lattT 
jiid  at- 

1(1  by  tlio 
itivu  girl. 

n  pcc\ircil 
tho  kii:L''-s 

I  c'vaoniito 
iTf  altril'- 

)VlT,  iulils 

ii^'u  (if  tin; 

;<i'Ulil  11- 

liiu  (I  \iz- 
liiijiliiiii'ss 

"    iUlll    111! 

|U'   lo.-t  V> 
ivcly  cull- 


tiMupt  to  settle  tlie  arid  jieiiiiisula,  which,  liowevor, 
lost  by  this  voyaijo  none  of  its  mysterious  and  at- 
tractive  attributes;  for  the  ri'])orts  of  <^n-eat  riches  m 
jiearls  assumed  more  definite  shape  than  ever  before, 
while  the  starved-out  adventurers  still  talked  of  maize 
in  immense  quantities  a  little  beyond  tlu."  limit  of 
their  naviijation.^^    Thus  end  the  maritime  and  inland 


«*^, 


.r"  -''-h 


'^■"-. 


,<* .  ^  .1*'  ./.  .-."■'^ 


"•s 


7*'^-  Ajsl^v 


l^U/  A*. .=5^  GaLICI*   ' 

^C?]    ■  ^      .  K?  .«.. 


Av" 


^  ..,.'^'* 


^■i^'^ 


-^ 


------     ?  <r  .:-.  -      ,,         ivo 


>'' 


Lok'3  Map,  ir)82. 

iiimals  of  tho  first  century  of  north-western  conquest, 
it  is  to  be  noted  that,  notwithstanding  the  fre(iuent 
M-e  of  the  term  Isl.ts  Californias,  the  country  was  re- 
,  led  as  a  peninsula  from  the  time  of  Ulloa  and 
.Vlarcon  down  to  the  end  of  the  century  and  eonsidcr- 
ahly  later.     Castillo's   map  of   1541    has  been  repro- 

"  Tlio  Btandard  jintliority  for  ^■izcaiIll^'.^  voyni,'i<  is  T<ir<jiii'tnii'l(i,  Mon. 
Iii'l.,  i.  (iS'J-(i.  NiivaiTcte,  Siil',1  ij  Mi.r.,  Ivii.-x.,  iiilds  iiKtliiiiL.'.  alllioiiuli  lio 
(lainiM  tit  liavo  stTU  smiio  oiiLiiiial  iiaiicis.  AntliorititM  wliicli  kIidw  wiiiin 
sliulit  variations  liavo  licoii  niciitidiKil  in  jji-cceding  notos;  those;  who  follow 
'J'onnu'niada,  giving  liis  version  in  full,  an;:  Wiief/ns,  Xn/.  CuL,  i.  is.'?  '.•; 
Cl(iv\;iro,  Stni;  Ciil.,  l,").V-7;  Miinh  y  Ijuhnrex,  Mar'nid  L'-ipaiin/'i,  4.S,S-!II; 
('(irU-H,  IHxt.  N.  Ksi«'.riii,  '.VH\\  Mii/nin',  Kr/fui:,  i.  100- 1;  Citro,  'J'n.i  Sl'/lo.t, 
i.  'J'JT;  J)o<:  J/ist.  J/,.,-..  HiTica  iv.,  v.  S-!t;  Calif,  Nnt.,  lOS-i);  Bitnin/'H  Chnni. 
J/IM.,  ii.  ISL'-.-i;  r<»:sl,  >■'■■<  //lif.  To//.,  4.V.'-:{;  7'iithiirn  //(V.  Cal.,  •JS-U;  (Jl<x- 
ton's  JiiU.  Cuth.  L'h.,  i.  7i>-S0;  Ulitaa  Lath.  Minx.,  isS. 


1S2 


VOYAGES  TO  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


ij 


li?? 


i  't 


duccd  in  an  earlier  chapter.^*  Michael  Lok's  map  of 
1582,  reproduced  on  the  next  preceding  page,*^  con- 
nects the  peninsula  to  the  main  by  a  narrow  isthmus, 
turning  the  coast  abruptly  eastward  just  above  the 
junction;  but  tlie  Wytfliet-Ptolemy  map  of  1597,  with 


Wytfliet-Ptolemy  Map,  1597. 

a  variety  of  curious  geographical  developments,  leaves 
no  doubt  as  to  the  author's  intention  to  make  Cali- 
fornia a  peninsula.^" 

'*Scc  p.  81  of  this  volume. 

^'■'  lldlhnjt'K  JHvvr.'^  Voi/CKjeit,  dH. 

""  Wyijlkl  (Com.)  Discriptionis  Ptolemaicm  Augmentum. 


u 


ap  of 
coii- 
imus, 
c  the 
,  with 


ria 


^ 


r-..ij; 


leaves 
ue  Culi- 


CHAPTER  VII. 

MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 

1C01-1C36. 

Vizcaino's  Second  Expedition — Outer  Pemnsfla  Coast — Up  to  Lati- 
TfDK  4.T — Latek  Projects— California  an  Island— Interest  in  tub 
XoKTii-WEST — Vizcaino's  Third  Vovaoe— 0:^ate  at  the  Head  of  tub 
(ii'LE — Cakddna's  Contract  and  Voyages— Juax  de  Itcrise— Piciii- 
LiNtirES  tiN  the  Coast— Spilbero's  Crcise — Memoisial  ok  Padre  As- 
cension— Dutch  Map — Arellano's  Claim— Private  Pearl  Voyaoes — 
MrxcnoR  de  Lezama — Petition  of  Uastan — Views  of  Salmeron — 
Three  Expeditions  by  Francisco  de  Ortega- -Third  Colony  at  La 
Paz— Orkunal  Records — First  of  the  Jesuits— Estevan  Carbonel 
in  the  Gulf — D'Avity's  Map. 

SEiusnAN  Vizcaino  liad  failed  to  found  a  permanent 
settlement  in  California,  yet  he  was  deemed  the  best 
man  to  put  in  command  of  the  new  expedition  up  the 
outer  coast,  ordered  by  tlie  king  by  cddula  of  Se[)tem- 
l)er  27,  1599,  the  special  object  being  to  seareli  the  coast 
jbr  a  harbor,  where  the  Manila  galleon  miglit  anchor 
and  her  scurvy- stricken  crew  find  relief  No  ex- 
])ense  was  to  be  spared  in  the  eftort;  accordingly  more 
than  ordinary  care  was  exercised  in  the  selection  f)f 
vessels  and  men.  The  fleet  consisted  of  two  mivlos 
obtained  from  Guatemala,  afragata  built  for  the  voy- 
age, and  a  lancha.  Vizcaino  as  capitan  general  sailed 
on  the  capitana,  San  Diego;  Toribio  Gomez  do  Cor- 
van  as  admiral  on  the  Santo  Tomds;"-  while  the  2'res 


'  According  to  c(5clula  of  Aug.  2,  1028,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  scries  ii.,  iii. 
44^,  and  tlwit  of  Aug.  19,  KifMi,  in  Vnie;ins,  Not.  CoL,  i.  11)4—1,  \"i/,c;iino  was 
strictly  f()rbi<ldcn  to  enter  tlio  gulf.  Ascension,  Itdacion,  ^^il,  says  tliat  ho 
had  orders  to  explore  the  gulf  on  his  return. 

*  Tlie  vessels  are  usually  spoken  of  as  tiie  capitana  and  almiranta,  and  not 
a  few  modern  writers  have  evidently  niistuken  these  terms  for  their  names. 

(103) 


1.-.4 


MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 


if 


,1'. 


i-- 


JiCi/i's  Nvas  uiuk'r  Alforcz  Arartin  Aufuilar  and  Pilot 
Aiitoiiio  Florcs,  Thu  lorce  was  iioaily  two  Inindivd 
])i(kud  iiKMi,  many  ol'  whom  wt-ro  bkilfnl  sailors,  and 
also  soldiei's."  Throe  barorooted  Carmelites  had  eliar;^e 
<»r  religious  interests,  padres  Andres  de  la  Asuncion, 
-Tonuis  do  A(]uino,  and  Antonio  do  la  Asi-ension,*  tlu; 
hist  serving  us  coinisario  and  tho  last  char-ged  with 
Iveejting  tho  diary  and  serving  with  Palacios  as  eos- 
niographer  and  map-maker.  Tho  hiader  having  been 
directed  by  tho  viceroy  to  consult  his  ollicers  on  all 
jnattor.s  oi'  moment,  and  duly  admonisheil  i-especting 
his  duties  and  I'esponsibilities  in  other  directions,  left 
IMoxico  on  ]\]arch  7th,  and  saiK.'d  Iroin  Acapulco 
imder  tho  ])atronngo  ot*  Our  Lady  of  Carmen  on 
»Sunday  ^lay  5,  IGO'J,  at  4.  r.  M.*^ 

"Other  olHcprs  wore  Cnpt.  Alvaro,  Est(''van  Pe^jucro  (Posquoro  or  Piqnero), 
f'apt.  (.lasjtar  (or  Pasoial)  de  Alarcon,  Capt.  Geriiniiiio  Maitiii  I'alacios,  eos- 
iiiograjilier;  filft'reces,  ■luaii  l''raiicisco  Suiiaiui,  Sebastian  Mi'leiuli'/,  ami  .Iiian 
<!>■  Aeelx'tlo 'J'cjeda;  jiilots,  Francisco  Jkiiaiios,  Kaltasar  tie  Armas,  aii<l  .liiaii 
J'asciial;  sergeants,  ^li;^iiel  de  l^eiiar  and  Jiiau  de  Castillo  Bucnu;  corporals, 
Ksti'vau  Li>|ie/,  and  Francisco  \'idal. 

*  Called  also  Asunciuu  iu  his  owu  uarrative  as  printed,  but  this  is  probably 
u  tyiiographical  error. 

''The  most  eonipleto  narrative  is  that  given  in  Torqwmnihi,  i.  (J!)4-72(!, 
jirobably  almost  identical  with  the  original  diary  of  Ascension.  'J'he  only 
jirinted  account  in  the  friar's  words  is  Asrensioii,  liilaclon  Jlrcre  < n  i/ko  si'  da 
iiolicia  (.III  ilisniliriiiiiciito,  etc.,  in  I'liclwco,  (.'ul.  JJoc,  viii.  o.'ilt-Tl.  Tins  is 
dated  ()ct.  \'2,  ItJ'Jl),  and  was  sent  to  tho  king  in  l)ecember  of  the  same  year. 
It  is  an  essay  on  the  gcograjihy,  peoiile,  and  products  of  the  (,'alifc>iiiias, 
written  with  a  view  of  promoting  further  attein])ts,  but  contains  inlorniatinu 
about  the  voyage  itself.  The  author  sjiys  he  wrote  a  comph'te  narrative  and 
made  a  map,  besides  a  short  account  for  the  king.  Casanate,  Cur/a  liil.,  27, 
Bays  Ascension  wrote  three  jiapers  ou  tho  subject  besides  one  that  was 
])rinted.  >>avarrete  found  in  the  archives  certilicd  copies  of  the  following 
original  jiapers:  lleeord  of  tho  councils  iield  during  the  voyage;  a  circum- 
stantial <liaiy;  an  itinerary  made  in  ItiO'J  by  Palacios,  ajjproved  liy  pilots  and 
by  Ascension  (doubtless  the  one  sent  from  Monterey),  and  H2  nia[is  of  the 
coast  explored.  Considering  his  advantages  this  writer,  Sntil  //  M<  .v.,  introd., 
Ix.-lxviii.,  gives  an  account  which  is  hardly  satisfactory,  containing  some 
errors,  and  very  far  from  being  complete;  but  he  has  published  a  reduction  of 
the  charts,  Atlas  Xo.  4,  which  Burney  has  reproduced  and  wliicli  I  give 
lierewilh.  Salmeron,  UdavlonvK,  l-i-'Jl,  was  personally  acijuainted  with 
Ascension  and  with  others  of  Vizcaino's  coujpanions.  In  his  ecdula  of  Aug. 
"2,  lO'JS,  Doi\  Hist.  Mfx.,  S(5rie  ii.,  iii.  44H,  the  king  gives  some  points  con- 
nected with  the  voyage,  und  speaks  of  Vizcaino's  letter  from  Monti'rey  dated 
Dec.  *J8,  IGO'2.  Veuegas,  iS'o/.  ('«/.,  i.  lO.'f-'iOl,  gives  a  royal  order  of  A\\\!,. 
10,  1G(M!,  which  contains  original  information.  And  linally  (."abrera  nueno, 
in  his  Nuirijuckia  Hspcriiliilira,  Muiiilu,  17114,  .302-i;i,  has  a  J)(  rruUi  dcsde 
el  Cabo  (Ic  Mendocino  hasta  el  jiiierto  de  Acapulco  por  la  Custa,  which  contiiins 
the  results  of  this  expedition. 

The  above  arc  the  ori^'iuol  authorities;  the  following  accounts,  more  or 


SEBASTIAN  VIZCAINO. 


155 


Explorations  \Voyo  to  begin  ut  tlio  point  of  Cali- 
i'lirniji,  and  tlio  fkiet  anchored  Juno  lltli  in  tlu;  ])ort 
»-t'  Sun  Jiornabc,"  or  Puerto  del  C;il)o.  Here  begun 
the  marvels  inseparable  from  nojthern  voyages.  A 
miraculous  lighting-up  of  the  air  saved  tiiein  from 
>vreck  off  the  cape  in  a  dense  fog;  the  natives,  ]>leused 
to  sec  a  ntigro  on  board,  .said  tliey  were  accustomed  to 
intei'course  with  j)eople  of  that  race;  the  country  wus 
most  fertile,  the  climate  all  that  could  be  desired,  and 
indications  of  wealth  were  abundant.  It  is  remarka- 
lle  what  charms  the  sterile  peninsula  had  in  these 
times  for  all  save  such  as  were  culle<l  ujion  to  settle 
there.  The  devil,  to  adopt  the  chroiiicKjr's  opinion, 
was  averse  to  the  Spaniards'  de[)urture,  involving  as 
it.  did  the  invasion  of  his  northern  reulms;  l)ut  after 
three  vain  uttempts,  a  fourth  was  more  successful,  and 
the  long-boat  having  been  abandoned,  the  three  ves.sels 
set  sail  on  the  5th  of  July. 

The  outer  coast  of  the  peninsula  having  been  already 
explored  by  Ulloa  and  Cabrillo,  and  the  sc^paratioii 
of  A'izcaino's  vessels  during  a  greater  jiart  of  the 
vovuL-e  causing  no  little  confusion,  I  refer  the  student 
of  geographical  details  to  a  note  and  to  Vizcaino'^ 
ma[)  which  accompanies  this  narrative.^     A  few  well 

loss  extensive,  were  taken  from  Torquoniada,  cither  directly  or  through  Venc- 
^;is  or  his  foUowera,  a  few  writers  liiivinj^  also  i'.oii8ulti<l  Niivarrcte;  Marrk 
1/  Ldhon-s,  MuriiHt  Ki/ifiriolu,  ii.  4m-5tM>;  re»r;/«.s,  A'u<.  Cal.,  iii.  2'_'-i;i!(; 
Cliicii/i  ro,  tSlor.  Cat.,  137 -'J;  ICsjilaimi,  iu  Soc..  Mcx.  {Imii.,  v.  4"2!)— Ki;  CVtco, 
V'/vv  Siijloa,  i.  '2.'{H-U;  Cal.  Extult.  i)  I'roj.,  9-10;  Ncu-urn'fe,  rUiji'n  Ajidr.,  4."); 
J.iircmfiiiii,  ill  CorfrK,  IJint.,  ;{2l>-7;  Tnj/lor'n  JJinf.  .Suinnutri/,  'J4-7;  Jiuriifi/'H 
(liroii.  Hill.,  ii.  '23()-5i);  Muj'nut,  En/dor.,  i.  100,  etc.,  .'VJ>(;  llumhol'tt,  L'xn. 
I'uL,  li.'JO;  On-cnhuw'.-*  Or.  (twl  Citl.,  44-();  Tins.i'  Or.  (,>«(■.•*<.,  (i;t;  Fori/rr'n 
Hist.  I'o)/.,  4.")2-:{;  TiilhiIVs  llhl.  Cnl.,'l\)-M\;  FrliiiH,  La  CiiL,  i:$;  aiie.so,i's 
Jlht.  I'nth.  Ch.,  i.  80-1;  Lardiicr'»  IliH.  Mar.  yj/woc,  ii. 'JH.V-f!;  Cnm'iHi'a 
Nat.  Wmllh,  (»-!);  Barlklfii  Pcrs.  Xurr.,  ii.  88,  98-100;  .SV/ra'.-t  Cnl/i.  Miss., 
8S;  Wuljiolc's  Four  Years,  ii.  212;  Jiol/inson's  Life.  Cut.,  2;  Aimr.  (Jmirt.  L'ci/., 
ii.  l.'iO;  (All.  Past,  Pre.seiit,  etc.,  C3-4;  CampbtU's  tSjian.  Artier.,  84;  Fum- 
faun's  Life  Cal.,  127-48;  SamudaiKj  dcr  lleise,  xvii.  l.'Ji). 

"So  iiamctl  from  the  day.  On  the  way  tliey  had  stopped  for  repairs  at 
Natividad  May  19th-22d,  sighted  Cape  Corrieutes  May  2!lth,  pas.sud  Mu/atlan 
.lime  2d,  and  arrived  off  C.  San  Liicas  June  9th.  Taylor,  JJist.  Summari/, 
24-5,  makes  the  arrival  at  S.  BeriiabtS  June  14th. 

'  The  points  arc  given  as  nearly  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  vi.sitc<l 
OS  possible,  according  to  Torquemada's  text.  The  names  italicized  do  not 
appear  on  the  map; 

Cape  San  Lucas, 


150 


MARniME  EXPLORATIONS. 


n 


V.TajaaxJtSSiiinrii)  JuiUl 


P.ltueDu  lie  S.DIvgO 


El  Cnlvnrlo 


I.DE    &  UAHriN<9J 

IMii.Vlnrpin***^ 

y£nt.l'iriitnn 
P.I>.lKiiJill^ 
i.s.GEHosi^fC.Baio 


"IKnt.dt  Canoa* 
CC.UIiUicu  <lv  Slii.MikrU 


I.DE   CtlT^S   1 

C.S.At'ii,lin\        y 

"^^a.NATIVIDAD 


?  Krua.(/«  Pkieaih  Blaiue 


„-,;>..../.  S.llarlJ.,mt 
IS    yHn.iluerto 


lA  Dt  S.Hoqt,'t  ^ 


I.DE   ASUNCION 


Ctn.ABuncion 


^lUx-ltuiuiun 


'ru.i/r  S.Ili}iotit» 
PU.riaya 


.\l,r,..ij, 
Pill.. I.-  .Mirc.iji 


Pta..l.N;i.S:i..li-  lo*  .Nk'v 


Ptit.Baxiu 


U.SI,i,M.i,la 


!)..=  Ilirii.iiiiiisV-'       \ 

.  ifl../.  la  Mij'l.ihii 

t       M.Ti..  li..,|..ii,i..(V    <J. 


'uMurTO  ilv  £uM!uaila 


Vizcaino's  Map,  1G03. 


if 


EXPLORATIONS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORXLV. 


1.-.7 


known  points  may  be  ulcntifiud;  but  the  iniporfection.s 
of  the  best  modern  charts,  frequent  changes  and  con- 
sequent confusion  in  names,  and  the  vagueness  of 
Toi(|uenuuhi's  text  render  futile  any  attenq)t  at  geo- 
gra[thical  exactitude. 

In  doubhng  tlie  cape  the  fragata  was  separated  from 
lier  comi)anions  and  was  forced  back  to  San  Bernabe; 


Sirrm  (hi  Knfndo  (14  1.  R.  E.  J  E.  from  B.  Mariflas  in  23°.  Cahrrra  liiirnn). 

li.  Knganosii  du  Stiv  ^lariniv,  the  suuthurn  cntrauoc  tu  Magdaluna  IS.  (°J4'. 
f'uhriri  Jliii'iKi.) 

]J.  (li!  MaL;iIelcna,  also  called  Puerto  do  Santiago  and  Puerto  del  Marqm'* 
(•J.")  .  ( 'iihrern  Jim  no.  Tlio  Pt  Trinidad  of  Ulloa  and  Cabrillo  was  on  tin;  island 
tli.'it  fdiins  tliis  liny.  Xacdrrefe.  Ulloa 's San  Abad.  Uiinirii).  Kunicd  Magda- 
Kiia  liy  Caluilln,  and  al.so  by  Vizcaino  from  the  day  of  arrival. 

B.  ill'  Siiii,  Crl/ildhnl  at  tlio  mouth  of  a  river  (Taylor  notes  that  there  arc 
tlirco  winter  streams  N.  of  Magdalena). 

15.  lie  ISallenaa,  a  part  of  .Magdalena  according  to  map,  but  not  apparently 
according  to  text  (near  Abreojos  in  '2''  lo'?  Cubn-ra  JJiieno). 

tSii  rrii  lie  loKSirte  Iiifantis 

Isia  de  la  Asuncion  (Cabrillo's  Santa  Ana.  Knvarri'te.  A  few  leagues 
lielow  Turtle  B.  7 (i)/for.  'JS' scant.  Cabrera  But nu.)  Possibly  the  luocentea 
of  CiistiUo's  map. 

Isla  do  San  Koquo. 

Puerto  de  San  IJartolomd,  just  below  Cedros  Isl.  (12  leagues  from  Nativi- 
dad?  in  28"  30.     'abrera  Uurno.   Cabrillo's  San  Pedro  Vincula.  Nanirrciv). 

Isla  do  Natividad,  Cabrillo's  and  perhaps  UUoa's  San  Estevan  (0  1.  s.  E. 
(if  ('.  San  Agustin.  Cubrtni  Jiiicno). 

Isla  do  Cerros,  the  Cedros  of  Ulloa  and  Cabrillo  (middle  of  isl.  in  20'. 
Vnhrira  lluviw). 

CajH'  San  Agustin  on  Cerros  Isl. 

B.  Sun  Jli/iulito  (San  Francisco  near  Rosario.  Taylor). 

Eiixi'tmila  lie,  San  t'osnie  y  Sun  Damian.  (San  Quintin.  Tcn/lor.  Opposite 
San  r>runo.  Kiel,  A  punt.,  70.) 

Mesrt.i  lie  Sitn  Viprtano  (M.  de  Juan  Gomez.  Cabrera  Bueno). 

Puuta  del  Engano,  so  called  by  Ulloa  and  Cabrillo.  (Cape  Colnntt.  Taylor. 
Xavai'reto  identilies  Cabrillo's  Pt  Engaflo  with  the  cabo  bajo  of  Vizcaino's 
iiiiip.) 

I4a  lie  Ccnhas  (.31"  20'  4  1.  s.  E.  J  .s.  of  S.  Marcos.   Cabrera  Bueno). 

B:  (III  San  Francisco,  still  so  called  (at  foot  of  and  s.  E.  of  Mesas  de  Juan 
Gomez.  ( 'abreni  Bueno)., 

Isla  do  San  Geronimo,  Cabrillo's  San  Bernardo  and  still  so  called  (31°  Stf 
s.  E.  \  s.  from  Virgin  Bay.  Cabrera  Bueno). 

Iula  tie  Pi'ijaros. 

B.  de  Onco  Mil  Vfrgenes  (C.ibrille's  Puerto  do  Posesion.  Xavarrete.  31° 
40'  3  1.  from  San  Marcos.  Cabrera  Bueno). 

Isla  de  San  Jlilarlo  (30°.  Xkl.  Navarrete  and  Cabrera  Bueno  both  mention 
Isla  de  San  Marcos  here). 

B.  do  San  Simon  y  Judas  (San  Jude,  near  Mission  S.an  Vicente.  Tat/lor. 
S.  Quintin.  Cabrera  Bueno). 

B.  do  Todos  Santos  (Cabrillo's  San  Mateo.  Nararrete.  s.  E.  \  s.  from  S. 
Martin,  .32'.  Cabrera  Bueno).     Still  called  Toilos  Santos. 

Islas  Coronudas,  Islas  Desiertas  of  Cabrillo.     (San  Martin,  called  by  Sa 
Bias  Exped.  Coronados.  Sullly  Mex.,  app.,  14-lu.    S.  Martin  C  1.  from  Sau 
Diego.   Cabrera  Bueno. ) 

San  Diego.    Cabrillo's  San  Miguel. 


188 


MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 


Ill  ^ 
I: 


ilfK 


l)iit  slie  ri'joinod  the  capitana  at  ^Magdalona  Bay 
lato  ill  July,  tlic  aliniranta  having  in  her  turn  parted 
from  her  contort  at  the  entrance  of  that  l)av  on  Julv 
'JOtii,  and  the  wliole  lleot  not  being  reunited  until  Au- 
gust 3l.st  at  Cerros  Island,**  which  the  Sunfo  Tomth 
had  reached  as  early  as  the  19th.  Farther  north  a 
furious  htorni  caused  imminent  risk  of  sliipwreck, 
isj)ecially  to  tlie  almiranta ;  hut  all  obstacles  were 
overcome;  on  November  r)th  the  fleet  entered  Todos 
Santos  Bay;  and  five  days  later  anchored  in  the  port 
of  San  JJiego,  formerly  called  San  Miguel. 

Tile  voyage  had  been  a  long  and  tedious  one,  but 
beyond  the  petty  details  incident  to  such  navigation 
there  is  nothing  that  calls  for  special  notice.  The 
natives  were  for  the  most  part  shy  and  kejit  aloof; 
but  their  simial-smokes  were  often  seen  in  the  moun- 
tains.  At  Cerros  Island  they  refused  all  intercourse 
with  tlio  Si>aniards;  at  San  Simon  Bay  they  wen; 
hostile,  dis(;harged  their  arrows,  and  received  in  return 
a  volley  whicli  ivilled  several;  but  at  Virgin  Bay  they 
were  exceedingly  hospitable  and  spoke  of  other  bearded 
men  armetl  with  muskets  then  in  the  interior,  refei'ring 
as  the  voyagers  supposed  to  Onatc's  men  in  New 
Mexico.  An  abundance  of  "  ill-smelling  bitumen," 
doubtless  asphaltuin,  was  thought  to  be  amber;  and 
so  far  as  could  be  determined  by  a  Peruvian  miner  on 
board,  the  sierras  seen  at  a  distance  seemed  rich  in 
gold  ai  (1  silver! 

The  -est  of  this  voyage,  as  in  the  case  of  Cabrillo's 
earlier  lavigation  of  the  same  waters,  belongs  in  its 
minor  rticulars  of  geography  and  adventure  to  the 
history  f  Alta  California."  Only  its  main  features 
as  a  voy  ^e  to  the  north-west  claim  attention  at  pres- 
ent. T  e  fleet  left  San  Diego  November  20th,  several 
men  having  already  died  and  many  being  unfit  for 
duty  from  the  effects  of  scurvy.     Touching  at  Santa 

*  Navarrcte  incorrectly  states  that  the  ahniranta  joined  the  capitana  nt 
Magdalena  Bay  July  '_'.">tli. 

"Sec  Hint.  Cat,  i.  [)7  ct  soq.;  Hist.  Northiceat  Coast,  i.  140  et  acq.  for  full 
details  of  the  northern  voyage. 


1$ 


ni:sL'LTs  OF  Tni:  vovAriF. 


i:.9 


Catallna  T>lan<l,  and  passiiiLf  tlir(Hi<^Ii  tlio. Santa  IJar- 
)>ara  (Miaiiiu-l,  so  nainctl  at  tlio  tinu',  tlu'  navigators 
sigliti'd  tlio  Santa  Lucia  range  on  iJccvniber  14th  at 
a  i»oint  wlicro  it  Iiail  often  been  seen  by  the  ^Fanila 
slii|>s  before;  and  on  the  IGtli  they  anchored  in  ^[on- 
ttrey  ]>ay.  From  this  port  tlie  alniiranta  was  sent 
back  to  Acapulco  under  Corvan,  bearing  tlie  sick, 
Nvith  rejjorts  and  api)eals  for  aid.  The  otlier  ships 
went  on  at  tlie  beginning  of  1G03.  Vizcaino  entered 
( 'ciiiK'non's  San  Francisco,  and  the  vessels  did  not 
niet't  again  in  the  north,  lioth  advanced,  however, 
lieyoiid  (.'ajie  Mendocino,  and  each  reached  a  Capo 
]ilanco  located  in  latitude  42°  and  43'  respectively. 
Aguilar  thought  he  saw  a  great  river  near  that  ])oi:it. 
Tluy  turned  back  in  rough  weather  in  the  middle  of 
January. 

Tiie  Santo  Tomds  from  Monterey  lost  twenty-fivo 
men  from  scurvy  on  the  voyage  to  Acapulco,  only 
( 'a|)tain  Corvan  and  two  companions  landing  in  health. 
The  S(i)i  J)i('(/o  reached  Mazatlan  in  February.  Had 
no  relief  been  obtained  here  all  must  have  ])erished; 
but  the  general  with  fiv^c  men  who  could  walk  started 
inland  with  a  hope  of  reaching  San  Sebastian  do 
Cliamctla,  supposed  to  be  about  eight  leagues  distant. 
lie  was  so  fortunate  as  to  strike  the  Culiacan  trail 
and  to  meet  a  mule-traiii  whoso  arrieros  took  him  to 
the  presence  of  Captain  Martin  lluiz  do  Aguirre,  al- 
calde mayor  of  the  province,  avIio  at  once  sent  relief 
to  the  alllicted  in  the  way  of  fresh  food,  vegetables, 
IVuits,  and  especially  the  jocohuitztlcs  to  which  above 
all  else  they  attributed  their  cure.  A  courier  hav- 
ing been  sent  overland  to  Mexico,  the  travellers  set 
sail  j\Iarch  9th,  and  on  the  twenty-first  arrived  safely 
at  Acapulco.  Aguilar  and  Flores  of  the  Tres  lici/cs 
died  on  the  southern  trip,  but  Corporal  Estevan  Lo- 
pez with  four  men  arrived  at  Navidad  while  Vizcaino 
was  at  ]\Iazatlan.  The  total  of  deaths  on  all  the  ves- 
sels was  fort3'-eight. 

With  the  exception  of  having  discovered  !Montcrey 


i 


i!i 


! 


\m"' 


mi 


1 5''  '*  '■-• 


100 


MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 


Bay,  rcproscntctl  as  a  p^ood  liaibor  and  well  adapted 
to  the  needs  of  the  galleons,  Vizcaino  had  in  reality 
as  a  discoverer  accomplished  less  than  Cabrillo  sixty 
years  before;  but  the  results  of  his  expedition,  unlike 
those  of  Cabrillo's,  were  preserved  and  made  known  to 
the  world  through  the  writings  of  Torrpieniada  and 
Cabrera  Bueno.  The  general  features  of  the  coast 
from  San  Liicas  to  Mendocino  were  now  tolerably 
well  known;  and  the  knowled<>'c  thus  gained  had  to 
suffice  for  a  century  and  a  half 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  Vizcaino's  voyage,  not- 
withstanding the  careful  survey  of  the  outer  coast, 
instead  of  dispelling  the  populai'  fallacies  of  imaginary' 
northern  geography,  had  rather  the  contrary  tendency. 
Torcjueniada  contents  himself  with  expressing  the 
pinion  in  general  terms  that  the  mouth  of  Aguilar's 


o 


river  was  at  the  entrance  of  the  strait  leading  tt)  the 
North  Sea;  but  Padre  Ascension,  both  in  his  written 
narratives  and  memorials,  and  especially  in  his  con- 
versation with  officials  and  friars  after  his  return, 
spoke  of  the  existence  and  location  of  the  strait  as 
facts  no  longer  susceptible  of  doubt;  and  not  only  this, 
but  he  stated  that  the  gulf  of  California  was  in  reality 
a  strait  which  opened  into  the  Pacific  at  or  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Anian  Strait  in  43°,  thus  making  of  the 
Californias  an  immense  island.  These  statements  had 
much  to  <lo  with  the  long-lasting  idea  of  California's 
insular  character,  and  they  also  serve  in  connection 
with  reports  of  ])earl-fisherics  to  explain  why  subse- 
(iuent  ex]>lorations  were  directed  so  exclusively  to  the 
gulf,  while  the  outer  coast  was  neglected. 

Prom  Vizcaino's  return  down  to  the  permanent  oc- 
cupation of  the  j)eninsu]a,  ninety-four  years  later,  the 
subject  M'as  kept  almost  constantly  before  the  viceroy, 
audiencia,  and  the  court,  by  a  succession  of  memorials 
either  offered  voluntarily  or  in  response  to  calls  of  the 
government  for  information  by  men  who  were  tluniret- 
iccUy  or  practically  acquaintetl  with  v,  hat  had  already 


I 


NORTHEIIX  PROJECTS. 


101 


this, 
>ality 
the 
.f  the 
had 
)niia's 
'ctiou 
;ubse- 
:o  the 


nt  oc- 
r,  the 
:'ero_v, 
lorials 
)('  the 
>ori't- 
rcudy 


l»ecn  (lone.  Friars  worked  for  the  extension  of  their 
iirlds  of  missionary  labor,  with  a  view  to  increase  the 
inlhiencc  and  wealth  of  their  respective  orders;  antl 
they  never  allowed  the  authorities  to  fjrget  the  thou- 
sands of  natives  awaiting  spiritual  aid,  the  superiority 
of  the  northern  tribes,  and  the  civilized  peo}»les  to  bo 
loiuid  a  little  I'arther  on.  Xavigators,  hunn'iy  for 
j'anie  and  adventures,  dwelt  on  the  iinpoi'tance  to  every 
loyal  interest  of  an  accurate  survey,  and  of  precau- 
tions against  foreign  schemes;  being  uniformly  willing 
to  sacrifice  their  own  to  tlie  nation's  interests,  and  to 
take  command  of  a  new  expedition.  Traders  and 
seekers  for  pearls  and  precious  metals  were  enthusi- 
astic respecting  the  grand  discoveries  and  '<rander 
reports  of  northern  wealth,  and  the  prospective  glories 
of  Spanish  commerce;  and  they  too  were  entirely 
willing  to  undertake  explorations,  simi)ly  asking  license 
to  pay  expenses  by  pearl-diving  on  the  way. 

Thus  ail  the  classes  mentioned,  and  others  with 
individual  interests  more  or  less  clearly  defined,  urged 
their  own  views;  but  each  class  warmly  approved  the 
^  iews  of  all  the  rest,  and  all  devoted  a  very  largt>  ]>art 
ot"  their  memorials  to  the  fables  and  vagaries  of  the 
Northern  IMysterv.  To  these  cosmographical  fancies 
a  future  chapter  v.'ill  be  devoted;  statements  of  the 
memorialists  resjucting  what  had  already  been  accom- 
jthshed  in  the  direction  of  their  aspirations  are  but 
versions,  olun  inaccurate  and  always  incomplete,  of 
the  narratives  jdready  before  the  reader,  in  the  prepa- 
riition  of  which  narratives  they  have  been  utilized; 
iiiid  finally  the  several  propositions  in  their  ri'al  and 
jiractical  a^J1ecfs  are  to  be  noticed  in  the  I'ollowing 
jiages,  together  with  the  expeditions  that  resulted 
from  them, 

Vizcaino's  share  in  the  pnnnotion  of  northern  onter- 
jtriscs  is  not  well  known.  We  are  tokl  that  he  retained 
his  faith  in  the  practicability  of  settling  the  Califor- 
iiias,  and  applied  to  the  viceroy  for  license  to  under- 
take a  new  entrada.     The  viceroy  refusing  to  grant 

aisi.N.  Hex.  States,  Vol.  I.   U 


i 


]G2 


MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 


I 


Ih 


if 


9     :1 


his  petition  unless  supported  by  royal  sanction,  the 
^^eneral  went  to  Spain  and  urged  his  schemes  at  court. 
The  royal  council,  bearing  in  mind  past  failures  and 
timid  about  incurring  expense,  delayed  its  approval  so 
long  on  the  plea  of  making  additional  investigations, 
that  the  navigator  came  back  disheartened  to  Mexico. 
In  IGOG,  however,  the  consejo  and  royal  cosmograplur 
arrived  at  their  tardy  conclusion,  and  on  the  19th  of 
August  were  issued  the  king's  orders  to  Viceroy  !Mon- 
tesclaros  and  to  Pedro  de  Acuila,  governor  of  the  Phil- 
ippines, by  the  terms  of  which  Vizcaino,  if  alive  and  to 
be  found,  or  if  not  his  admiral,  was  to  be  put  in  com- 
mand of  a  new  expedition. 

The  leader  and  })ilots  were  to  sail  on  the  galleon  of 
1G07  and  to  approach  Monterey  from  the  west  for 
additional  survey,  while  the  port  was  to  be  settled  and 
made  a  station  for  the  Manila  ships  in  1008,  also  by 
a  voyage  from  the  wcst.^'^  Don  Sebastian  was  easilv 
found,  and  was  disposed  to  accept  the  trust,  but  the 
generally  accepted  version  has  been  that,  for  some  un- 
known reason,  j^erhaps  connected  with  the  viceroy's 
death  in  1007,  the  king's  orders  were  not  carried  out, 
most  writers  also  addinij  that  Vizcaino  died  before 
the  preparations  were  comj)letcd.  All  this,  however, 
is  eri'oncous.  Vizcaino  actually  sailed  from  Acapulco 
in  jSIarcli  1011  on  the  San  Francisco.  But  mean- 
while reports  of  certain  "Islas  Ilicas  do  Oro  y  Plata" 
in  the  far  west  seem  to  have  rendered  the  occupation 
of  the  north-west  coasi  for  the  time  a  secondary 
consideration;  and  the  general  went  as  ambassador 
to  Japan  to  seek  license  for  further  explorations  in 
that  region.  Probably  it  was  still  intended  to  tal;e 
steps  on  his  return  for  the  occu[)ation  of  Monterey; 
but  his  experience  in  Japan  was  so  disastrous,  tin.' 
complicated  details  having  no  bearing  on  the  present 

'"Vcncgas,  Xot.  Cnl.,  i.  191-201,  gives  the  ciilula  in  full.  Extmcts  nlso 
ill  Frhptet,  La  CaL,  14-18.  The  date  is  given  as  1G09  in  (Jul.  EMuh.  >/  /')";/, 
9-10,  but  Montcsclaroa  was  not  viceroy  in  that  year.  Sec  also  Vlavi'juv,  Stur. 
Cnl.,  i.  Io9-U0. 


Ois  ATE  AND  CyiDOXA. 


163 


subject,  that  Vizcaino  was  obliged  in  poor  health  to 
give  up  all  his  projects  and  to  return  as  a  passenger 
on  his  own  ship  in  1G13.  The  return  was  by  tlio 
usual  northern  route,  the  California  coast  was  sighted 
in  December,  and  finally  the  San  Francisco  arrived 
at  Zacatula  in  January  1G14.  This  seems  to  have 
been  the  end  of  Vizcaino's  career  as  an  explorer." 

It  may  be  well  to  note  in  passing,  that  in  1G05 
Governor  Onate,  with  a  party  from  Xew  Mexico, 
came  down  the  Colorado  and  reached  the  head  of  the 
gulf  as  elsewhere  narrated.^^  His  observations  and 
reports  obtained  by  him  from  the  natives  seemed  to 
favor  the  theory  of  a  strait  from  gulf  to  ocean.  It 
was  in  1G09  that  Maldonado  set  forth  his  views 
already  noted."  They  were  not  more  absurd  than 
than  those  entertained  by  others  at  the  time;  but 
while  others  aired  their  theories,  he  described  what  ho 
falselv  claimed  to  have  seen.  His  statements  created 
no  sensation.  A  few  were  well  acquainted  with  the 
man's  character;  and  to  others  it  seemed  not  a  very 
great  achievement  to  sail  through  a  strait,  the  exist- 
ence of  which  was  so  well  known. 


About  IGIO  a  contract  seems  to  have  been  formed 
between  the  king  and  Captain  Tomiis  Cardona,  by 
which  the  latter  undertook  certain  naval,  exploring, 
and  pearl-seeking  operations  both  in  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacitie.  Work  was  begun  in  1G13,  and  Captain  Toniiis 
with  his  nephew  Nicolas  Cardona  as  second  in  com- 
mand, cruised  for  a  year  in  the  Leeward  Isles  aiid  on 
the  coast  of  Tierra  Firme.    Francisco  Basilio  had  been 


'^Vi~.rah)o,  ndacion  drl  Viaiif  /who  pnra  d  ih  noihrhnkv'  >  tic  hin  hhis 
Vamu(l(i!t  IticitK  ill'  Oro  y  Phitn,  JHll-1,}.  in  /'(/'•/(( 'm  ami  C'lnlciinx.  Cvl.  ])oi\, 
viii.  lOl-i)!).  Tho  royal  ci'ilnl.i(jf  Ki'JS,  iiiy.»<,f.  Jli-l.  J/<.i\,  ^uiioii.  toin.  iii.  44:t, 
is  inadu  to  say  that  V'izoaino  visitod  Spain  in  Kil.S,  Tl'is  nui.st  lio  a  niispiint, 
lint  Ciinlona,  Mi  mortal,  40,  says  tiiat  Suliastian  Vi/.c-.ino  coniniancKMl  at  Sala- 
Cua  in  1 1)1(1,  when  the  iihice  was  attacked  liy  Diitra  jjiratos,  and  that  he,  tho 
writer,  served  under  him. 

'■■' See  lli.-ii.  ^'iir  Mf.r.  ami  Ariz,,  this  scries. 

"  See  p.  144  of  this  volume. 


104 


MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 


'  (i 


i 

n 


'    1 

M     * 


in  charge  of  the  enterprise  in  the  Pacific,  but  he  died, 
and  Nicolas  Cardona  was  sent  in  1G14  to  take  com- 
mand jointly  with  Juan  de  Iturbe  and  Sergeant  Pedro 
Alvarez  de  Resales.  Three  ships  were  built  at  Aca- 
])ulco.  The  pichillngiies,  or  foreign  pirates,  were,  how- 
ever, reported  to  be  on  the  coast,  and  an  attack  on 
Acapulco  was  feared,  so  that  Cardona  with  his  men  was 
obliged  to  aid  in  preparations  for  defence,  although  no 
j)irates  appeared. 

March  21,  1G15,  the  three  vessels  with  a  long-boat 
sailed,  bearing  at  least  thirty  soldiers  and  many  negro 
divers.  Crossing  from  Mazatlan  they  landed  two 
Franciscan  friars,  set  up  a  cross,  and  went  through 
the  forms  of  taking  possession  in  California.  From 
this  indeterminate  point  they  followed  the  coast  to  27^, 
landing  at  several  places,  noting  rich  mineral  prospects, 
sometimes  avoided  but  generally  well  received  by  the 
natives.  At  the  landing  in  27° — the  same  where  Viz- 
caino had  been,  as  i)roved  by  five  Christian  skulls  and 
the  fragments  of  a  boat" — Cardona  with  thirty  divers 
was  attacked  by  six  hundred  natives,  and  himself 
wounded,  but  the  warriors  fled  when  two  mastitis 
were  set  upon  them,  and  came  back  next  day  in  peace 
to  hear  mass. 

At  30°  the  vessels  crossed  over  to  a  large  island  on 
the  eastern  shore,  or  "contra  costa  de  Florida,"  where 
the  adventurers  remained  three  days,  noted  a  small 
island  with  manv  seals,  heard  "a  noise  on  the  main 
as  of  dogs  guarding  stock,"  and  then  advanced,  still 
on  the  eastern  side,  up  to  what  was  deemed  34°.  At 
this  point,  where  was  a  shallow  port  named  Santa 
Clara,  California  seemed  to  be  a  peninsula;  but  on 
crossing  to  the  western  shore  the  strait  was  seen  that 
made  it  an  island.  Rich  mines  were  foijnd  on  botli 
sides  in  this  latitude.  The  weather  being  stormy  and 
food  scarce,  the  voyagers  turned  southward,  following 
the  "  Florida  coast."     Touching  on  the  way  at  the 

"Seo  p.  150  of  this  volume. 


CARDONA  IN  THE  GULF. 


165 


3acc 


Mayo  River  in  23°,  where  was  a  Jesuit  establishment 
under  Padre  Pedro  Mendcz,  Cardona's  soldiers  were 
utilized  by  the  padre  to  terrify  certain  Indians  who, 
a  few  months  before,  had  killed  and  eaten  his  com- 
panion. 

Iturbe  remained  with  two  vessels  at  Sinaloa — or  as 
one  narrative  says,  returned  thither  from  Mazatlan — • 
to  winter  and  prepare  for  a  new  pearl -voyage;  while 
Cardona  with  the  capitana  and  boat  proceeded 
toward  Acapulco,  but  at  Zacatula  fell  in  with  the 
jiicliilingues  under  Spilberg,  who  took  the  vessel,  crew, 
padres,  and  ])earls,  only  the  captain  and  a  few  soldiers 
escaping  by  jumping  into  the  sea.  The  preceding  are 
Cardona's  own  statements,  almost  the  only  original 
ones  extant  bearing  directly  on  the  voyage.^'' 

Other  authorities  do  not  mention  Nicolas  Cardona 
at  all,  altliouo-h  Ribas  and  Ortega  tell  us  that  Iturbe 
was  agent  for  Tomas  Cardona  of  Seville.'"  The  best 
known  version  of  the  affair  is  that  Iturbe  with  a 
license  from  the  viceroy  fitted  out  two  vessels  at  his 
own  expense.  One  of  them  was  captured  by  pichi- 
linijues  before  he  reached  the  gulf;  but  in  the  other 
ho  w-ent  up  to  30°,  where  the  shores  wore  observed  t<j 
ap[)roach  nearer  to  eacli  other.  North-westers  and 
scarcity  of  food  forced  him  to  return,  and  his  wants 
were  relieved  on  the  way  by  Padre  Ribas  at  the 
Ahome  Mission,  at  the  mouth  of  what  is  now  the 
Rio  Puerto.  He  next  touched  at  the  Rio  do  Sinaloa, 
where  he  Avas  aided  by  Captain  Ilurdaide,  alcalde  of 
San  Felipe,  but  was  ordered  to  sea  to  ])roteet  the 
]\lanila  galleon,  and  this  service — also  attributed  by 

'*  Cardoiiii,  Ihiocion  /li'l  ih  .■'riihrhiihiito  <hl  rcitio  (!<•  In  f'itlit''inil(i,  in  Purhcro, 
Col.  J><ic.^  ix.  :!()— J'J.  'J'liis  is  a  iiHitimial  of  the  tla^^s  1  hiivi:  ailmlt'il  to, 
rHl(lii.'sso(l  to  the  vicoi-oy  alioHt  1(117,  in  wliicli  more  s]ia(.'i;  ami  atti'iitioii  aro 
(livoti'(l  to  tilt;  country  and  its  i)i'os|)(.'(.ts,  and  the  writoi  ".s  suivii'i's  and  iiii>foi-- 
tiinos,  tlitin  to  tlu!  voyajiu  it.^olf.  Cnrdoiia.  Mrniorhil  ul  lo  ij,  in  hi.,  A--'u,  is 
ii  similar  docinnont  pifsunted  iu  l(i;33  or  ii  little  later.  'J'lie  two  niiriati\os  are 
not  alike,  one  reciting  events  not  mentioned  in  the  other,  yet  in  no  instuneo 
contradietory. 

'" /I'/'/yff.v,  nut.  Triiniijihns,  ],")9-(i'2,  followed  by  Ah'ijrc,  llhl.  Cowp.  Jvxiis, 
ii.  77-lS,  tmd  Orli'jn,  li'eliirinii  de  la  Eutruda,  437-40.  Tlie  last  very  nearly 
agrees  with  Cardona's  account. 


1C6 


MARIHME  EXPLORATIONS. 


m 


■Si- 


i 


Cardona  to  his  almiranta — performed,  he  went  to 
Acapuleo  and  to  Mexico  with  his  pearls,  most  of  them 
spoiled  by  roasting,  but  many  valuable,  and  one  worth 
forty-five  hundred  pesos.^' 

It  remains  to  notice  briefly  in  this  connection  the 
voyage  of  George  Spilbergand  his  pichilingues.  This 
Dutch  freebooter,  liaving  passed  through  the  Strait  of 
]\Iagellan  in  April  1G15,  and  having  ravaged  the  coast 
of  South  America  nmch  after  the  fashion  of  Drake  and 
Cavendish,  anchored  October  lOtli  before  Acapuleo, 
and  under  a  truce  with  the  governor  exchanged  his 
Spanish  prisoners  for  provisions.  Leaving  Acapuleo 
on  the  18  th  for  the  north-west  the  Dutchman  captured 
on  the  2Gtha  small  pearl  ship  from  California,  doubtless 
Cardona's  capitana.  She  carried  six  guns,  and  yielded 
only  after  a  tight,  part  of  the  Spaniards  escaping,  but 
two  friars  and  a  number  of  soldiers  remaining  as  cap- 
tives. Spilbcrg  subsequently  had  a  battle  with  the 
Spaniards  at  Salagua,  a  name  applied  to  the  bay  of 
Santiago,  or  to  a  part  of  it,  in  which  several  were 
killed  on  both  sides.^^     From  Navidad  he  sailed  Xo- 


"  There  ai'o,  however,  some  minor  differences  among  tlio  writers  who  give 
Buhstantially  this  version.  Iturbe'a  presence  on  the  Sinaloa  eo.ist  is  noted  in 
the  Jesuit  ^'l;n«(  of  IGIG.  Sinaloa,  Alem.  ///*/.,  MS., 509.  Sec  Vcncpm^,  Xuf. 
C'dl.,  i.  *20'2-4,  withref.  to  Acension's  iiV/nc/ojff*';  Cldiii/cro,  Sto7\  ('al.,\.  1(11; 
Cdl.  EMab.  y  Pro'j.,  10;  Loror.ann,  in  ( 'ortc!',  Ilht.,  327;  E»ttva,  in  »S'oc.  JA  .r. 
Geo;/.,  X.  G7-1.  Kavarretu,  in  Sutil  y  Mix.,  Ixix.-x.,  followed  by  Taylor, 
Uiit.  Summary,  'J7,  makes  the  date  1(510,  and  the  latitude  reached  33',  but 
thid  probably  means  nothing  more  than  that  it  was  at  the  head  of  the  gulf. 
Ivibas,  7//,'.'^  Triumphos,  159-02,  implies  that  Iturbe's  ships  came  from  abroad 
into  the  I'acitic.  lie  says  the  voyage  up  the  gulf  was  in  the  spring  of  1(11. 'i; 
gives  some  particulars  of  Iturbo's  arrival  at  Ahomc;  states  that  when  he  went 
after  the  pirates  he  took  with  him  Capt.  Suarez  and  some  soldiers;  and  tinully 
that  before  going  to  Aca])ulco  lie  returned,  built  another  vessel,  and  made  a 
new  voyage  for  pearls,  going  up  10  32."  Ortega,  litludon,  437-40,  agreeing 
with  Cardona  in  many  jioints,  saya  that  Iturbc  had  two  ships,  IS  negrn 
divers,  and  50  soldiers  and  sailors;  that  he  visited  La  I'az;  that  near  the  head 
of  the  gulf  the  negroes  refused  to  dive  and  the  men  nmtiuied;  that  tlie  largrr 
vessel  came  down  to  Salagua  and  was  taken  by  pirates,  the  men  escaping  in 
boats;  thatlturbo  remained  in  Sinaloa  with  the  long-boat  after  his  ship  was 
Bcnt  to  the  I'hilijipiues,  and  made  another  pearl  voyage;  and  linally  that 
although  only  14  marks  of  pearls  were  registered,  yet,  lie,  the  writer,  saw 
largo  (|uantities  in  the  hands  of  persons  named. 

"'Cardona,  Mem.,  40,  says  Sebastian  Vizcaino  was  in  command  at  Salagua, 
was  aided  by  himself;  and  that  live  Dutchmen  were  eaptm'ed  and  Kent  to  Mexic  i. 
Mota-l'adilla,  Conq.  X.  OtiL,  272-3,  names  Vizcaino,  calls  the  corsairs  Lay- 
lish,  the  prisoners  seven,  and  the  date  IG17. 


VIEWS  OF  TADRE  ASCENSION. 


107 


snt  to 
'  them 
worth 

)n  the 
This 
:ralt  of 
e  coast 
ike  and 
apulco, 
Tcd  his 
:apuh'o 
iptiired 
)ubtless 
yielded 
no-  but 
as  cap- 
rith  the 
!  bay  of 
■al  were 
ilcd  No- 


IS  : 


who  give 
noted  ill 
ri;f(.<,  Xot. 
■jl.,i.  101; 
Soi:  M^<x. 
bv  Taylor, 
a  3;V,  but 
f  tlic  gulf, 
om  alivo:\il 
ig  of  U')l.'>; 
en  he  went 
uul  tinally 
ud  UKule  a 
.),  agreeing 
18  negro 
lu'  the  lieail 
the  larger 
scaping  iu 
s  ship  was 
nally  that 
riter,  saw 

U  Salagua, 
ItoMexic". 
Isaii's  Eug- 


voinbcr  20th,  intending  to  watch  off  Capo  San  Lucas 
i'oi-  the  Manila  ship;  but  the  winds  were  unfavorable, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  December  he  left  the  coast  at 
Ca]ie  Corrientes  and  steered  for  the  East  Indies." 

Thus  Cardona's  narrative  is  corroborated,  save  in 
the  precise  date  in  the  autumn  of  1(315  when  his  vessel 
was  taken,  by  excellent  authority,  as  is  the  other 
account  by  Ribas.  Some  errors  are  evident  in  each 
version,  but  the  ilifferences  are  irreconcilable  and  the 
exact  truth  out  of  reach.  Cardona  relates  that  after 
the  return  of  Iturbe's  vessel  frem  seeking  the  galleon, 
he  repaired  her  at  great  expense;  but  the  viceroy 
seized  her  for  a  trip  to  the  Philippines,  and  the  captain 
was  thus  ruined.  He,  however,  went  to  Spain,  formed 
new  contracts,  obtained  more  money,  and  subse(|uently 
made  extensive  preparations  at  Pananui  ior  another 
expedition  to  the  gulf;  but  being  delayed  to  aid  in 
that  town's  defence,  he  was  too  late  for  the  season; 
his  capitana  sprang  a  leak;  two  vessels  were  burned 
at  Chiriquiri;  another  was  wrecked  at  Tehuantepec. 
After  setting  about  the  building  of  two  more  vessels, 
lie  was  summoned  to  Habana,  and  thence  went  to 
Spain  in  1G23. 

It  was  in  1G20  that  Antonio  de  la  Ascension,  at  the 
Carmelite  convent  of  San  Sebastian  in  ^Mexico,  wrote 
his  memorial  on  northern  topics  already  referred  to  in 
connection  with  Vizcaino's  voyage.  In  it  he  gave  his 
^  iews  on  the  best  methods  to  insure  a  permanent 
occupation  of  the  Californias.  Two  hundred  soldiers, 
also  skilled  as  mariners,  under  virtutuis  captains  and 
a  general  of  Christian  principles,  and  under  the  guid- 
ance of  barefoot  Carmelites,  should,  he  thought,  found 
the  first  pueblo  to  be  defended  by  a  fort  at  San  lier- 
nabe  as  the  most  accessible  site.  From  this  nucleus 
the  conquest  would  extend  up  the  outer  coast  to  San 

'»ViVo?ff,  Kewonml  Warkofteliel,  17-38;  Purchas,  His  Pihirimes,  i.  20-fi; 
OoiffrkJt,  X.  Welt,  472-0;  (L'osn),  Li'hcn  dcr  Scc-llddcu,  '.i'SS-W2.  I'urciius 
says  the  pearl-ship  was  ou  her  way  to  California. 


168 


MARinME  EXPLORATIONS. 


Diego  and  Monterey  by  land  on  account  of  tlie  winds, 
but  on  the  gulC  coasts  by  water.  On  the  main  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  del  Tizon  a  station  was  perhaps 
needed  for  the  benefit  of  the  New  Mexican  enterprise, 
with  a  view  also  to  the  acquisition  of  the  Seven  Cities; 
and  opposite  in  California  there  should  be  another 
station.  Of  course  the  kinsfdom  of  Anian  across  the 
strait  was  not  to  be  neglected,  offering  as  it  did  a 
broad  enlargement  of  God's  domain  and  that  of  Spain. 
Pearl-diving,  mining,  and  the  working  of  the  salinas 
being  encouraged,  the  royal  quintas  would  doubtless 
pay  all  outlay  and  perhaps  leave  a  surplus  with  which 
new  cok)nists  might  bo  sent  over.  Kindness  must  be 
the  Indian  policy,  and  no  encomiendas  or  rcpartimien- 
tos  were  on  any  plea  permis^ble.  The  whole  scheme 
being  thus  practicable  and  easy,  the  good  friar  "knows 
not  what  security  the  king  finds  for  his  conscience  in 
delaying  the  conversion  of  the  Californians."^'^ 

This  document  was  forwarded  to  the  k'luix  on  De- 
comber  21st  of  the  same  year  by  Francisco  Ramirez 
de  Arellano,  who  sent  with  it  papers  setting  forth 
his  qualifications  and  past  services,  and  asked  that  the 
new  conquest  be  intrusted  to  him.  He  seems  to  have 
j)referred  a  like  request  some  three  months  earlier. 
Arellano  was,  however,  poor  and  could  offer  but  his 
person  and  earnest  zeal  to  serve  his  sovereign;  per- 
haps it  was  for  that  reason  that  no  attention,  so  far  as 
appears,  was  given  to  his  proposal."^ 

From  this  time  California  began  to  be  commonly 
regarded  as  an  island.  Lok's  map  of  1582,  as  we 
have  seen,  had  connected  it  to  the  main  by  a  ver^y  nar- 
row isthmus;  Ascension's  theories  from  1G03  tended 
to  favor  an  eastern  turn  of  the  coast  and  a  northern 
outlet  to  the  gulf;  Ohato's  reports  of  1G04  were  still 


^"Ascension,  Iiilacion,  .')G0-74.  The  autlur  alludps  to  nnotlicr  treatise 
written  l)y  liiiu  'on  the  mode  of  preaching  to  the  iiagans;'  and  Casanatc, 
Memorial,  'J7,  says  the  same  friar  sent  tlu'eo  ditl'erent  iiijonms  to  tlio  king 
besides  one  that  was  printed. 

^'  y'«c7i<(0  and  Curt/ciias,  Col.  Doc,  viii.  537-8;  Id.,  vi.  504-6.  One  copy 
makes  the  date  Sept.  21st. 


CALIFORNIA  AN  ISLAND. 


109 


more  positive;  Cnrdona  in  1G15  believed  liimself  to 
have  reached  a  latitude  of  34°  in  the  gulf,  and  openly 
declared  his  belief  in  the  insular  theory;  and  now  a 
rumor   became  current  that  certain  adventurers  in 


Dt  Tcii  Map,  lU-24-o. 

1  (".'20  had  sailed  through  tlie  passage.  From  this  time 
for  more  than  a  century  most  maps  followed  this  idea, 
hut  not  all.  I  reproduce  here  a  Dutch  map  of  1G24-5 
from  Purchas. 


'■  ^ 
'■i  [■ 


170 


MARITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 


Tliat  tlicro  were  pearl  voyages  undertaken  during 
this  and  later  periods  by  private  individuals,  of  which 
no  record  has  been  preserved,  if  any  was  ever  made, 
is  not  unlikely.  On  account,  however,  of  the  difficulty 
of  obtaining  vessels  and  of  fitting  them  out  in  secret, 
such  private  voyages  could  not  have  been  very  nu- 
merous until  the  Sinaloa  coast  was  more  thickly 
j)eopled,  and  small  boats  were  found  to  suffice  under 
favorable  circumstances  for  crossing  the  cfulf  waters. 
At  any  rate  we  hear  of  no  new  ellbrts  in  this  direc- 
tion until  1G27,  when  the  contador  Melchor  de  Le- 
zama,  with  the  viceroy's  permission,  attempting  to 
build  a  vessel  in  the  region  of  the  modern  San  Bias; 
but  on  account  of  mosquitoes  and  other  inconveniences 
lie  abandoned  the  scheme  and  returned  to  IMexico, 
leaving  his  men  in  the  lurch.-^  Next  year  Captain 
Antonio  Bastan  went  to  Spain  and  applied  for  a  royal 
license  to  undertake  the  conquest  at  his  own  cost; 
and  the  consejo  went  so  far  as  to  refer  the  matter  on 
August  2d  to  the  vice-regal  authorities  for  further 
investigation.-' 

About  the  same  time  Padre  Ger6nImo  Zdrate  de 
Salmeron  wrote  his  Itelacioncs,  intended  to  awaken 
new  interest  in  northern  enterprises.  Although  pro- 
fessing to  write  of  New  Mexico,  where  he  had  served 
as  missionary,  he  still  included  all  that  was  known  and 
much  that  was  only  conjectured  of  all  the  north,  in- 
cluding California.  His  only  practical  suggestion, 
however,  respecting  that  province  was  that  the  entrada 
should  be  made  with  small  vessels  inside  the  irulf 
rather  than  with  largo  ones  outside.^* 


t5" 


When  Lezama,  as  already  related,  abandoned  his 
men  on  the  Jalisco  coast,  Francisco  de  Ortega,  prol)- 
ably  one  of  the  company,  took  up  the  enterprise  on  his 

"^'^  Ortega,  lielacion,  440-1.  The  locality  named  was  the  mouth  of  the  To- 
luca  river  in  'I'l" — probably  the  Tololotlan  or  Santiago. 

^^  Vciiiija)^,  Not.  CnL,  i.  205;  JJoc.  Hist.  Mex.,  S(jrie  ii.  torn.  iii.  442-5. 
'■'*  iSalimron,  Rdacioiics,  passim. 


ORTEGA'S  EXPEDITION, 


171 


own  account,  and,  making  but  slow  progress  by  reason 
of  his  poverty,  completed  and  fitted  out  the  Madrc 
Luisa  de  la  Ascension  of  seventy  tons  in  1G31  at  a 
cost  of  12,000  pesos,  and  came  to  ^Mexico  to  apply  for 
a  license.  Having  received  the  king's  order  of  August 
]()'1S  asking  for  information,  and  being  assured  that 
Ortega  proposed  to  pay  his  own  expenses.  Viceroy 
Cerralvo  readily  granted  the  desired  permission,  which 
included  authority  to  trade  for  pearls  on  condition 
that  no  violence  be  done  to  the  natives.  With  a  cap- 
tain's commission,  and  instructions  to  acquire  all  pf)s- 
sible  inlbrmation  about  the  country ,^^  Ortega  returned 
to  the  coast  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

It  took  yet  three  months  to  put  the  new  craft  in 
sailing  condition;  but  finally, after  a  formal  inspection 
by  the  alcalde  mayor  of  Acaponeta,  the  expedition 
sailed  from  San  Pedro,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of 
that  name,-'"  on  February  27, 1G32.  The  priest  Diego 
de  Nava  was  sent  by  the  bishop  of  Guadalajara  to  say 
mass;  Estcvan  Carbonel  de  Valenzuela  was  master 
with  nine  sailors;  Alferez  do  Castro  Tenorio  com- 
manded six  soldiers;  and  there  were  three  servants. 
Twice  the  Mad  re  Luisa  was  obliged  to  return  to  San 
Pedro  for  repairs,  but  made  her  final  departure  the 
20th  of  March.  She  took  in  supplies  at  San  Juan  do 
!Mazatlan  i'rom  the  1st  to  the  2Gtli  of  April;  crossed 
over  from  Culiacan  the  1st  of  May;  and  on  the  4th 
touched  the  peninsula  opposite  Cerralvo  Island.  Two 
days  were  spent  here,  and  twelve  at  a  large  bay  above, 
sup})osed  to  be  San  Bernabe  in  24°.  Landings  were 
jrequent  for  religious  and  exploring  purposes,  the  na- 
tives showing  no  hostility.  The  lOtli  of  June  Ortega 
entered  the  bay  of  Sacramento,  supposed  to  bo  iden- 
tical with  La  Paz,  and  in  the  following  days  made  an 
examination  of  Espiritu   Santo  and  Salina  islands, 

'*  The  viceroy's  license  and  instructions  are  given  under  date  of  Nov.  22, 
1031,  ill  Doc.  Hid.  Mcx.,  sijvio  ii.  torn.  iii.  445-S;  also  repeated  several  times 
ill  the  MSS.  to  bo  noticed  presently. 

'■"^She  li.id  ))een  built  at  the  mouth  of  the  Toluca,  or  Tololotlan;  and  had 
lain  for  a  wliilu  at  Matanchel. 


172 


MARITDIE  EXPLORATIONS. 


naminj^  porta  Gato,  San  Francisco,  and  Espfritu  Santo. 
Sul).se(piontly  ho  continued  his  voyage  up  the  coast  to 
hitituck;  27 ',  discovering  and  naming  many  ricli  pearl- 
l)eds;  but,  on  June  24th  the  vessel  was  driven  l)y  the 
wind  across  to  tiie  port  of  IJabachilato  near  the  mouth 
of  the  8inah)a  Kiver.  Iloro  on  July  Od  a  detailed 
narrative  of  the  tiip  was  sworn  to  by  the  ollicers  and 
men;  and  the  possession  of  this  original  narrative  I 
was  fortunate  enouijh  to  secure."^ 

Nava  was  sent  to  Mexico  with  the  report,  carrying 
also  a  quantity  of  pearls  for  the  king.  ^IcanwliiKi 
preparations  were  made  for  a  new  voyage;  but  orders 
came  to  send  the  ship  under  Carbonel  on  a  trip  to  warn 
the  Manila  galleon  of  danger.  This  service  com[)leted, 
new  preparations  were  made  at  Mazatlan,  where  iit 
different  dates  from  April  to  August  1G33,  various 
legal  formalities  were  attended  to  by  the  alcalde 
ma3'or  Juan  dc  Arriaran.  Then  the  Mad  re  Luisn 
sailed  the  8th  of  September  and  on  October  7th 
arrived  at  La  Paz."  The  natives  were  most  friendly 
and  pearls  plentiful;  therefore  twenty-eight  men  were 
left  here  under  Diego  dc  Cancdo,  with  Brother  Juan 
do  Zuhiga  to  say  mass,  while  Ortega,  Nava,  and  the 
sailors  sailed  northward.  An  island  named  San  Ilde- 
fonso  was  tlie  limit  of  the  voyage,"'*  from  which,  after 
the  discovery  of  rich  comcderos  of  pearls,  the  com- 
mander returnc^d  in  less  than  a  month  to  La  Paz. 
Here  the  nn^ivos  were  boasting  of  their  Christianity, 
and  it  was  learned  that  Ziiiiiga  had    baptized   one 


^'' Ortetjn,  Primern  Dcmarcacion  de  las  Mas  Californmn,  hecho  por  mid 
Capitdiu  (tc,  Ji'i.JJ,  MS.,  fol.  10  1.  This  ia  an  original  ccrtiticd  cofiy  ninde  in 
Mexico  Nov.  'J'J,  l(i,'?G.  It  includes  not  only  tJie  sworn  account  of  July  .S, 
lO.'W,  l)iit  the  vicci'oy's  license,  and  a  full  record  of  the  insiiection  at  Siin 
I'edro  before  starting,  with  a  full  list  of  the  conijiany.  The  printed  account 
Ortci/n,  litlacioii  de  la  Enlrada,  449-53,  ia  a  brief  ri'sunii5  from  the  sanio 
Bonrce. 

'•'^Tiic  route  was,  CeiTalvo  Island,  Port  San  Miguel,  La  Paz,  Espfritu  Santo 
Island,  San  Francisco  Javier  Bay,  Sau  Iguacio  Loyola  Bay,  San  I'edro  Ba\ , 
and  La  I'az. 

^*Tlie  islands  named  are:  San  Simon  y  Jiidas,  San  Jos6,  Las  Animas,  San 
Diego,  Santa  Cruz,  Alcatraces,  San  Cdrlos  Borronieo,  Nra  Sra  de  Monser- 
rate,  Nra  Sra  del  Ciinnen,  29",  Pitahayas,  Corouudos,  San  Ildefonso,  and  ou 
the  return  Nra  Sra  del  llosario. 


COLONY  IN  C^VLIFORNIA. 


173 


]inii«lrc(l  of  them,  an  act  not  approved  by  citlior 
( )it("^^a  or  Nava.  After  tlio  erection  of  a  I'ort  the 
Madre  Luisa  was  sent  over  to  Sinaloa  \vith  de- 
spatches and  to  bring  supplies. 

All  was  couleur  d(3  rose  with  the  little  colony  for  a 
time.  King  Bacari  and  liis  son  Prince  Conichi  wire 
iiiiioiig  the  earliest  and  hungriest  converts,  baptiztMl 
as  Don  l*edro  and  Don  Juan  respectively,  liiarly  in 
Dfceuilvr,  Conichi,  while  on  a  fishing  expedition,  was 
killed,  with  his  wife,  son,  and  thirty  eoin|)anions,  by 
llu'  hostile  Guaieuri.  The  S{)aniards  took  an  active 
]»art  in  the  burial,  and  as  all  liacari's  subjects  from  I'ar 
and  near  assembled  to  witness  the  ceremonies,  an 
excellent  chance  was  afforded  to  establish  the  most 
IVii'iidly  relations.  After  this  all  of  the  nation  deemed 
themselves  under  the  especial  protection  of  tlu;  Span- 
iards, of  (lod,  and  of  the  guns  on  the  fort.  They  were 
docile,  submitting  to  chastisement  for  offences,  free 
from  idolatry,  content  each  with  one  wife,  manifesting 
real  affection  for  their  children  "and  for  their  food" — • 
ill  fact  model  converts. 

Thus  successful  at  La  Paz,  Ortega  wished  to  extend 
his  operations,  and  in  February  1G34  started  westward 
with  Nava  and  twenty  soldiers,  leaving  ]rernan(lo 
( )rtega  in  command,  and  intending  to  reach  the  Pacilie 
and  to  make  friends  of  the  Guaieuri.  King  Bacari 
ap[)roved  the  expedition,  but  had,  it  seems,  his  own 
views  in  connection  with  it;  for  no  sooner  had  Ortega 
reached  the  Guaieuri  country,  than  the  king  joined 
him  with  two  hundred  warriors,  and  insisted  on 
attacking  his  foes,  slaying  a  large  number  of  them, 
despite  the  Spaniards,  who  could  only  save  a  few 
children  and  baptize  some  of  the  wounded.  Ortega 
immediately  returned  to  La  Paz,  where  the  natives 
celebrated  the  victory  and  were  thereafter  more 
ardent  friends  of  the  Spaniards  than  ever.  On  the 
8th  of  April  1G34,  soon  after  the  events  just  noted, 
a  detailed  account  of  all  that  had  been  done  was  pre- 
pared and  sworn  to  by  Ortega  and  sixteen  of  his 


174 


MARITDIE  EXPLORATIONS. 


companions.  This  original  document  as  before  is  my 
authority.** 

Nothing  more  is  known  of  this  La  Paz  settlement 
or  of  the  circumstances  under  which  it  was  soon  aban- 
doned. The  authorities,  other  than  the  one  I  have 
followed,  give  but  a  bare  outline  of  Ortega's  two  trips, 
and  tell  us  that  the  settlement  was  abandoned  for 
want  of  food.^^  It  is  very  likely  that  even  pearls  and 
affable  natives  may  have  lost  some  of  their  ciiarnis 
both  to  the  secular  and  ecclesiastical  branches  of  the 
enterprise  when  there  was  no  longer  anything  to  eat; 
but  it  must  also  be  remembered  that  Ortega's  purpose 
at  this  time  was  exploration  rather  than  permanent 
colonization.  .  It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  noth- 
ing is  known  of  his  operations  for  more  than  a  year. 
It  is  said  that  he  made  some  efforts  to  have  the  pre- 
sidio of  Acaponeta  transferred  to  California,  and  also 
to  obtain  funds  for  a  renewal  of  his  enterprise;  but 
without  the  original  record  writers  have  hitherto 
known  nothing  of  his  third  survey. 

In  January  1G3G  Ortega  appears  at  the  port  of 
Santa  Catalina  do  Sinaloa,  refitting  the  Madre  Luisa 
for  a  continuation  of  his  explorations.  Cosme  Lorenzo 
was  now  his  sailing-master;  Roque  de  Vega,  a  Jesuit, 
his  chaplain;  and  Gabriel  Figueroa  the  clerk.  His 
force  was  about  a  dozen  men.  The  visita,  or  inspec- 
tion, was  made  by  Captain  Francisco  Bustamante  of 
the  San  Felipe  presidio;  and  the  vessel  sailed  on  the 


'"Orfc^ra,  Dexcriprion  y  Demarcacion  dc  las  Yslaa  California^,  sondaa  y 
catan  de  los  comnleron  de  Parlas  que  ay  cii  dhas  Ydas,  hecho  j>or  mi  el  Capilcm 
Francisco  de  Orfe'ja,  etc.,  MS.,  91.  This  is  the  certified  onj,'iual  record  of 
Oct.  11,  1C36.  The  title  is  meant  to  apply  to  the  three  expeditions.  It  con- 
tains not  only  the  sworn  statement  of  April  8,  1G34,  but  the  viceroy's  instruc- 
tions and  the  documents  connected  with  the  inspection  at  Mazatlau  iu  April- 
August  1033.  The  latter  documents  and  an  abridged  narrative,  inoro 
complete  than  that  of  the  first  voyage,  arc  given  in  Orfciia,  Iktacion,  4o2-71. 

''  Vcneijas,  Aot,  Cat,  i.  205-7;  t'l(ivi(jero,Stor.  Cat.,  i.  lG'J-3;  CuL,  Entuh, 
y  Prog.,  10;  Calle,  No;.,  109-10;  Paynd,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geo;/.,  Sda  Op.,  ii.  200; 
I^orenzana,  in  Corti'n,  JJist.,  327;  Glnaon's  /y/.s<.  Cath.  Ch.,  i.  81:  Taylor's 
Hint.  Summary,  27-8.  Taylor  calls  the  priest's  name  Nuna.  Otondo,  accord- 
ing to  JDoei'majt's  Trav.  Jesuits,  i.  419,  found  in  a  cave  near  La  Paz  the  wreck 
of  Ortega's  vessel,  or  what  was  supposed  to  bo  sucli.  Grcenhow,  Or,  and 
Cal.,  05,  mentions  Vicuna  in  counectiou  with  the  voyage. 


ORTEGA'S  THIRD  VOYAGE. 


175 


11th  of  January.  Three  clays  later  the  explorers 
anchored  in  a  bay  formerly  called  Playa  Honda, 
four  leagues  below  La  Paz.  A  terrible  storm  lasting 
eleven  days  drove  the  ship  on  the  shore  a  complete 
wreck.  The  men  escaped  to  land  on  a  fragment  of 
the  wreck;  and  enough  of  the  church  utensils  floated 
miraculously  to  enable  Father  Vega  to  say  mass  regu- 
larly. A  boat  was  made  from  pieces  of  the  wreck 
and  such  new  timber  as  could  be  found,  and  the  27th 
of  February  the  adventurers  set  sail  and  went  to  La 
Paz,  Hero  they  found  fort,  church,  and  everything 
as  they  had  been  left  in  the  former  visit.  The  natives 
wished  them  to  remain,  which  was  of  course  imprac- 
ticable, and  after  Vega  had  baptized  a  few  dying 
Californians,  the  boat  sailed  on  the  10th  of  March. 
In  this  frail  croft  Ortega  in  about  two  months  ex- 
])lorcd  the  gulf  up  to  what  he  deemed  latitude  SG" 
30',^^  but  what  was  in  reality  perhaps  29°  45'.  Then 
adverse  winds  prevented  further  progress  and  drove 
the  boat  southward.  On  the  15th  of  IMay  they 
anchored  at  Santa  Catalina;  where  next  day  a  sworn 
statement  of  the  voyage  with  many  details,  especially 
of  pearl-deposits  found,  was  made  and  duly  wit- 
nessed.''^ Nothing  more  is  known  of  Ortega  as  an 
explorer. 

It  is  stated  also  that  Estdvan  Carbonel,  Ortega's 
former  pilot,  secured  a  license  in  somtj  underhanded 
way  and  mado  a  trip  to  the  gulf  in  153G.  He  had  a 
theory  that  Ortega  had  failed  because  of  the  sterility 
of  La  Paz;  and  that  there  were  fertile  sites  to  the 
north  where  a  colony  must  prosper.     Of  his  voyage 


'-The  route  was:  Cerralvo  Isl. ;  San  Ililefonso,  March  20;  Tortugas  I.sl. 
ami  Port  San  Andres,  33^  lo',  March  2'2d;  15.  .San  Juan,  Sf:  I't  Caiman,  'M' 
^o,  April  4th;  San  Sebastian  Isl.,  40  leaquos  in  circunifcronec,  S(V  scant, 
April  14th;  I't  Euen  Viajc,  3.")^  30',  May  4th.  If  wo  suppose  S.  Ildcfonso  ami 
Tortupaa  to  bo  the  islamls  htill  so  named,  S.  Sebastian  -.vas  proljably  one  of 
the  two  largo  islands,  Tiburon  or  Angel  do  la  Gu.adx,  and  I't  Buen  \'iajo 
may  liavc  been  Cabo  Final. 

'^^Ortc'ja,  Copia  dc.  la  Demarcacion  que  yn  <1  CapUan . . .  sai'i/n  a  hncrr  dc  <  iff. 
jnterto  de  l<anta  Catnlimi  Proviiiciu  da  Slindoa  d  li:.t  I'slas  VaUfuriiia^'i,  IGJfJ, 
MS.,  G  1.  Similar  in  character  to  the  accounts  of  tl.(!  first  and  second  purvey. 
As  I  have  said  this  part  of  the  expedition  has  been  ctircly  unknown. 


17G 


MAEITIME  EXPLORATIONS. 


we  only  know  that  he  failed  to  find  the  place  sought 
and  returned  to  Mexico  in  disgrace,  perhaps  as  a  pris- 
oner, not  a  little  comforted  nevertheless  by  the  pos- 
session of  certain  pearls  he  had  collected.  In  his 
scheme  Carbonel  was  aided  by  Francisco  do  Vergara, 
who  also  obtained  a  license,  and  is  said  to  have  worked 
in  the  interest  of  a  French  company.^    I 


annex  a 


D'Avity'3  Map,  1037. 

map  of  1G37  from  D'Avity's  cosmographical  work  of 
that  year,  to  show  that  not  all  even  yet  accepted  the 
insular  theory,  or  rather  it  shows  that  the  author 
simply  followed  old  models  long  out  of  fashion. 

'*Navarrpte,  V'ajes  Apdc,  221-4;  Ca  dona,  Memorial,  28;  see  also  refer- 
ences in  note  31.  Carbouers  license  1)orc  date  of  Dec.  1,  lC3o;  and  Vcrgara's, 
transferred  to  FranciHCO  Carbonel,  that  of  Jan.  10,  1030.  California^,  DescHbri. 
mlento,  MS.  In  his  royal  ci5dula  of  Feb.  20,  1038,  it  is  stated  that  wlien  it 
was  known  that  Vergara  had  sold  his  license  to  the  Frenchmen,  a  confisca- 
tion of  his  property  waa  ordered  by  the  king.  Daja  Cat.,  Ciddas,  MS.,  01. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

EXPI-ORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  CALIFORXIA. 

10:50-1709. 

Porter  y  Casanate  and  Botello  y  Skrrano — Mejiorials  and  CoN-TRAm 

— PUETENDED  DISCOVERIES  OF   FOXTE— CeSTIX    DE   CaSaS— CaSANATE'S 

Efeorts  and  MisFORTiNEs — Two  Trips  to  Califounta — PiSadero's 

I'EARL-FISHINa  ExrEDITIOX — LUCE\ILU\  IX  THE  CJCLE— RoYAL  EXTIIUSI- 

ASM — A  Xew  Coxtract— Settlemext  of  Califorxia  ly  Otoxuo  axd 
TUE  Jesuits — Fodrtii  Failure  at  La  Paz — Coloxy  at  Sax  Uruxo — 
IjLccaxeeus  and  Privateers— Swan  and  Towxley — Dami'ier — 
Woodes  Rooers,  Courtxey,  and  Cooke  —Victory  and  Defeat — 
Frondac's  Voyage— Suelvocke  at  the  Cave — Anson's  Voyage. 

In  li)o5  Captain  Pedro  Porter  y  Casanate,  an  ox- 
])orieuced  naval  officer,  was  autlu)rized  by  Viceroy 
Cerralvo  to  make  a  survey  of  South  Sea  coasts  with 
n  view  to  the  preparation  of  accurate  cliarts  for  the 
council  of  Indies;  but  when  about  to  sail  from  Aca- 
i)ulco,  his  ship  was  seized  through  the  inlluence  ap- 
i);ire*itly  of  parties  interested  in  the  Vergara  and 
CVrbonel  .■;chen\os.^  But  he  j)ersevered  in  his  enter- 
j.nso;  and  in  1G3G  renewed  his  offer  to  undertake  the 
work  of  northern  exploration.  On  September  17th 
<if  the  same  year,  in  connection  with  Captain  Alouso 
J)otello  y  Serrano,  he  presented  an  elaborate  report 
intended  to  show  how  little  was  really  known  of  the 
north -west,  notwithstanding  too  many  rumors  and 
theories  afloat;  and  to  urge  tlie  importance  of  putting 
an  end  to  the  })revalent  uncertainty.  It  was  a  more 
sensible  view  of  the  matter  than  was  generally  offered 

•  Royiil  order  of  Fcl).  20,  1033,  in  Boja  CaL,  Cfdulax,  MS.,  01 ;  Xnvnrrrti-, 
introd.,  Ixxi.-iii.  It  is  said  tliat  Casuuato  Lad  priutcd  in  1034  uu  account  ot' 
loninr  survii'os. 


Uisi.  N.  M£X.  SxAiEi,  Vol.  I.    12 


(M7) 


173 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  CALIFORNLA. 


in  memorials  on  the  Northern  Mystery.'*  Offering  to 
undertake  the  enterprise  at  their  own  cost  a  hcense 
was  granted  by  the  viceroy  under  date  of  September 
23d.'*  It  was  also  about  this  time  that  Cardona  re- 
turned from  Spain  and  presented  his  memorial,  giving 
his  views,  dwelling  on  his  own  past  losses  and  mis- 
fortunes, and  offering  for  the  service  his  person  and 
the  money  of  his  friends.*  Probably  there  were  other 
appli  '.  ts  attracted  by  the  recent  reports  of  pearls  ii) 
the  gUi 

Thus  .  1G36  there  were  four  persons  who  had 
licenses  for  Californian  exploration,  Ortega,  Carbonel, 
Vergara,  and  Casanate.  From  this  state  of  things 
trouble  was  sure  to  result.  Ortega  desired  to  continue 
his  expeditions  antl  protested  against  other  licenses 
being  granted  in  view  of  what  he  had  actually  accom- 
l)lished.  The  matter  was  brought  before  the  authori- 
ties in  Mexico,  and  the  original  expcdlentc,  or  transcript 
of  record  in  the  case,  has  furnished  my  authority  for 
Ortega's  ^■oyages,  as  it  gives  me  also  authority  for  tlic 
final  settlement.^  The  decision,  contained  in  a  decree 
of  Viceroy  Cadereita  of  November  11,  1G3G,  was  to 
the  effect  that  Ortega's  last  expedition  had  been  made 
witliout  legal  authority,  since  Cerralvo's  license  had 
expired  with  that  viceroy's  term  of  office;  and  that  all 
the  other  licenses  should  be  considered  as  revoked, 
pending  new  investigations  and  royal  orders.  Casanat(j 
was  thus  obliged  to  suspend  preparations  on  which  he 
and  his  friends  had  expended  some  eighteen  thousand 
pesos.  On  his  way  to  Spain  with  complaints  he  was 
captured  by  Dutch  pirates  and  kept  a  prisoner  for  six 


'  Botello  y  Srrravo,  and  Porter  y  f'asaiiate,  Dcclaracion  que  hickrov  dc  Ins 
coni'ciiiciichts  (/lie  ncr/tdrun  dc  di'sruhrir  como  se  comiinka  por  la  Ca/ifuriiln  d 
Mar  del  Sur  con.  cl  del  N.  16JG.   See  IlUt.  2sorthwcst  Coast,  i.  107,  this  series. 

^  t'all/oriiias,  lJcx''uhrhiiicitto.  MS. 

*  Cardona,  Mimorhd,  40-7. 

8  Cali/ornian,  Dcscidtrimiciifo,  MS.,  2S  1.  This  contains  tho  roynl  regula- 
tions on  ili.seovei'ii's  of  July  IH,  loTU,  bearing  among  others  tlio  autograph 
signature  of  F.  Antonio  do  la  Aseension;  a  report  of  Alvarez  Sernino,  iiscid 
of  tho  audiencia,  dated  Oct.  30th;  a  decree  of  the  audieucia  dated  Nov.  llth; 
and  tho  final  order  of  tlie  viceroy  of  the  same  date. 


CASANATE'S  MEMORIAL. 


179 


months  in  1G37;  but  after  his  escape  he  obtained  the 
royal  order,  which  I  have  already  cited  under  date  of 
February  20,  1G38,  requiring  haste  on  the  part  of  the 
viceroy  in  forwarding  papers  and  reaching  a  definite 
settlement.  Meanwhile,  with  a  view  to  secure  or 
hasten  the  royal  approval,  a  new  memorial  was  pre- 
pared and  presented,  perliaps  in  1G38.  In  it  the 
author  amplified  all  the  points  previously  urged  and 
exerted  all  his  ingenuity  to  suggest  new  ones.''  In  this 
documer ;  he  eulogizes  in  the  most  enthusiastic  and 
exaggerated  terms  California,  its  peo[)le,  and  its  pro- 
duces; its  mineral,  connnercial,  and  spiritual  wealth, 
whioh  can  be  lost  to  Spain  only  by  the  most  inexcusa- 
ble negligence.  All  statistics  of  gold,  silver,  pearls, 
coral,  amber,  and  salt  which  were  accessible  in  the 
archives  as  supplemented  by  a  lively  imagination  were 
laid  liefore  the  king.  The  need  of  a  harbor  for  the 
relief  of  the  galleons;  the  ease  with  which  the  voyage 
may  be  made  from  Sinaloa;  the  lessened  cost  of  for- 
Marding  supplies  to  New  Mexico  by  way  of  the  gulf; 
the  impulse  to  be  given  to  the  Culiacan  trade;  tlu; 
geogra[)hical  enigmas  to  be  solved;  the  rumors  of  grand 
cities,  of  golden  lakes,  of  mighty  rivers,  of  giants,  of 
white  men,  to  be  verified;  facilitated  intercourse  with 
Anian,  Japan,  Tartary,  and  China;  the  necessity  of 
precautions  against  foreigners;  the  avarice  and  incom- 
petence of  former  navigators;  all  are  elal^orated  in  a 
scries  of  twenty-seven  articles,  resting  on  the  author- 
ity of  all  who  have  made  expeditions  to  California." 
The  arguments  employed  wi're  sutHeiently  forcible  to 
convince  the  kint>',  and  in  1G40  Casanate  leceived  the 
requisite  commission  with  the  exclusive  right  to  navi- 


'^Cn,<aii(tli\  ^h'tnorhil  del  Afmiran/r  D,  Pedro  Portfr  Cdtitivate  id  Uoj,  rrcoin- 
(Dihindo  unit  vtieva  ckjwiUcioii  d  la  ('(ili/oniiii,  ilc,  in  I'lirliirn,  ('ol.  JJor.,  ix. 
1!)-"J!).     Tliu  original  wa.s  a  printed  document  in  tiie  ISihlioteea  Naeional. 

'Besides  those  already  referred  to  in  conneetion  witli  did'erent  voyages, 
there  an;  named  the  foUowing  who  have  expressed  their  \ie\vs;  (..'apt.  Juan 
l.opez  do  Vienna,  (.ionzalo  de  Franeiii,  Capt.  Alonso  Ortiz  do  Saniloval,  Se- 
hastian  (Jntierrez,  and  several  Mexican  oltieials.  It  must  not  Ix;  supposed 
that  all  tlu'S(^  made  se])arate  voyages  to  California.  1'erhap.j  all  were  simply 
coinpani(jns  of  the  leaders  that  hud  been  removed. 


ISO 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  CALIFORNIA, 


gate  the  gulf.^  No  limit  of  time  was  fixed,  and  the 
admiral  was  detained  for  several  years  in  Spain  on 
other  service. 

It  was  in  1G40  that  Bartolomd  de  Fonte,  admiral 
of  New  Spain  and  Peru,  made  his  famous  voyage  to 
the  north,  starting  from  Callao  on  April  3d,  according 
to  the  narrative  first  made  public  in  1708."  He  had 
four  ships,  but  one  of  them,  the  Santa  Lucia  under 
Diego  de  Penalosa,  was  detached  to  explore  the  gulf, 
while  the  admiral  went  on  up  to  the  Rio  de  los  Reyes 
in  53°.  Above  tliis  point  the  continent  seems  to  have 
been  a  complicated  net-work  of  islands,  straits,  lakes, 
ai  d  rivers,  where  the  navigators  had  but  to  choose  a 
loute,  and  where  they  continued  their  explorations  in 
shi[)s  or  boats  from  June  to  September.  They  did 
not  pass  through  into  the  Atlantic;  in  fact  none  of 
the  channels  they  tried  \vould  permit  such  a  passage 
to  shi[)s;  but  pressing  on  in  boats  they  met  a  JJoston 
ship  from  the  other  side.  They  reached  a  latitude  as 
high  as  CG°,  and  tliey  had  on  board  Jesuits  who  had 
previously  established  missions  as  high  as  GG^I 

In  all  the  voluminous  discussions  on  the  authen- 
ticity of  this  narrative  there  never  was  produced  the 
slightest  evidence  in  its  i'avor.  It  rested  entirely  on 
the  prevalent  ignorance  of  northern  geography,  not- 
withstanding which  ignorance  the  best  writers  pro- 
nounced it  a  fabrication.  The  expedition  demands  no 
further  consideration  in  a  chapter  of  historical  annals; 
the  narrative  like  that  of  Maldonado's  achievements 
will  receive  elsewhere  some  notice  as  a  bibliographical 
curiosity. ^^ 


"License  ilateil  Aug.  8th.  Casanatc  also  received  tlie  order  of  Santiago, 
and  space  for  eight  tons  oi  ])rivatc  merchandise.  CdUe,  Mviii.  y  yol.  Sue, 
llO-l'J;  Bajn  Val.,  Vnlukf^,  MS.,  (io. 

^Foittf,  Letler  from  Admiral,  iu  Monthly  MhceUany,  or  Memoirs  for  c/c 
Ciirioii'i,  Lond.,  1708. 

'"See  11  is/.  Aorthircnt  Con«f,  i.  115  et  seq.,  this  scries.  There  are  wnic 
filight  indications  iu  tlie  use  of  iVualosa's  name  and  a  scrap  of  evidence  given 
by  Navarrete  that  the  London  perpetrator  of  the  hoax  may  ha\e  based  it  re- 
motely ou  a  Spanish  original. 


CESTIN  DE  CA^AS. 


1;>1 


liral 


ft  for  (he 

Ire  Koiiic 
i^^^'  given 
led  it  \x- 


Viceroy  Escalona  in  1G42  ordered  Luis  Cestin  do 
Cafias,  spoken  of  as  governor  of  Sinaloa,  but  really 
ooniandante  of  the  presidio,  to  cross  over  and  explore 
California.  He  sailed  frt)n\  Babacliilato  in  July ,  l>assed 
the  port  of  San  Ignacio,  noted  a  farall(Mi  some  twenty 
leagues  from  the  latter  port,  and  landed  at  the  port, 
or  island,  of  San  Jose.  From  this  point  he  exi)lored 
the  Californian  shore  for  forty  leagues  to  La  Paz,  and 
then  returned,  the  voyage  having  taken  but  a  month. 
Canas  was  accompanied  by  Padre  Jacinto  Cortes,  tho 
second  Jesuit,  not  the  first  as  has  l)een  supposed,  to 
visit  the  land  his  order  was  destined  to  occupy.  There 
was  nothing  of  the  marvellous  in  the  reports  brought 
back  either  to  viceroy  or  provincial.  The  natives 
were  well  disposed,  some  pearls  were  obtained,  l)ut 
the  country  was  sterile  and  altogether  unpromising.^^ 

In  1G43  Porter  y  Casanatc  was  ordered  to  fulfil 
his  contract  in  tho  New  \Vt)rld.^'  With  some  men 
and  families  he  left  Cddiz  in  June  and  arrived  at  Vera 
Cruz  in  Auijust,  setting  to  work  with  zeal  jind  much 
success  to  gain  friends,  money,  and  recmits,  greatly 
aided  by  tho  ecclesiastical  authorities  who  desired  the 
salvation  of  Californian  souls.  At  the  end  of  Novem- 
l)er  Alonso  Gonzalez  Barriga  was  sent  with  a  forccj 
(if  sailors  and  carpenters  to  build  two  vessels  on  the 
coast  of  Nueva  Galicia,  one  fragata,  tlie  Rof^drio,  hav- 
ing been  previously  chartered.  The  intention  was  to 
sail  the  next  spring. 

"  ^\  letter  of  Padre  Cortes  in  Tiihm^.  Ilisf.  Triiinijihnf,  441-'2,  seems  to  bo 
the  orii^iiKil  of  all  that  is  known  of  this  voyau'e.  ^'ell(■;.'ils,  Xcf.  (  V(/.,  i.  2(l!»- 
ll.siivs  the  cause  of  this  voj'ago  was  the  loss  of  the  jonriials  and  iiiiips  nf 
]iieee<liii,!4  ones.  Alegre,  JJist.  Cornj).  Jcmix,  ii.  'j;i(i-7,  states  that  tiio  results 
caused  Kse.'ilona  to  udvoeato  in  Spain  the  eoni)uest  nt  ( ':iiit'iirnia.  J.oreii/ana, 
Cin-/(>i,  ll'id.,  Wn,  says  that  Cortes  fotinded  tho  mission  ol  San  .Jose,  evitlently 
eciiifoundin;,'  this  with  a,  later  expedition.  Clavigero,  Siu.-.  lUil.,  i.  l(!;{-4, 
and  Cavo,  Tna  Siijlos,  ii.  1'2,  make  the  date  Ki-Ui,  and  tlio  latter  calls  tiie 
leader  Luis  Cestiilos.  See  also  ('(/?.,  Estah.  i/J'ro(j.,  1!);  Mofrns,  K.rjilof.,  i. 
)()•-';  /'nnifi/'s  Cfiron.  //(.■•/.,  iv,  Xu  ;  Broirm's  /..  Co/'.,  'JS;  S/ku's  ( 'ath.  Mi^K.,  Ml. 

'-'I'lie  leading  authority  from  this  point  is  Caxiuifi/f,  Cartit  llil'ici<iii,  in 
Pnrhcrn  und  (Yir'lcua.i,  Col.  Dor.,  ix.  .^>-I8,  which  is  a  fragment  of  ii  private 
letter  to  a  friend  narrating  tho  course  of  events  down  to  ^lay  1044,  tho 
whole  having  extended  tlowu  to  June  24,  1049. 


182 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  C.UJFORXIA. 


Now  caiiic  news  that  the  piehilinfjues  were  ravafThifr 
the  coast  of  Chile,  and  would  soon  come  north  to  lie 
in  wait  for  the  Manila  galleon.  To  warn  and  protect 
the  galleon  there  was  no  craft  available  but  the  Jiomrio 
which  lay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  San  Pedro. 
Casanate  therefore  hastened  to  the  coast  in  December, 
with  the  cosmographer  Perez  de  Soto  and  the  chap- 
lain Luna,  to  fit  out  the  fraofata  for  a  cruise  of  three 
months  under  Barriga.  She  passed  out  over  the  bar 
on  January  3,  1G44,  took  ballast  at  Matanchcl/^  and 
sailed  on  the  9th  by  way  of  Mazatlan  and  the  Ilio 
Navito  to  Cape  San  Liicas,  where  she  anchored  on 
the  25tli  probably  in  San  Bernabd  Bay.  Sentinels 
\vere  posted  on  the  hills  to  watch  for  the  galleon,  for 
whose  benefit  signals  of  smoke  or  fire  were  constantly 
displayed;  but  she  pasbod  without  seeing  or  being 
seen,  and  passed  unmolested  to  Acapulco.'*  Barriga 
also  made  a  short  trip  of  five  days  up  the  outer  coast. 
Like  other  visitors  to  the  peninsula,  he  found  friendly 
natives  greatly  in  fear  of  the  Guaicuri,  a  few  pearls, 
and  what  were  thought  to  be  good  mineral  prospects. 
The  return  was  from  the  21st  to  the  25th  of  February 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Santiago.  The  cha[>liun 
arrived  in  Mexico  only  fourteen  days  after  having 
said  mass  in  California. 

After  despatching  the  Rosario  Casanate  located  his 
dock-yard  with  all  his  stores  in  six  leagues  up  the  Rio 
Santiago,  or  Tololotlan,  in  a  spot  deemed  secure  from 
pichilingucs,  but  exposed  to  bats  and  mosquitoes  and 
floods,  where  he  built  dwellings  and  warehouses,  set 
his  men  to  felling  timber  for  the  vessels,  and  returned 
to  Mexico.  Soon  after  Padre  Luna's  arrival  with  the 
notice  of  Barriga's  return,  there  came  news  that  cer- 
tain men  had  run  away  from  the  ship-yard  with  a 
boat  and  such  valuables  as  they  could  carry.  A  little 
later  came  the  more  serious  tidings  that  vessels,  tim- 


I 


"  Navarrete  says  she  sailed  from  Sintiquipac  (Centipac),  an  unknown  port, 
and  was  forced  into  Matancliel  by  the  weather. 

**  Several  writers  state  that  Casanate  convoyed  the  galleon  to  Acapulco. 


CASANATE'S  MISFOHTUXES. 


1S3 


1)or,  stores,  and  everything  at  the  Santiaofo  station 
liad  been  burned  on  April  24th.  A  Portuguese,  jeal- 
ous of  Casanatc's  exclusive  privileges,  was  the  insti- 
gator of  the  deed,  himself  instigated,  as  the  admiral 
piously  exclaims,  by  Satan.  From  the  devil's  oppo- 
sition, however,  Casanate  argued  his  fear  and  the 
danger  of  his  realms,  and  was  therefore  not  discour- 
aged though  his  lor^ses  were  twenty  thousand  pesos. 
He  renewed  his  preparations  and  by  a  third  memorial 
tried  unsuccessfully  to  get  the  appointment  of  coman- 
dante  of  Sinaloa  as  a  means  of  facilitatinj;  the  con- 
quest  of  the  contra  costa.'^ 

Meanwhile  the  king  on  October  11,  1G45,  had  sent 
his  thanks  through  the  viceroy  for  the  zeal  displayed 
l»v  Casanate;  and  after  hearing  of  the  hitter's  mis- 
I'urtune  he  sent  orders  November  10, 1 047,  that  every 
l)0ssible  aid  and  encouragement  should  be  afforded  for 
a  resumption  of  the  enterprise.  With  a  letter  from 
Sinaloa  dated  April  15,  1G40,  Casanate  sent  a  narra- 
tive uf  his  voyage  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  find; 
announced  his  intention  of  continuing  his  efforts  the 
i'ollowing  summer;  and  asked  for  the  office  of  alcalde 
mayor  of  Sinaloa.  The  king's  reply  of  August  G, 
1G50,  was  a  recommendation  that  the  exj)lorer's 
schemes  should  still  be  favored  and  his  demands 
granted  if  there  was  no  serious  objection;  but  he  also 
desired  an  explanation  of  the  long  delays,  reminding 
(.^asanatc  that  his  license  was  not  unlimited  in  respect 
of  time.  This  is  the  last  definite  record  I  find  on  the 
subject.  Respecting  the  unfortunate  admiral's  voyage 
and  subsequent  operations,  we  arc  told  by  Venegas, 
Alegre,  and  others  that  he  finally  succeeded  'n  com- 
pleting two  vessels  on  the  Sinaloa  coast,^°  and  with 

'*Here  ends  the  fragment  of  Cas.anatc's  letter.  XavaiTcto  says  he  ob- 
tained the  desired  comandancia  with  orders  to  the  viceroy  to  aid  his  sdieme, 
but  that  the  orders  were  not  carried  out.  Intro<l.  Sutil  y  M<x.,  lxxiv.--v. 
Alegre,  Jlixt.  Comp.  Je-fits,  ii.  328-30,  implies  that  the  burning  was  the  re- 
sult of  carelessness  rather  than  malice.  Calle,  Mem.  ?/  Kot.  Sac,  1]()-1'2,  says 
that  Casanato  notified  the  king  of  his  misfortune  in  letters  of  Feb.  'JOth,  *25th, 
and  20,  1025,  and  that  the  king's  order  for  his  relief  was  datc<l  April  1 1th. 

"Alegre,  Hist,  Comp.  Jesus,  ii.  328-30,  copied  also  in  Dice.  Univ.,  viii. 


•^mssmrmmtat 


ISl 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  C/VLIFORNIA. 


thuin  uiiule  a  tri[)  to  California  in  1G48,  acconipanifd 
by  tlio  Jesuit  friars,  Jacinto  C(»rtcs  and  Andres  l^ac/, 
(»riiL,dnally  named  by  the  provincial  for  the  service. 
After  seeking  in  vain  on  the  peninsula  coast  a  suital.)le 
site  for  their  colony  the  voyagers  returned,  the  ves- 
sels were  i)erhaps  ordered  again  to  act  as  convo3's  to 
the  jNIanila  ship,  and  the  enterprise  was  thus  iinully 
abandoned.^'' 


After  a  blank  of  nearly  twenty  years  in  maritime 
annals,  two  vessels  were  built  at  Valle  de  Banderns, 
and  in  them  Bernardo  Bcrnal  de  Pinadero  undertook 
the  reduction  of  California  under  a  commission  from 
Felipe  IV.  Once  in  the  gulf,  however,  he  gave  liis 
exclusive  attention  to  the  search  for  pearls,  cruelly 
ill-treating  the  natives,  who  were  forced  to  serve  ns 
divers,  and  thus  well  nigh  destroying  the  favoi'al)le 
impression  left  by  some  of  the  earlier  Spaniards.  The 
harvest  of  pearls  is  said  to  have  been  rich,  and  in 
dividing  the  spoil  the  adventurers  quarrelled,  with 
some  loss  of  life.  Pinadero  was  not  well  received  in 
^Mexico,  but  was  nevertheless  required  to  repeat  his 
voyage  in  i'ulfilment  of  his  contract,  as  he  did  in  KIT)? 
with  two  new  vessels  built  at  Chacala,  without  any 
practical  results  that  are  known. ^^ 

The  voyage  of  Captain  Francisco  Lucenilla  y  Torres 
was  made  in  1GG8.  Two  Franciscan  friars,  Juan 
Caballero  y  Carranco  and  Juan  Bautista  Ramirez, 
accompanied  the  exjiedition,  besides  a  chaplain  wlio 
did  not  cross  the  gulf.    The  two  vessels  sailed  on  May 

(i33-4,  is  very  enthusiastic  over  Casaniite'a  pure  life  and  pious  example  duriiii; 
liis  stay  in  Sinaloa.  He  showed  the  greatest  respect  for  the  padres,  aided  in 
decoi'ntint,'  the  streets  for  processions,  and  washed  the  feet  of  the  poor, 

"  Koyal  orders  of  Oct.  11,  KU."),  Nov.  10,  1()47,  and  Ang.  6,  IGJO,  in  Ihia 
Cal.,  Cc'dulas,  MS.,  O.Vfi.  See  also  Jrilxix,  I/hf.  Triiimphos,  lfi-2,  7r>0;  On-n, 
Ti-M  Siiflofi,  ii.  3.3;  Cortds,  I/i.4.,  .3-27-8;  Chiviq,ro,  Stor.  Cal.  1G4-3;  Cid., 
E.-<lnh.  y  Profj.,  10-11;  Mofm.%  E.rplor.,  i.  102;  Broinie's  L.  Cat.,  28. 

'"  Venegas,  Not.  Cnl.,  i.  210-7,  seems  to  he  the  original  authority,  refer- 
ring, however,  to  a  MS.,  hy  Padre  Kino.  Others  follow  Venegas  in  a  mere 
mention  of  the  voyage:  A  Icurc,  I/ixt.  Comj\  Jcskk,  ii.  437-8;  (^al. ,  Estuh.  i/  Prmj. , 
ii. ;  Caro,  Trefi  Siijlofi,  ii.  47-8;  Ndrarrrte,  Until  y  Mex.,  Ixxxiv. ;  Broinic'><  L. 
('nl.,  28;  Payno  in  foe.  Mex.  G'eoij.,  2da  dp.,  ii.  200;  Dice.  Univ.,  x.  i;)G-7; 
Zamaeois,  Hist.  Mcj.,  v.  394. 


LUCEXILLA  ANT)  Pl5f  ADERO. 


ISCi 


1st  from  Ch.acala,  and  on  the  13th  toucliod  at  ^laza- 
tlan.  Crossing  over  a  few  days  later  they  toiielied  at 
l^a  Paz,  Port  San  Bernabe,  and  one  or  two  other 
points,  findnig  the  natives  well  disposed;  but  as  the 
country  seemed  barren  and  inhospitable  Lucenilla 
deeided  to  return,  or  possibly  was  driven  to  the  main 
in  a  storm.  At  any  rate  the  usual  sworn  statement 
of  the  trip  was  dated  the  4th  of  July.  The  licensn 
seems  to  have  required  a  settlement  in  California; 
l)ut  there  are  indications  that  Lucenilla's  real  aim  was 
pearl-fishing.*'' 

It  is  probable  that  several  unrecorded  expeditions 
ill  quest  of  pearls  were  made  in  these  years.  The 
government  required  each  would-be  conqueror  to  fit 
out  his  fleet  at  his  own  cost,  and  imposed  such  condi- 
tions in  connection  with  settlement,  survey,  and  treat- 
ment of  natives  that  the  venture  was  deemed  risky 
notwithstanding  the  rich  corned' ros.  It  was  safer  to 
make  private  unauthorized  tri^  ^  in  smaller  vessels. 


Pinadero's  misdeeds  in  connection  with  his  Cali- 
fornia trips  depend  mainly  upon  the  statement  of 
Venogas,  whose  authority  was  Father  Kino.  Perha[)s 
they  were  exaggerated,  as  there  was  trouble  between 
the  navigator  and  the  Jesuits.  At  any  rate  they 
were  not  made  public  for  several  years.  Down  to 
1078  Pinadero  considered  his  contract  still  in  force, 
and  continued  his  efforts  to  carry  out  his  schemes  of 

'"Tlic  most  definite  account  is  that  in  Roble.i,  P  ..  -'o.  Gl-2.  The  same 
writci',  100,  says  tliis  attempt  fif  the  Franciscans  to  oi  i^  i;.  A\e  Californias  was 
one  cif  the  causes  of  a  reprimand  from  Spain  to  tlic  commissary  in  1(171. 
Lorenzana,  in  I'ork'K,  His/.,  .'WS,  followed  l)y  I'aynoin  Sue.  Mix.  (lioij.,  2da  t')!., 
ii.  '-'(M),  attributes  the  faihire  to  the  opj)osition  of  the  Jesuits.  C'lavi(,'er(i, 
Star.  Cal.,  i.  Um-G,  pronounces  this  a  cahnnny,  as  there  were  no  .lesuits  in 
California  at  tlic  time;  but  Lorenzana  probably  did  not  refi'r  to  Jesuits  in 
California.  Clavigero  gives  scarcitj'  of  food  as  the  cause  of  failure.  Cavo, 
'J'lrf  Sii/los,  ii.  48,  adds  the  l)arrenness  of  the  coast.  Alegre,  Jli-^t.  Com/i. 
JcsiiK,  ii.  40-50,  says  the  cfl'orts  of  the  friars  were  counteracted  by  the  avarieo 
of  the  Spaniards.  The  ]iadrcs  passed  from  the  Yaqui  to  Xayarit.  Xiel,  A  jiin/f., 
70,  says  Lucenilla  explored  from  Concepeion  B.  to  Cerralvo  Islaml.  Taylor, 
J/i>if.  Siiminary,  '28-0,  calls  the  name  LucincUa;  andGleeson,  llixt  Cal/i.  Ch..  i. 
82-;?,  Luzanvilla.  See  .nlso  Kavarri-te,  Iiitrod.,  Ixxxiv. ;  Cat.,  Eainh.  )/  Fro;/., 
11;  Di'T.  Univ.,  ix.  7oO-l;  Green fiow'n  Or.  and  Col.,  95;  Zamacois,  Hint, 
M'J.,  V.  413;   Vdancvrt,  Chrdn.  Sio  Evan.,  117. 


Ififl 


KXPLORATIOXS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


conquost.,  proft'ssin^if  at  different  times  t(i  liave  vessels 
ill  readiness.  In  1071  ho  petitioned  for  the  coiiian- 
(huicia  ofSiiialoa  for  a  series  of  years,  and  f(  r  author- 
ity to  found  two  Jesuit  missions,  one  on  the  ]K,'ninsula 
and  tlie  other  on  the  main,  using  for  that  pur])osc  the 
funds  hequeathed  to  the  company  by  Alonso  Fernnn- 
i\oz  dc  hi  Torre.  The  king  h)okcd  favorabl}'^  on  the 
])ro])osition;  but  the  Jesuit  provincial  reported  that 
the  Torre  estate  was  in  litigation  and  not  likely  to 
yield  funds  for  the  proposed  missions,  though  the 
company  would  gladly  furnish  missionaries;  and  some 
ofHcinls  doubted  the  practicability  of  effecting  the 
])ermanent  occupation  of  the  peninsula  by  private 
enterprise.  The  king,  however,  manifested  increasing 
interest  in  the  matter;  ordered  the  viceroy  to  make 
new  investigations ;  and  insisted  that  a  ce  '  "act  should 
be  made,  if  not  with  Pifiadero,  then  w  omc  other 
responsible  man,  the  expense  to  be  bon.v.  if  possible 
by  the  contractor,  but  otherwise  by  the  royal  treasury. 
In  the  investiijfations  that  followed  in  jNIexico  it  was 
decided  by  the  audiencia  not  only  that  Pinadcro's  de- 
mands were  excessive  and  his  sureties  insufficient,  but 
tliat  he  deserved  punishment  for  past  irregularities 
that  had  now  come  to  light.  But  the  project  was 
kept  in  view,  and  under  the  new  financial  conditions 
it  was  not  diflficult  to  find  an  emprcsario  to  undertake 
the  conquest  of  California  at  government  expense. 
Late  in  1G78  a  contract  was  made  with  Isidro  Otondo 
y  Antillon,  receiving  the  royal  approval  at  the  end 
of  1()79.  Details  of  the  contract  are  not  extant,  but 
Otondo  was  not  burdened  with  a  large  part  of  the 
cost.2'' 


'"  The  bei3t  a\ithority  on  these  transactions  ia  a  series  of  four  royal  ortlcrs, 
dated  Nov.  11,  1(;74,  May  20.  1(»7C,  June  18,  1670,  and  Dec.  29,"lf)79,  witli 
frequent  allusions  to  other  documents  in  Baja  Cnl.,  Cdibilas,  MS.,  07-7;").  See 
also  Monteriiayor  Svmarios,  2,  for  a  cddula  of  Feb.  20,  1677;  Voierinn,  Not. 
Cah,  i.  218  ct  seq.;  Akqrf,  Hist.  C'omp.  Jems,  iii.  41-57,  repeated  in  Din: 
Univ.,  viii.  278-81 ;  Clavigcro,  Slor.  C'al.,  i.  107-74.  Some  of  the  best  authori- 
ties call  the  empresario  Atondo;  but  the  probabilities  seem  to  favor  the  other 
form.  Niel,  Apiint.,  20,  calls  him  Hondo.  Burncy,  C'hron,  Hist.,  iv.  345-50, 
followed  by  Taylor,  says  he  was  governor  of  Sinaloa. 


OTOXDO'S  EXPEDITION. 


187 


S  (lo- 

bnt 

irities 

was 

tions 

take 

:,on(lo 
0  cihI 
t,  but 
f  the 


21 


A  fleet  of  three  vessels  was  fitted  out  at  Chacala 
on  the  Snialoa  coast.  It  was  expected  to  be  ready  in 
tlie  autuiim  of  1G81;  but  delays  were  caused  by  the 
necessity  of  transportinjif  many  needed  supplies  from 
^[exico  and  Vera  Cruz.'^^  The  Jesuits  were  intrusted 
with  the  s[)iritual  conquest,  and  the  provincial  nti'Jicd 
ior  the  duty,  fathers  Eusebio  Kino,  Juan  Bautista 
( 'opart,  and  Pedro  Matias  Goni,  the  first  being  supe- 
rior and  also  cosmografo  mayor.  Goni  did  not  go  to 
California,  however,  at  first,  and  Father  Josi5  Guijosa 
of  the  order  of  San  Juan  de  Dios  seems  to  have  niado 
the  trip  in  his  .stead. ^'' 

The  Lhnpia  Concepcion,  capitana,  and  the  San  Jose 
y  S((n  Francisco  Javier,  a^uiiranta,  with  about  one  hun- 
ched men  under  captains  Francisco  Percda  y  Arce, 
and  Bias  do  Guzman  y  C6rdoba,  and  Alferez  ^Martin 
(le  Venistegui,  sailed  from  Chacala  on  January  18, 
]()83."^  A  sloop  was  to  follow  with  supplies,  and  did 
start,  but  never  joined  the  fleet  nor  reached  California. 
Winds  were  at  first  contrary,  and  Otondo  was  forced 
to  touch  February  9th  at  j\Iazatlan,  and  ^March  18th 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Sinaloa.  But  finally  ho  crossed 
over  from  San  Ignacio  and  sighted  Cerralvo  Island 
after  one  night's  voyage.  After  three  days  they  were 
able  to  approach  the  coast,  which  they  followed  north- 
westward for  some  eirjlit  leaofues,  and  on  jNIarch  30th 
entered  the  bay  of  La  Paz,^*  where  they  anchored  on 

^'King's  Letters  of  Aug.  15th  and  Dec.  31,  1C81,  in  Baja  CaL,  Cidulas, 
MS.,  7J-8. 

^'-  According  to  Alcgre,  iii.  27-8,  a  secular  chaplain  for  the  expedition  had 
been  appointed  in  1081  l>y  the  bishop  of  Durango,  but  at  the  request  of  tiio 
.Icsuits  tliia  act  was  oven-uled  by  the  government.  P.  (ioiii's  name  is  also 
written  CfOgni,  Gony,  and  Coqui.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  Gogui  was  tho 
original  nauie.     Mofras,  L'jrploi:,  i.  lOIJ,  adds  Salvaticrra! 

-••Edyal  conimunicationE  vi  Ji;?ic  Hi,  108.3,  and  March  28,  1084,  in  Bnjrt 
('ill.,  CijfluIas,'MS.,'iS-9.  Several  authorities  make  the  date  Jan.  18th;  and 
Vcnegas,  followed  by  several,  March  18th. 

'^OUindo,  Koitvdlc  Dexceiife  des  Egparjnols  dans  Vide,  de  Califomie,  at  tho 
end  of  Vnyaiieadu  rEm]>creiirde  la  Chine,  81-110.  This  was  doubtless  tho 
lirst  iiublislied  account  of  the  voyage,  having  been  taken  from  Otondo's  let- 
ters and  printed  in  108.1.  Otondo,  I'elatlon  d'une  Desceiite  des  E.'<i)agnotif  dunn 
I't  Califomie,  en  1GS3.  Traduite  de  Castillan,  in  Voiagea  au  A^ord,  iii.  288-.S0O, 
is  the  same  narrative;  and  tho  same  apjKiars  in  substance  in  Lockniau'a  2^rav- 
di  of  the  Jeauiis,  i.  408-20. 


188 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  oF  CALIFORNIA. 


the  1st  of  April,  landed  next  day,  and  on  the  5th  set 
up  the  holy  cross,  and  the  royal  standard  saluted  by 
a  volley  of  musketry,  while  all  the  coniiiany  shouted 
Viva  Ciirlos  II.!  The  province  was  named  Santisima 
Trinidad  de  las  Californias,  and  the  locality  Nucstia 
Senora  do  La  Paz,  the  document  of  possession  beinLj 
signed  by  the  officers  and  padres  before  Diego  de 
Salas,  the  royal  escribano.^' 

No  natives  had  been  seen,  and  this  fact,  considered 
in  connection  with  former  hospitality,  seemed  strange, 
and  even  suggested  doubts  as  to  the  identitv  of  L;i 
Paz,  about  whose  exact  latituile  authorities  ditferod. 
The  bay  wos,  however,  the  veritable  La  Paz;  neither 
had  the  people,  as  was  feared,  been  annihilated  by  the 
fierce  Guaieuri;  but  the  acts  of  pearl-seekers  had 
cooled  the  native  friendship  for  Spaniards  and  made 
the  liarbor  no  longer  the  Bay  of  Peace.  Still  the  site 
was  deemed  favorable,  being  well  watered,  and  here  the 
camp  was  fortified.  The  natives  began  to  apj^ear  in 
small  numbers  and  in  hostile  attitude,  expresj^ing  l»y 
gestures  their  wish  to  be  rid  of  the  intruders.  Trivial 
particulars  of  the  process  by  which  very  gradually  tlie 
good  will  of  the  natives  was  gained  thrt)Ugh  np[)eals 
to  their  palates  are  given  at  consideraljle  lenglli,  and 
with  a  few  nniniportant  discrepancies  in  Otondo's  vei-- 
sion  and  that  of  the  friars,^"  but  require  no  extcjuded 
r)otice  here.  The  inhabitants  soon  became  so  friendly 
as  to  come  freely  to  the  camp,  to  accept  gifts,  and  even 
to  steal  such  articles  as  struck  their  fancy;  but  it  does 
not  appear  that  they  returned  as  a  tribe  to  the  shores 
of  the  bay.  Wholesome  fear  was  promoted  by  a  puli- 
lic  test  of  the  musket  as  compared  v.ith  tlie  bow;  a 
church  and  cabins  were  built;  the  friars,  after  putting 

'^''Tlic  document  is  given  in  full  in  Akfirn,  Jflst.  Comp.  Jc.tiis,  iii.  43-5,  and 
from  it  the  dates  are  taken,  dillbrini;  slightly  from  those  given  by  otlurauthnii- 
tics.  Otondo,  Noiinlfc  JMsccntc,  states  that  ]K>ssessiiin  Avas  taken  April  l.--t. 
Kino,  JJlnrio,  440,  after'v.ud  speaks  of  March  "ioth  as  the  anniversary  ni 
the  arrival  in  Califor:na. 

'"'  As  represented  by  Vencgas.  Otondo  naturally  exaggerates,  aa  the 
padrea  underrate,  the  hostile  movcmcuta  of  the  Indians. 


OTONDO  IN  CALIFORXIA. 


189 


themselves  in  communication  with  the  natives,  devoted 
themselves  to  the  acquisition  of  the  language;  and,  all 
!L;()ing  smtjothly,  the  Concepcion  was  scut  over  to  Rio 
Yaqui  for  supplies." 

Two  expeditions  were  made  for  short  distances  into 
the  interior,  the  first  south-west  to  the  home  of  the 
(luaic'uri,  hostile  to  the  end,  and  the  second  eastward 
to  the  territory  of  the  Coras,  a  gentle  but  very  avari- 
cious people.  On  June  Gtli  the  former  pcoi^le  ap- 
])cared  in  arms  before  the  fort  at  La  Paz,  bent  on 
carrying  out  their  oft-repeated  threats  to  drive  out  the 
S|>aniar(ls;  but  the  admiral  sallied  out  and  scattered 
the  assailants  with  shouts  and  wild  gestures  causing 
much  terror  but  no  bloodshed.  Peace  reigned  nomi- 
nally for  a  time,  but  later  a  mulatto  ship-boy  ran  away 
and  the  Guaicuri  were  charged  by  the  Coras  with  his 
nmrdcr.  Their  chief  was  therefore  imprisoned,  not- 
withstanding the  entreaties,  protests,  and  threats  of 
his  subjects,  who  in  their  fury  ])lanned  a  general  attack 
for  July  1st  and  invited  the  Coras  to  join  them,  but 
Merc  betrayed  by  that  politic  people,  who  desired 
nothing  more  uian  the  defeat  of  their  foes.  Extra 
precautions  were  taken,  and  at  the  first  appearance  of 
tlic  hostile  bai.d,  ten  or  hvelve  of  their  number  were 
killed  by  a  volley  from  the  pedrero  and  the  rest  fled 
in  terror. ^^ 

This  act  of  Otondo,  like  many  later  ones,  was  not 
iip[)r()ved  by  the  Jesuits,  and  subsequent  misfortunes 
v>  ere  looked  U]ion  as  a  retribution.  The  soldiers,  wlio 
before  the  attack  had  shown  a  spirit  of  timidity  almost 
amounting  to  cowardice,  now  became  more  panic 
stricken  than  ever,  insisting  that  tlie  whole  country 
would  be  aroused  to  fall  upon  and  destroy  them,  and 
tearfully  praying  the  aduiiral  to  take  them  away  even 


■'  Here,  with  a  vagnc  allusion  to  explorations  inland,  which  niny  or  may 
ii'it  he  th(jsi)  referred  to  hy  the  padres,  Otondo's  narrative,  the  Xoinvllc  JJu- 
uroiif,  ends  'ihrnjitly,  giving  no  information  about  subsequent  tmubles. 

■^''lu  Salvati' vra's  report  to  the  viceroy  of  May  'Jo,  ITOo,  it  instated  that 
Otomli)  klHod  some  Gunicuri  while  eating  boiled  maize  at  a  feast  to  which 
.th('y  had  beon  mvitcd.    Vvneijas,  Not.  CaL,  ii.  155. 


100 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  C^iLIFORNIA. 


r 


;,l 


if  it  were  only  to  land  them  on  a  desert  island.  The 
remonstrances  of  officers  and  padres  availed  nothing; 
supplies  were  becoming  scarce  from  the  non-arrival 
of  the  vessels;  and  on  July  14th  the  settlement  wan 
abandoned.  The  Concepcion  was  met  near  the  mouth 
of  the  gulf,  and  the  two  vessels  crossed  together  tt^ 
the  main. 

Otondo  refitted  his  vessels  in  Sinaloa,  largely  at  his 
own  expense  it  is  said,  and  recrossed  the  gulf  a  few 
months  later,  arriving  on  October  G,  1G83,  at  a  bny 
north  of  La  Paz,^  which  from  the  dav  was  named  Sail 
Bruno.  Here  a  site  was  chosen  for  tlie  camp  some- 
what less  than  a  league  from  the  sliore,  where  there 
was  a  su])pl3'^  of  not  very  good  water,  in  a  sterile  coun- 
try. A  fort,  church,  and  the  required  dwellings  were 
built  with  the  aid  of  the  natives,  who  were  friendly 
from  the  first,  and  were  willing  to  work  or  to  Icaru 
the  doctrina  for  a  small  daily  allowance  of  j^ozole.  Trii 
days  after  landing  the  San  t/o.se  sailed  with  despatches 
for  the  viceroy,  reporting  progress  and  asking  for  men 
and  money.  A  little  later  the  Concepcion  made  a 
trip  to  the  Yaqui  and  returned  November  20th  with 
food  and  some  live-stock,  including  goats,  horses,  and 
mules. 

The  San  Bruno  settlement  was  kept  up  about  two 
years,  the  admiral  and  his  men  occupj'ing  the  time  in 
protecting  the  camp  and  in  ex})loring  the  country, 
Avhile  the  padres  devoted  themselves  to  conciliating 
the  natives,  learning  their  language,  and  the  usn;il 
routine  of  missionary  duty.  Padre  Kino  in  his 
diary^"  details  most  conscientiously  the — to  us — })etty 
occurrences  of  each  day,  and  a  more  uneventful  record 

'-'Possibly  Enscnadn,  do  S;in  .Tiinn  almut  lo  1.  north  oi  Loreto.  Taylor, 
Hid.  Sinn.,  'JO-IiO,  incorrectly  iilcntiiica  it  with  Loreto.  On  A\v^.  3(1,  ni.vs 
had  reached  Mexico  of  the  I'onncr  safe  arrival  in  C'aliforuia.  Jiohles,  JJiaric, 
.S81. 

'^VwHO,  Tcircra  Kiitrwla  (dc  ion  Jcsvifnn  en  Cut'/oniia),  in  I)nc.  IHfl.  JA.)'., 
B^rio  iv.  toni.  i.  40S-(!S,  altlunij,'h  evidently  but  a  fraj^nient  of  the  orii;iii:il, 
i.M  aconiplete  diary  of  events  at  San  ]!runo  iVoni  Dee.  L'l,  lOS.'l,  to  May  .S,  ItiM. 
Vcnegaa  refers  to  a  MS.  J/ixtoria  de  Suitont  by  Kino,  referring  jieriiajis  to  (hn 
letters  end)odied  in  the  A/ios/vlicofi  Aj'ancK.  Ale^'re  also  refers  to  Kino's  jtiui- 
ual  fur  Buiue  dates  uot  included  in  the  diary  us  ^niutcd. 


EVENTS  AT  S^VN  BRUNO. 


101 


it  would  bo  hard  to  imagine.  Prominent  events  were 
the  first  rain  on  January  5tli,  a  frost,  and  a  temblor; 
also  the  gathering  and  eating  of  the  Hrst  com,  beans, 
and  melons  of  CaUfornia  production.  The  stocks  were 
continually  brouglit  into  play  to  punish  runaway  ser- 
vants or  thieving  Californians.  Difficulties  of  the 
latter  class  usually  resulted  in  a  withdrawal  from 
camp  of  all  the  Edues  or  Didius,  according  to  the 
nationality  of  the  unlucky  culprit;  and  on  such  occa- 
sions there  was  great  terror  among  the  8})aniards, 
wlio,  as  we  have  seen,  were  conquistadores  of  a  very 
mild  type.  But  all  these  troubles  terminated  uni- 
formly in  the  return  of  the  penitent  and  hungr}'  j)rod- 
igals  to  prayers  and  pozole.  In  all  their  (.loings  the 
wore  mere  children,  crying  to  slee[)  in  the  same  I'oom 
with  the  padre,  sorrowful  because  the  jiaintud  virgin 
Mould  not  give  them  her  bab}'  to  hold,  begging  for  a 
ride  on  the  padre's  mule,  delighted  with  the  move- 
ments of  a  rubber  ball,  and  filled  with  wonder  at  the 
coming  to  life  of  half-drowned  flies,  by  the  aid  of  which 
tlic  friars  explained  the  resurrectli'ii. 

There  were,  moreover,  industrial  agitations  in  those 
l»riuiitive  da3's,  and  on  divers  occasions  the  c<  inflicting 
claims  of  capital  and  labor  had  to  be  conciliated  by 
concessions — a  handful  of  maize  was  added  to  a  week's 
rations.  The  food  distributed  was  for  the  most  jtai't 
from  the  stores  given  by  the  missionaries  across  the 
f;ulf,  and  (.)n  one  occasion  the  padres  refused  to  dis- 
tribute gifts  of  clothing  ofl'ered  by  Otondo  in  the 
king's  name.  They  were  often  displeased  at  what 
they  termed  the  admiral's  needless  severity;  but  for 
an  ollicer  in  those  days  to  please  the  missionaries  was 
almost  impossible.  He  must  be  a  mere  machine  for 
the  preservation  of  oi-der,  an  object  of  terror,  like  a 
pedrero,  feared  but  not  loved  by  the  natives,  com- 
]iletely  under  the  control  of  the  padres,  and  to  bo 
(onciliated  (mly  through  their  influence.  Then  we 
read  of  the  weather,  and  of  the  day  when  tl;e  sickness 
of  the  tortillera  cut  ofl'  the  supply  of  tortillas  for  the 


192 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


officers;  of  minor  expeditions  to  neighboring  ranche- 
rias,  to  the  sliore  for  fish,  or  to  a  distant  spring  for 
water  needed  by  the  sick;  of  the  falhng  of  the  cross 
on  the  shore  of  the  bay,  and  of  the  day  when  one  of 
the  padres  found  it  necessary  to  take  physic.  On 
the  whole  the  missionaries  were  content  with  thu 
country,  tlieir  progress,  and  the  prospects.  I'our 
hundred  converts  were  ready  for  baptism,  but  only  to 
the  dying  was  the  rite  administered,  for  the  danger 
of  having  to  abandon  the  country  was  foreseen. 

Of  the  many  trips  into  the  interior,  or  up  and  down 
the  coast  for  short  distances,  we  have  no  information 
that  seems  of  any  geographical  importance.  One  at- 
tempt was  made  to  reach  the  South  Sea,  but  the 
roughness  of  the  country  and  scarcity  of  food  pre- 
vented success.  Kino  also  speaks  of  two  expeditions 
to  the  south  in  search  of  the  bay  of  San  Diouisio  and 
of  the  Danzantcs,  both  of  M'hich  were  seen  from  a 
distancc.^^  The  admiral  with  his  men  was  very  nuich 
loss  pleased  with  the  prospect  than  were  the  Jesuits. 
Their  exploration  had  revealed  but  a  rough  and  sterile 
countrj'-,  with  no  mines,  poor  water,  an  unhealthy  cli- 
mate, and  unreliable,  inefficient,  though  gentle,  in- 
habitants. There  was  some  suifering  from  want  of 
food  and  from  sickness,  before  the  Sa)i  Jose  arrived 
on  August  10th,  bringing  Padre  Copart,  twenty  sol- 
diers, fresh  supplies,  and  eleven  months'  pay  for  tlie 
whole  force.  Kino,  a  little  later,  went  over  to  the 
Sonora  coast,'''  and  his  absence  doubtless  accounts  for 
our  limited  information  about  subsequent  events. 

Copart  and  Gohi  continued  their  labors  with  great 
zeal,  but  the  Spaniards  became  daily  more  and  more 
disgusted  with  a  land  that  promised  neither  fortune 

"A'/ho,  Terccrn  Eiitrada,  iW.  Tlic  same  writer  tlcscribes  n  trip  made  l>y 
him  with  Alt'eroz  Nicolas  Contrt'rns  niul  ri^'ht  nit'ii  to  tho  N.  inul  n.  w.,  in 
which  Boino  iiiuiica  of  localities  perhaps  ineiit  a  record — i\  leagues  along,  or 
over,  the  Sierra  tiiganta  to  W.  laidro,  ;i  1.  to  Sail  I'ahlo,  G  1.  N.  to  Ivio  dc  Sto 
'J'omrts,  up  the  rivoi-  w.  and  s.  w.  to  tho  suiunat  of  the  sicirn,  ti  1.  in  tiie  valUy 
of  iS.  Fabiano  in  tho  Didiu  country,  rancherla  of  S.  Nicohis,  and  return  by  a 
diU'erent  route  to  S.  Ihuno.     Tliis  journey  was  made  in  Dcoeniber  10S3. 

*''Alc'jrc,  JJist.  Cotiqi.  Jesus,  iii.  50. 


ANOTHER  FAILURE. 


193 


inchc- 
^cf  for 

cross 
one  of 
.  On 
h  the 

Four 
mly  to 
danger 

tl  down 
matiou 
Owe  ut- 
)ut  the 
od  pro- 
editions 
irtio  and 
from  a 
[•y  niueli 
I  Jesuits. 
[  sterile 
thy  eli- 
tle,  iu- 
^vant  ot 
arrived 

nty  sol- 
for  tlie 
to  the 
unts  for 

its. 

]\  great 
id  more 
fortune 

lip  made  Vy 
a  N.  Wm  i" 
ts  along,  til" 
lUo  ik"  Slo 
li  thcvalUy 
Irctuni  by  i*- 
lUt>3. 


nor  pleasure.  Fate  seems  to  have  opposed  the  Jes- 
uits, for  the  season  was  unusually  dry  even  for  this 
arid  country.  Otondo  finally  despatched  the  Cono'.ji- 
cion  to  the  north  with  orders  to  find,  if  possihle,  a 
better  site,  while  he  in  the  San  Jose,  after  carrying  the 
sick  to  Sinaloa,  sailed  to  make  a  more  thcn'ough  search 
for  pearl  comederos.  Before  his  departure,  liowever, 
the  question  of  remaining  at  San  Bruno  had  been 
discussed  in  a  general  junta,  and  the  contlicting  views 
of  the  two  parties  were  put  in  writing  and  sent  to  tlie 
viceroy. 

In  September  1G85  the  viceroy's  reply  Avas  received 
by  Otondo  at  San  Ignacio.  Its  purport  was  tliat  no 
additional  settlements  were  to  be  formed,  though  tlu) 
e^stablishment  at  San  Bruno  must  be  sustained  if  pos- 
sible until  a  more  suitable  site  could  be  fountl;  but 
the  capiiana  had  returned  without  having  been  able 
to  find  such  a  site;  the  survey  of  the  almiranta  for 
pearls  had  been  equally  unsuccessful;  provisions  failed 
again,  and  Otondo  had  to  transfer  his  whole  company 
to  Matanchelj  probably  at  the  end  of  1G85.  Here  ho 
received  the  order,  so  familiar  to  west-coast  vovaLCers 
of  the  period,  and  ]>erhaps  not  altogether  unwelcome 
in  this  case,  to  escort  the  ])ichilingue-threateiied  gal- 
leon ;^^  one  more  was  added  to  the  list  of  I'ailuivs  to 
conquer  California,  a  failure  which  in  this  instance 
cost  tiie  government  225,400  pesos.^*  Subsecpiently, 
during  the  same  or  the  next  year,  although  the  gov- 
ernment refused  pecuniary  aid  to  Lucenilla,  who  was 
disposed  to  renew  his  attempts,  yet  it  retained  confi- 
dence in  Otondo,  and  ordered  an  advance  payment  of 

''  Doc.  IS,  1085,  news  reached  Mexico  from  Arnpulco  that  the  China  ship 
hud  anived  on  the  14th  in  company  with  Otondo's  two  vessels,  whicii  had 
juiiieil  her  on  Xov.  C8th.  liublc.-i,  Dinrio,  442-I1. 

^'Seo  also  on  Ortega's  operations  in  addition  to  pi-ecedins  rofcroncf's : 
Xaran-de,  SuI'd  y  2[c.c.,  Ixxxiv.-v. ;  Cortis,  lllxl.,  .'?'JS;  6'«/-o,  Tna  Shjlo<,  ii. 
•'•'J;  'a/.,  Esf(th.  1/  I'ro'j.,  11-1'2;  Lasneimit,  J}.  CaL,  l(i.');  Vctnticrrt,  Chron. 
SioEvnn.,  117-18;  Mo/nm,  J-Jrplor.,  \.  103;  (,'nrilt),i'.i  Jl'isf.  il/.u-.,  !)■_';  />..///- '.v 
Hist.  Pioiii  Fiiml,  'J;  Forhe^'  Cal.,  12-13;  Cal.,  I/ist.  (7ir<f.,  'Jn-.'U;  y);.v. 
i'liii'.,  i.  ;!.■)();  iv.  rt47;  E-fciiiliro,  Ao<.  .SVjh.,  1'2;  Jlnin:,  Es/ikHh.i,  iii.  '2s-2  ' ; 
^Vi'>t(rl>cithuin.f  Hist.  Ofoi/.,  iv.  109;  Gleesonv  Uld.  Cath.  C/i.,  i.  83-4;  Tut- 
hiU'8  Jli.^l.  ('<,!.,  ;{7-40. 

llisr.  N.  JIes,  Staieb,  Vol,  I.    13 


194 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


1:1 


30,000  pesos  for  a  new  voyage  under  that  leader. 
On  account  of  the  Tarahumara  revolt,  however,  and 
other  pressing  needs  for  money,  the  payment  was 
never  made.^^ 

In  1G85  two  vessels  under  Swan  and  Townlev, 
separating  themselves  from  the  fleet  of  freebooters  in 
southern  waters,  came  north  for  a  plundering  cruise, 
the  main  purpose  being  as  usual  to  capture  the  INIanila 
galleon.  Their  varied  experiences  and  disasters 
between  Aeapuleo  and  Jalisco  were  not  within  the 
territorial  limits  of  this  volume,  and  have  been  else- 
where noted.'''^  In  January  1080,  however,  Captain 
Swan  sailed  northward  from  Banderas  Valley  and  his 
ship  reached  a  point  just  above  Mazatlan,  the  explora- 
tion being  continued  in  boats  farther  north  in  searcli 
of  Culiacan,  which  was  not  reached.  Swan  turned 
about  at  the  beginning  of  February  to  meet  with 
fresli  disasters  in  the  south,  losing  fifty  men  at  the 
Kio  Tololotlan.  After  this  discouragement  to  Britisli 
enterprise,  the  ship  sailed  for  Cape  San  Lucas  but 
was  driven  back  by  the  winds  after  passing  the  ]\raza- 
tlan  Islands;  and  at  the  end  of  March  sailed  irom  Cape 
Corrientes  for  the  East  Indies.  William  Dampier, 
historian  of  the  expedition,  does  not  quit  the  coast 
without  having  his  say  about  Californian  geograpliy 
and  the  strait  of  Anian.  I  reproduce  his  map  of  this 
region,  and  add  in  a  note  some  geographical  items 
from  his  text.^' 


Vencgas,  followed  by  later  writers,  barely  mentions 
a  voyage  to  the  gulf  undertaken  at  his  own  expense 
in  1094  by  Francisco  de  Itamarra,  who  it  seems  luul 
been  one  of  Otondo's  companions.     He  accomplishtd 

^^Cal.,  Extdh.  y  Prop.,  12;  V>-wr/as,  Xot.  Cal,  i.  23S-9;  Alrjre,  IlUt. 
Comp.  Jemin,  iii.  (10;  Ciuc'(<icro^  Stor.  Cal.,  i.  17ii-0j  Browne's  L.  VaL,  30-1; 
Burnri/.-i  Chroii.  ll'iKt.,  iv.  3.")0-l. 

""Soo  U'lut.  j\fi'.r.,  iii,,  tills  series. 

^^  JJiunpii'r's  X<  ir  I'oi/'Kjc  round  the.  World,  i.  237-78.  Sec  also  IlkL 
Korlhiirxt  Coas/,  i.  112,  tli'is' scries.  lie  puts  C.  CoiTientcs  in  20' 2S'.  Tlio 
iiortiieia  puiiit  of  \';illu  do  Biuidoraa  iti  called  I't  routii^uc  in  20^  oO'.     Two 


PRIVATE  VOYAGES. 


195 


Daclcr. 
V,  and 
b  was 


.viilcv, 
tors  iu 
cruise, 
Manila 
sastevs 
liu  the 
n  clse- 
^aptain 
and  his 
ixplova- 
.  seart-'U 
turned 
et  witli 
L  at  the 
British 
cas  but 
J  ^[aza- 
>iu  Cape 
iinipier, 
c  coast 
i.^raphy 
b  of  this 
1x1  items 


icntions 

[expense 

jms  had 

liplished 

|/.„v>,  Tll^t. 

iCtiL,  oO-i; 


also  J!'^'- 

:>  Oj^'.        Til'! 


notliinij  bovond  asccrtainiiiiif  that  the  natives  of  Sau 
]3runo  had  not  forgotten  the  taste  of  pozole,  and 
were  clamorous  for  conversion.'**  This  was  the  last 
expedition  of  the  century  save  those  by  which  the 
actual  occupation  of  the  peninsula  was  ulfccted,  and 
which  with  sul)se(|uent  exi)lorati()ns  of  tin;  gulf  will 
ht.' included  in  the  annals  of  J^aja  California  and  So- 
nera in  future  chapters.  Private  individuals  it  nuist 
be  sup[)osed  continued  to  despatch  small  ci'aft  from 
the  conti-a  costa  maimed  chieily  by  Ya(|ui  crews  to 
seek  pearls,  often  with  profitable  results;  ])ut  it  was 
now  well  understood  that  more  ibrmal  and  exteusive 
c\}(editions  including  in  their  })lan  the  settlement  of 
the  country  could  not  be  undertaken  except  at  a 
serious  loss. 

There  were,  however,  several  foreign  ex])e(litions 
into  these  waters  during  the  first  half  of  the  eiu,h- 
teenth  century,  which  require  brief  mention  in  <;on- 
neetion   with  this  .subject,  and  which  may  l)e  more 

.siiiiill  harren  isles  1  1.  west  called  Islo  of  Politique  (Laa  Marietaal;  Tsl.  of 

(liaiiu'tly,  (>  .small  isles  in  'i.T  10' anil  ;U.  frmii  main.    (Tiicre  arc  no  such  isles 

i>!l'(  'liauictla;  hy  the  map  tlicyniust 

lie   the   Mazatlau  gn)U|>. )     Six  or 

s'  veil  1.    X.    N.    \v.    iVoni  t'hanietly 

1  les,  ill  'IW  30',  is  the  mouth  of  ii 

liike  which  runs  about  VI 1.  pai-allcl 

w  itli  till!  ('Mast,  and  is  called  Kio  dc 

Sal.     Landing  at  the  x.  K.  of  this 

1:  lie  they   marched  to   Ma-ssaclau. 

(The    lake    must    l)o    that   at   -the 

immths  of  the  f'aiia.s  and  San  Pc- 

(lii),   Imt  this  docs  not  agree  witli 

cither  text  or  map.)     Kosario,  on  a 

liver  of  same  name,  whose  month 

i    ii 


2'J '.")!', having  near  its  mouth 
a  !ii!l  called  Caput  Cavalli.  (This 
would  seem  to  he  Kio  Chainetla, 
and  Kosario  has  pre.sevvud  its 
uiiue.)  Kio  ()leta,  east\vai<l  of  Kio 
Ko.saiio,  hut  not  found  (San  Pcclro 
<'i-  C.iuas);  Kio  >St  lago  in 'J'J'  l.V; 
Santa  Pecaijue,  ">  1.  \  ^  the  river 
and  four  lioiir.s'  m.ircu  from  the 
hank;  Santiago  .'J  1.  otF,  and  Coin- 
p.istcIa'Jl  1. 


llAMi'iKKs  .Mat,  li'.'.i'.l. 
">*  I'l.'jr'f/rt.*,  Xot.  Cal.,  i.  230-40;  Ali't/ir,  UK  Comi>.  ^tsn.",  iii.  81;  CV-ti'i- 
[j'ro,  S/or.,  Cal.,  170;  Cal.,  EstalJ.  r  I'roij.,  13. 


lOG 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OP  CALIFORXLV. 


f 


conveniently  noticed  here  than  elsewhere:  those  of 
Dampier,  Roj^crs,  Frondac,  Shelvocke,  and  Anson. 

Captain  Wilham  Danipier,  a  companion  of  Swan 
cijjhtcen  years  before,  in  1704  entered  northern  waters 

CD  %j  ' 


1^ 


AaatntpovdU 

.._.■•■  '.Xufco 


Hakris'  Map,  1705. 

on  the  St  George  with  sixty-four  men.  On  the  Co- 
Hrna  coast  in  November  and  December  he  took  several 
prizes,  one  of  them  a  bark  from  California  carryini,' 
a  few  pearls.  On  December  6th  Dampier  sighted 
and  attacked  the  Manila  galleon;  but  the  guns  of  that 


DAMPIER  AND  ROGERS. 


197 


iiiiptgon  I 


& 


a ,  of 


the  Co- 
several 
^arryin;.,' 
1  sightetl 
of  that 


craft  proved  too  strong  for  tlio  St  Gcorr/c,  and  the 
(hscomlited  British  had  to  withdraw  from  the  conHict 
and  lose  the  golden  treasure  they  had  come  so  far  to 
seek.  This  expedition  did  not  reach  the  Sinaloa  or 
California  coasts;  but  the  author  of  tlie  narrative 
introduced  some  unimportant  geographical  mat(>rial 
iVoni  Swan's  observations,^''  and  a  careless  examina- 
tion perhaps  of  some  Spanish  authority.  I  rt'produce 
•  111  the  })receding  page  a  map  of  1705  from  Harris' 
collection  of  voyages.*"' 

Yet  a  third  time  Dampier  returned  to  the  coasts 
of  New  Spain,  on  this  occasion  as  pilot  on  Woodes 
liogers'  lleet.  The  Duke,  of  320  tons  and  30  guns, 
with  117  men  under  captains  Rogers  and  Thomas 
Dover — famous  for  "Dover's  powders"  rather  than 
for  his  skill  as  a  seaman — and  the  Duclicss  of  2(j0 
tons,  2G  guns,  with  108  men  under  captains  Stephen 
Courtney  and  Edward  Cooke,  duly  commissioned  as 
jn-ivateers,  left  England  in  August  1 708.  A  year  later, 
Iiaving  doubled  Cape  Horn,  rescued  from  tlie  island 
of  Juan  Fernandez  Alexander  Selkirk  of  Kobinson 
Crusoe  fame,  and  met  with  many  adventures,  the  two 
vessels  with  a  companion  prize,  the  Marquis,  under 
Captain  Co(jkc,  and  a  bark  as  tenner,  left  Central 
-Vmerica  and  sighted  Cape  Corricites  on  October  2, 
1709. 

]\Iost  of  October  was  passed  at  the  Tres  IMarias, 
Mliere  a  supply  of  wood,  water,  and  tui'tles  was  ob- 
tained. The  point  of  California  was  decided  by  a 
majority  vote — and  all  movements  of  the  fleet  were 
uniformly  decided  upon  l>y  vote  in  full  council,  the 
iicord  being  preserved  in  the  narrative — to  be  the 
best  cruising-ground  for  the  exi)ected  galleon,  and 
therefore  in  the  first  days  f  November  the  vessels 
took  the  positions  assigned  them  m  a  line  stretching 
iVom  Cape  San  liiicas  to  the  south-west,  having  dur- 

^^FunnelVs  Voya/je  round  the  World,  Lond. ,  1707,  70-9.3.    The  author  was 
l>nmpier's  mate.     His  reputation  for  accuracy  is  not  good.     The  map  makca 
L'iilifornia  an  island,  but  is  ou  too  small  a  scale  to  furnish  details. 
*''llarrU,  Navhjulium. 


108 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  GULF  OF  CALIFORNLi. 


ing  the  next  five  or  six  weeks  occasional  communica- 
tion with  the  natives,  described  as  a  naked,  miseral)le 
people,  without  the  slightest  trace  of  missionary  influ- 
ence. The  galleon,  however,  seemed  to  have  escapes  I 
the  blockade,  or  else  was  much  later  than  usual,  and 
the  hope  of  meeting  her  was  at  last  abandoned.  TIio 
loth  of  December  the  MarquU  was  sent  into  Puerto 
Seguro,  or  San  Bcrnabe,  to  refit;  and  on  the  20tli  it 
was  decided  to  refit  tiie  fleet  and  sail  for  the  Ladrones, 
supplies  being  barely  sufiicient  for  the  voyage. 

First  a  calm  and  then  a  gale  prevented  them  from 
entering  the  port,  most  fortunately  for  them,  since 
next  day  the  Manila  ship  hove  in  sight,  and  on  the 
22d  was  taken  after  a  sharp  fight,  for  which  the  men 
were  fortified  in  the  absence  of  liquors  by  a  kettle  of 
chocolate  and  by  prayers,  which  were  interrupted  ])y 
the  foe's  lirst  shot.  The  prize  was  the  Nucstra  Scriufd 
de  la  Encarnacion  del  Dcsou/ano,  conunanded  by  Cap- 
tain John  Pichberty,  carrying  twenty  large  guns  and 
the  same  nun)ber  of  pcdreros,  and  manned  b}^  l'.):> 
men,  of  whom  nine  were  killed  and  ten  Avounded.  The 
EngHshmen  had  two  wounded,  one  of  whom  was  Cap- 
tain Rogers. 

From  the  captives  it  was  learned  that  the  De.^irn- 
gano  had  sailed  with  a  consort  of  still  larger  size; 
consequently  it  was  determined  on  the  24tli  that  the 
Duchess  and  Manixis  should  cruise  for  eitj^ht  davs  in 
the  hope  that  she  had  not  3'et  passed.  They  were  s( » 
fortunate  as  to  see  the  intended  prize  and  attacked 
her  at  midnight  of  the  2oth,  keeping  up  the  battle  at 
intervals  until  the  next  niglit,  when  the  Diihv  came 
up,  and  next  morning  all  three  united  their  efforts 
against  the  monster  foe,  wliich  was  the  Bigonia,  900 
tons,  carrying  GO  brass  guns,  and  as  many  pcdreros, 
with  a  force  of  450  men.  She  was  so  strongly  built — 
Manila  ships  were  always  superior  to  those  built  mi 
the  Mexican  coast — that  the  500  small  balls  poured 
into  her  from  the  light  guns  of  the  buccaneers  had  no 
apparent  effect  on  her  hull,  although  some  damage 


DEFEATED  BY  THE  GALLEON". 


190 


was  (lone  to  licr  rigging.  Besides  lier  ooni[)lenient 
of  4J0  men  tlier(3  were  among  the  Jii'i/onui's  passen- 
g<rs  150  "European  ])irates,  who  having  now  got  all 
their  wealth  on  board  were  resolved  to  defend  it  to 
the  last." 

The  battle  was  continued  until  just  before  noon  <»f 
the  27th,  when  the  attacking  squadron,  finding  them- 
selves fast  becoming  disabled  without  making  any 
impression  on  the  enemy,"  drew  off  for  a  council,  at 
which  it  was  decided  to  keep  near  the  enemy  until 
night,  to  lose  her  in  the  darkness,  and  then  to  give 
their  whole  attention  to  saving  themselves  and  tlieir 
first  prize.  Rogers  had  again  been  wounded,  as  had 
ten  of  his  companions,  and  a  still  greater  nun)ber  on 
the  Duchess,  where  eleven  were  also  killed.  It  was 
ledgers'  opinion  that  had  all  three  vessels  gone  out  to 
the  attack  together,  as  ho  had  wished  but  had  been 
overruled  by  the  majority,  the  prize  might  have  been 
taken  l)y  boarding,  though  after  her  'netting-deck' 
and  'close-quarters'  were  made  ready  the  attempt 
would  have  been  madness.  The  buccaneers  submitted 
witli  as  good  grace  as  possible  to  the  decrees  of  a  kind 
}»rovidencc  which  had  given  them  one  rich  prize. 

The  fleet  hurried  back  to  Puerto  Seguro,  whence 
the  prisoners  from  the  Dcscngano  with  others  taken 
ns  hostages  in  South  America,  wore  sent  away  In  the 
hark.  Captain  Pichbcrty,  a  French  chevalier,  having 
given  as  a  ransom  bills  of  exchancro  on  London  lor 
<!,000  dollars.  The  prize  was  renamed  the  Batchclor, 
niiumed  from  the  other  vessels,  and,  after  a  long 
'l)aper  war'  of  argument  and  ])rotest,  put  under  tlie 
nominal  connnand  of  Captain  l)over,  but  really  under 
the  control  of  captains  Fr3"c  and  Stretton,  with  Alex- 
ander Selkirk  as  master.  Capo  San  Lucas  was  last 
seen  on  January  12,  1710,  and  the  fleet  arri\ed  at 


■"Rogers,  however,  afterward  met  in  ndland  a  s.iilor  -wlio  liad  been  on 
liiianl  the  galleon  anil  ulio  said  slio  was  much  disabled,  and  that  tlio  liglit 
hail  l)cun  kejit  lip  only  by  the  gunner  who  went  into  the  powder-room  and 
bwure  lie  would  blow  up  the  ship  if  she  were  surrendered,  p.  33L 


800 


EXPLORATIONS  TO  THE  OULF  OF  CALIFORXIA. 


Ihc  Liulroiies  in  March.  Tlio  profits  of  the  voyago 
arc  8aid  to  have  boun  nearly  £400,000.*' 

Of  the  many  French  voyages  made  to  the  South 
Sea  (luring  tins  jjeriod  there  are  but  two  whidi  call 
i'or  mention  liere;  and  indeed  there  is  nothing  beyond 
a  mere  mention  of  either  extant.  In  the  sunnner  of 
1709  Captain  Frondac  in  the  Saint  Antuiiie  crossed 
i'rom  China  by  the  northern  route.  He  went  to  45  , 
a  higher  hititude  than  usual,  and  ho  also  touched  on 
the  California  coast  in  '31°,  shortening  his  passage  by 
the  former  change  and  refreshing  his  men  by  ihc  lat- 
ter, so  that  he  suffered  coni[»aratively  little  from 
scurvy,  the  scourge  of  these  waters.'*^  In  1721,  as 
Anson  learned  from  what  he  deemed  good  authority, 
another  French  vessel  made  the  passage  iu  less  than 
fifty  days,  but  only  five  or  six  of  the  crew  survived 
the  plague." 

It  was  in  1721  also  that  Captain  George  Shelvocke, 
after  one  of  the  typical  privateering  cruises  on  the 
central  coasts,  came  northward  in  the  Sacra  Fi'UilUa, 
a  prize  taken  at  Sonsonate.  He  had  left  England  in 
1719  in  company  with  John  Clipperton  and  the  Suc- 
cess, but  had  soon  parted  from  his  consort,  meeting 
her  again  two  years  later  on  the  ]\Iexican  coast, 
where  the  two  cruised  for  a  time  together  off  Aca- 
jjulco,  hoping  to  intercept  the  galleon  at  her  departure 
for  the  west;  but  tlie  two  connnando;  s  were  not  on 
good  terms,  and  Shelvocke,  when  no  longer  needed, 
Mas  treacherously  deserted  by  Clipperton.  It  was 
chic!fly  with  the  hope  of  again  meeting  the  Success 
f  hat  he  came  so  far  north  on  his  return  to  India,  fall- 
ing in  with  Cape  Corrientes  early  in  August.  Find- 
ing neither  consort  nor  a  supply  of  water  after  a  three 
days'  search  of  the  Tres  Marias,  the  Sacra  Familia 

"  7?uijrrs' Cruishif)  Voyage  round  the  World,  2CG-312,  .356-7.  This  is  tlie 
comma luler'a  own  narrative.  Capt.  Cooke  also  seems  to  liave  written  an  ac- 
count which  waK  consulted  by  tlie  editor  of  Voi/agen,  Ifist.  Acct.,  ii.  l-'JO,  and 
in  Voi/aiji's,  Nrw  Col.,  iii.  122-333.  Tlie  voyage  is  noticed  in  many  collec- 
tions and  in  most  of  the  general  works  referred  to  in  this  chapter. 

*'^  Ihinicji'A  Chroii.  liht.,  iv.  487;   Vem'^ag,  Not.  Cat.,  iii.  21G-17. 

**  Arnold  Voywje,  by  Walter,  ed.  of  1750,  32C. 


GEORGE  ANSON. 


201 


rrossod  over  to  California,  atul  on  Aui^ust  IHtli  ancli- 
orcd  in  I'ucrto  Soguro.  Here  they  rcnuiinud  ilvo 
(lays,  watering,  and  sailed  on  the  I8tli  for  tli(^  south- 
west, to  the  L;reat  sorrow  of  their  native  frien«ls,  who 
jiad  oonie  in  large  numbers  to  the  shore  and  oven  to 
the  ship,  and  had  been  feasted  with  unlimited  quanti- 
t  ies  of  sweetmeats  and  hasty-pudding.  The  soil  about 
the  port  when  "turned  fresh  up  to  the  sun  apjiears  as 
if  intern)ingled  with  gold-dust."  Thus  did  each  suc- 
cessive visitor  contribute  his  mite  to  the  fund  of  po[)- 
ular  marvels  respecting  California." 

Cajitain  (Jeorge  Anson,  later  Lord  Anson,  cruised 
in  the  Pacific  from  1740  to  1742  with  a  lleet  of  pri- 
vateers duly  commissioned  by  the  British  government, 
lie  waited  a  long  time  off  Acapulco  for  the  westward 
bound  ship,  but  becoming  discouraged,  ho  crossed  the 
ocean  and  succeeded  in  capturing  a  rich  galleon  at 
the  JMiili])pines.  He  did  not  roach  the  coasts  which 
lorm  the  territorial  basis  of  those  chapters.'"'  Padre 
(  avo  tells  us  that  a  Dutch  ship  was  driven  by  stress 
of  weather  to  the  port  of  Matanchel  in  1747,  eighteen 
nf  the  ofKcers  and  men  wore  invited  on  shore  to  dine 
l»v  till'  alcalde  mavor  of  Huctlan,  who  had  been  enter- 
tainetl  on  shipboard,  and  then  treacherously  arrested 
and  sent  to  Guadalajara.  There,  however,  they  were 
released  as  soon  as  the  treachery  was  known,  and 
hospitably  entertained  by  the  leading  families  until 
an  op[)ortunity  occurred  to  send  them  home.^^  During 
this  century  the  Manila  ships  frequently  touched  on 
the  peninsula  coast,  chiefly  at  the  capo  port,  as  I  shall 
liave  occasion  to  mention  in  connection  with  the  mis- 
sionary annals  of  Baja  California. 

*'^  Shi.lvockc'n  Vo;/af]e  round  the  World,  3.'}7-99.  The  author  gives  quite  a 
long  nccount  of  Califoniia  and  its  people,  which  Betagh,  Votjaijc,  '21J-'_M  — 
who  acfompanied  Shelvockc,  and  writes  chicHy  to  contradict  unci  ridicule  his 
connnundcr — pronounces  absurdly  false  where  not  plagiarized  from  Woodes 
Rogers.  The  narrative  more  or  less  abridged  from  these  two  authorities  is 
given  in  most  of  the  collections  published. 

*^  Aiifion\  VoytKje  round  the  World,  compiled  by  Richard  V'alter. 

*''  t'ui'Oy  Tre-1  Shjlos,  ii.  159-CO.  In  some  papers  left  by  Ignacio  Vallejo 
the  date  of  the  arrival  is  given  as  March  1747,  and  the  leader's  name  in 
Wilhelm  :Slaal.   Vallejo,  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  228-9. 


ii 


1 


CHAPTER   IX. 

AXXALS  OF  SIXALOA  AND  80X0RA. 

1000-1050. 

Coast  rnoviNCEa — Cii.vMKTr.A,  Cdpalv,  v'i'i.iac.vn,  Sinaloa,  OsTnimr, 
SoNouA,  and  PniKufA — Villas  ui"  San  Skuastian  ami  .San  Muiri;L-  - 
San  Juan  dk  Mazatlan— San  Fklipk  dk  Sinaloa — Commandants  mi 

GoVKRNOKS  —  TlIK  JlsUIT  AnI'AS  — CaI'TAIN    HrHDAlDK/s    Rl'LK  —  'I'm; 

(IcAZAVKs — Dr.n'.AT  ov  Tiir,  SiAijns— Ciiikfs  HANciKD — I'lxrrDii  II  IN- 
TO ClllNII'A— SiNALOAS  I'lT  TO  Dl'.ATU — 'J'KlIt'ECO  CAMPAKiN  -OniItuM 
KkVOLT — CONVKKSIONS  —  FrEUTK  DK  M()NTKSCI.^\nOS  — SPANIAItDS  J)|;- 
I'KATKI)    I!Y  TIIK  YaqI'IS— TuKATV  OV  PkacK — BlSllOI-'s   VlSlT — TKrAlIl  I. 

CAMi'AKiN  — Mayo  Missions — Convf.ksion  of  tiik  YAyiis— C'iiimpa 
Missions — Pistkict   of   San   IdNAcio — DisTUicrTiON    ( .'    rAnuKs  — 

1)KATII  of  llntDAIDF,  —  T'i'.KKA  IN  COMMAND  —  MVUDKU  OF  I'aDKIS 
I'ASCrAL    AND    M AKTINi;/.  — SoNOKA   VaLLF.Y  —  DlsTUKT   OF    SaN    Fkan- 

I'lsi'o  ■Iavif.u— Division  of  I'uovinck — XrKVA  Andahtcia  — .Ii:sriis 
vi.Ksrs  ]'"kani'is('ans— Fadkf.s  and  Statistics — Riuas'  Tku.mi'Iis  "F 
Tin;  Faitu — Condition  of  the  Missions. 

The  googrnpliy  of  the  regions  corrcspondiiiGf  to  tlu- 
huhUm'u  Siiialoa  miuI  Sonora  was  in  sonic  respects  not 
clearlv  defined  durin'jf  tlie  seventeenth  centurv.  Vtt 
while  I  sliall  name  ]>nebli)S  whose  exact  location  cannot 
he  fixed,  the  prevalent  uncertainty  respecting  ])recis(' 
boundaries  ef  ]n'ovincLS  and  districts,  arising  ((I'lcn 
from  fhe  fai't  that  fhey  had  no  precise  boundaries, 
Avill  interfere  but  iiUle  with  fh(>  narrative  of  events, 
as  most  of  the  confusing  sululivisions  of  territoiy  h'td 
no  real  existence  ])olitically  or  ecclesiastically,  bi'ing 
simply  geograi)liical  names  in  connnon  and  often  can- 
less  usa<^  '.  !Many  of  the  ditliculties  would  moreover 
1)0  removed  did  such  a  thing  exist  as  an  accurate 
modern  map.  (Jlancing  attl;e  coast  provinces  in  their 
oi'der  from  south  to  north,  we  find  the  names  Cha- 


GEOGRAPHY. 


203 


inolla  and  llosario  a])})ru'(l  to  the  roijion  Iviii;;'  Ix'twccii 
the  rivcis  ( 'iUKis  au(l  Mazatlaii/  Cliaim-tla  was  the 
ah(>ri,L;ii'.a!  iiaiiK!  wlit'ii  (iuziuaii  arrivi'il  \\vn'  in  laoO; 
Avas  Ioul;"  appHcd  to  the  ]>ort,  to  the  river,  and  to  a 
rrdf  (!<•  hu'iKis;  aiul  it  is  still  I'ound  on  modern  ina[ 
A    sriail    province   cast    oC  (Jhainclla,    tm    i\\v    sloj 


)S. 


le 


.1"  th. 


<icrra   was   sometimes  called   Malow 


Nexl: 


iiorthwi.rd,  l)etwec;n  tlie  rivers  ^iazatlan  and  IMastla, 
v.as  ('opala,  compi'isinLj  jiarts  of  tlu^  (,)uc/ala  and 
J'iastla  ol"  (Ju/man's  time.  I'iie  name  larely  appi'ais 
in  tlie  annals  of  I  Ik;  coiintiy,  and  was  itpresented  in 
lalei-  limes  hy  a  mining"  camj)  in  the  nionnlains.-  ( 'u- 
n,  the  ancient  ('i^'uatan,  Land  of  W'einen,  ex- 
iled iVom  Piaslla  to  llu'  lvi<»  ('r.liacan.  It  includc<l 
\[c  of  San  Miu'uel  and  the  name  i-;  still   retained 


aca 


\l\v  s 


or  city  and  river. 

Next  we  lind  Sinaloa,  often   descrihed  as  lyinj;"  i 
:v.'een  Culiacan  and  Hio  Mavo,  hut  whose  limit 


)e- 


was 


more  jjropii'ly  Ihe  J\io  <lel  J'\ierte,  oi*  possihly  the 
Alamos.  The  name  was  ori^'inally  that  of  a.  trihe 
ih.vi'llin^'  on  the  stream  called  IJiodel  I'^icile  fai*  from 
ihest'a;  thence  it,  was  ("xteiidid  from  trihe  and  river 
provisKH'  and   capital;  then   IVom   the  capital  over 

le  ^'oveiMior's  jurisdiction  as 


H'wral  nrovmces  w  i 


thin  t 


fa !•  north  as  the  Jvio  Yaijui  or  escn  heyitnd:  and  it, 
has  finally  remained  In  use  not  only  for  eity  and  for  a 
ii\-er  >i)uth  of  that  on  which  tin;  Sinaloas  h\"ed,  hut 
i'or  the  state  exlendiii'j;'  from  the  ('anas  to  the  Ala- 
mos.'' '^riie  pi'ovinccs  thus  lar  named,  or  at  least  up 
to  the  Jtio  Mocorito,  or  I'^vora,  wei'i'  confmed  to  ;l 
\(iy  nai'i'ow  sti'i|)  of  coast,  haviiiL;'  on  the  east  the 
mountains  of  Topia,  the  annals  of  which    I   have;   in- 


'l"hc  Inttrr  strcMiii  is  dt'tciu'r  (•.•illcil  K 


<M 


i; 


l.i.s  <  • 


w 


MS  proli.ilily  ii;iini  il  tUv  the  iccds  f;rii\\  inn  <'ii  ''^  luiiiiis,  Imt  |Mis>,ii)ly  in  lioni 


(.1    (IdV.   (■ 

iHinctii  or  ( 'liiin 


'l'(jrc|U('in;i<la  wiy.s  t!u'  iHdNinn'  nf  .M:i/;itl 


in  \v;is  cillct 


1  A. 


i'lh 


'I'll.'  I 


Sci'  rli;i]it('r  xi.  tor  nuip  nf  soullicru  provinfr. 


iio  di' 


I'ifistlii  w.'is  HDUutiincs  cal 


i;i.>  i;!. 


ilsii  t'l 


r  up  in  tlu'  niuun 


tains  Kii>  liunia 


Sinaloa  was  also  calk'il   l.a  Cal 


iinava.  an( 


1    \ 


nsniana,  anil 


•nni'i'tion  witli  ( 'nliaran  and  Ostinniii,  Nncvo   l!ii 


ill!  .\iaL;'i 


la  Sal, 


mictinit's,   j:i 


lo 


The  II 


ili'l  l'"uiMli'  was  also 


il  TanioU'liala,  Sautia'. 


Mioinc,  Sna(|ui,  and  uviii 


Siualoii.     Tlii.'  l!io  du  Sinaloa  was  ongiuuUy  llu'  IVlalian. 


i: 


I 


204 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOA  AND  SONORA. 


eluded  in  tliosc  of  Durango.  North  of  Sinaloa  was 
Ostiiniiri,  which  reached  from  the  Alamos  to  th;^  llio 
Yaqui,  and  up  its  eastern  bank  to  the  latitude  of 
Xacori  or  Sahuaripa.*  A  small  [jucUo  bore,  and  per- 
haps orioinated  the  name,  which  in  modern  times  was 
still  applied  to  the  partldo  of  Alamos.  This  jjrovinco 
and  those  to  the  north  were  separated  on  the  cast 
i'rom  Nueva  Vizcaya,  or  Tarahumara,  or  Chihuahua, 
by  the  Siena  Madre. 

A^l  tlu;  countr}'-  north  of  the  Yaqui  was  sometimes 
called  Sonora''  even  at  this  time,  a  name  which,  aug- 
mented by  Ostimuri  on  the  south  and  deprived  of 
Arizona  on  the  north,  it  still  retains.  Yet  it  was 
more  common  among  the  Jesuits  to  restrict  the  name 
to  the  valley  where  it  originated;  and  the  terms 
Pimeria  Baja  and  Pimeria  Alta,"  divided  by  a  rather 
vague  line  just  below  the  rivers  Altar  and  San  Igna- 
cio,  were  the  terms  perha])s  in  most  conimon  use. 
The  provincial  divisions  thus  indicated.  <.xcept  Sina- 
loa and  Sonora  in  their  broadest  application,  will 
occur  but  rarely  in  the  annais,  and  may  for  the  most 
jiart  be  disregarded.  Throughout  Jiearly  the  whole 
century  Sinaloa  is  the  best  general  name  for  the 
whole  territory ;"  that  is,  there  is  no  other  siu'de 
name  that  can  be  properly''  ap])lied  to  the  whole  terri- 

*  Sonic  wiitcrs  give  tlio  Tvio  Mayo  as  tlio  lino  lictwccn  Sinaloa  and  Osti- 
uuni;  Imt  ().stinuiii  tvidcntly  iuLliulcil  Alamos.  Acconlini,'  to  Ovu/xo  the 
in'ovinL'c  cxtt'udcd  across  :\\  the  latitude  of  Xai.'ori  to  tlie  ]{io  do  Oposura,  or 
v.x'St  tuancli  of  the  Yaqui.  Tlio  Ivio  Mayo  was  called  liyiluzniaii  in  \')'X\ 
San  Miguel:  and  tiie  Yaijui,  8an  Francisco;  but  the  latter  wa.s  al.scj  teriuud  hy 
tiie  Jesuits  Kspiritn  Santo.  Moto-Fadilla  in  IT-!-  speaks  of  'Ostimuri  or 
Alamos.' 

'' Of  the  origin  of  this  name  more  hereafter.  It  was  also  called  for  .1  few 
yeai's  only  Xucva  Andalucia. 

*  According  to  A[iuKl6lU'M!i  Afaius  awA  Arricirilti,  I'iniciia  Baja  extended 
from  mouth  of  the  Y'U|ui  to  Tecora  mission;  and  I'inieria  Alta  from  Caborcii 
east  to  Tcircnate,  and  Sun  Ignacij  north  to  Kio  Gila.  New  Mexico  is  often 
named  as  the  northern  bound. 

'On  the  geography  of  the  coast  see  Villa  Snlor,  Thmfro,  ii.  3.'1S,  .'JS.VO.'l; 
J\fota-J'(id!lln,  CoiK/.  X.  Gal.,  r)-20-2;  Ca'lr,  Mim.  Xntkuts,  97;  Ji'ilni-f,  /Hit. 
'J't-iiiDiji/iix,  1,  '2;  JJof.  Hint,  il/tu',,  serio  iii.  pt.  iv.  4!)4,  &2o,  TOli;  Arricirila, 
('run.,  ;!9(J;  Ajtostnlii-os  A/aiir>>,  "230-1;  Alajrc,  Hist,  Vvmp.  Ji-siis,  ll"_'-li; 
Oruzcoi/  /In-ru,  O'lti'i.,  ;V2S-9,  .'137-8;  Manjc,  y/z.-Y.  I'ini.,  .3y2-3;  Tvrqmmwla, 
jMoHurq.  lial,,  i.  01)7;  America,  JJcsvriiK,  12G:  Siitaloa,  Mem,  IJixt,,  MS., 
C'J3. 


COAST  PRO\^NCES. 


205 


tory,  which  was  under  one  government;  yet  in  view 
of  later  divisions,  and  of  the  fact  that  even  then 
Sinaloa  was  commonly  regarded  as  extending  only  to 
the  Yaqui,  I  have  deemed  it  best  to  use  the  double 
term  Sinaloa  and  Sonora  in  the  heading  of  this  chap- 
ter. 

It  is  to  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  coast 
provinces  w^erc  still  in  an  important  sense  a  part  of 
Nucva  Vizcaya,  being  in  this  century  as  from  the 
first  subject  to  the  governor  of  that  country  residing 
at  Durango.  Yet,  as  the  original  idea  had  been  to 
restrict  Vizcaya  to  the  region  east  of  the  Sierra 
Madre,  as  the  sierra  still  formed  a  natural  bound  and 
barrier  rendering  communication  difficult,  and  espe- 
cially as  the  governor's  authority  on  the  coast  was 
delegated  to  a  military  comandanto,  often  spokiMi  of 
as  governor  of  Sinaloa,  it  Ijccamo  a  connnon  usage 
tn  a[)ply  the  name  Nueva  Vizcaya  to  the  eastern 
country  corresponding  to  the  modern  Durango  and 
Cliiluiahua;  and  this  usage  I  find  it  most  convenient 
both  for  writer  and  reader  to  follow  in  the  present 
record. 


The  southern  provinces  from  Chametlato  Culiacan, 
inclusive,  a  narrow  strip  of  territory  along  the  coast — • 
not  including  the  mountainous  To|)ia  district  which  I 
have  found  it  most  convenient  to  include  in  Durango 
Ibr  historical  purposes,  though  a  large  part  of  it  was 
west  of  the  sierra  sunnnit — came  as  near  having  no 
recorded  history  as  is  possible  in  a  country  where 
some  civilized  men  lived  and  where  each  year  may  be 
supposed  to  have  had  its  complement  of  days.  Thci'o 
were  no  missions  proper  here;  but  missionaries  iVom 
the  adjoining  districts  on  the  south  and  east  and  north 
made  occasional  visits,  as  did  the  bishoji,  for  tlie  spir- 
itual edification  of  the  Spanish  inhabitants  and  na- 
tives, all  of  whom  were  nominally  Christians  since 
the  early  years  of  Fi-anciscan  eflbrts. 

The  villa  of  San  Sebastian  de  Chametla  seems  to 


1 


:• 


:l 


206 


ANXALS  OF  SIXALOA  AXD  SOXORA. 


have  maintained  its  existence  under  an  alcalde  mayor 
and  curate,  with  a  presidial  guard  for  defensive  pur- 
poses. Of  mining  operations  absolutely  nothing  is 
known,  though  there  are  indications  that  the  mines 
were  not  altogether  abandoned.  In  1G03  the  exploror 
A'izcaino  toucljin<jf  at  Mazatlan  found  a  mule-train  on 
the  road  between  Culiacan  and  Chametla,and  obtained 
aid  from  Ca}>tain  Martin  liuiz  de  Aguirre,  described 
as  alcalde  mayor  of  the  province.**  At  an  unknown 
date  between  this  time  and  1G33  a  town  of  San  Juan 
de  jSIazatlan  was  founded.  Juan  de  Ariiaran  was 
alcalde  mayor  of  the  town  and  military  commandant 
of  the  Ilio  Piastla  at  the  time  of  Ortesjfa's  visit  in  the 
year  mentioned.'^  The  name  Mazatlan  was  orin^inallv 
that  of  a  native  town  on  the  river;  and  navigators 
had  several  times  touclied  at  the  port,  but  I  tind  no 
record  of  an}''  Spanish  settlement  before  Ortega's 
visit;'"  and  the  later  visits  of  gulf  navigators  recorded 
in  earlier  chapters  have  left  no  inforujation  about  the 
]tlace  for  a  century  and  more.  Calle  tells  us  that  in 
1040  there  were  in  this  southern  region  four  alcaldes 
mayores  all  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Nueva  Viz- 
caya;  those  of  Piastla  and  Mazatlan,  of  Chametla 
and  Salinas,  of  the  Maloya  mines,  and  of  San  Sebas- 
tian, where  was  a  ])residio  and  captain." 

At  the  north  still  existed  tlio  ancient  villa  of  San 
!Miguel  de  Culiacan.  Its  alcalde  mayor,  unlike  those 
of  otlier  settlements,  was  ajipointed  by  the  audiencia 
of  Guadalajara,  at  a  salary  of  six  hundred  and  ninety- 
six  pesos.  There  was  also  a  curate  in  charge  of  the 
l)arocliial  district.     We  have  no  names  of  otiicials,  no 

^Scc  p.  I'lD  of  tliia  volume. 

^Or'i;ift,  Ihsrnpaon.  MS.  Pedro  do  Eibora  is  named  as  cunito  ;  !ind  Alf. 
Juan  I'aido,  Mavtia  I''crnaiuli.z,  and  Francii^co  ^lartiii  were  vcciiios. 

•"Aceordin.;  to  Ma-.utliiu,  Dafi'S  Kslad.,  in  Soc.  Mv.c.  ^ifo;/.,  'Jda  I'p.,  iv. 
C"),  tliero  !U0  no  reeonls  extant  on  the  earliest  history  of  Mazatlan. 

^^('(Jlc,  Mdii.  Xof.,  97-101.  Tins  author  also  names  10  correLrimientos 
yielding  from  '20  to  200  pesos  of  tribute  in  the  provinee  of  (^diaean  y  Xatoato. 
They  are  Istlaxe  y  (inznianilla,  Teeurinieto,  Xavito  y  Kaboato,  Xaholatu, 
(  hihjliito,  (.'usjiita  y  Tolobato,  Cobcta  y  Cocala,  Culaefi  y  Ctgnane,  \'izeaino  y 
1'eeolinnoeiniala,  Aeala  y  San  Estc^van,  Alieamti  Abanito  y  Dato,  Apaelia  y 
]>aila,  Soloneto,  Lauroto,  Loto,  Auilamcto  la  (ialga,  Mobolo  y  el  Xuevo  y 
^'iejo  Tepuehu.     All  thia  ia  unintelligible  to  me. 


GOVERNORS. 


207 


record  of  local  happenings,  and  no  statistics  of  popu- 
lation. There  were,  perhaps,  from  thirty  to  fifty 
Spanish  families,  besides  a  few  Aztecs  and  Tlascal- 
tecs.  Nearly  every  year  the  Jesuits  came  down  from 
the  north  for  a  mission  tour  among  the  natives,  by 
■whom  they  were  always  well  received. 

At  San  Felipe  y  Santiago  de  Sinaloa  on  the  Eio 
Putatlan  was  stationed  a  garrison  of  from  thirty  to 
j'orty  men,  besides,  a  little  later,  a  fort  on  the  llio 
Fnerte  farther  north.  The  captain  of  the  garrison 
v^as  ap])ointed  by  the  viceroy;  but  from  tlic  gov- 
rrncn-  of  Xueva  Vizcaya  he  received  tlie  appointment 
of  alcalde  mayor,  and,  as  already  stated,  was  often 
called  governor  of  Sinaloa.  From  IGOO  to  1G2G  the 
])osition  was  held  by  Captain  Diego  Martinez  de 
llurdaide;  then  by  Pedro  de  Perea  to  1041,  ex- 
cept in  IG.jG,  when  Francisco  Bustamante  held  the 
l»]acc;  by  ]juis  Cestin  de  Cahas  to  1G44;  and  by  Juan 
Peralta  y  jNIendoza  perhaps  for  the  rest  of  the  half 
century,  he  being  succeeded  by  Porter  y  Casanate.^' 
San  Felipe  had  a  population  of  some  eighty  I'amilies 
de  razon  in  the  middle  of  the  century,  their  spiritual 
iieces.sities  being  attended  to  ly  tlie  Jesuits,  whose 
central  establishment,  or  college,  was  here,  and  who 
had  also  a  school  for  native  boys,,  By  the  missiona- 
lies  the  citizens  arc  highly  praised  for  their  good  char- 
acter and  marked  devotion  to  religion;  but  of  events 
and  men  from  a  secular  point  of  view,  we  know  prac- 
tically nothing.  Indeed,  were  it  not  for  the  Jesuit 
missionary  annals,  the  record  for  the  north  would  be 
almost  as  meagre  as  that  of  the  southern  provinces. 

Fortunately  the  Jesuit  annals,  especially  in  the 
eai'ly  years,  are  cjuito  complete.  In.  addition  to  the 
standard  chronicles  of  Bibas  and  Alegre,  with  occa- 
ssional aid  from  other  sources,  I  have  before  me  the 
regular  anuas,  or  annual  records  of  the  provincial, 
made  up  from  the  letters  of  the  missionaries  them- 

''■•Some  slight  references  for  dates  of  Bucccssion,  etc.,  will  be  given  later. 


'!:■ 


203 


ANNALS  OP  SIXALOA  AND  SONORA. 


SiNALOA  AND  SOXOKA  IN  TUB  SkVENTEETU  CENTrRY. 


JESUIT  AXXALS. 


209 


\.^o^' 


20 


Selves.  Tlicsc  aro  very  bulky  and  iiiinute,  but  as  in 
tlio  case  of  similar  records  for  an  earlier  period  nli'eady 
noticed,  only  a  small  portion  can  be  profitably  util- 
ized for  historical  purposes.  The  ])rimary  object  of 
tlie  missionaries  was  to  convert  gentiles  to  the  faith; 
tlic  struggle  between  divine  and  diabolic  inlhiences  in 
the  case  of  some  poor  sick  Indian  girl  nuist  be  re- 
corded in  full.  Other  matters  atfecting  events  and 
institutions  and  men  were  of  secondary  importance, 
to  be  mentioned  incidentally,  if  at  all,  and  there  wei'o 
a-^  yet  no  controversies  with  secular  authorities  or 
settlers  to  claim  space  in  their  correspondence. '^ 

In  IGOO  five  Jesuit  missionaries,  Perez,  A'elasco, 
Yillafanc,  Orobato,  and  ]\Iendez,  had  founded  eight 
missions  with  substantial  churches,  and  were  at  work 
in  some  thirteen  towns  on  and  near  the  rivers  Sina- 
loa  and  Mocorito,  having  also  visited  the  tril)es  on 
the  liio  Tamotchala  and  beyond,  but  without  found- 
ing as  yet  any  mission  there.  Certain  disturbances 
in  1599  had  caused  Captain  .Vlonso  Diaz  to  send 
Hurdalde  his  lieutenant  to  Mexico  M'ith  a  rcrpicst 
for  reenforcements  and  for  the  comandante's  relief 
i'rom  office.  At  the  end  of  the  year  Hurdaide  came 
liack  as  comandante  with  ten  soldiers,  thus  increasing 
tlio  presidial  force  to  thirty-six.  He  proved  a  model 
captain  in  every  respect,  no  less  noted  for  the  ]iiety 
and  justice  which  endeared  him  to  Jesuit  and  convert 
than  for  the  activity  and  valor  which  mad(!  him  a 
ti'rror  to  unruly  savages,  to  keep  whom  in  sul)jection 
by  the  aid  of  his  small  force,  was  a  duty  that  letl  him 
but  little  rest  during  his  rule  of  nearly  thirty  years." 

The  new  captain's  first  task  was  to  quiet  the  Gua- 
zavcs,  who  had  burned  their  church  and  lied  to  the 

"The.nmias  arc  containcil  in  S'iiinloa,  Mem.  llif^t.,  MS.,  ."W-SO.'J.  Tluy 
1(10  iuv  the  years  lGOl-2,  1U04,  1(110-17,  ir)19--2(),  Ki'-'S-'J. 

"  He  eon(|Ucrc(l,  according  to  Uihn.<,  II'ikI.  7'r>iini/'fi<in,  S.^-O,  over  20  nations 
{indnotonc  .'f  his  soldiers  ever  fell  into  the  liandaof  the  foe;  hut  he  .spent  all  his 
]i:ivate  fortune  in  the  woj'k,  dying  in  del)t.  lie  had  a  jieeuliar  way  <if  sending 
his  orders,  four  seals  of  wax  on  a  paper  without  writing  forming  the  token 
liorne  by  his  messenger,  who  woi'o  it  in  .i  reed  stuck  in  the  hair.  It  was  un- 
Ui-istood  that  any  interference  with  a  niessungur  bearing  this  credential  would 
Hist.  It.  Mex.  Btaies,  Vol.  I.    11 


210 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOA  AND  SONORA. 


Avoods.  The  ofreM(l(3rs  were  li.ini^od,  but  tlio  Hilcf, 
Doll  Pablo,  ordered  his  ])eo|)le  hack  to  Christian  life, 
and  was  pardoned.  ]^oth  chief  and  suhjccts  becaiuf 
noted  later  for  their  i'aitli,  and  tlie  former  once  had 
his  si^ht  miraculously  restored.  Xew  and  lino  churches 
of  adobe  replaced  the  burnt  structures,  but  were  de- 
stroyed l)y  Hoods  a  lew  years  later.  The  Guazaves 
<|uieted,  tlie  valiant  captain  deen'ied  the  time  a  fittiii;.;' 
one  to  huml)le  the  hostile  Suaiiuis,  who  had  exhibited 
a  threateniuLi^  indifference  to  the  salvation  of  their 
souls  by  S|)anish  methods.  He  did  it  in  an  orii^iiial 
way.  Wild  cattle  had,  it  seems,  greatly  multiplied  in 
the  north  since  the  abandonment  of  Carapoa,  and 
]  [urdaide  ordered  a  j^rand  hunt  for  meat.  ]i(,'achiii.; 
the  Suaqui  country  he  produced  shackles  and  rope-, 
ex[)laining  to  his  astonished  company  of  twcnty-lbur 
that  each  man  was  required  to  seize  and  bind  two  <if 
the  fo  ,  The  natives  comint;"  to  make  iiK|uiries  were 
inlbrnied  of  tlie  projected  hunt  and  promised  a  shai'e 
of  the  meat;  then  tlic^  common  i)eo[ile  were  sent  tt 
gather  Avood  for  a  grand  barbecue,  while  the  haughty 
chiefs  remained.  At  the  word  SSantiagoI'  forty-three 
were  seized  by  tlie  hair  and  secured  with  some  di.li- 
culty,  except  two  who  escaped.  The  jilebeians  soon 
came  up  with  bows  and  arrows,  but  without  leaders 
could  do  nothing,  and  were  iinally  persuaded  through 
a  Christian  woman,  Luisa,  that  they  would  be  much 
better  off  without  chiefs,  ami  that  no  liarm  would  he 
done  to  them  if  they  kept  quiet.  The  masses  retired 
to  their  towns;  but  the  wives  of  the  captives  remaiiieil 
and  bravely  attempted  a  rescue,  attacking  the  Sjiaii- 
iards  with  stones.  Fathers  ^Meiidez  and  Velasco  came 
up  to  jircpare  the  victims  lor  death;  all  but  two  be- 
came Christians;  and  all,  save  two  killed  in  the  skir- 
mish with  the  women,  were  hanged  on  two  trees.  Dona 
Luisa  was  sent  to  the  towns  with  the  admonition  t* 

be  promptly  an<l  tenilily  avciiLrod,  ami  iR-furo  loiij,'  the  srrils  wore  rcspt-ctcl 
l)y  even  tlio  most  tlistiiiit  and  hdstilc  tribes.  A  hloiidy  knife  was  also  si  iit 
oeousionally  as  a  threat  of  punislinient.  See  also  Id.,  81-"J,  'Jo,  1)7,  IW'-'; 
Ahjrc,  U'lsl.  L'omp.  Jistti^,  i.  387-8;  Jlainjc,  JI'iM.  rimcria,  31)8. 


CIIINIPAS  AND  TEITUECOS. 


211 


tlio  people  to  l^e  good  Indians,  and  on  no  account  to 
take  down  the  .suspended  Ixnlics.'' 

The  viceroy  luid  ordered  an  exjdoration  oftlu!  ("lii- 
ni[»a  country  in  search  of  certain  rich  mine;  rej»orted 
t(»  exist  there,  and  llurdaide  seems  to  have  starlcil 
iniineiHately  after  liis  e\[»l()it  amoni;'  tlie  Sua<(uis  in 
thi'  sprinL?  i>f  K50 1 .  I'^ather  ^[endez  accomjjanied  hiiu 
in  search  of  spiritual  treasuie,  and  Sinalou  L;uides  weii! 
taken  wlio  ])r()Ve(l  t;)  he  treaclientus.  Tiie  8[)aniards 
ere  attacked  April  1 0th  in  a  dillicult  |)ass  and  a  part 
f  the  com]»any  was  hesie^'ed  tor  a  chiy  or  two  in  a 
mountain  refu:^'e;  hut  no  li\es  were  h)st,  and  tlu;  pi 
pectors  Were  ahle  to  reach  a  (1 


w 


(I 


os- 


iiiupa  ranclieria  ea 


died 


>o 


Curei>o,  where  silver  tn-e  was  indeed  found,  hut  not 
rich  as  had  1)een  expected.  A  native  woman  ^\a■> 
taken  hack  for  later  um'  as  a  messen-^vr  or  Interpretei', 
and  on  the  return  marcli  tlie  treaeherous  Sinaloas 
were  pnnished  hy  havinsjf  their  lields  ravai^-etl  and  four- 
teen of  tiieir  number  put  to  death. "^ 

The  Ahomes  now  coni[)lained  tliat  the  Teliueco.^ 
had  come  down  the  river  to  usurp  their  lands  and  to 
maltreat  tlieir  women.  llurdaide  of  eourst'  started 
at  once,  desiring-  to  encoura^'e  thi'  friendly  spii'it  of 
the  Ahomes;  hut  on  the  way  was  opposed  hy  tlie 
united  Suaquis  and  Sinaloas,  who  had  apparently 
il»r;^(jtten  their  late  chastisement.  Taxi(.'ora,  chief  of 
the  Sinaloas,  was  seized  at  the  first  apj)roach  l)y  the 


ca 


pti 


un  s  o\\ 


11  hand,  and  his  mrii  retreated, 


ariiiu'  to 


kill  their  leader.     Au'ain  the 


)ai 


liards  were  attackrd 


ill  a  forest  Avliere  tlie  horsemen  could  not  o[terate. 
Taxicora's  orders  had  no  t'ii'ect  to  make  his  nu'ii  desist, 
Itut  when    lltirdaide  rushed  out  siiiLjlo-haiuled,  cap- 


^'' i;:hfi.<,  S7  [1-2.  ^^!ln^'e,  //;.<  PUmrin,  .IDS-!),  siiys  tlK;t  lM  Imili  r.-,  of  tlio 
iSuiU|Ucs  :iiiil  iiicitoi'.s  of  ixvolt  woih^  lum^'i-'il. 

"'  Vl^l(<'■(^,  Cm-ta  al  I'ci/ir  J'nir'uniu/,  I'J"/.  MS.,  i;i  Siittilixi,  Mini.  Il'ixl., 
343-30.     I'bciv  was  a  iicstikiKu  tliis  year  ulii.li  kilU.i!   niaiiy,  cliiclly  oM 

] Ilk',  at  Ocrii'diii  ami  AId.     'I'lioro  viro   iiiaiiy   luarvcUiui.s  curf.".     (.>f    i'JS 

ailiilts  lia[iti;;iMl  ."i.'S  ilicil.  Tlio  iiiitivts  at  first  tM|)tU!'iil  a  ffw  pacli-iiinlfs,  tlio 
KiK/iTil  ulLiisil.s  taniiil  hy  tliu  ))ailiv,  ami  a  cnpiiui'  Uetllr  w  liic  li  tluy  u.sicl  as 
a  ilruiii  ill  iliu  infiiiaturtj  L'tlelnatinii  of  victory.  'I'lie  Cliinipas  li  veil  within 
the  limits  of  the  luuduni  Chiluialuia.  Juhu-:,  'J.j-tl;  Alnjix,  i.  ilSS-'J. 


^r 


U 


I  ?  I  'i 


•21 -2  ANNALS  OF  RINAL  )A  AND  RONORA. 

tiirod  one  ot'  the  savapfcs,  and  lianjTjoil  lihii  to  a  troo, 
tlu!  rest  retired.  AdvaiiciiiLj  to  the  !M{  tava  Valley, 
ho  drove  the  Tehuecos  to  the  woods  .Mid  ca})ture(l 
two  hundred  W(jnien  and  children,  who  wore  |L,nven  u\, 
on  the  pr  )inise  of  the  trlho  to  return  to  their  home 
and  let  tie  Ahonios  alone.  The  latter  i)eo})le  were 
not  only  i^i-atei'ul  but  clamorous  I'or  missionaries.  Xot 
yet  done  with  the  Suaqnis  the  comandante  stop))ed 
on  Ids  return  at  their  town  of  ^Cochicavi.  The  wai'- 
liors  lied,  mi  sent  by  Luisa  tiieir  apolon'ies  that  tln^ 
Sinaloas  alone  had  been  to  blame.  Their  lives  ami 
town  were  spared,  1)ut  they  had  to  make  certain  pres- 
ents to  the  native  allies,  and,  as  a  still  more  humili- 
atiiiL;  penance,  to  lose  their  war-locks,  the  maik  nf 
honor  most  prized  by  the  braves.  Taxicora  M'as  cou- 
demni'd  to  the  gibl)et  at  San  l'eli[)e,  and  died  a  ^'ood 
Christian.^'  There  were  now  in  the  field  four  i)riests, 
I'^ither  Orobato  haviiij^  disap}»eared  from  the  list,  and 
one  lay  brother  Francisco  Castro.  Ijaptisms  in  1()02 
were  HoO,  two  thirds  of  which  were  in  the  new  Gua- 
zave  district.  The  boys'  school  at  San  Felipe  had 
now  thirty  native  pui)ils. 

Padres  and  mission  parai)hernalia  were  needed  in 
order  to  take  spiritual  advantai^e  of  recent  military 
successes,  and  JIurdaide  accordin^dy  made  a  trip  to 
]\Iexico,  a])parently  in  lGO;3-4,  with  a  ]iarty  of  native 
i-hiefs.  His  requests  were  g'rantetl  l)y  Viceroy  j\Iontes- 
claros.  His  Indians  were  feted  and  given  fine  cdothiiig 
and  swords,  and  he  brought  back  two  new  missionaries, 
Cristobal  do  AHllalta  and  Andres  Perez  de  Pibas,  tlio 
latter  subsequently  famous  as  the  chronicler  of  his 
ortler  in  Nueva  ^^izcaya.  At  Zacatecas,  on  the  re- 
turn, four  of  the  native  traders  ran  away  and  hastened 

'"Si'c  X((lire  7iV(('r.<,  i.,  this  scries.  lu  the  Amtan  of  1002,  .378-108,  T;i\i- 
oor.a  is  saiil  to  have  had  a  compact  witii  Satan,  ami  to  have  l)ccii  the  iniMtfr 
of  the  attack  of  UiOl.  In  a  trip  of  the  captain  and  l!ro.  Castro  to  tlie  Sua(|iii 
(■ountry  for  corn,  tlie  people  are  said  to  have  hceii  found  friendly  AiKjtlu.r 
apostate  native  was  pnt  to  deatli  for  inciting;  a  revolt  on  the  Kvora  Kivcr. 
Two  tonrs  to  Culiacau  Valley  this  year,  and  I'adre  Sautarcn  from  Topia  also 
spent  some  time  there.  Alojxro,  i.  410-11,  writes  the  names  in  llurdaide's 
entrada  Matuhoa  Valley  and  Mochicauis  puebloj  sec  also  Uibas,  100-5. 


IIURD AIDE'S  CAMrAIONS. 


213 


,  troo, 
■all*>y, 
)  tared 
en  up 
homo 
)  wero 
,  Xot 
LOppcil 

u  war- 
at  tl)o 
cs  and 
II  pvcs- 
imnill- 
laik  of 
as  t'oii- 
a  good 
])riijsts, 
ist,  and 
in  1(502 
Gua- 
luid 


r 

pc 


.'dc'd  in 
nllitaiy 
trip  to 
'  native 
lontes- 
lotliin;,'' 
)nario.s, 
)as,  the 
of  Ills 
the  ro- 
istened 

I-IOS,  Taxi- 
the  inciter 
^liu  Siiiii[ui 
Aautlwr 
■ora  lUviT. 
IXopia  also 
Tluidaiac'a 

to-5. 


homo,  aftor  coniniittin!^'  tliroo  nnirdors  on  the  Topia 
frontier,  to  jn'oach  revolt  auionuf  the  Tclniecos,  sdnio 
of  whom  fled  to  join  the  Tepahiies,  f'ariiiL;"  [tunisli- 
iiiont  for  the  crimes  of  their  diicfs.  At  tlu'  samo 
time  the  Christians  of  Oooroni  anil  ]xieohurito  w- 
vohed,  not  witliout  provocation  it  is  said,  and  hn.rned 
tlieir  churciies.  It  was  also  durini^  Hnrdaide's  ah- 
sence  that  the  country  w;i-  \isited  hv  tlooils  whicli 
destroyed  cro])s,  undermined  adohe  churches,  did  souk; 
(liima!4"e  even  in  the  villa,  and  drove  neophytes  ;ind  in 
sDiiH'  cases  even  |)aih'es  to  the  mountains.  Father 
^Itiidez  was  ke])t  U[)  in  a  tree  f )r  a  day  and  ni;^ht, 
wliile  Father  Ve'lasco  was  imprisoned  for  four  days  in 
liis  sacristy.  Hurdaide  heard  the  had  news  at  Topia 
on  a  (lav  when  he  had  taken  a  purii'e,  hut  he  ft'lt  that 
pi'ovidence  was  on  his  side  and  he  could  not  he  de- 
1  rrcd  fi'om  hastcniiiL!^  homeward.  After  a  sliarj)  fi^-lit 
111-  defeated  the  liacohuritos,  put  the  leadiui;'  rel)els  to 
iKath,  and  forced  the  rest  to  rehuild  their  church. 
The  Tehuecos  were  easily  (paeted  antl  induced  to 
jiursue  the  four  murderers,  who  were  executed  on  the 
very  s])ot  where  their  crime  liad  been  < Mnnnitti-d. 
The  Ocoronis  ij^ave  more  trouble;  some  yoaii^'  men  at 
srhool  under  Padre  Mendez  refused  to  join  the  revolt; 
liut  iho  rest,  four  hundred  strong,  tied  fi'om  their 
]tU(hIo  and  were  scattei'ed  anion^'  wild  tribes,  some 
fnrly  families  of  the  number  takini:^'  reiuL,'e  in  the  far 
iiortli  among  the  Yaipiis.  ]^y  1(504  the  Jesuits  are 
said  to  have  baptized  40,000  natives,  while  AV'lasco 
had  prepared  a  grannnar  and  vocabulary  of  one  of 
the  Icatling  languaijfes.^^ 

The  nations  of  the  Rio  Tamotchala  wanted  ])adres, 
and  as  their  promises  were  all  that  could  be  dcsireil, 
tlie  superior,  Padre  Perez,  announced  the  following 
(listiibution:  Ribas  was  to  take  charge  of  the  Ahonies 

'*  According  to  tlic  Anna  of  1G04,  408-14,  Iiowevcr,  tlio  total  iiunilicr  of 
tiaptisiiis  is  i^iveu  as  10,000.  IJaiitisnis  for  1004  wcic  1,000.  I^scikUto,  Sot. 
Sun.,  l.'S,  ami  Calle  tells  us  that  Queen  Margarita  .sent  golden  tal)irn;Rle.>i  for 
the  new  elmrehes.  See  IliljUti,  'JT  'J,  lOJ-'J,  1-J-O;  Atcjre,  i.  4'J4-0;  t'ulte, 
Mi'in.  Xol.,  Dt). 


!U 


ANXALS  OF  SIXALOA  AND  SOXORA. 


jiud  Sunqnis,  ]\lc'iuloz  of  the  Tcliuccos  and  allied  l>and;-i, 
and  A'illalta  of  the  Sinaloas,  all  the  trihcs  l)cin<4-  tlins 
jirovidc'd  lor  in  the  ordor  of  their  res[)edi\  e  honirs 
iVoni  the  coatst  np  tho  river.**  Itihas  went  to  his  sta- 
tion at  once  and  seems  to  have  met  no  obstacles  from 
tlie  fir'st.  The  Ahonu'S  had  always  been  peacel'ul  and 
tViendly,  and  within  a  year  every  man,  woman,  and 
child,  two  thousand  or  mcjrc,  had  boon  baptized,  and 
all  were  liviiiL;-  in  two  towns,  where  handsome  adobe 
ehnrches  had  taken  the  })lace  of  temporary /V^c^/A-.s'  and 
inrajiKidas.  The  mountain  IJatucaris  and  the  iisli- 
eatin!4'  ]>acoreyues  of  the  coast  were  induced  to  come 
and  join  the  Ahomes;  while  the  wild  Cotnoporis,  speak- 
in!^'  th(3  Ahome  dialect,  were  converted  williin  two 
years,  although  not  wiHiiiLi;'  to  (piit  their  old  home. 
J']ven  the  Sua(pus  kept  their  ]»r(jmises,  built  line 
churches  in  their  three  towns,  and  experienced  a  rad- 
i<"d  elian-je  of  character,  laru'ely  throuu'li  the  inlluenco 
of  ])oiui  Luisa.  Mendez  went  amonui"  the  Tehuecos 
])robably  in  IGOG  and  met  with  erpial  success,  alth()UL;h 
tliere  had  l)e(.'n  some  fear  about  this  pe()[)le  on  ac- 
I'ount  of  their  ])olyL''amous  customs.  The  padre  took 
with  him  no  military  escort  and  no  attem[)t  W'as  made 
to  interfere  with  the  civil  powers  of  the  native  chief- 
tains. The  Bacabachis  were  amoncj  his  converts.  At 
tlie  same  time  Villalta  went  up  the  river  amoni^'  the 
Sinaloas,  baptized  four  hundred  children  the  tlrst  day, 
and  within  a  year  reduced  the  whole  tribe  to  Christi- 
anity and  to  village  life  in  three  towns.  A  deadl}^ 
ej)itlemic  caused  a  temporary  relapse  into  superstitious 
I'ites;  but  the  reacti(Mi  when  these  I'ites  ])roved  nn- 
a\ailinL;'  helped  the  new  i'aith  and  the  implements  (»f 
sorcery  were  burned.  Suicide  by  poisonin*^  is  men- 
tioned as  one  of  the  worst  habits  of  the  Sinakxis,  but 
it  was  gradually  abandoned  with  the  old  beliefs.'-'* 

''■•I'lio  liver  at  tliis  period  was  calleil  most  commonly  Rio  Ahomc,  Siiaqni, 
TlIuioio,  and  Siiialoa,  according.'  to  tho  tribe  livin;:  in  the  territory  referred  to. 

-"Ak'ixre,  i,  rjli-S,  4(j(),  says  the -Vholiie;,  and  Suai|uis  luiiiihered  over  l.Om) 
^•eeino8  eai'h,  the  Tehneeos  ^.oOO  warriors,  and  tho  Sinalo;.^  over  l,lii"i  t'auii- 
liori.     See  also  Jj'tcc.  L'ttic,  x.  JOU-S.     The  Aiuutti  are  inissiag  for  lUUJ-'J. 


li, 


PADRKS  AND  A  FORT. 


ci:. 


Tn  1(107  soiiu!  six  tliuiisand  souls  nl'  the  liostilo 
raiu-lien'iis  of  Cliicoratos,  CalmiiiiLtos,  and  ( )^MU'i-as, 
lisiii''   ill   the   iiioiiiitains    south-castwaril    iVom    Sail 


l'\H[»o,  v.\'io  iiiduci'd  \)y  Vallicr  ^'c■las(•o  to  tinltiari; 
(  liristianity  al'tci-  llui'daido  lii;d  visited  tlicic  r(»iiiiti'V 
and  l)oUL;iit  iVoin  llicir  in'i^-hhors  lainl  I'oi-  tlu'ir  towns 
and  )ni/j)<ts.  Kihas  also  speaks  of  cii'tain  Toioacas 
mIio  revolted  and  took  jvl'iij^e  on  an  island  to  which 
the  (,'a[>tain  crossed  on  rails,  hrin^i^in'^'  Imi-I^  thi'  I'lini- 
tives,  hani^duL^  sovoii  leaders,  and  si-atterin^'  the  ri>t 
anioii'^-  tlie  (jiuaziive  towns,  uhero  they  heeanie  the 
hcst  of  Christians.-^  In  these  years,  l(!07-!l,  scvc'ial 
iK'W  missioiiiiries  were  sent  to  Sinaloa,  inehidinL;"  |»ei- 
lia[)S  I'edro  Vekisco,  Laurencio  Adanie,  ^Vll)erto  Cleri- 


uan 


Culv 


J 


(),  and  JjUIs  de  Jjonihieio;  at  leas 


t  tl 


icsc 


names  ap[)ear  within  a  few  yeai's  without  otlier  reeoi'd 
ol"  their  arrival.  Several  oi'  them  ariixcd  hv  Nvav  of 
To[)ia  at  the  end  of  IGOi).  Padre  A'elasco  was  ;i  lela- 
l!\e  of  the  vicero}''  of  that  name,  and  in  thi'ee  years 
he  ba|)ti/ed  1,900  converts."  Another  Jesuit  of  thi;:) 
pi'i'iod,  whose  name  I  do  not  find  in  the  aimual  records. 


was 


Mceiite  de  Aufuila.-^ 


In  IGIO  tho  Fuortc  do  !Moiitosclaros— named  for 
tlie  viceroy  who  had  ordered  its  construction  ])ut  had 
ceased  to  rule  in  1G07 — was  Iniilt  on  the  south  bank 
of  tho  river  called  from  this  fort  liio  drl  Fuert(>.  Jt 
was  built  of  adobes  with  a  tower  at  eacli  corner,  and 

located  on  a  hillock  surrounded  on  three  sides  bv  a 

1/ 


-'  Ali",'ro,  TFtiif.  f'niiip.Ji'-<H>i.u.  0-10,  perlinpM  (ilItnloH  to  the  same  iill'air  wlioii 
lie  HiU'iikfi  of  coast  IiuliiUiJi  iiiulir  1'.  AlKcrto  (.'Ici-icis,  not  licfoi'o  niinicil,  who 
ii  tiivil  to  a  niountiiiii  nearly  f.niTomiileil  \\ith  water,  iiiid  wuro  cuaNtMl  liaclc 
liv  tlic  puilre.  'i'hi.i  was  in  iLiuS,  auil  ;),"_'oS  pui'sons  were  liaptizml  tliiit  yoaf. 
y,'.7/f(.<(,  I'-'O. 

''■^iinui,  IGIO,  414-37.  Tlierc  .ire  soiiio  litters  from  Velasco,  wlio  fapciiiH 
t'l  have  eonio  in  l(!07;  al'^o  a  letter  f  mi  u  another  of  theneu-i'unier.s  nut  naiunl. 
^\eeoriliii,u'  to  a  liiouraphical  Kketeh  in  JJicc.  Univ.,  i.  (iol,  I'adro  JJoiiit'aeio  was 
a  native  of  Jaen,  hum  ia  l.iTS,  w  ho  liecaine  a  Jesuit  in  ".o'.IS,  cauu;  to  Aiaerii.ri 
ill  liiOJ,  and  served  20  years  in  Sinaloa.  lie  afterward  beeaniu  provineial, 
and  died  at  the  college  of  N'alladoliil  in  Ifili. 

-^  W'lio,  as  will  1)0  seen  later,  dieil  at  ^\.lioino  in  lOU,  after  .'!.">  years  fif  si  r- 
\  lee  in  Sinaloa.  Jle  wroto  several  arhd,  vocabularies,  seruiones,  doetrinas, 
etc.,  in  native  dialects. 


216 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOA  AND  SONORA. 


broad  grassy  plain,  which  furnished  food  for  the 
soldiers'  horses,  and  prevented  secret  attacks  by  the 
natives.  Hero  were  stationed  ordinarily  a  corporal 
and  a  few  soldiers.  The  site  was  in  the  Tehueco 
country  and  almost  identical  with  that  of  the  ancient 
San  Juan  Bautista  do  Carapoa.^* 

It  was  also  in  IGIO  that  peace  was  made  with  the 
Yaquis  after  several  serious  reverses.  Some  years 
before  the  Ocoronis  had  revolted,  and  forty  families 
under  the  apostate  chief  Lautaro  seem  to  have  taken 
refuge  among  the  Yaquis.  Lautaro,  and  Babilomo  a 
Suaqui  caci(iue,  attempted  without  success  to  arouse 
the  Mayos,  v,ho  were  hostile  to  tlic  jTaquis,  and  lor 
that  reason,  peihaps,  well  disposed  toward  the  Span- 
iards. Hui'uaide  pursued  the  Ocoronis  in  I'GOO  up  to 
the  country  of  the  Yacjuis,  v.lio  made  no  attack,  but 
•strong  in  8j)irit  and  number,  there  b(;ing  thiriy  thou- 
sand in  eighty  rancherias,  they  disregarded  alike 
threats  of  punishment  and  offers  of  pardon,  absolutely 
refusing  to  give  up  Lautaro  and  his  party.  Unpre- 
l)ared  for  war  the  captain  returned  to  Sinaloa.  It 
seems,  however,  that  there  was  a  party  in  favor  of 
])eace,  for  the  chief  Anabailatei  soon  came  to  San 
Felipe-'  M-itli  an  offer  to  make  peace  and  give  up  the 
fugitives  if  Christinn  Indians  W(>re  sent  to  receive 
them.  A  party  of  Tehuecos  was  therefore  sent  with 
two  conveited  Ya(pii  women;  but  the  latter  were 
seized  and  the  former  plundered,  and  with  few  excep- 
tions killed,  Anabailatei  having  been  treacherous,  or 
perha]>s  having  been  overpowered  by  Lautaro  in  tho 
fcjavagc  councils. 

Again  Hurdaidc  hastened  northward  with  forty 
soldiers  and  tw(j  thousand  a]]ies,iacluding  some  gentile 
Mayos.  The  army  reached  the  river,  encam[)ed,  and 
had  even  received  some  overtures  for  peace,  when  the 

2' Some  description  \\\  Avmu  mm,  IMS.,  428;  Pihcm,  178-9;  Alajrc,  ii.  30; 
Scaiimoiif,  i'roii.  Mich.,  v.  ,'>'Ai;  Dh-c.  Univ.,  i^;.  S80-7. 

"^  Or  to  HunlaiJo's  canipoii  tlicViunii  ficconliiiL;  to  Alof,'rc  v'..>^  n  r  csciita 
those  events  as  luiviug  occurred  Ijetore  his  rcti'..:»  soutluvai  .l,  aa  is  periiups 
uioro  likely. 


WAR  WITH  THE  YAQUIS. 


217 


tlio 

litilo 

laud 

the 


camp  was  assailed  at  daybreak  by  eight  thousand 
uaniors.  The  battle  raged  nearly  all  day  and  the 
](iss  of  life  was  great  among  the  Indians  on  both  sides, 
llurdaide  took  a  few  prisoners,  but  many  of  his  sol- 
diers were  badly  wounded  and  he  was  forced  to  order 
u  retreat.^"  The  Yaquis  were  naturally  exultant  and 
continued  their  preparations  and  drill  under  the  in- 
fstruction  of  Lautaro,  who  claimed  al>ility  to  teach  the 
inoat  efFectivo  tactics  airainst  horses  and  muskets. 
Tliu  Spaniards  at  Sinai  oa  and  in  the  missions  were 
c.,)iic.spondingly  despoiident;  but  Hurdaide  fitted  out 
a  third  expedition,  obtained  aid  from  San  Miguel  do 
Culiacan,  and  marched  northward  at  the  head  of  fifty 
mounted  Spaniards  and  four  thousand  allies,  the 
lu'gest  army  that  had  trod  the  soil  since  the  days  of 
Guzman  and  Cnronado.  Again  was  the  brave  co- 
mandantc  attacked  at  dawn,  and  again  after  a  battle  of 
several  hours  was  he  forced  to  retreat,  losincf  most  of 
his  supplies  and  this  time  hotl}'^  pursued  by  the  Yaqui 
warriors.  Fighting  as  they  retreated  the  Spaniards 
were  hard  pressed  in  a  difficult  pass,  where  the  savages 
Mere  protected  by  trees  and  horsemen  could  not  op- 
erate advantageously.  With  a  view  to  gain  time  ami 
to  prevent  a  tlireatened  panic  among  the  allies,  Hur- 
daid(.'  Vvith  the  vanguard  charged  back  u[)on  the  foe, 
who  yielded  a  little  at  first,  but  then  rallied  with  .- ucli 
effect  that  the  allies  broke  and  ran  away,  while  the 
rear-guard,  panic-strick(3n,  fled  also  southward  to  re- 
port the  death  of  all  their  companions. 

The  captain  had  five  arrow  wounds,  and  most  of 
his  twenty -two  men  Avere  wounded,  as  were  most  of 
his  horses;  but  after  prodigies  of  desj)erate  vah  r  they 
leached  a  high  bare  hill,  which  they  held  till  night- 
fall in  spite  of  attempts  of  the  savages  to  burn  or 
smoke  them  out  by  firing  the  grass  and  shrubbery. 
The  situation  was  critical;  but  at  night  many  of  the 


^yriio  Avva  of  100!)  with  a  dotnilod  jiccoTint  of  tho  earlier  transactions  is 
missing:  but  in  tliat  of  KjlO,  p.  4'J'J-;J4,  is  given  a  resunu'',  I:i  Lliia  account, 
LowoNtr,  this  sccouil  expedition  and  dofoat  uro  not  mentioned. 


218 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOA  AND  SONOKA. 


foe  witliclrow  to  dofond  their  rights  in  the  distriljution 
of  the  spoils,  when  the  Spaniards  by  an  ingenious 
I'use  and  much  good  luck  were  able  to  escape.  They 
let  loose  a  banil  of  wounded  horses,  wliich  as  was 
expected  stampeded  for  the  river;  and  while  tlie 
Indians  gave  their  wlK)le  attention  to  the  capture  of 
these  animals  and  their  supposed  riders,  tlie  soldiers 
gained  a  start  which  enabled  them  to  reach  the  ]\lavo 
country  and  finally  the  San  Felipe.  I'he  Spaniards 
wlio  had  abandoned  their  leader  in  the  Yaqui  country 
were  pardoned  at  the  intercession  of  the  [)adres  and 
by  the  advice  of  the  coniandante,  though  the  governor 
was  disposed  to  deal  severely  with  them.*''  This 
disastrous  defeat  seems,  in  some  manner  not  quite 
clear,  to  have  been  as  effectual  in  promoting  the 
objects  of  the  Spaniards  as  a  victory  could  have  been, 
liibas  tells  us  that  llurdaide  was  much  troubled  a% 
his  failure,  knowing  that  his  campaign  was  not 
approved  by  the  governor,  and  that  he  could  not 
renew  his  efforts  without  aid  from  the  viceroy;  but  he 
caused  reports  to  be  circulate  1  of  three  grand  ex})edi- 
tions  being  organized,  expeditions  M'hich  had  no 
existence  save  in  the  boasting,  but  which  frightened 
the  Yaquis  into  suing  for  peace.  Alegre  on  the 
other  hand  claims  that  the  Yacjuis  M'ere  impelled  to 
submit  by  their  admiration  of  Spanish  valor  in  the 
last  campaign;'^  while  Mange's  theory  is  that  Cud 
humbled  gentile  obstinacy  in  this  instance  by  a 
miracle,  causing  the  report  of  fire-arms,  wlii;',;^ing  of 
balls,  and  all  the  noise  of  conflict  to  haunt  the  ears 
of  the  savages  until  frightened  and  worn  out  tliev 
Mere  forced  to  yield.  However  this  may  bo  they 
soon    opened    negotiations    for    peace,   first    tlirough 

"  'God  forgive  the  men  who  forsook  iim  aii'l  put  the  wliolopnivinco  in  surli 
jcniianly,'  wrote  Htinhiiiln  in  his  hitter  to  the  inuh'o  frcjni  tlio  ^layo,  Smiio 
(it  tiie  siildiera  died  from  the  etfects  of  tlieir  wounds.  Alej,'re  s;iys  that  some 
liidi;insrinii;iined  witii  the  cuptain,  of  wliom  ahont  100  escape(h 

'"'I'iiii  i^iidso  tlie  view  fallen  in  tlie  .Icsuit  AiiU'i,  except  tliat  IlMrdaiilr's 
defeat  is  not  adinitte(h  After  all  hi.s  allies  and  half  his  soldier.s  had  deserted 
him,  he  won  a  glorious  and  iniraenlous  victory.  Wliy  undei"  these  cirouni- 
btanees  he  retreated  is  not  explained. 


m 


TREATY  WITH  THE  YAQUIS. 


219 


female  ambassadors  and  the  Mayos,  and  later  tli rough 
a  dei)utation  of  chieftains.  They  agreed  to  deliver 
the  I'ugitivcs  Avho  had  in  a  measure  caused  the  lato 
troubles,  to  return  all  plunder,  and  to  remain  at  peace 
\vith  the  Mayos  and  all  other  tribes  who  wei'e  friendly 
to  the  Spaniards.  This  treaty  was  ratified  with  great 
i'estivities  on  April  25,  IGIO,  and  very  soon  tho 
Yaquis  were  asking  for  padres,  sending  also  fourteen 
children  for  instruction.  Lautaro  and  Eabilomo  were 
condennicd  to  death.  The  submission  of  the  Yaquis 
led  to  the  establishment  of  friendly  relations  with 
many  other  tribes,  ond  eighty  thousand  snuls  were 
this  year  brought  to  the  very  doors  of  salvation."'' 

Bishop  Juan  del  Yalle  of  Guadalajara  in  a  tour 
through  liis  diocese  visited  Sinaloa  in  IGIO,  aeconi- 
]>anied  by  Father  Juan  Gallegos,  On  his  arrival  ho 
was  entertained,  and  perhaps  somewhat  terriiied  as 
well,  by  hordes  of  natives  who  went  through  tho 
nianrauvres  of  a  sham  attack  on  the  e])iscopal  party. 
The  bishop  was  at  San  Felipe  for  five  days  at  Christ- 
mas, and  in  that  time  confirmed  over  eight  tliousand 
persons,  Spanish  and  natives,  lie  subsequently  cx- 
l)ressed  himself  as  delighted  with  the  condition  of 
affairs  in  this  country,  and  with  the  Jesuit  manage- 
ment.^'^ 

On  account  of  tho  new  fort,  the  Yaqui  treat}',  and 
the  bishop's  visit,  the  missionaries  I'cgarded  their  pros- 
pects as  in  every  way  encouraging;  baptisms  were 
(iver  seventeen  hundred  for  the  vear;  but  the  destruc- 
tion  of  certain  idols  by  Padre  jMendez  aroused  tho 
native  sorcerers  and  caused  a  revolt  amouLT  tho  Tehue- 


■•*0n  the  Yaqui  wars  ace  mbn.%  283-^1;  Ahgre,  ii.  .31-8;  .^^a»f|P,  Hist. 
I'imcria,  .')!IS-!);  Sfoin\i  ,So)iom,  15.  V ivun  in  tSar.  J fi'.f.  (/'"O;/.,  ii.  -I'-'-i,  jrivos 
a  cui'iiius  and  for  tho  must  part  lietitious  uarrulivu  ot'  lliinhiiilo's  caiii|iai;.'n.i 
ill  l(iLl."p-.'U>,  t'lill  of  particulars,  .iml  iiiV(jlviiiL;  the  uiassaiTO  of  a  pa(huiiiHl  a 
IhmIv  of  troiips.  There  are  a  few  slight  iiuliiatidii.s  tliat  the  .story  is  haseil  i>ii 
the  Yac(ui  wars  of  earlier  times.  ]!il)aw  iiiiplie.s  errum.'uusly  that  the  eiilii|Uesfc 
Was  as  late  as  lOl.J  and  that  Iturbe's  arrival  had  aa  iiillui;iiee  in  subiluiii;^ 
tlie  liidiaiiH. 

"M.ndi,  IGll,  MS.,  44aetseri.;  Alcjre,  ii.  o3;  mbas,  ITJ-O;  CuUe,{)S. 


220 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOA  AND  SONOEA. 


COS  in  IGll.  Enough  of  the  ncopliytes,  however, 
remained  faithful  to  save  the  hfc  of  the  padre  until  a 
guard  of  four  men  was  sent  up  from  Sinaloa.  The 
padre,  old  and  feeble,  was  transferred  to  Ocoroni,  re- 
tiring next  year  to  Mexico.  Laurencio  Adame  took 
his  place;  but  the  troubles  could  not  be  checked,  the 
church  was  burned,  other  towns,  as  Nacori  and  Siviri- 
joua,  joined  the  revolt,  the  Tehuecos  took  refuge  with 
the  Tepahues  of  the  sierra,  and  Father  Adanio  retired 
to  San  Felipe  in  1G12.  What  the  garrison  of  Fort 
Montcsclaros  was  doing  all  tliis  time  does  not  appear. 
Captain  Hurdaide  after  vain  efforts  to  bring  about  a 
friendly  settlement  marched  to  the  Tepahue  country 
with  his  forty  soldiers  and  two  thousand  allies.  To 
such  of  the  latter  as  were  not  yet  Christians  Hur- 
daide had  to  grant  the  privilege  of  beheading  or 
scalping  the  foe;  yet  in  the  interests  of  humanity 
he  offered  a  horse  for  each  living  captive.**'  This 
was  in  1G13,  and  Padre  Ribas  went  with  the 
army.  The  foe  counted  on  having  to  resist  only  a 
short  campaign,  and  were  much  disconcerted  by  a 
message  from  Hurduicio  that  he  was  coming  prepared 
to  spend  a  year  in  their  country  if  necessary.  Accord- 
ingly the  Spaniards  on  entering  Tepahue  territory 
deliberately  encamped  to  wait  for  the  natives  to  devour 
their  accumulated  supplies.  This  course,  with  Hur- 
daide's  discovery  and  disregard  of  a  plotted  ambush, 
in<luced  the  Conicaris,  one  of  the  hostile  bands,  to  sue 
for  peace.  Soon  after  the  captain  moved  forward,  and 
met  the  fugitive  Tehuecos  returning  en  masse  to  beg 
for  pardon.  He  was  very  severe  at  first,  threatening 
Hogging  for  tlic  women  and  more  bloody  retribution 
for  the  men;  but  finally  Father  Ribas  interceded  as 
had  been  agreed  upon  beforehand,  and  the  rebels, 
burning  their  weapons  and  giving  up  certain  leaders, 
were  pardoned  and  sent  home.     The  Spaniards  en- 

''  The  statement  that  some  encomcndcros  were  required  to  join  tlio  expe- 
dition or  to  arm  for  the  jirotection  i>f  the  viUa  is  the  only  indication  that  the 
cucomicuda  syatcni  was  iii  vogue  licrc  at  this  date. 


TEHUECO  REVOLT. 


221 


liii'" 

tlou 

il  as 

j)cls, 

(lors, 

Cll- 


oxpc- 
Lt  the 


cam])C(I  again  near  the  Tepaliuo  stron_i[^hol<ls,  were 
reduced  for  a  week  to  the  terrible  hardship  of  eatins^ 
bucf  though  it  was  Lent,  and  allowed  the  allies  to 
ravage  the  enemy's  cornfields.  All  overtures  for 
peace  wc;rc  rejected  with  scorn.  A  series  oi'  well 
contested  battles  ensued,  in  which  the  allies  took 
many  Tepahue  heads  for  their  blood}^  orgies,  and  the 
Spaniartls  were  uuif  )rmly  victorious,  despite  unusual 
obstacles  in  the  shape  of  sharp  and  poisoned  stakes 
concealed  in  the  L^rass  over  which  they  had  t(^  march. 
The  country  was  devastated  and  seven  chiel's,  some 
of  them  apostate  Christians,  were  taken  and  executed. 
The  {'oo  did  not  formally  surrender,  and  Hurdaido 
retired  when  his  provisions  were  nearly  exliausted; 
l)ut  the  surrender,  together  with  the  usual  petition  for 
missionaries,  the  l)est  means  of  conciliation  as  the 
wily  savages  well  knew,  arrived  at  San  Felipe  Init 
little  later  than  the  army.  Tlie  Teluiecos,  eight 
thousand  in  numl)er,  were  reduced  from  three  villages 
to  two,  and  soon  l)ecame  exemplary  Christians.  A 
padre  was  sent  to  the  Tepahues,  wId  came  down  and 
settled  in  a  town  on  the  liio  ^^layo,  where  they  built 
a  fine  church  and  remained  quiet  for  more  than  thirty 


y2 


years. 

The  conversion  of  one  tribe  was  tediou  ly  like  that  of 
anotlior  in  these  years.  To  feel  a  deep  iiiterest  in  such 
niissionarv  annals  one  needs,  whether  he  ])e  historian 
or  reader,  all  the  padres'  faith  in  the  incalculal  »le  benefit 
conferred  by  conversion  on  each  savage.  It  was  about 
101 -J  that  Father  Villalta,  from  his  station  among  the 
Sinaloas,  a^ldcKl  tlie  ITuites  and  Zoes  to  the  list  of  con- 
vert tribes,  without  incident  recpiiring  notici\  There 
wert^  also  at  thi''  r)eriod  disorders,  ])urnin!>'  of  cinn'elies, 
abandonment  oi  tonus,  and  killing  of  several  natives, 

^■Aiiiifoi,  1':]  1-1.1,  437-SO,  where  the  Tchiiei'o  cxpeditinu  is  ilescrilioil 
in  u  litter  of  l'ii(h'e  AiKh'es  Perez.  I'mhe  Calvo  also  writes  of  aiujtlier  HliL'lit 
Jvvolt  at  Sail  Ij^naeiii.  Four  now  ehnrelie>i  Mere  coiiq'h^ted  in  I  (ill.'.  Ale^'re, 
ii.  4((-7,  Tm,  (iO-"2,  gives  a  letter  from  Kihas  ileseribiuj.;  the  eanijiaign  soniowiiat 
les.-.  fully  than  in  hi.s  7//s/.  Trlinnphon,  180-1(1.  >Sce,  alsu,  liicci'a,  O'ub.  de 
Mu;„  i.  103;  Ifkc.  Univ.,  x.  J30. 


222 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOA  AND  SONORA. 


vafnK'ly  recorded  as  havinc:  occurred  among^  the  Chi- 

•  •  T-«  •       ri  • 

coratcs  and  Caliuimetos  south  of  the  Rio  Sinaloa,  who 
w  ere  in  charLTo  of  Father  Calvo  and  Juan  ]3autista 
Vc'hisco.  The  latter,  a  pioneer  in  this  field,  where  ho 
had  served  for  over  twent}'  }ears,  died  in  1(!13.'^^ 
The  Tepohuanes  arc  said  to  have  had  some  influence 
in  fonieiitini^  these  disorders. 

In  1013  also  a  mission  was  founded  among  the 
May  OS,  who,  thirty  thousand  in  number  accord  iii;^  to 
Kibas'  estimate,  lived  on  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
their  country  being  bounded  on  the  north  by  that  of 
their  foes,  the  Yaquis.  They  had  always  been  friendly 
to  the  Spaniards;  had  done  good  service  as  allies 
against  liostile  tribes;  and  had  of  late  been  clamoring 
for  padres.  The  niatter  was  referred  to  Viceroy  Gua- 
dalciizai',  and  the  venerable  Padre  ]Mendez,  who  had 
retired  to  Mexico  but  was  tired  of  inaction,  was  sent 
again  into  the  field.  With  a  guard  of  thirty  men 
under  llurdaide,  he  entered  the  Mayo  territory  where 
his  success  was  innnediate,  extraordinary,  and  perma- 
nent. Seven  large  towns  with  a  population  of  twenty 
thousand,  or  nine  thousand  as  Alegre  states,  were 
fnnMd('(l  Mitliin  a  space  of  eighteen  leagues,  wliiL) 
three  thousand  one  hundred  children,  to  say  notliing 
of  the  sick  and  aged,  were  baptized  within  fifteen  days. 
A  famine  raging  at  the  time  contributed  to  the  padre's 
success,  and  his  influence  was  felt  beyond  ISIayo  limits 
among  the  Nevomes  and  Nuris.  Thus  1G13  may  bo 
regarded  as  the  date  wlien  missionary  work  began  in 
the  modern  Sonera.^* 

^•'Jii.in  Kautista  Vel:isco  wns  a  native  of  Now  Spain,  and  was  20  years  of 
age  wliou  lie  came  to  Sinaloa.  Tlhnigh  always  deliL-ate  he  was  a  zealous 
worker.  He  excelled  all  the  othir  Jesuits  in  his  knowledge  of  the  native 
languages,  and  prepared  several  grammars  and  vocabularies  for  the  benelit  of 
his  associates.  It  Mas  his  pride  that  he  hnil  never  sinned  cai'iially  and  never 
told  a  lie.  His  illness  w;ts  a  slow  I'ever  lasting  three  nimiths,  and  he  ilied  on 
July  "J!),  l(il;{.  His  ln)(ly  was  carried  to  the  villa  eight  leagues  from  his  nii-i- 
sion,  escorted  hy  all  his  neoi>liytes,  and  receivid  with  unusual  honors  liy  the 
eiti/eus  and  soldiers  unih'r  Captain  llurdaide.  I'ather  Luis  Donifacio  uivs  a 
sketch  of  N'elasco's  life  an<l  a  eulogy  of  his  character  in  a  letter  to  the  provin- 
cial, Anita,  }<;U,  47-l:-S0. 

■^'Aiiiifi.  ir,i.;  /;.  .MS.,  -ISO-.VJ-'.     Letters  of  Padre  Mendez  and  Cnpt.  llur- 
daide about  the  Maj-o  missiou.     Nine  thousand  registered,  3,000  baptized, 


4;?i 


MISSION  rnoonEss. 


o.">3 


It  would  8ccni  to  liavc  been  in  Kllf)  that  mission- 
aries lii'st  visited  the  Nevonies  and  Xuris,  and  a  hiru'e. 
party  of  the  former  came  down  IVom  their  iiorlhiTii 
home  to  join  their  countrymen  who  had  i)een  settled  at 


JJai 


iioa  since  the  time  ( 


)f  ('al 


)eza  ( 


le  \^ 


:icas  arrnal 


J 11  the  same  year  also  the  pearl-seekim;'  craft  of  Iturl)e 
or  Cardona  arrived  on  llie  coast,  the  j)rcst'iic('  of  their 


crews  havniijf  a  s; 


:diiti 


\VV  e 


Ifect 


on  tlic  iiatiN' 


Tl 


■o  caused  nuicli 


.1, 


I'cNolt  of  the  Tejiehuanes  in  J)nraii;. 
uneasiness  in  Sinaloa  \\\nn  KSKJ  to  Hi  IS,  the  great 
I'ear  hein;^  that  the  rebels  would  effect  an  alliance  witii 
the  Ya({uis;  but  notliin^-  of  the  kind  (ircurrcd,  and  tiio 
only  open  (Hsturbance  was  e.\[)erience(l  in  thosonthon 
the  To})ia  frontier,  where  Vadre  ('al\-o's  pnebh.s  of 
Cliicorato,  Cahuimeto,  and  Veeorato  \\ere  rcj>eatetlly 
threatened.  Tlie  neophytes,  however,  resisted  teni])- 
talion  and  e\'en  went  so  lar  as  to  cut  oif  the  heads  ol" 
certain  Te[)ehuane  emissaries.  The  unconv(.'rted  but 
i'liendly  Tnbai'is  also  refusetl  all  aid  to  the  a[»ostates, 

faith.'*'     .Vccordinu'  to  tin; 


md  soon  emhracei 


Itl 


le  new 


an 


nual  record  of  KSJC)  there  wer 


e  now  elev(_'n 


priest. 


and  three  brothers  in  the  Sinaloa  hi'ld,  woikin''-  in 


nme 


)ai 


tid 


o.S. 


Tlie  fourteen  have  bt'en  named  in  t 


He 


text  and   notes,    besides   Father   Auuila,    a   doubtful 


si>vcu  cliuvchos.     Si'o  iiL-;o  A'(7-'r>',  \\•^,  000,  -nT  •";?:  .!''':/'■■.  ii.  .".."..  (!2  .S.  li'.J 
12,  "i^-'.K     111   tlic   .\iiu((  of  li.l.'i,  -tM,   tliL'  iiiissiuM.-iry   iowv  is  ^tatoil  to  lu- 
ll ]iiiests  ;;u(l  4  lirotlicrs,  worUiin,'  in  S  piirtiild-^;  I'ut  this  is  uiiiiiti'lligihlc  as 
tiicri'  uuist  liavo  lioc'ii  at  kast  I'J  iiiuii  instead  cf  7. 

^''Letter  of  I'ailre  Dii'Ljo  do  (iiiziiiaii  iii.l/""r,  I'll',  MS.,  ."l'J  ;>!(.  Out; 
liniidrid  and  sixty-t'mir  Xevonie.s  oaiiic  down  at  this  tiuu'.  Sci;  also  Alf'/ii ,  ii. 
::-;  A'r'c-',  ll!l  -.'I,  !()•.',  'J4),  '2W,  'MW-'O.  Tliu  Xcvum.'s  aiv  said  to  hav.- 
hi'ini  of  Ti'in'liuano  laci;.  Alcgrc,  ii.  7-  ■">,  speaks  of  tlic  ivdiutioii  at  t!iis 
time  of  thu  Vamorilia  natives. 

^"Scc  [).  Iti."  of  tliis  voliuiu'.  ("ardona  says  ho  tomhcd  at  Kio  Mayo  when' 
McnrlfK  was  sewing,  and  whoiv  liis  coiiipaiiii'ii  ]i;idre  liad  iiecii  lately  killed 
and  eaten  l>y  tlio  natives  (as  was  not  tnu);  Imt  others,  ineliidin;,'  Jiihas,  s.iy 
that  ltiiil)i''s  vcsM  I  was  relieved  hy  llihas  at  Alionie. 

''•  A)i:i(i.  /';";,  MS.,  .-,;5!)  70.  It  is  said,  however,  tiiat  lliitdaide  made  :i 
tour  to  the  ( 'nlaiinieto  sierra,  reeoverin;,'  1  ..")0U  fugitives.  !'.  I>i(  -n  ih'  laC'rii/ 
ill  a  Iccter  ile.--L'rilies  a  visit  to  the  Tepahues.  A  e'.iajiel  «as  eoni|iletc<l  this 
year  on  t!ie  .spot  wlieii'  I'adre  Tapia  was  hilled.  IJaptisnis  of  the  year  were 
1,800  ehildreii  and 'Ji.'iil'J  adults,  lli'riiande/,  I'luit/i.  <l'(t<i.  Son.,  14-!."),  says 
tin,'  'J'epehuaiie  n.'\i)lt  exteiideil  to  Sinaloa,  hut  t!i;it  aflei-  two  years  some  vom- 
jKiuies  of  luarino-  were  sent  there  and  lestored  order.  .See  also  lUlius,  11.1- 
IS,  30;i:  DWc,  L'hIc,  x.  J3"J-4;J;  Jh'jn,  ii-  ^•-'  '.'-■ 


224 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOA  AND  SONORA. 


name.  Which  was  the  third  lay  brother  with  Castro 
and  !Martiu  Ugarto  is  not  apparent. 

Not  only  did  the  Yaquis  abstain  from  Tepelniano 
alliance,  but  in  1G17  they  received  missionaries  in  their 
own  territcjry.  llibas  had  gone  down  to  Mexico  on 
this  business  the  year  before,  and  now  he  came  back 
with  Pa(h\'  Tonias  ]3asilio.  In  May  he  started  witli 
Father  Perez  I'rom  the  ]\Iayo  towns  escorted  by  tour 
Sua(|uis  and  two  Yac^ui  caciques.  Four  thons;ui;l 
children  and  five  hundred  adults  were  baptized  during 
this  lirst  tour,  very  slight  opj)osition  and  no  o})eu 
luistilit}'  being  encountered,  though  for  years  the 
])adres  in  this  district  were  deenu>d  in  constant  danger, 
and  onr-e  at  Torin  a  })lot  to  kill  Hibas  was  frustrated 
by  a  faithful  Indian.  The  missionaries  remained 
among  the  upper  Ya(|uis,  who  were  more  docile  tlian 
those  nearer  the  coast.  Eiiilit  lar'j'e  towns  were 
founded,  and  a  very  large  j)art  of  the  nation  were 
converted  M'ithin  a  few  3'earH  by  tlie  two  pioneers  and 
b}^  padres  Juan  de  (."ardenas.  Angel  ]-]alestra,  and 
others  who  were  sent  later  to  the  Ya(pii  field."*  Tlie 
Nevomcs  who  lived  above  the  Yaquis,  chiefly  in  the 
towns  of  Comuripa,  Tecoripa,  Suacjui,  and  Ai\ino, 
part  of  which  tribe  had  ])rcviously  gone  south  to  live 
on  the  H'u)  Sinaloa,  received  i)adres  in  1(5]  8-19.  Padre 
Diego  de  Guzman  first  made  a  successful  tour  of 
baptism,  and  wos  followed  by  Diego  Vandersipc,  ]\[ar- 
fin  Purgesio,  Francisco  Olinano,  and  Bias  de  Paredt  s, 
the  latter  dying  six  days  after  taking  charge,  probably 
at  a  much  later  date.'"'' 

It  will  be  remembered  that  at  the  bci>'inningf  of  the 
century  Captain  Hurdaide  visited  the  Chinipa  region 
in  search  of  mines.  About  1020  the  Cliinipas  came 
down  of  their  own  accord  with  a  store  of  maize  Ibr 


^"AnuH,  1G17,  :MS..  .')';'0-SG.  Letter  of  P.  Andres  Perez  iiarrnting  \\\n 
tour  (if  40  (lays  to  the  Yacji.is.  Se(!  also  irilm^,  .TOI-40;  Ali[ir>\  ii.  9-' -4,  1  L'!-- 
14.  Stone,  Xufm,  Soiiofn,  15-10,  says  the  YiUjuis  always  respected  the  padres 
but  disliked  other  wliite  men. 

^'■>An)ifi,  JCl'.i,  MS.,  580-000.  ]5aptisms  of  the  year  in  all  Sinaloa  5,0'JO 
jehildren,  1,500  adult.s.     (Jreat  prosperity.   /i(7>((.b,  301-7-;  Atcjn,  ii.  117. 


CONVERSION  OF  CTTINIPAS. 


223 


The 
n  the 


Mav- 
Ixibly 

if  tlio 
[e;j;ii  )U 
1  came 
to  ft)i" 


'ii:v- 

:  pailri-3 

|),a  5,(!'J0 
I1I7. 


Iiio  starviii'^'  Siiialons,  and  to  ask  in  return  f^r  jiadrcs. 
( )n  their  I't'tui'ii  they  1)uilt  a  cliui'di  and  niadr  other 
]ire|>arati(>ns  for  tliu  expected  elian<^'e  of  faith.  ( )no 
rliief,  as  a  j>roof  of  zeal,  liavinL;'  shot  a  I'eniale  relation 
ill  a  drunken  l)i'awl,  bared  his  hack  ])uhlicly  in  the 
church  and  I'eceived  two  a/otes  from  each  ])roniinent, 
man  of  the  triho  as  a  penance,  "^rhi-  next  year  l*adr(! 
IV'dfo  Juan  C'astini  visited  this  lield,  hapti/in-jf  Ibui" 
hundred  children,  and  takiiiL,^  l)ack  with  him  for  in- 
struction several  of  the  tribe.  Otlier  A'isits  were 
c'xchanged,  and  the  (uiazapares  and  A'arohios  adjoin- 
iiij4'  the  ('hini|)as  on  the  south  and  north,  together 
with  the  Temoris  and  Hios  of  the  same  rej^ion,  seemed 
1(1  idiu  in  the  enthusiasm  of  thih*  nei'j^hboi-s,  inakinij 
peace  anK)ll^•  themselves  and  t;i\in^'  their  childi'en  for 
baptism.  A\'hether  or  not  C'astini  ever  came  here  to 
live  is  not  clear,  but  six  or  seven  years  later  Padro 
-liiHo  Pascual  came,  and  in  four  years  reduced  two 
tliousand  families,  it  is  said,  of  Chini})as,  (juaz;ipares, 
and  A'arohios  to  three  towns  called  by  the  tribal 
names.  The  same  padre  worked  also  amoni^'  otlier 
tribes,  the  Ilio  and  Teniori  converts  beinuc  included 
jierhaps  in  the  towns  referred  to.  It  was  in  1020-1 
tliat  l*adre  ]Mi<jiiel  Godinez  entered  amon<i:  the  C'oni- 

nown   as  Basiroas, 


caris,   reduciuLT  also  the   ban<ls   k 


Tehatas,  lluva-nieres,  and  Tehuicos;  and  Father  Men- 


(lez  founc 


led 


a  mission  anu 


nvj  the  Sisibotaris,  or  8a-- 


liuari])as,  who  had  been  visited  before  by  (Juzman, 
i:icludin<.^  also  in  his  conversion  the  Ixitucus  and  suc- 
ceeded finally  by  iKirtolome  Castaiio.'"^ 


Father  Ribas  retired  in  ]  G20  after  sixteen  years  of 
service  in  Siualoa,  to  accept  the  otHce  of  provincial  in 
31exico,  beiuijf  succeeded  at  the  Yaqui  mission  of 
Torin  by  Father  Villalta.  ]\Iendt.'Z  went  with  him, 
but  returned  the  next  3'ear  to  resume  his  labors,  l)ein<j; 

*'>  Anna,  10.20-:?,  MS.,  GOG-O.').     Biipti.sms  of  IG-JO-Sl,  17,182.     Alf.  Lucas 
^  alonziK'la  is  iianicil  as  a  resilient  ami  Ixiiulaetor  of  San  Felipe.     Also  Itlbas, 
1711,  --'10  17,  •.>,-)!  (',.  .•!,S4-n-.':  A/r,/,-,-,  ii.  .'U,  121-4. 
Uisr.  N.  Hex.  States,  Vol.  I.    Ij 


2-20 


AXXALS  OF  SIXALOA  AND  SONORA. 


received  \vitli  ,L,^re;it  festivities.  In  1G'21  converts 
iuunl)ered  8(5, o4U  in  lift y-livc;  villtiLjes;  sevni  new  iiiis- 
sioiiai'ies  luid  come  in  Kill);  and  it  was  deemed  l)('>t 
to  ori^raiiize  tlie  noi'tlu'i'ii  missions  into  a  new  district 
called  now  or  a  little  later  San  I^naeio,  under  J'^illier 
Villalta  as  su[»erior.  1'lie  district  embraced  in  rouu'l 
numbei's  21,000  ^NFayos,  no.OOO  Yaqtiis,  and  1»,000 
Xevomes,  each  includim;'  kindred  l)ands  under  otln  r 
names,  and  was  put  in  cliai'i^^:;  of  eleven  missionariis." 
For  live  }'ears  the  records  show  a  missionary  f(>rce  nt" 
twenty-seven  jiriests,  sixteen  of  them  in  the  south, 
and  Ibur  lav  brothers.  Of  the  thirtv-one  I  ]i:x\r 
named  twenty-nine,  hut  have  no  clue  to  the  otlu  is. 
Ijaptisms  in  IGiil  weie  over  nine  thousand. 

In  1(;22,  the  Aivinos  were  led  hy  their  sorcerers  to 
a[)ostatize,  and  in  the  trouble  Padre  Basilio  received 
an  arrow  wound.  Ca|)tain  llurdaide  came  north  and 
found  the  rebels  fortilied  in  an  adol)e  house  furnislud 
with  ])ort-holes,  from  which  protection  they  sallied 
out  two  thousand  stronLT,  but  were  driven  back  aiUr 
a,  Idoody  iight.  ]Many  were  suffocated  by  fire  thrown 
in  through  the  ports  at  Ilurdaide's  command,  but  at 
last  the  famous  seals  were  thrown  in  as  a  token  of 
j)eaci',  and  surrender  followt'd  as  did  conversion,  I'^t 
Ijasilio  and  (Jlihano  within  a  lew  days  baptized  foiu" 
hundred  children  at  ]\[atapc  and  Teopari.'" 

Villalta,  superior  in  the  north,  died  in  1023  while 
on  his  way  to  accept  the  rectoratc  of  the  Guatemald 
collej^'c.^''  Varela  seems  to  have  become  superior  i;i 
his  stead.      Pestilence  and  famine  were  prevalent  and 


^' The  (listril)ution  Rooms  to  liavc  liccn:  Yaquis  and  Sisibotaris;  Villalt;', 
Moiidoz,  lliiiL'osio,  I'asilid,  niul  anotlici'.  Maytis  in  tliroc  pai'tiilos;  l.st,  < r 
I'astoiii,  including  Tipaliiic.-i,  ^liyucl  (!()diuoz;  '2d,  or  central,  Dioiro  do  ! 
Cniz;  .'id  on  coast,  .luaii  Varela  (or  I'.aicra)  and  Juan  Angol:  Kcvoub  , 
Olifiano,  and  Nandersipo.  'J'lio  distributinn  in  the  south  is  not  given;  but 
J'adrcOton  is  inontioni'd  in  tlic  .liinnoi  Ki'Jl  as  among  the  Tohuccos;  a:i  I 
(dso  the  name  of  (ias|  or  do  Vaivla  niipears. 

*'^Aiiii<i,  /<;..'..',  Mi.,  ()71-'J.j;  y.'ites  ari-SO;  Ale/jrc,  ii.  139-40;  J/c//;/-, 
IHaf.  Pi)».,  :)!)!>. 

■•^It  is  liccauso  of  his  death  not  liaving  occnrrcd  in  Sinaloa  I  su]ipose  tliaC 
there  is  no  mention  of  it  in  the  An nn.  IJis  bucccssor  is  later  called  Julio 
(iiisteud  of  J  nan)  Varela.     Tliere  may  have  l.)cen  such  a  padre. 


A  NEW  (lOVERNOR. 


227 


deadly;  yet  in  1G2  t  tin'  ihuuIum'  oC  r'Iir!s(I;ui  nalivi'S 
is  cstiniiiU'd  Jitovn-  100,000/'  In  ICrJC  Martin  Pcivz 
died,  the  ]ti()iu't'r  Jesuit  of  Siiialoa,  !i;iviiin'  coiiu'  witli 
T;i|tia  in  laDI.  I''t>r  ten  years  lie  had  liri'H  unaltlc  to 
rise  IVoiii  his  chaii'  without  help,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
Icit  a  iiianuscriiit  narralixc  of  events  down  to  KS'JO.'*'^ 
J 11  l(')J(i  Sinaloa  was  also  t-alled  upon  to  part  with  tlu; 
^ahant,  jiious,  and  [xipulai-  coniaiidante  and  alraMo 
liiayor  Captain  Hurdaido,''"  who  was  suiTccdcd  hy 
('ajitain  I'edi'o  de  IV'iva,  said  to  have  hiM'n  ;i  rtdative 
of  llu'  Nicci'ov. 


J)urinL;' Perea's  rule  at  San  I"\'lipe  ami  ^^)l•t  ^[on- 
tesclaros  the  records  become  iiieaL;re  after  the  lirst  i'ew 
years,  and  are  conlined  foj'  the  most  [)art  to  the  north- 
t  I'll  distri(.'t.  The  new  captain's  lirst  act  was  to  detain 
on  suspicion  certain  Xevoine  chiets,  who  had  conie  to 
oiler  alle'^iance  to  the  successor  of  Jlui'vlaide.  This 
caused  a  revolt  amonj^  the  Xe\'omes,  who  threatened 
I'^ather  Olihano,  and  inllicted  upon  N'andei'sipo  a 
Wound  with  a  ])oisoned  ari'ow,  that  atilict(.'(l  him  dur- 
ing' the  rest  <»t'  his  life.  It  was  also  in  I  .V_'()  7  that 
tlie  C'hini[)a.s  uiissions  were   i'oundetl  hy  Fatliei-    I'as- 


cl 


lal  as  alreadv  related.      In   1G2S  the    1  [uit 


es    wei'c! 


converted  I )y  Padre  Ca^tini;  a  new  })uel)lt>  <il'  1  Lios 
was  jiddcd  to  the  C'hini[)as  mission;  mines  he^'an  to 
he  worlu'd  in  the;  same  region;  Captain  J?erea  made  a 
toui'  with  sixt}'  soldiers  and  two  thousand  alTn's  to 
restore  order  in  the  northern  district;  the  Aivinos, 


A, 


70.7J-.',.    :MS.,    f,!),-)-7IO.     Villafn fu-   wa.^   im-.v  mtor.     P.rotlicr 


Martin  l''.'artt!  ilieil  in  KiJl  alter 'JO  v^ais"  scixiio  in  Siiialn 


Hunlaiilo  als 


(n'casion  to  iiiaku  oiiu  of  liis  laiijs  this  viar.     Also  .|/( ;//•/,  ii.  Itl,  1  l.'i, 


Cavo,  Ti 


had 

1.^;!. 

8,. ".(10. 

<  ■  Martin  I 
fatli 
.li'siiit  ill  l.")77. 


iSiijIos 


!t7,  »ayti  tlio  pustiU'i 


ICO  was  111 


II 


illcl 


f\v7,  was  liorii  iThniar 


rv  "J,  l.'illt,  at  tlic  villa  of  San  Marti 


ii'i'  iH'iiii;  a  rk'li  iiiiiie  owner,  aiK 


I  Wi 


ateil 
tuaelr 


111  Ah';di.'o. 


Ho  1 


loraiiio  a 


caiiif  to   til 
skcteli  of  liis  lif 


iKl  had  a  variid  exin'iu'iioc  a 

rth.     llo  (liiil  Ajiril  '21,    Ki-Jii,  at  San    Foliix 


(I  inuaclicT  liuforc!  he 


■taikil 


o  and  nia 


Sec  also  /.V/xfx,  :{.tl:    Al. 


ly  virtiK's  IS 


'iveii  in  tlio  Aiiiifi,  !', 


MS,,  711- 


1). 


M, 


ICM.  MS. 


<■.'/" 


ii.  Kill  7(1;  /.'< 


">(). 


ill''  to  /i')l" 


nriiii'iii,  I 


I)   I. 


."},  ami   Miiii'jr 


lll-<l. 


Piiii.,  his  death  was  several  years  later.     .See  Cma,  in  Soi:.  Mcx.  <ji.ij'J.,  JJoL 
ii.  4J-4. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


^  .5% 


h 


O      -^^^^^j 

--^^^%%% 
<  '<^/%i 


:/- 


^ 


^ 


Si 


7a 


1.0 


I.I 


,50     ""'^ 


12.5 
2.0 


18 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

.^ 6"     _ 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  873-4503 


'.^^^^ 


f/j 


228 


ANNALS  OF  SINALOV  AND  SONORA. 


Toapas,  ]Matapcs,  Batucos,  and  Sisibotaris  were  clam- 
orous for  padres;  and  finally  the  conversion  of  tlio 
latter  was  undertaken  hy  the  veteran  Mendez.  Tlio 
^iniia  of  1G20,  consistin-^  of  a  letter  from  Padre  Guz- 
nian  on  the  Nevomes  and  tlieir  ninetv  ranolierias,  is 
the  last  of  the  oriijinal  records  in  my  collection.*' 

In  10.^0  fathers  Martin  Azpilcueta  and  Lorenzo 
Cardenas  went  to  live  amoiii^  the  Aivinos  and  ]>atu- 
cos,  wliere  IJasilio  and  Olinano  had  ah'eady  baptized 
chilch'cn.  The  Christian  ardor  of  tlie  Aivinos  lia<l 
cooled  soniewliat  througli  the  iniluenee  of  ai)ostato 
Nevomes.  Cilrdenas  increased  the  spirit  of  lic)stility 
at  first  1)V  removinijf  a  vault  c(jntainin;jf  the  body  of  a 
dead  chief,  and  fre(|uented  by  the  ])eoplo  as  a  shrine 
ibr  their  protection  against  lightning.  Almost  ini- 
nuMliately  a  woman  was  struck  hy  the  dreaded  thun- 
derbolt; still,  as  a  baptized  child  in  her  arms  escaped 
injury,  and  as  another  woman  at  the  ])oint  of  death 
recovered  on  the  reception  of  the  rite,  the  padre 
was  able  to  restore  (juiet.  Azpilcueta  ^^'as  not  well 
received  either  at  ]3atuco;  but  by  ])atience  and  kind- 
ness as  usual  gained  the  good  will  of  the  people. 
Home  troubles  once  overc  j,  a  new  danger  threat- 
ened from  abroad  in  the  l>  .  i  of  a  hostile  band  from 
Sonora  A'alley,  who  thought  to  frighten  all  ])adres 
i'roni  their  country  by  killing  this  one.  Azpilcueta 
M'as,  however,  equal  to  the  emergency,  adopting  a 
policy  almost  unheard  of  in  Jesuit  annals.  He  sent 
a  messau'c  to  the  foe,  asking  them  to  make  haste  as 
he  was  ready  and  would  soon  l)ehead  them  all,  and 
then,  surrounded  by  a  murderous  array  of  machetes 
and  fire-arms,  coolly  awaited  tlieir  approach.  This 
novel  attitude  on  the  part  of  a  missionary  surprised 
and  disconcerted  the  savages  to  such  an  extent  that 
when  the  padre  discharged  a  musket  and  brandished 
a  machete  they  turned  and  tied,  and  troubled  the 


"Auita,  1G2C-9;  MS.,  7.*lO-S03;  Baptisms  in  1025-0,  8,530;  Kilm,  302-3; 
Aleyre,  ii.  172-0;  Mainjc,  309. 


CHIXIPA  REVOLT. 


22D 


IKI- 

ple. 

•om 

ris 

iota 

.<>•  a 

o 

sent 
as 
and 

Ills 
ised 
that 
ihed 
the 


mission  no  more;  on  tlio  contrary  thoj'  soon  became 
the  best  of  converts.*^ 

The  revolt  of  lGol-2  in  the  Chinina  reufioii  was  tlio 
most  notable  event  of  the  period,  lleru,  where  wo 
K'ft  Father  Pascual  toilini^  with  tlatterin;^  success  in 
his  three  towns,  the  Gnaz;i])are  cliief  Camaboai  i'rll 
fi'om  f^race,  gained  a  foll^wiiiLT,  and  jdotted  to  take; 
the  missionary's  litt\  The  faithful  C'hinii)as,  iindinLj 
that  Pascual  would  take-  no  precautions,  o])tainod 
fr(jm  the  fort  a  guard  which  for  a  time  impeded  the 
rebel  designs;  but  tlie  malcontents  were  so  iervent  in 
their  pretended  devotion  as  to  disarm  all  suspli-ioii 
until  the  soldiers  were  sent  back,  wlien  they  resumed 
their  plottings  and  gained  adherents  from  the  Varo- 
hios. 

On  January  23,  1G02,  Padre  Mamiel  Martinez 
arrived  as  a  co-laborer  with  Pascual;  on  tlie  31st  tin; 
two,  with  a  small  band  of  neophytes,  were  attacked 
at  Varohio;  and  next  day,  after  their  house  and 
church  had  been  burned,  were  killed.  ]3rutal  indig- 
nities were  oflered  to  their  bodies,  which  were  recov- 
ered and  buried  at  Conicari  by  P.  !^[arcos  Gomez  on 
the  14t]i  of  February.  Fifteen  Indians  perislied  with 
their  martyred  masters.  Captain  Perea  made  a  raid 
into  the  mountains,  and  with  the  aid  of  native  allies 
is  said  to  have  killed  vi'Aii  hundred  of  the  rel)els. 
New  padres  were  sent  here,  apparently  Juan  A'arela 
and  Francisco  Torices,  and  the  Chinipas  were  victo- 
rious in  several  encounters  with  their  apostate  neigh- 
bors; but  it  was  soon  deemed  best  to  abandon  the 
mission,  and  the  Chinipas,  with  many  faithful  I'amilies 
of  Varohios  and  Guazapares,  came  to  live  in  the 
countiy  of  the  Sinaloas,  being  distributed  among  tiie 
<lillerent  towns.  Tlie  surviving  rebels  iled  to  tlio 
mountains,  resumed  their  wild  life,  and  mingled  to  a 
considerable  extent  with  the  Tarahumares,  altlK)Ugh 

*''AI(ijrr,  ii.  IS.'—S.  MaiiL'o,  7//-/.  Pinirria,  400,  ppcaks  of  an  apostate 
Mill)  t'litt  rcil  a  iliiircli  with  two  kiiiviw  to  kill  1'.  Mcuilez,  ami  who,  al'tcr  buiny 
fchut,  was  fjituiicftd  by  Cai)t.  iViva  for  his  sacrihge. 


r' 


230 


AXXALS  OF  SIXALOA  AXD  SOXORA. 


many  years  later,  as  wc  sliall  see,  the  Spaniards  found 
them  l)ack  in  their  oLd  liomes/''' 

Durin_!^  this  })eii()d  also  tlu;  conversion  was  extended 
<^>ver  into  Sonora  Valley,  the  rcjj^ion  of  the  mo<lei-n 
Ures  an<l  of  the  ancient  and  ill-fated  San  Gercinimo. 
Padre  ])art(>li»nie  Castano  fn'st  came  here  to  live 
amonof  the  Opatas  in  1G38,  though  Mendez  may'havo 
visited  the  country  some  vears  earlier,  and  ^ladiv 
I^Tarfa  do  Jesus  iVgreda  is  supposed  to  liave  extended 
her  mii-aculous  tour  (•('  alxmt  KJ.TO  up  through  this 
country  to  the  Kio  Colorado.'"  Within  a  year  three 
or  four  thousand  of  the  natives  were  haptized  and 
settled  ill  three  towns  with  line  churclu's.  JOarly  in 
1G31)  Padre  Pedro  l^uitoja  came  to  aid  Castano,  and 
new  towns  were  founded."^  The  Opatas  never  gave 
the  Spaniards  any  troul)le  in  later  years.  In  K;:.]'.) 
a  new  mission  <listrict  was  I'ormed  in  the  north  hy  the 
visitador  Leonaido  Jatino,  acting  in  the  name  of  Jiihas 
tl 


() 


le  pr 
1  emb 


vincial.     It  was  called  San  Francisco  Javier, 


am 


.vivmo, 


d  tl 


ji'aced  ine  missions,  or  ])arti(los,  ol  V  omuri|ia 


tid( 


)(*( 


Pat 


uco. 


res,  and  Sonora 


This  lel't  to  tlu 


(.'cntral  district  of  San   Ignacio  the  Yaquis,  ^layos, 
Tepahues,  Conicaris,  Oiiahas,  and  ]\[ol)as.''" 

Brother  Francisco  Castro,  said  to  he  a  relation  of 
Viceroy  Villamanriciue,  died  in  \^^'H  after  thirty-four 
years  of  service  in  Sinaloa.''^  Bishop  llerinosillo  of 
Durango  visited  the  province  in  IG;]!,  going  as  I'ar 
north  as  Nacori  among  the  Tehuecos.  He  coiiHrmed 
some  twelve  thousand  persons  at  San  Feli])e,  where; 
he  said  the  first  ]>ontilical  mass;  hut  he  died  soon  after 
setting  out  on  his  return  juul  his  Ijody  was  carried 

*^M(ni<jr,  llisl.  Phiirn'ri,  .*]n!)-l()0;  ]!<hirUiii  <!<■  l<i  Xiuva  Eiilruda,  77'J-S(I; 
Ah'<.ir'\n.  1!M)-;!;  iriha.-<,'lM  Ct». 

''"Stone,  Sdiiora,  U-10,  says  erroneously  tliiit  1'.  Mi'iidcz  cstjiblishiil  a  mii- 
sioii  at  Uit'S  in  lli:{.">. 

^' S.  IViIro  Aconi'hi,  ("oncopoirn  JJaliiacoi'n,  Romedios  I'ananiiflii,  S.  I.'- 
iineio  Sinn(|ui]ie,  and  Ivosurio  Naciiuieri  arc  named,  sonio  of  tlieni  imt  fiinudid 
)ir()lial)ly  lielurc  l()4(l,  or  even  later.  In  Smiiint,  Kytailixt'int,  li^'T,  it  is  htateil 
that  1'.  Castano  entered  in  ltJ40and  was  soon  joined  i)y  1'.  Lorenzo  I'iores. 

"yl/..'/;r,  ii.  'l-l-l-W;  iii.  Ill;  llil^ux,  -.WVl-l;  Maihjv,  4(tO;  Ahuh,  J)i,;-.,  iv. 
C74;   lltfii(ui(t(z,  ('(inij).  (litii).  Son.,  lo-UJ;  D'Acily,  Dencrln.,  ii.  85-7. 

w  J/<://r,  ii.  173-4;  JUbas,  '-'31-5. 


MISSIONARY  CHANG  KS. 


•2.^l 


liack  to  San  Fc'lii)e  for  burial.'*  Alxnit  ir»;V2  Father 
IV'di'o  Zaiulji'Hiio  is  named  as  one  of  the  niissionarv 
force, and  in  1G33  Padre  Juan  d(!  Alhicuri  was  at  tlu^ 
mission  ol'  lianinpa,  wliero  lie  oonjpleted  liis  liist(tiy 
nf  Fatlier  Tapia's  life  and  -;ei'viees.''^  In  M't'M  A'illa- 
fane  who  liad  come  to  the  country  hefnre  l.V.),!,  hut 
liad  been  al)sent  S(>vei-al  times  on  \isits  to  ^Fexieoand 
]*]urope,  died  at  liis  nld  post."'"  'I'hisdeatli  left  h'ather 
IV'dro  ^[endez  the;  oldest  oioiieei';   hut    he   retired   in 


1  (!;].")  wei''' 


hed  (h 


own  with  a^'e  and  inlirmities,"  Icaxini 


Father  \'icente  de  A^uila  the  oldest  ivsidcnt  mi>sion- 
aiy.  In  ]<);]()  the  })rovin('e  liad  to  lose  hy  death  four 
of  its  Jesuits,  l*are(li's,  Az|»ileU(.'ta,  and  the  brothers 
A'arela."*  Floods  in  1(!;)J  aillieted  the  e(»untrv,  and  a 
]H'stilcnee  in  1G41,  stren'^tlieniiii;'  aeeordin;^  to  the 
Jesuit  version  the  hold  of  the  padres  on  the  natives. 
In  IG  U  also  the  veteran  Falh*  r  Aguila  die(l  at  the 
a'^e  of  seventy  years.''"  All  the  deceased  of  the  period 
i>ceive  fron»  the  chroniclers  euloi^ies  whicli  it  is  to  be 
lioped  wei'e  entirely  deserved;  but  it  is  to  be  reL,^ref^  d 
that  Jesuit  eulogies  are  so  like  one  another  as  t(. 
of  comparatively  little  use  to  the  hist(nian. 


.^e 


Captain  Perea  seems  to  have  held  the  command 
from  1G2G  to  1G40.  Ca|)tain  Francisco  ]]ustamante 
signed  himself  in  1G;>G  lieutenant-i^'overnor  and  ca])tain 
of  San  Felipe  presidio;*^"  but  this  is  all  we  know  of 


'>*  fi'l'xix,  1T7-S:  C'llh'.  Mem.  X»l.,  !)■'),  OS;  OnirM'iz  Dari'n,  Tintro  Kcl-a., 
i.  '_'IS;  Alii/rc,  ii.  170.  Ilii'  l:i,st  iiiUlmr  iiii[iliis  tliat  tiii;  visit  %vas  tarliur,  liiit 
ii  in  iiTdf. 

"■'  l!ihu.%  'JSl  ;  MUUnri,  J/isf.  J/;.-.,  MS..  1-J  i:?. 

'■''' Julidi,  ;U'.l-."i7;  A/'ijrr,  ii.  •_'!(!.  Nilliilam;  was  a  native  of  Leon,  Sjiaiii, 
iiiiil  tlif  soil  of  iiolilt!  jiaiciits.  111!  Mas  .siiviii.;  in  .Miclioacaii  A\!icii  tlic  newt 
<if  'iajiia's  liiartynloiii  called  liitii  toSiiialoa.  Mi!  was  ix'ctor  at  San  IVlipt!  tor 
><ars;  iiud  also  siivcil  a  ti'ini  as  roitor  in  Mexico,  nuli.si'(|i;i'iitl.v  visiting' 
Koiiio  as  iirooiirailor.  His  hi  rvici>  in  .Sjnalua  ainouuled  to  lliirty  years.  He 
V  rote  ;m  aiiu  of  tliu  (Jiiazavi'  laii;4iiaue. 

••^  Aliijrc,  ii.  'JlMt.  Mcmic/  had  coiiil:  before  l."i!)5  und  had  once  heforo  re- 
tired fijr  a  time  to  Mexico. 

'■""Aliijir,  ii.  ISS,  •_>o:{-4. 

^'■'JHIidy,  .T,I7  )02;  Alt  [ire,  ii.  2.X'.  Aguila  came  to  Sinajna  nl)ont  lOOT,, 
hein^'  a  Sjianiard  l>y  birth,  and  haviii;,'  served  a  few  years  at  San  Luis  de  la 
I'u/..     He  left  several  MS.  works.   Jinrbr,  iv.  4. 

'''^Vrkija,  Ctqiia  Uc  la  Dtiiiarc,  MS.     Another  captain,  Muti'as  Lobo  Pe- 


1 


ANNALS  OF  SIN.VLOA  AND  SONOR^L 

liis  rulo,  and  the  records  arc  in  other  respects  some- 
\vliat  confused.  In  1(140  or  1G41  Luis  Cestin  de 
Canas  succeeded  I'crea;''^  whereupon  the  latter  ob- 
tained iVoni  Viceroy  E.scah»na,  with  royal  approval,  a 
division  of  the  piovince  and  a  new  conuuand  for  liiiu- 
scH".  This  temporary  division  was  thu  most  iniportant 
event  of  the  decade,  hut  little  is  known  about  it. 
Perea  obtained  half  of  the  presidial  force,  agreutl  to 
pacify  and  convert  the  natives  north  of  the  Ya(pii, 
and  estaljlished  himself  in  the  Sonora  Valiev,  styliii'j' 
his  new  })rovinco  Xueva  Andalucia  and  his  capital  San 
Juan  l^autista."-  It  is  possible  that  he  began  ojiera- 
tions  here  several  years  i-arlicr,  and  that  the;  confusion 
already  noted  respecting  I'ulers  at  San  Felipe  })ei'tains 
to  the  oliicers  lelt  in  temporary  connnand.''^  IVrea 
seems  also  to  have  visited  ^Texieo,  or  at  least  to  liave 
I'eaehed  his  jirovince  from  I'arral  througli  the  Tai'a- 
humara  country  in  the  autumn  of  1G41,  taking  with 
him  at  lirst  l*ailre  Geronimo  Figueroa. 

Dissensions  ensued  between  the  two  comandantes, 
the  jtarticulars  of  which  are  not  known,  Init  duiiug 
Mhich  Perea  had  to  submit  to  a  reduction  of  his  force 
and  obtained  twelve  men  from  Xew  Mexico  to  fill  n]> 
the  number  to  twenty-iive.  llis  rule  was  also  marked 
l)y  a  (juarrel  with  the  Jesuits  and  a.  consequent  at- 
tem[)t  to  i)ut  the  spiritual  interests  of  Nueva  Anda- 
huia,  or  Sonora,  into  the  hands  of  another  order. 
Four  or  five  Franciscans  under  Padre  Juan  Suarex 
were  brought  in  for  this  purpose.  According  to 
Mange's  statements  these  friars  were  stationed  among 

ri'ira,  is  naiucil  l>y  Nii'l,  A/iiinf.,  OT-8,  as  having  couqucreil  Sonora  in  Ki.'Jd. 
1  have  11(1  iili-avliat  this  i  an  niuan. 

''' Ali'jiit',  ii.  'J;{.V(!,  iuii^liis  tliat  the  change  was  in  1041.  Zaniaeois,  //<  '. 
McJ.,  V.  ;i'J(),  calls  tlio  new  nilcr  J.nis  ('cstiims.  Xothini;  sccnis  to  l>o  known 
of  his  rule  cxci))t  his  trip  to  (alilniiiia  mentioned  cIscm  licro  in  tliis  vnlunic. 
Man^t',  Hi"!.  J'liii.,  4S1-"-',  tells  ns  tiiat  Teialta  y  Mcnihi/a  succi'cded  IViea 
in  1040;  and  even  Aleirrc,  ii.  'J44,  sipeaksof  I'adrc  Canal  ahout  1044  luivin^'  a 
conmiissidn  to  investij^atc  tlie  acts  ut'  the  'deliinct  governor  i'eralta.' 

•■- Accordin,!,'  to  /^■ijni/n,  Jt'i  liicinn,  '.H<',i,  San  Jnan  was  a  mining  town  seven 
leagues  from  Oposura  .-mtl  was  btill  called  capital  in  107>H. 

"^Rivera,  (iol>.  Mi.r.,  i.  In:!,  say.s  rurea  made  a  contract  for  northern  re- 
duction with  ^'iceroy  (.'adereita  in  lO.'iti.  He  was  to  obtain  from  the  governor 
of  Xucva  Vizcaya  thu  titles  of  justicia  mayor  and  capitau  a  gucrra. 


PEREA'S  GOVERNMENT. 


233 


(liiTiTont  tribes  and  rancherias,"*  wliciv  tlioy  did  i^ood 
.•service  as  inissionaries  for  some  years;  but  this  aii- 
tlior's  narrative  on  the  subject  ends  hi>re  vaguely  and 
abruptly.  According  to  Alegre,  liowever,  the  only 
other  writer  who  speaks  of  the  matter  at  all,  when 
the  Fi-aneiscans  arrived  and  the  eoniandante  attempted 
to  station  them,  particularly  in  the  Cumu[)as  A'alk-v, 
the  Jesuit  visitador  l*antoja  protested  and  sent  l^uln; 
(leronimo  Canal  to  Mexico  with  a  report  to  the  pro- 
vincial ;ind  viceroy.  Pending  a  decision  IVrea  en- 
ileavc  red  to  locate  his  friars  in  the  valleys  of  the  wild 
lui-iiis,  by  whose  warriors  he  was  forced  back.  ]lis 
disajij>ointment  laid  him  on  a  sick-bed.  Kecovering 
somewhat  he  started  from  Panamichi  to  Toape,  but 
died  on  the  way,  October  4,  1G44.  A  little  later 
I'adre  Canal  returned  with  a  tlecision  favorable  to  the 
Jesuits.  Jle  brought  an  order  for  the  Franciscans, 
waiting  at  ])abis|)e,  to  relin(]uish  all  claims  to  the 
mission  ii eld,"' and  perhaps  for  Perea  to  <)uit  his  ofHce 
and  his  jiiovinco,  thus  putting  an  end  to  the  exist- 
ence of  Xueva  Andalucia  as  a  separate  pnjvince. 
Ikivera  tells  us,  however,  that  after  IVrea's  death 
Simon  Lasso  de  la  Vega  was  appointed  to  succee(l 
him  as  alcalde  mavor  and  comandantc  of  Sonora,  and 
becoming  involved  in  quarrels  Mith  the  comandantc 
of  San  Felipe,  was  treacherously  killed  and  succeeded 
by  .luan  FV'rnandez  de  ^[orales.  This  ollicer's  au- 
tliority  A\as  also  dis[)uted  by  Admiral  Casanate,  who 
had  succeeded  to  the  connnand  of  Sinaloa.'^'*     This 

'*rotla|)if.'im,  Rabisjio,  Basoraca,  Guazava,  Oimto,  Ti-cliico  ilc  Ouucln, 
r>att'Iiitii,  'I'luricachi,  ( 'iii|uiaiit'!ii,  Aiiz|H',  Cliin.vpa,  I'.aciuulu  (l!;ir;ilii  ilo 
Oujicliii,  f'ucuiiio,  aiul  'l'na|io  art?  iiaiiKil,  the  ortlio;,'raipliy  luiii,'  snini'wliiit 
IiKPililiiil  liy  liH'.  .!/((»;/'',  ///V.  I'iin.,  40l-'i.  'i'lie  faiiio  writer  }:ivt  s  a,  ci  r- 
tilit:ittMif  I'.  Suaivz  at  ('liiiia|(a,  witlumt  date,  to  the  ideet  that  I-'iaiiiisio 
I'lii/i  (.IraiiiUii,  triih'iiie  ifr  Jii.sti<-lii,  iiitiijur  y  injiilmi  a  ipivrni  ile  ci'tn  itneatnt 
I'liii't  f.^'iiiii  1/  (li'  <ifrii-i  lip  III  I'niiijiiiriid  ill'  J' .sii^,  liatl  serveil  fid'  live  jear.-i,  ainl 
tliat  hy  his  aid  the  rraiai.-^eans  had  liajitizcd  over  T-'^IK)  souls,  niiiliin;,'  ;,'reat 
lisks  ill  tiio  I'othiiiiyua  valleys,  at  Teurieachi,  and  at  'our  eonveiit'  at 
( 'luna|ia. 

'^J/i.^l.  Ciimp.  .A  VMS  ii.  242-4,  2n.")-C.  Yet  the  same  nntlior,  404,  speaks 
<'f  di.sturbaiues  ainoiig  the  I'Vanciseaiis  of  Teuricaeiii  district  in  ll>4'J-.")(>, 
laused  liy  tlio  disgraceful  retreat  of  the  Sinaloa  coniaudaiitc  who  luarehcd 
against  the  Sunias  with  a  strong  force. 

''"AVam,  (jobcrnanteade  Alex,,  i.  183. 


"14 


ANXALS  OF  SIXALOA  AND  SONORA. 


imist  havo  been  as  late  as  1050;"'  and  between  the 
terms  of  Caiias  and  Casanate  at  a  date  not  exaetly 
known  Juan  l*eralta  y  Mendoza  seems  to  havcj  lield 
tlie  position.  About  the  middle  of  the  century,  how- 
ever, it  is  certain  that  the  two  provinces  were  practi- 
cally reunited  under  the  authority  of  the  captain  at 
San  Feii|)e;  yet  the  "captain  <»f  Sonera"  was  still 
vaguely  mentioned,  a  garrison  being  geneially  main- 
tained at  San  Juan  for  the  protection  t)f  the  Sonora 
Valley. 

Father  Luis  Bonifacio  retired  in  IGIO  to  succeed 
Kibas  as  provincial  in  ^Mexico,  dying  in  ]\Iich()acan 
four  years  later.  Pedro  Castini  retired  about  lGi4 
ai'ter  twenty-four  years  of  service,  and  Josu  (Jollantes 
after  twelve  years.  The  same  year  occurred  the 
death  t)f  JNIicjuel  Godinez  and  of  Anuel  ]>alestra. 
Bartolome  Castano,  the  pioneer  missionary  of  Sonora 
})roper,  retired  about  1G45  after  serving  twenty-live 
years.  Baltasar  Cervantes  was  another  of  the  Jesuit 
Ijand,  about  whom  nothing  aj)pears,  except  that  he 
died  at  Mexico  in  1(541).  Pedro  Velasco,  who  held 
the  i)ost  of  provincial  in  1G40,  also  died  in  1G41).  He 
had  probably  retired  long  before,  as  the  term  of  his 
service  is  given  as  fourteen  years.*^^     The  oidy  hostil- 


*'It  was  in  a  c(''(liila  of  Au,r;nat  1G50  tlint  the  kincf  rccomnionded  tlie 
niiiioiiitiiicnt  of  Ciisuiiatc,  if  tluTO  wcio  no  serious  olijcctioiis.  Jinja  VuL, 
Ciduhis,  MS.,  (»;!-{j.  NaviUTcte,  IntraiL,  Ixxiv.,  also  iiiiplics  that  Casuiiato 
obtaiiinl  the  post,  thoii;.'h  it  woiiKl  seem  to  have  been  a  few  years  earlier. 

•"^  Jtonifacio,  or  I'.oiiifaz,  was  born  at  Jaen  in  \'u^;  became  a  Jesuit  in 
in  luOS,  and  eanio  to  New  Spain  in  1002.  His  servieo  in  Sinaloa  \\a3  »0 
years;  but  was  interrnpteil  by  long  absences  as  master  uf  services  at  Te|iozo- 
tlan,  rector  at  Mexico,  and  provincial,  which  otlice  he  held  twice.  Castini 
vas  born  in  l."iS7  at  I'laisance;  came  to  Mexico  in  l(i()'J;  i.iid  died  in  Mexico 
in  l(>(i.'!.  (Jodinez,  whoso  original  family  name  was  \Vadinjr,  was  born  at 
AVaterford  in  1.1111,  and  joined  the  society  in  KiOO.     After  h  avim,'  Sinaloa,  (jr 

i)erhaps  before,  ho  taught  philosophy  and  theology  in  .Mexico  and  (Juatcniala. 
Ii;  died  in  Mexico,  the  date  of  his  departure  from  the  mis.-ions  iiotapj  "arin,:'. 
I  havo  his  Pri'utka  ile  la  Ti'oloijia  M^iUica,  Sevilla,  ItJS'J.  Castano  wa-  faii'ous 
for  his  humility,  his  musical  talent,  his  dark  shin,  and  his  linguist:..'  skill. 
He  was  known  as  tho  Indio  Sabio  of  Sonora.  He  was  a  I'ortuguesc,  ,)orn  in 
1(501,  and  died  in  Mexico  in  \(>~'l.  His  biograjdiy  by  1'.  Tomas  Ksialanto 
was  published  in  editions  of  l(J7!)and  1708.  I'edio  A'elasco,  born  in  Ili'xiio 
loSl,  became  a  Jesuit  in  I.IDO.  After  the  close  of  his  missionary  carter,  ho 
was  professor  of  theology  in  Mexico  and  procurador  iu  iladrid  and  Uonie, 


TRIUMPHS  OF  THE  FAITH. 


233 


itY  on  the  part  of  tlic  natives  was  that  of  the  Guaza- 
vas,  whom  Pcrca  was  unable  to  subdue  after  a  bloody 
battle,  but  whom  he  finally  broui^ht  to  terms  by 
threats  of  destroyini^  their  eornlields.  Once  con- 
(jtieiiMl  they  became  faithful  allies. 

In  1G4(I  the  northern  district  of  San  Francisco 
Javier  under  Father  Pantoja  as  suj>eri()r  residini?  at 
JJabiacora,  consisted  of  seven  mission  partidos  with  as 
many  padres.*"*  Cristobal  Garcia  had  bei^un  the  con- 
version of  theGuazavas  in  1G45,  Over  two  thousand 
persons  were  baptized  in  the  district  in  1G4(!,  and  the 
total  number  down  to  1G47  was  over  twenty  thou- 
sand. Also  in  1G47  it  was  proposed  to  convt-rt  the 
luunis,  on  what  was  later  Kio  San  Ii,niacio,  and  two 
jiadres  were  about  to  start  with  good  j)r()spects,  but 
llie  eomandante  deemed  it  tmsafe,  and  ordered  a  sus- 
jii'iision  of  the  entrada.  This  conversion  was  reserved 
l'i»r  Kino  in  later  years.'" 

In  1G45  was  published  the  Tritimjths  of  the  Fnifh 
<if  liibas,  the  standard  authority,  followed  necessarily 
by  all  later  writers,  on  Jesuit  annals  in  the  noi'th- 
west  down  to  about  that  date."'     At  this  time  there 


lirsiilrs  beiiit;  provincial.  Sec  Bnrhr,  Ilih.,  ii.  24.".;  iv.  f.O,  \W,,  11,1,  7'21, 
Mith  iiicnticiii  of  tilt;  iliU'crciit  AiS.  iiiul  jiriiitiil  woiks  uiittiii  l>v  tin!  iiinlivs 
ii;iiiii'(l.  CiiUimtc's  iliril  in  Mexico  in  KKi.'t.  Ilia  scivico  is  siiiil  to  iitivi;  l)cea 
lUiiiiiiL;  tlio  I'liiiiipas.  ^1 /«;//•(■,  ii.  4.'{.'{;  l>ifi\  Vii'<v.,\Vn.  (ill. 

'^'■'Tlio  distrilnition  wua  as  follows:  (joioninio  (1'mii;i1,  liiupiira  witJi  liana- 
inirlii.  Sinoiniipc,  Ari/pe,  nntl  Tciiricaclii;  Francisco  I'aris,  I'lis  and  Xaca- 
nicri;  .ItianMcndozii,  IVituco;  Kgidio  Montcpio,  ('ouniripa;  Mimid  (nf  Marcus) 
till  Kio,  (iua/ava,  witli  Uposiiraiinil  Nacori;  and  I'cdio  IJuino,  Matiipc. 

'■"A/i;in',J/i.-'t.  Cow/).  Jixwi,  ii.  'J47,  '-V);  S,  '-'(i.')-?,  :(.">'.»,  4(JI-'_». 

'^  IHnloria  (If  lot  Trinn/i/nm  da  yrittlra  Santa  /Vc  iiilri'  (jiii/m  fas  max  Inir- 
liirn.i  >/  fie  ran  ild  liiiciio  (frlic ;  coii!"  unities  jnir  /mt  ftiltlailos  dc  hi  miliriit  ili: 
I"  <  'oin/aiiKi  (If  Ji xrs  en  las  vii-ts'mm s  ih'  la  I'roiihiria  tic  Xtn  iia-J.'sj,ari'i. 
J.'ijli  nnse  (in!'iini'<)iii>  las  rtislvnilirus,  ritasy  tic,  Karrila  pi>r  <■!  I'lttlrv  Amhis 
/'inz  til'  liihas,  I'rtiiiincitd  In  Antiia-J-.'-^iiai'iii,  iKifiinil  ilf  <'tniliuia,  Macliid, 
Iii4.">,  foi.,  10  1.,  7">0  ]ip.  'I'lic  nutlior,  a  native  of  Cordova,  caiiiu  to  tiio 
Xcw  'W'oild  in  lOO'J,  only  I'J  years  after  the  Jesuits  t)ej;uii  their  laliors  in  tiio 
111 iiili- west;  Hcrved,  as  MO  liave  seen,  in  tli'?  .siniiloii  missions,  niucli  of  tho 
time  as  superior,  from  l(i()4  to  KJ'JO;  and  then  lieeanie  piovinci.il  of  ids  order 
in  Mexico.  His  liook  was  completed  in  1(144.  li  is  ii  conipletu  liistniyof 
•lesuil  work  in  Xucvii  Vizcaya,  practically  tho  only  history  the  country  ha(l 
Iriiiu  l,"i!)0  to  1044,  written  not  only  by  a  contemporary  author,  Imt  hy  a 
prouiineut  actor  in  the  events  narrated,  who  had  access  to  all  the  voluminous 
riirresjiondcncc  of  Ida  order,  comparatively  few  of  which  docuiiienta  liavo 
1icin  preserved.  In  short,  Ililiaa  wrote  under  the  most  favorahlo  circum- 
btauces  uiid  made  good  use  of  his  opportunities.    Ilia  stylo  is  Uiil'use,  his  plou 


230 


ANXAIS  OF  RINALOA  AND  SOXORA. 


^verc  tliirty-fivc  missions  in  Sinaloa  and  Soiiora,  oacli 
iiK'ludiiiL;  iVoni  one  to  four  towns,  and  each  undir  tlic 
earo  of  a  Jesuit.  The  missions  were  diviiK'd  into 
three  districts:  tliat  of  San  Felipe  in  the  south,  c\- 
teiKUiii,'  practically  from  Mocorito  to  Alamos;  Saii 
I^nacio  on  the  rivers  !^[ayo  and  lower  Ya((ui;  and 
San  Francisco  Javier  to  the  north.  Each  district 
was  under  a  superior,  who  at  San  Felipe  was  rdso  rec- 
tor of  the  colle;^e,  at  which  two  or  thri'e  padi-es  W(  r  ; 
constantly  employed  in  <(ivin<^  instruction.  The  c<(hi- 
ccra  of  each  mission  and  many  of  the  visitas  had  fine 
churches  of  adobe  suitahlv  decorated  and  cared  i'or. 
The  mission  books  showed  a  total  of  over  ,100,000 
baptisms  down  to  date.  The  presidio  had  a  forc^  oi" 
only  forty-six  soldiers,  which  fact  of  itself  is  sulHcient 
l)roof  how  completely  and  easily  the  natives  had  sur- 
rendered themselves  to  missionary  control.  ]']a(  h 
])adre  as  a  rule  lived  alone  in  Ids  mission,  protected 
by  a  military  escolta  only  when  threatened  by  some 
special  daii^^er.  He  was  visited  at  hnvj;  intervals  by 
the  superior,  or  visitador,  and  usually  manai^cMl  once 
a  year  to  visit  his  nearest  neii^hbor  for  confession, 
social  intercourse,  and  to  avoid  forcjettinij:  his  own 
lanii'uaii-o." 

cluinsy  ncoonling  to  modem  idoaa,  nnd  lio  is  nfc  times  not  sufTuMeiitly  exnct  in 
tlio  matter  of  ehronoloiry;  but  many  of  his  errors  in  tiiis  respeet  have  eitln  i- 
lieen  eoirecteil  liy  Alej:i'e  or  may  Ijo  corrected  from  ori^^inal  documents  y«t 
extant.  Ho  left  two  inanuacri|it  volumes  ou  tiie  foundation  of  .Fesuit  eolleircs 
ill  Mexico,  which  liavc  never  been  jirinted.  Ho  died  Marcii  'Hi,  Iti."),"!,  at  tho 
nge  of  7!l  years.  I'inelo  nnd  Urunet  cito  a  letter  of  iiis  on  tiic  deatli  of  I'acho 
Lodesma,  printed  in  Mexico  in  Ki.'W.  See  also  Hacker,  H'lh.,  ii.  4.S.">. 
''■'liiUtx,  UU.  Triumyhoii,  CJ-TU,  125-9,  lo7-l»,  llHi,  340,  3J8,  435-C. 


CIIArTER   X. 

ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SIN  VLOA. 

1(m(>-17(K). 

Rn.Ens  TV  RivALOA— Coast  Kvknts— Taid  Mi\k— Spavisii  SF.TTt.rMKSTs— 

MiSSMNAUY    ASNAI.SI    IV    TIIK    Sonil-     MlMUl    ItI.MS,     StaTI>T1(H,    ami 

Namks  of  Jkhius— Thk  Oi,i>  Soxoka  Disti; cts— Tiik  N  nmlSknoiia — 

TaIII.IS  UK  KmS,  ifiyS,  AM)  KISS -Tltiirill.r.-*  WITH  IIIK  I'.ISIInl-  ClIIM- 
I'AS  IHSTUII'T— La11iiI;S  ok  SaI.VATIK.UKA—  IIkvoI.IS  ok  l(i!K>  AMI  l(;!i7  - 
Ma!'— (.'ONIJIKST  OK    I'lMKKlA    Al.TA — FaTHKII  KlNO   AM»    HIS   LaIIOKS — 

At  I'.ac  AXin'AitiiucA,  lti!CJ-:t — .Iiuovzain  Commank— Mam.k's  Piaimm 
— IviNo  ON  TIIK  (Jii.K  Coast,  1(1!^— Boat  i'iii. dim! — Tkii-  to  tiii:  (iii.v, 
lti!l4— IvKvoi.T,  MriiDKR  OK  Fatiiku  Sakta,  and  M  \ssacuk.  ok  I'imas — 
Kivoi.v  Mkxico- -Second,  'J'iiikh,  Foiinii,  am>  Fihtii  F.ntuadas  to 
tin;  llio  liiLA,  l(i!t7-17tH)— Vain  Kkkouts  lo  Oiii  viv  Missionakiks  nm 
Tin:  Fak  Noutii— Missions  ok  1>oi.okks,  San  Iiisxno,  (-'adouca, 'I'liif- 
tama,   and  Co(i')si'i:ka — Mii.itxkv  Oi-kuationh  in   Ai'A<in;uiA  -l>iiv 

VmiLo's  ItUVOLT-    i'l.MAS  DkKEAT  THE  ArACHES  — SeUIS  and  'J'hl'OlAS. 

TiiH  territory  from  Chainotla  to  Sail  ]"\li[)r,  oori'c- 
s|"iiii(l*m;^-  to  the  modern  Sinaloajias  t'ortlK'  second  as 
icr  the  tirst  lialt'  of  the  seventeenth  eenturv  praeti- 
callv  no  recorded  annals.  I  cannot  t'lve  evin  a  <-oni- 
]ilete  list  of  the  connnandants,  or  governors,  at  the 
jiresidio.  The  California  ex})lorers  seem  to  have  been 
ill  command  mncli  of  the  time.  ( 'asanatc  as  we  have 
st'en  prohahly  held  the  [)ost  in  IG.IO.  Mignil  Cal- 
(leron  is  named  as  the  alcalde  mayor  at  San  Felipe  in 
l(!7l.  Itivera  tells  us  that  Bernardo  IJernal  ]*iha- 
(kro  obtained  the  connnand  in  1(>7-1.  l*edro  llurtado 
do  Castilla  was  ca[)tain  in  1G80.  And  in  1(584  Isidro 
Otondo  y  Antillon  is  said  to  have  been  in  charge  of 
the  government,  leaving  Juan  Antonio  Anguis  in 
connnand  during  his  absence.'    In  earlier  chajiters  on 

•  Riirra,  Ooberuantes  de  Mex,,  i.  242;  Aleyre,  Ilkt.  Comp.  Jcxus,  ii.  450; 
iii.  2j,  54.  (237) 


flu  AXXALS  OP  SOXORA  AN'P  SINALOA. 

pulf  explorations  wc  have  liad  occasion  to  notice  tlio 
toucliiii!^'  of  dijlerent  eral't  iVoni  time  to  tinie  at  main- 
land anchorages,  the  i-ecords  of  these  voyaijfi's  afl'ord- 
in^  no  inl'orniation  ivsju'ctin!^  the  state  oi"  atlairs  ;it 
the  scttKinents.''  In  a  later  chapter  on  the  Jesuit 
occupation  of  the  peninsula  iu  the  last  years  of  the 
century  \vc  shall  notice  other  similar  arrivals  i-e\ calinLf 
nothing;  of  niaiidand  annals  and  heini^  also  for  tin; 
most  jtart  north  of  the  llio  del  Fuerte."  Tiic  only 
<lerinite  i-ecord  of  niininu;  industry  is  the  statriiient 
that  th(!  famous  Tajo  mine  at  liosario  was  accidentally 
iliscovered  by  a  peasant  named  Leon  iJojas  in  KJJJ.* 
])oul)tless  other  mines  were  worked  in  the  south,  nml 
in  the  north  a  few  iralrs  de  mimix  will  he  mention* d 
in  mission  statistics.  San  Sebastian,  !MazatIan,  and 
San  ^IiL;uel  maintained  their  nuuiicipal  existence  ou 
n  small  scale;  and  in  1G78  the  villa  of  San  l'\ Tijie  d<' 
Sinaloa,  had  a  Spanish  and  mixed  ))o]iulation  of  about 
twelve  hundred,  with  a  garrison  of  forty  men. 

The  closing  of  Ribas'  record  with  the  year  KU."*  had 
an  efl'oct  on  the  written  missionarv  annals  of  thi; 
country  which  is  the  best  evitlenco  of  how  valuabli' 
that  record  was  and  )  ow  closely  other  writt-rs  havn 
followed  and  must  fol  ow  it.  With  the  cxce}>tion  of 
one  or  two  statistical  statements  of  mission  ]trogress 
and  condition,  the  recorded  history  of  the  old  mission 
districts,  the  subject  of  the  preceding  chaj)ter,  is  ex- 
ceedingly meagre,  in  fact  almost  a  blank  during  tin; 
last  half  of  the  century,  and  it  is  only  the  exploration 
and  conquest  of  new  lands  and  the  conversion  of  new 
triltes,  especially  in  the  far  north,  that  will  furni>h 
material  lor  a  continuous  narrative,  and  that  onlv  for 

'S  'C  rlinp.  vii.-viii,,  this  voluiiu'. 


'  S    0  I'llill).    XI 


this  vulmuf. 


*J.iir,  i'liir,,  X.  4.VJ  c't  8oq.  Stc  also  mention  of  mJnos  of  Mnzatlan  nii'l 
Rosiu-ij  iu  J/ftiJi/'iir'x  I'o.v.,  i.  2(i.V!>;  Jliir/im,  Conijirn.,  IV.)  vt  sim|.;  ";y(7A)/'-c 
Amir.  2S">-(!.  \\licn  I'lithiT  Salvatiena  fioni  California  was  vi.-itin;,'  tlie 
mining  camp  of  l.oa  Fraik's  in  17(M.)  tiio  miners  wvw  fuiragod  in  a  lawsuit  at 
(iiiailabjara  on  wiiidi  their  future  prospects  (U'liendeil.  Salvatiirra  siiiii- 
moned  1 11  to  'levotional  exercises  in  honor  of  Our  £.iuly  of  Loreto.  ami  as  thi  y 
left  the  ''hurch  uvws  cumu  thut  the  suit  was  wuu.  SutailUrra,  Cartas,  11-. 


ZAPATA'S  RF.rORT. 


'J39 


the  List  years  of  llu'  jx  "iod.  Yet  even  In  tlie  south 
we  may  aliiio.st  evidvo  iVt»ia  notliiiiLfiies.s  antl  hriiiiLj 
hetore  tlie  eve.s  of  the  niiiul  the  mission  annals  iVom 
year  to  year,  feeliiiLf  sure,  as  in  indieatid  hy  the 
seattiii'd  «''iei;i|ic'nts  of  the  arehivi'S,  that  n(»tliinLr 
]ia|»|ieiie(l  oil,  ol  the  thill  routine,  and  that  we  have 
l(»t  liltle  more  ihan  names  ot'  padri-s,  stati^ties  (tf 
haptisms,  instarcos  of  miraculous  intervention,**  and 
jiuerile  anecdotes  of  neo|ihytie  doinj^^s. 

The  ("hieuris,  nei^hhors  of  the  Chieoratos,  were 
convt'rted  in  1(')7I,  at  which  time  T  ither  (Jt)nzalo 
Navarro  was  rector,  Toniiis  Jlidjdi^'o  was  at  work 
jinioni,'  the  Ahomes,  and  Jacinto  (Vn-tes  aino»'<r  the 


Tel 


lUecos. 


!^[elchor  Paez,  said  tv  '  ave  been  f'u  twenty 


yars  a  missionary  in  Sinaloa,  died  iit  ar  Mexico  in 
l:.7();  and  the  next  year  .Vnd res   !•' ddiano,  or  l^U'^i- 


diano,  (hi'd,  aiUr  loiiij  s'-rvice  at  ]i;ici 


un. 


]n  li'uT 


ilso  Mati'as  (Johi  \isitt'd  tiie  Chicoratu.->.  hut  did  not 
icuiain.'  In  1(178  Fathei"  Juan  (  M"tiz  Zapata  nuule  a 
^I'Uei'al  iiisjiection  of  all  the  Ji-suit  estahlishments  of 
Xiu  va  A'izcaya;  and  hy  his  njiort,  the  statistics  of 
wliich    ior    Sinaloa    I   a}»[HMul,'*   it   ai)[)ears    that    the 


■'Of  siirli  iiitirfciTiiocwi'  aroii'it  left  wholly  in  i','n<ir!iiic<\  Imt  tlu'  iiistiiiicc!< 
!iio  Hut  very  lnilliiiiit  or  cxtniordiiiaiy  onis.  At  S.  I'ciiru  <iuii/.ii\L'  an  iniii:.'i! 
Ill'  tlic  \  iiL^iii  \vn>ML;lit  many  uiirailcs;  M'  Indiain  Merc  at  t'lc  jioint  of  ileatli 
ill  a  tiim^  <•!'  ]if.stili  nci',  an<i  tlio  iiiia^o  was  iinjiiorcil  to  suvr  lite;  lit  rccovi  icil 
instantly.  Idwilliin  two  limns,  ami  (iiic  nest  niornini;  attiT  K|>t(  ial  ]iiaycr 


Al 


miri  aiu'  lU  ^truvcil  tlic  ilninii,  l>ut  tlio  ima'.'t"  in  it.s  niilic 


vas  md  liarnii'i 


.1. 


\\'liilc  tlic  clnuili  was  ln'iii"'  rrlmiit  water  faikil,  lint  tin- viiL'in  sent  asliowci 


tutill  th 


icsi  rvuir,  so  that  it  ivniaincil  full  till   the  ilinnli  was  ilono.     An 


iiiKiL'c  at  M 
it  liidkc  li 


iniii'ito  was  nnw  iUiii'' 


to  1 


us  K\w;  andtiicr  w  \m>  lariui 


(I  it. 


1;  til 


('  man 


w  lii>  triril  to  rcniovo 


IV  ft'll  tU'ait;  ami  tli< 


iilru  who 


pivo  till'  tiiili  r  was  tliiuwii  fmin  a  muIi-  anil  ilicil  within  u  ywirl  A.   Vf-cuijn 
Jhir..  40:i    I.  -IKt;  A/"jr<\  Hist.  Cihiijk  ,/<.<»<,  4."i7-S. 


il  I'lili 


14. 


,'y  in 


J)i 


Ciiic,  iii.  -JJU-TO. 


?//', 


'LifL 

' Z'lj'iilii,  Jiilur'mn  lie  ln.<i  Mliioiiri  que  la  Compfiilfn  do  Jimis  th  iifni  rf  Ui'mo 


'i  (Ir  Id  y^iiifd  ]  h.fiti/fi    i';,'.s'. 


In  X.   I 


r.'/n/a, 


JJix:  Ji;<t.,  iii.  ;«)!- 


41!l  (Sinaloa  iiiattiT,  p.  ;{!lL'-41 1 );  also  MS.     I  shall  fiiitin  r  ntili/i'  this  iin]ior- 
taiit  ii]iurt  in  this  ami  other  chapters  on  the  iiii.ssiiins  of  Sunma,  l(nran','ii, 

uiiiU 

Mi 


iiiiiianiia. 


lU  of  San  Felipe  y  Santiau'c,  "^  partiilos.  popnlation,  O.riS;). 
(1.)  CoiKcpeion  (le  Vaoa,  '2.")-;U)  len'.,'-,ivs  t'onicari,  .'!(>  1.  .s.  w .  'JVnioria,  X>  I 


liioC 


[iiajma,  pop, 


■|S4.    Santi:ii,'o<lnires, 


.-.  1.  N.K.  V 


Ilea,  on 


N.  S.  Felipe  (■• 

same  ii\er,   jiop.   ;{U4;  I'artido  nmler   I'ailrc  (iujizi-.lu  Nuvarro,  rector,  with 

bSS  jKi-.sons. 

(•-*.)  iSaii  Jo8(j  del  Toro,  4  1.  .s.  \v.  Vaca,  on  same  river,  pop.  300.    S.  Iguacio 


240 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


Boutliorn  mission  district,  or  modern  Sinaloa,  under 
the  old  name  of  San  Felipe  y  Santiago  consisted  of 
twenty-three  villages,  with  a  population  of  nearly  ten 
thousand,  divided  into  nine  partidos,  and  served  by 
the  same  number  of  Jesuits.  The  largest  militarv 
force  was  now  sixty  men  at  Montesclaros,  while  San 
Felipe  i)residio  had  only  forty.  The  Spanish  pojiula- 
tion  according  to  some  rather  uncertain  indications 
may  have  been  five  hundred  exclusive  of  the  one 
hundred  soldiers. 

In  1G81  an  effort  was  made  by  the  bishop,  in  con- 
nection with  the  })reparations  for  Otondo's  expedition 
to  California,  not  only  to  send  a  clerigo  as  chaplain 
on  the  fleet,  but  to  station  a  provincial  vicar  at  San 
Feli[)e.  The  Jesuits,  however,  were  prompt  with 
their  protests  and  the  threatened  secularizing  inter- 
ference with  their  missions  was  stayed."     Nothing 


Zoos,  (5 1.  X.  E.  Toro,  on  arroyo  ntnning  into  same  rivor  from  TuLarcs,  ■p«]\ 
•SiSO;  Sta  (,'ataliiia  Baitrcna,  0  1.  s.  K.,  pop.  J(i5,  I'artido  in. dor  Jo.so  1'ajiia 
witli  !)1()  piTsons,  incliiilos  ostancia  S.  IV'dro  boloniring  to  collcm-,  .1 1.  s.  Toro. 

(It.)  Tfliut'co,  on  Kio  Carajioa,  jiop.  7S2.  Villa  do  Canipua,  or  Fiierto 
Montotclaro.s,  or  S.  lynacio,  5  1.  N.  Tehtieco,  pop.  ,301,  (iO  soldicr.s;  Asuncion 
Sivirijoa,  o  1.  s.  Tuhueco,  pop.  (J24;  S.  Josu  t  liaray,  10  1.  .s.  w.  I'clniOLo,  pup. 
(iH(>.  I'artido  nndor  Josu  Jimenez,  to  bo  sueeeeded  hy  Francisco  ■'''■piilveda, 
with  2,4.")(l  per.yons. 

(4.)  San  Cieninimo  Mochicaj^ni  (Mocliicavi),  4  1.  ,s.  w.  Cliaray,  on  Rio 
Carapoa,  pop.  ').")!).  S.  Mit;uel  Suaqni,  4  1.  w.  Moohioavi  on  riv.'r.  iin|i.  071; 
Asnncion  Hoomi  (Ahonic?)  8  1.  s.  w.,  pop.  C-0.  I'artido  nndcr  Josi'  ■Jiinunez 
with  1,!S.").")  persons. 

(o. )  Santiaj^o  Ocoroni,  14  1.  Charay,  161.  s.  e.  Mocliicavi,  0  1.  x.  \v.  8. 
Felipe,  pop.  150.     IJauria  pueblo  destroyed,  under  Francisco  lienter. 

(0.)  San  Pedro  (inazavo,  14  1.  s.  \v.  Ocoroni,  pop.  I'd.  Itcye.s  do  Tama- 
znla,  ;i  1.  s.  (Jnazave  on  river,  5  1.  from  8ea,  pop.  'JOo;  S.  I^'uacio  Nio,  I  J,  1. 
N.  K.  (Juazave  on  river,  ]wp  308.  Parti<lo  under  Juan  liautista  Anzicta  with 
1,101  persons.  (See  in  ./(.sinVa.s,  Pn/ielin,  no.  '2.'J,  an  autoi.na]ih  letter  of  this 
padre  as  viwitador  in  1081  to  Salvatierra.     Pecoro  was  tiien  rector.) 

(7.)  Concepeion  ISanioa,  5  1.  w.  S.  Felipe,  4  1.  Nio,  on  river,  i)i<\\  240.  S. 
Felipe  ^"illa,  pop.  1,'JOO  (partly  Spanish),  40  .soldiers;  S.  Lorenzo  Ognera,  G  1. 
i;.  S.  Felipe  on  river,  pop.  185.  Partido  under  Antonio  Unpiisa  with  1,025 
persons. 

(8.)  Concepeion  Chicorato,  7  1.  E.  Ognora  on  river,  pop.  228.  S.  Ignncio 
Chicuris,  3  1.  N.  Chicorato,  pop.  99.  Partido  under  Gerouinio  I'istoya  with 
327  persons. 

(9.)  San  Migncl  Mocorito.  121.  S.  E.  S.  Felipe,  121.  from  sea,  pop.  243. 
S.  Pedro  IJacoliurito,  7  1.  s.  Chicoiato,  101.  N.  Mocorito,  pop.  ir)2.  Partido 
under  Pedro  Mesa,  with  712  persons.  Includes  43  rauchos,  estaucios,  etc., 
with  4;<  Spanish  families  or  214  persons. 

For  the  missions  of  Topia  lying  farther  south  and  east  sec  chapter  xiii. 

'Aleijir,  J  J  int.  Comp.  Jesus,  iii.  27-8. 


THE  NAME  SONORA. 


241 


more  is  known  of  Sinaloa  down  to  1700,  if  wo  except 
the  lairucLilous  movements  of  a  cross  at  llosario  in 
1 G83,  as  certitiecl  by  twenty-three  witnesses  whose  tes- 
timony is  recorded  in  the  parish  records. 


10 


The  orifjin  of  the  name  Sonora  is  a  curiously  com- 
pHcated  subject,  respectinjj^  which  the  trutli  caiuiot  bo 
known.  The  two  derivations  sut^^ested  with  some 
phmsibihty  are  the  Spanish  word  serioni  tind  tlio  na- 
tive word  sonot,  forming  in  its  obhcpie  cases  soiiota; 
but  the  matter  is  further  confused  by  the  claim  that 
the  two  words  were  identical  in  meaniniu;',  or  that  tlie 
latter  was  merely  an  attemi)t  of  the  ()[)atas  to  })ro- 
nouiice  the  former.  I  ai)[)end  a  note  which  brings  out 
the  various  aspects  of  the  problem,  and  shows  that 
while  a  connection  is  j)robaL«le  between  Sonora  and 
Seuora,  it  is  ?iot  easy  to  tleci(k^  whether  the  i)resent 
nauK;  is  a  Spanish  corruption  of  a  native  wortl  or  the 


reverse 


.  11 


iiilvcclii, 

on  r.io 

•  Jiiiieiiuz 

N.  w.  S. 

Taiiin- 

Nio,  \\  1. 

■ta  with 

of  tliia 


■>.  Igiiaoio 
oya  with 


ur  xui. 


'''  Dicrioiinrio  Umversnl,  viii.  73."). 

"  L'oroiKulo  in  1")40  named  the  valley  of  Sciiora  near  the  oiie  called  Cora- 
zones  l>y  Xiza  a  few  years  earlier.  Here  was  founded,  or  hither  v.  (is  traiisffi'red, 
a  little  later  S;iu  Gen'niimo.  CoroiKido,  I'clni  ioii,  147-1);  •IdrdnilHo,  Ri  Imhiii, 
l.'ili;  < 'I'sfdii'dd,  Uchiaon,  44;  Jhrnra,  dee.  vi.  lih.  ix.  eaii.  xi.  It  seems 
that  the  name  waa  Senora  and  not  Xiiestra  Seuora.  Arrieixita,  ('riin.  <Sr/v;/'. , 
IHuIol;!),  4.  .saya  the  valley  was  named  for  a  rich  native  widow  ^^  ho  t.nti  rtained 
the  aiiiiy,  adding  that  it  was  perhaps  in  onUr  to  foi-yit  her  kindness  that 
tlie  name  was  elian;,'ed  to  Simoi.il  Manj^e,  //(.•.■/.  J'iii.,  'M'2,  tells  u.s  tliat  tlio 
Word  .ifiiiira  heard  by  the  Spaiii.irds  (iu  17th  eentury)  was  an  attempt  to  nay 
Hiioni  and  thus  to  kIiow  that  they  liad  not  forgotten  the  ti'aeliings  of  i'abi/.a  ilo 
Vaea  a'jout  the  virgin.  They  ecjidd  not  pronounee  tlie  Ti/and  t!ieS[)aiiiards 
ehan^ed  SeTiora  to  Honoia  in  t)rder  to  he  aide  to  derive  it  from  soinla,  a 
'uiai;;> -leaf.'  llibas,  J/ist.  Triiiin/ihus,  .'t'J'J,  on  the  eonti'ary  seems  to  imply 
that  the  (jriginal  native  woid  was  Sonora,  and  that  the '-paniards  c'(jrrui)iv.d 
it  into  SiiYira.  'El  vallo  ile  Scmora,  de  (]iie  tuuieron  notieias  los  pi'ime;\>s 
(le-ieidiridorc's  de  la  rrouineiade  t'inaloa,  y  eorrompimdo  el  vm  alilo,  llamaiiaii 
vallu  de  Seuora,'  Aleedo,  J>irr.  <iV..;/. ,  iv.  ■")74,  regards  Sonora  as  a  eorrup- 
tiuu  iif  Seuota.  According  to  the  author  of  Soxora,  L\-<inif.,  in  Siiiki.-k,  Muliri- 
(I'l  V,  (iJ.'i,  writing  in  1730,  the  oldest  Indians  said  that  a  ranclu'rJa  >  f  nativL'3 
living  about  a  muddy  spring  near  lluepaea  built  tlieir  huts  of  reeds  !nul 
niai/ideaves,  and  called  tlu'ni  xoiiuld,  which  the  S[taniards  ehang'.'d  to  Sonora. 
Hernandez,  (.■'((</.  Son.,  .")-(),  favors  the  last  derivation,  but  notes  an  opinion 
of  some  that  the  Bettler.s  called  the  coinitry  Koii-oat,  wishing  to  e.\[iress  in 
one  Word  tlie  richness  of  soil  and  the  sonorous  ((uality  of  gohil  Ti^e  aiulior 
ef  Soiiorct,  Uiscrip.  Ueoij.,  41W-4,  in  17li4,  also  writes:  '("reo  ([.le  no  mo 
eiigauare  si  me  incliuo  a  pensar  ipic  por  lo  nuicho  ijuc  ha  sdiirnln  en  Mexico  y 
uun  en  I'hn-opa  sii  prodigiosa  riijueza  se  liaya  merecido  el  nomlire  ih'  Scmoni. ' 
'iiuuora,  as  the  Indians  say,  or  Sonora  as  the  Spaniards  cull  it.'  A'(c7,  Aimnl,, 

UHT.  M.  MEX.  8TATI.B,  \  OL.  I.      lU 


242 


ANXALS  OF  SOXORA  AND  SINALOA. 


In  tho  north,  the  territory  of  the  modern  Sonora, 
we  find  that  iii  1G53  the  district  of  San  Franoi.sco 
Javier  included  twenty-three  towns  Avith  over  twenty- 
five  tnousand  neopliytes,  of  whom  eight  thousand  had 
been  baptized  within  tlie  last  few  years.  Since  1050 
the  final  conversion  of  the  natives  of  Arizpe  and  Sino- 
quipe  had  been  accomplished  by  fathers  Canal,  Ignacio 
jSIolarja,  and  Felipe  Esgrecho,  the  latter  lemainiiig 
in  charge.  This  conversion  involved  several  failures 
and  serious  obstacles,  even  threats  of  personal  violence. 
One  native  argued  so  eloquently  and  skilfully  against 
Christianity  as  to  show  clearly  that  he  was  inspired 
by  Satan.  During  this  period  also  a  band  of  one 
hundred  and  si^ty  Inmris  from  Pimeria  Alta  h.ul 
been  added  to  the  Nacameri  mission  under  Padre 
Francisco  Paris;  while  others  of  the  same  tribe  had 
settled  at  Bacobichi.  Moreover  Padre  Marcos  del 
llio  of  the  Guazava  mission  acconn)lished  by  gentle- 
ness and  zeal  what  military  force  had  utterly  i'ailed  to 
do,  bringing  some  of  the  wild  Sumas  to  Oputo  t(» 
make  peace  and  prepare  the  way  to  conversion.  Yet 
1(151  was  a  year  of  famine  and  much  sufi'ering,  and 
the  Jesuits  lost  also  one  of  their  veterans.  Padre 
A^andersipe,  who  had  toiled  nearly  thirty  years  amcjng 
the  Nevomes.'^ 

For  1G58  we  have  the  puntos  de  anna  of  tlie 
Ncvome  mission  of  San  I'rancisco  Borja,  a  doc- 
ument that  the  Jesuit  historian  Alegre  seems  not 
to  have  consulted.'^  The  mission,  or  district,  had 
sixteen    pueblos,   in    seven    partidos    each   with    its 

79.  Mowry,  Ar'izovn,  41-2,  supposes  thai  Souof  ov  f^enot  was  the  native  iiiiinu 
for  si'fioia,  or  iiiu<laiii.  Vvlastn,  Suiiorti,  17,  ami  Jil.,  in  tSor.  Mcx.  <<'('>;/,, 
viii.  'JUi,  admits  tin-  derivation  i'nmi  noiiof,  hnt  tliiidis  the  word  was  nierily 
a  native  attempt  to  say  seniira.  Orozeo  y  llerni,  </<((;/.,  lV,i~,  expresses  iu> 
ojiiiiion.  In  liiainiiont,  CrOii.  Mkh.,  v.  500,  it  is  printed  'Tzonora,'  but  not 
80  in  the  ]\1S.  p.  1 104. 

^'Alcifrc,  Jlid.  CoDip.  Jcmts,  ii.  383-4,  402-5,  with  a  letter  from  Padre 
Canal. 

'•^ /'iiiito.1  th  Anna,  ICoS,  in  Sonora,  Matcr'mlvi*,  707-72.  It  is  not  ini- 
possible  tiiat  there  is  nn  error  in  the  date  of  this  docnmont,  as  in  the  ease 
of  another  important  one  to  be  notieed  a  little  later,  or  tluit  Alegre  has  dis- 
rcj^'arded  both  papers,  as  I  have  been  tempted  to  do,  because  he  could  not 
reuoucile  them. 


PESTILENCE  AND  MIRACLES. 


243 


padre.  Three,  Sahuaripa,  Onabas,  and  ISIobas,  witli 
seven  towns,  were  in  the  mountains  and  known 
as  Nevoines  Altos;  while  four,  Tecoripa,  Coniuripa, 
Matape,  and  Batueo,  were  in  the  plain.  Four  differ- 
ent languao^cs,  Cahita,  ICudeve,  Pima,  and  Ure,  wero 
spoken.  No  names  of  padres  are  given;  but  the 
Ijapti.sms  for  the  year  were  seven  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-two, and  the  marriages  two  hundred  and  two. 
S[»iritual  condition  and  prospects  were  all  that  could 
be  desired,  a!jd  miracles  were  not  wanting.  A  terri- 
ble pestilence  enabled  many  to  show  their  predestina- 
tion to  salvation  by  being  more  anxious  about  their 
souls  than  their  bodies.  Despite  the  devil's  efforts 
through  two  old  women  to  persuade  the  people  that 
the  pest  was  his  own  work,  they  chose  to  believe  that 
it  came  from  (xod  as  a  punishment,  and  believing  »i(<y 
(I''  rcnis  that  the  author  could  tjfive  relief,  resolved  on 
a  grand  ro</atira  and  procession,  which  took  place  in  a 
] louring  rain  and  all  were  healed.  Tliis  was  at  Nuri; 
the  same  expedient  was  tried  elsewhere,  but  as  faith 
was  weaker  and  superstition  stronger,  the  result  was 
less  satisfactory.  At  Comuripa  where  the  long-con- 
tinued cuihusti's  of  native  sorcerers  were  jiowerless  to 
j)i'oduce  rain,  the  prayers  of  innocent  children  gath- 
tii'd  for  doctrina  brought  down  a  copious  shower  as 
they  left  the  church.  At  Onabas  a  relic  of  the  dead 
Padre  Bernardino  llealino  cured  a  dying  paralytic  in 
a  night.  The  spirit  oltcn  moved  gentiles  to  come  in 
IVoni  distant  regions  for  baptism,  and  the  slightest  ill- 
ness caused  the  jiadreto  be  summoned,  no  matter  how 
far  away  he  might  be. 

in  1G73  a  new  diilicvdty  arose  between  the  Jesuits 
and  ecclesiastical  authorities.  The  bishop  having 
died,  ]h'other  Tonias  do  Aguirre  was  siMit  in  his  jilaco 
to  'visit'  the  cstablisiunents  of  Sinnloa  and  Sonora. 
He  was  kindly  received  at  Matape  college  by  the  rec- 
tor ])aniel  Angelo  ISIarras,  by  the  Jesuit  visitador 
Alvaro  Flores  de  Sierra,  and  by  other  [)adres;  but  ho 
was  refused  access  to  the  mission  bot)ks,  and  was  shown 


244 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


royal  orders  in  justification  of  the  refusal.  On  Fel)- 
ruary  5th  A<^uirre  in  writing  refused  obedience  to  the 
ct'dulas  on  the  grounds  that  they  were  in  conflict  with 
ecclesiastical  authority,  had  never  been  confirmed  by 
later  kings,  and  had  never  been  enforced.  The  same 
day  Father  Marras  replied,  also  in  writing,  claiming 
that  the  orders  exempting  Jesuit  missions  from  the 
bishop's  visitas  did  not  conflict  with  episcopal  autlioi- 
ity,  having  been  issued  witli  the  sole  view  of  promot- 
ing conversion  and  Christianity;  tliat  they  were  not 
invaVid  per  lion  iisum  since  in  sixty  j'ears  the  missions 
of  Sinaloa  and  Sonora  had  been  inspected  only  once, 
tlic  Jesuits  having  submitted  under  protest  in  IGGH  to 
save  quarrels;  and  that  they  required  no  confirmation. 
He  calls  upon  Aguirre  to  retract  his(M^^).  Next  dny 
the  >vould-be  visitador  in  his  turn  replied  that  wliile 
he  could  not  yrant  the  correctness  of  the  rector's 
arguments,  yet  to  prevent  hard  fecHngs  and  dissension 
he  would  suspend  his  inspection  and  leave  the  question 
t    be  settled  by  superior  authorities." 

In  1G77,  as  Alegre  tells  us,  a  small  beginning  was 
made  in  the  conversion  of  the  Seris,  so  troublesome 
in  later  year.s.  The  first,  and  perhaps  the  only  con- 
vert, was  an  old  man  of  one  hundred  years,  who  came 
to  l^anamichi  to  be  baptized  by  Padre  Bilrgos.  Tlun 
we  have  for  1078  Padre  Ortiz  Zapata's  valuable  iv- 
port,  according  to  which  the  northern  njission  districts 
were  three  in  number:  San  Francisco  Borja  with  ten 
]»artidos  and  twenty-seven  pueblos;  San  Francisco 
Javier  de  Sonora  with  ei<Tfht  partidos  and  twentv-two 
j>ueblos;  and  San  Ignacio  de  Ya(|ui  with  ten  partidos 
and  twenty-three  [)ueblos.  Thirty  padres  were  serv- 
ing about  forty  thousand  persons,  of  whom  perha[is 


^*  Trsttmonh  aut('nt!co  clc  h  f^ucedido  rn  la  Vii>i(a,  rfe.,  in  torn.  xvi.  of 
Arrhiro  (Inicntl,  printed  in  Houora,  MatirUda*,  7".'1-S;  Alajre,  ii.  tdti-T. 
'J'iii'  latter  iniiilica  that  the  .Icsuits  olijceted  only  to  a  visitafroiu  an  ollicial  nf 
liiwer  I'ank  than  the  hishop;  hut  tlio  original  ilocnnients  show  that  they  tli>- 
])iite(l  the  right  of  the  Itishop  himself  to  inspeet  the  books,  asserting  that  <«u 
past  visits  lie  had  never  insisted  on  such  an  inspection,  but  had  taken  it  for 
granted  that  all  was  coirect. 


CATALOGUE  OF  MISSIONS. 


245 


of 
I  • 
of 

I  oil 

Ifov 


five  Imndrod  were  Spanish  or  of  mixed  race.''^  Tlicro 
is  another  similar  doeumeiit  extant,  which  botli  in  my 
niaiiuseript  and  }>rinted  copies  bears  the  date  of  IGaS, 
whicli  must  be  an  error,  .since  .some  towns  are  cor- 
rectly stated  in  the  document"'  to  have  been  founded 
as  late  as  1G~'J.  From  several  circumstances  which 
it  is  not  necessary  to  name  I  suppose  the  date  to  have 
been  108S.  This  cataloijfue  omits  the  Yaqui  district 
in  the  .south,  but  out  of  the  other  two  forms  three 
districts,  or  rcdomdos,  as  I'ollows:  San  Francisc(> 
IJorja,  with  nineteen  ])ueblos  in  seven  partidos;  SaJi 
Francisco  Javier  with  fourteen  j)Ueblos  in  six  ])ar- 
tidos;  and  Santos  !Martii'es  de  Jai)on,  with  I'i^hteen 
pueblos  in  six  ]iartidos — an  increase  of  one  padre,  one 
}»artidt),  and  three  pueblos  in  ten  yc^irs.  The  new 
district,  formed  chiefly  from  the  old  San  Francisco 
.Javier,  included  the  towns  from  Batuco  and  Nacoii 
northward.  In  a  note  I  oive  the  statistical  substance 
orZaj)ata's  lidacion,  and  add  such  variations,  except- 
ing' minor  ones  of  orthography,  a.s  are  found  in  the 
C(ifd/(H/o.  I  omit,  however,  in  most  cases  distances, 
bcrausi>  the  Sonora  towns  with  few  exceptions  can  be 
dclinitely  located  on  the  map." 

^■'ZupaUi,  ndirion,  34-t-n2. 

^''' SiiiKint.  ('uli'tliiijit  (!<•  /o.<  PartidoA  crmli  nhln!>  rn  lo.i  rrrtorado^  dr  h'^ 
Milium. -i  ill-  Siiiiniui  jii^r  il  iiiiti  ill'  lil,'iS,  ill  tolii.  xvi.  of  Anhivu  ilfinrnl,  aiicl 
jiriiiti'd  ill  Siiiiorn,  Muti  riitliK,  7'JO-4. 

'•  Mission  of  S;iii  l'"r;iin.ir>co  Jjorjii  ilc  Sonora,  10  p.irtiilos  (rcctorado  witli  7 
]>:irtiilo.s  ill  Kiss.   I'li/aliniii): 

(I.)  S.in  nilifoiij>()  \  iconi,  ])0]inl:ition  .'>,">(;,  fonmlcd  1(17^;  .S.  I'^raiuisf.) 
r.oij.i  Maii'oh.i,  i)o[).  l.").'!,  fouiitlccl  l(i7(i.  I'jiilic  I'cdro  Matias  (iori  ((lofii'.') 
with  ."id!)  ji.TsdiiH.     M     llK-l  SaiK'Iu'/  ill  IdSS. 

(J.)  Sail  Fraiu'isci>.)a\  iff  Aiivi'dii,  iioj).  4(i(>,  foniuled  Ui'27;  S.  Ipfnacio  IJnca- 
nua,  jio)).  '2X\,  foumlod  |i)L'7:  Sta  Itosalia Onapa,  jiop.  171,  foumU'd  Il'i77; 
I'.ulii'  Natal  Lonihanlii  (or  Sainliiaiio)  \\ilii  S!)()  ]iirs(piis.  (I  have  in  Jeiiiii'iy, 
/'","'•<,  an  ai\toj,'rapli  letter  of  Loiahaido  to  Salvatiirra  of  1(177.)  -V  leu' 
Mii.ili  iiiiniiit;  cainiis,  the  SpanianlH  j-'oiii;^  to  Saluiaripa  for  ieli;.'ion. 

{'.'■I  Sta  Mai  ill  .S;iliuaii|ia,  |io|>.  tisi',  foiinded  l(i"J7;  'I'eopiiii  (S,.IoseK  ]iop. 
'M'l'.K  fouiiiled  l((7(i;  San  Mateo  (Mal/nr:it,  pop.  ,"»!l(i,  founded  l(i77;  I'.  l>oniin;;'( 
Mi.;iiel  (ivetoriii  IliSS),  with  1,74!)  persons. 

(t.)  Santos  Reyes  Cucuriie,  pop.  ."(•JII,  founded  1()17  (l)i'loiiL;od  liefore  ;i:id 
iifti  r  to  S.  I'raii.  .lavier  missionl;  .S.  Mi;,'iiel  Toajie,  po)>.  "JIO;  Asuiieion  Ojio- 
il'pe,  pop.  IVJO.  1".  Cjiispur  Toina.s  with  'JS'J  persons.  1'.  IVdroCastellaiios  in 
'  (i,vs. 

(■").)  San  Mipuel  Ures  (in  S.  Fran.  .Tavicr  reetorado  in  IfiSS).  poji.  '.104, 
founded  lliiKI;  Santa  .Maria  Xaeaiiieri,  pop.  .'Ui'J,  foiindeil  l<i.'{S;  Nia  Sra  del 
ropiilo  \'ulley,  no  mission  in  1U78,  hut  i*.  Fernandez  ready  to  fuiuul  one; 


246 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


In  the  mountain  district  stretching  north  and  south 
from  Chinipa,  a  part  of  modern  Chihuahua,  any  at- 
tempt with  the  data  extant  to  clear  up  the  confusion 
in  pueblo  geography  would  be  utterly  vain.  Few  of 
the  towns  can  be  even  approximately  located,  and  wo 
must  be  content  to  know  that  they  were  in  the  sierra 
about  the  head-waters  of  the  rivers  Mayo  and  Fuerto. 

founded  1079,  P.  Francisco  Javier  Soto  with  1,2CC  persons.  P.  Juan  Fernan- 
dez ill  10^8. 

((i. )  S.  Jos(5  Matape,  college  town,  pop.  482,  founded  1G29;  Sta  Cruz  (Nacori), 
pop.  3!(4;  Asuncion  Alamos,  pop.  Km;  S.  Fran.  Javier  lltboico,  pop.  o.'iO, 
founded  107.'}.  P.  Jose  Osorio  (also  in  l(ifH)),  with  1,4,31  persons;  P.  Daniel 
Angel  Marras,  reotor  of  college.  P.  Marras  not  named  in  1088.  (He  died 
in  lOSy  in  Mexico,  Alejrc,  iii.  GO,  and  was  succeeded  by  Cavero,  Sonoia, 
Mul.,  7'.r).) 

(7.)  Sta  Mari.T.  Batuco  (partido  in  new  rcctorado  in  1088,  pueblo  Asuncion 
Batuco),  pop.  4'28,  founded  1020;  S.  Francisco  Javier  Hatuco,  pop.  480:  S.  .Ina- 
(|uin  y  .Sta  Ana  Tepachi,  pop.  3S8,  founded  1078.  P.Juan  Fernandez  Cavero, 
rector,  witli  1, 2! tO  persons.     Some  niiniug  camps.     P.  Fernando  Pecoro. 

(8.)  San  Francisco  IJorja  Tecoripa,  pop.  20!),  founded  101'.);  S.  Ignacio 
Suluuiue,  pop.  41.");  S.  Pablo  Comuripa,  pop.  450  (called  S.  Pedro  in  CcUdluiju). 
P.  Nicolas  Villafafie,  with  1,141  persons. 

(9.)  San  Ignacio  Onabas,  pop.  87">,  founded  1022;  Sta  Maria  del  Pfipulo 
Tonichi,  pop.  olO,  founded  1028;  P.  Juaa  Almoniza,  or  Ahnonacir,  with  l,'M5 
persons,  visitiidor  in  10S8. 

(10.)  Santa  Man'a  Mobas,  pop.  308,  founded  1022;  S.  Joaquin  y  Sta  Ana 
(Nuri),  pop.  180.  P.  Alonso  Victoria  with  488  persons.  (P.  Juan  Menescs  in 
lO'JO.) 

Mission  of  San  Francisco  Javier  de  Sonora,  8  partidos  (rectorado  with  6 
partidos  in  1088.  L'atdlo'jo): 

(I.)  San  Miguel  Oposura,  pop.  334,  founded  1044  (in  new  rectorado  lOSS); 
Asuncion  Amiiias  (or  Comupas),  pop.  887;  P.  Juan  Martinez,  rector,  with 
1,021  persons.     P.  Manueltionzalez  in  1088. 

(2.)  San  Francisco  Javier  Guazava  (in  new  rectorado  1GS8),  pop.  0."2, 
founded  104.1;  S.  Ignacio  Oi)otu,  pop.  424  (also  Sta  (Jertrudis  Techicodc- 
gnaclii,  in  1088).  P.  Jos^  Covarrubias,  with  1,140  persons.  P.  Antonio  Leal, 
rector,  in  1088. 

(3.)  Sta  Maria  Nacori  (in  new  rectorado  10S8),  pop.  450,  founded  104."i; 
S.  Luis  Oonzaga  Bacadeguachi  (written  many  ways),  pop.  370;  Sto  Touuis 
Sereba  (Setusura),  pop.  202.     P.  Luis  Davila. 

(4.)  Sta  Maria  iJaseraca  (in  new  rectorado  in  1088),  pop.  .309,  founded 
1045;  S.  Juan  Guachinera,  pop.  538;  S.  Miguel  IJabispe,  pop.  402.  P.  Pedro 
Silva,  M  itii  1439  persons.     1*.  Juan  Antonio  Estrella  in  1088. 

(5.)  San  Ignacio  Cuquiarachi  (in  new  rectorado  in  1088),  pop.  380,  founded 
1053;  Guadalupe  Tcuricachi,  pop.  224;  Sta  Kosa  Tibiileguachi,  pop.  214;  S. 
Fran.  Javier  Cuchuta,  pop.  227.  P.  Juan  Antonio  Estrella,  with  1,050  per- 
sons.    On  frontier.     P.  Marcos  Loyola  in  l(i88. 

(0.;  Asuneion  Arizpe,  pop.  410,  founded  1048  (no  pueblos  in  1088);  S. 
Jose  (Jhinapa,  pop.  393  (separate  partido  with  a  pueblo  of  \'cscuaclii  in  HiSsi; 
S.  Miguel  Ikcuachi,  pop.  195.  P.  Felipe  Esgrecho,  with  1,004  persons.  Clii- 
iiapa  under  P.  Carlos  Celestri  in  1088. 

(7.)  San  Lorenzo  Huepaca,  pop.  2(i8,  founded  10.39;  S.  Ignacio  Siiio(|uipe, 
pop.  3(>7,  founded  1040;  Kemedios  Ilanamiehi,  pop.  338,  founded  lOoH;  !'. 
Juan  Munoz  de  IJi'irgos,  witii  1.043  persons. 

(8.)  San  Pedro  Aci;   'dii,  pop.  580,  founded  1039;  Conccpciou  Babiacora, 


MOUNTAINEER  CONVERTS. 


247 


The  conversion  and  revolt  of  those  mountaineers  in 
lCr20-22  have  been  ah-eady  narrated.  In  1G70  Padre 
Alvaro  Flores  de  la  8i«?rra  of  Toro  mission  converted 
a  few  Varohios  of  Yecarome,  and  with  them  founded 
a  pueblo  of  Babuyagui  half  way  between  the  mission 
and  their  home,  sendinGf  for  padres  to  continue  their 
work.  Alcalde  Miguel  Calderon  also  asked  for  ]>adivs 
for  the  Tubares  whom  he  found  well  disposed  during 
his  mining  explorations.  In  1G73  tive  new  ])adres 
came,  and  one  was  stationed  at  Babuyagui  by  Sierra, 
who  was  now  visitador.  But  Sierra  died  in  1G73;  the 
itueblo  became  a  mere  visita;  the  Maijuiaufuis  were 
troublesome;  the  devil  placed  a  tree  across  the  trail, 
thus  causing  the  padre's  mule  to  jump  with  its  vener- 
able rider  into  a  deep  barranca;  and  the  new  conver- 
sion had  to  be  temporarily  abandoned.^^ 

IMany  Babuyagui  converts,  however,  came  to  Toro, 
and  were  instructed  by  Padre  JostS  Tapia.  In  April 
1G7G  Nicoliis  Prado  arrived  and  was  followed  a  few 


poll.  445.     P.  Juan  Fernandez,  with  1,025  persons.     P.  Fran.  Javier  Soto  in 

1G88. 

Jlission  of  San  Tgnacio  tic  Ynqui,  10  partidos  {not  in  Catiiloijo): 

(!.)  .Sta  Rosa  Bahium  (IJacuni),  pop.  'So';  Eapiritu  Santo  Cocorin,  pop. 
510;  1".  Antonio  Orena,  'with  847  persons. 

('2.)  San  Ignacio  Torin,  pop.  1,070;  Trinidad  Bicam,  pop.  1,"271.  P. 
Andri's  Cervantes,  with  2,349  persona. 

(."(.)  Asimcion  Ralium,  pop.  3,231;  Trinidad  Potan,  pop.  1,1.13;  Xra  Sra 
rjL'k'ii,  newly  founded  among  Guaynias,  pop.  504.  1*.  Diegu  Neaz(|uina,  witli 
4,!I.')S  persons. 

(1.)  Sta  Cruz  de  Mayo,  pop.  2,803;  Eapiritu  Santo  Echonoba  (Eliojoa?), 
pnj).  2,  l(i4.     P.  Antonio  Diego  Sahanzo  with  4,fl(!7  persons. 

(5.)  Natividad  Nabohona  pop.  172;  Concepcion  Covirinipo,  pop.  1,141. 
1'.  Luis  Sandoval,  with  1,313  persons. 

(().)  San  Ignacio  Tcsia,  pf)p.  407;  Sta  Catalina  Cayanioa,  pop.  420.  P. 
Antonio  Leal,  with  917  persons. 

(7.)  San  AndrC'S  Conicari,  pop.  413;  Asiuicion  Topahuc,  pop.  .308,  with 
ranchen'as  Batacosa  and  Macoyahui.  P.  Antonio  Mondiz  witli  1,335  per- 
sons.    Mining  camp  of  Piedras  Vcrdcs  with  30  Spanianls. 

(8.)  Sta  Ines  Chinipa,  pop.  580;  Guadalupe  Boragios  (Tayrachi),  pop.  200. 
P.  Nicolas  del  Prado. 

(0.)  Xra  Sra  Lorcto  Varohios,  pop.  2G9;  Sta  Ana,  pop.  300;  P.  Fernando 
Pccoro,  witli  509  persons. 

(10.)  Sta  Teresa  (jluazdpares,  pop.  814;  Magdalcna  Temoris,  pop.  .585;  Nra 
Sia  del  VaUeUmbroso,pop.  235.  P.  BautistaCopart  witli  l,(i34  persona,  ^hlny 
other  jilaccs  where  missions  are  proposed  arc  vaguely  located  in  tiio  sierra. 

'" 7i'i  /((('/o»  (Ic  la  Ni«-ru  Kntruda  de  lux  jiiulrcx  dv  hi  ( 'vni/Ku'i in  di-  Jt.-.ii.-i  d his 
A'"'''o»f,s  dr  Chhitpa,  dr.,  in  Soiiora,  Alattriules,  779-83;  also  MS. ;  Alojre, 
nut.  t'omp.  Jcnus,  ii.  455-7,  405-G. 


24S 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


months  later  hy  Fernando  Pecoro.  In  June  both 
jiaches,  with  a  J'arty  of  the  Varohio  converts,  .started 
for  tlie  land  of  the  <j:entile,s  and  arrived  in  six  (hus  at 
Cliinipa,  where  the  ruins  of  the  old  church  were  still 
to  \)c  i^vvn.  Prado  remained  here  and  founded  Santa 
Ines  Chinipa  anions^  the  Guailopos;  while  his  conijtan- 
ion  went  on  in  July  to  visit  the  Varohios,  who  had 
killed  Pascual  and  Martinez,  and  who  seemed  at  first 
likely  to  do  as  nmcli  for  Pecoro,  but  soon  beeanie 
frieiitlly,  and  were  leathered  in  the  towns  of  Guada- 
lupc,  \\ille  Umbroso,  and  Santa  Ana.  The  (iuazi'i- 
pares  next  submitted,  their  pueblo  being  Santa  Teresa; 
and  theii  the  Temoris  at  Santa  Maria  Ma<,^dalena. 
The  bands  k'lown  as  Husaroncs,  Cutecos,  and  Teca- 
voo;uis  were  also  intluenced  more  or  less  to  s^ive  uj) 
their  hostilities  and  immoralities.  The  two  j)i()neer 
missionaries  attended  for  four  years  to  the  whole  held, 
l)aptiziii;:,'  more  than  four  thousand  persons,  until  June 
1080,  wlieu  Juan  Maria  Salvatierra,  afterward  famous 
as  the  apostle  of  California  Baja,  but  now  I'resh  from 
his  studies  in  Mexico,  came  and  took  charj^e  of  Santa 
Teresa  and  JMaiidalena.  Ea^jer  to  convert  ifeiitiles  lie 
started  at  once  on  a  visit  to  the  frontier  Jerocavis 
and  Husarones,  baptizing  many  of  the  former  and  oidy 
prevented  from  baptizing  all  the  latter  by  an  ortler 
I'rom  his  rector  to  proceed  slowly  as  that  people  were 
notoriousl}'  of  bad  faith.'" 

Ill  10  8 1  or  a  little  later  the  conversi(m  of  the  Tu- 
bares,  hitherto  well  disposed,  was  undertaken  on  a 
veiy  novel  j)lan.  One  of  the  .secular  clergy,  whom 
the  bishop  had  not  succeeded  in  settling  as  curate  at 
Sinaloa,  resolved  to  become  the  Tubare  apostle,  and 
tried  it  with  a  guai;d  of  five  or  six  soldiers.  His  suc- 
cess for  the  first  few  days  not  coming  up  to  his  expec- 
tations he  adopted  the  ingenious  expedient  of  shackling 
the  pagans  and  releasing  them  only  wdien  tlujy  begged 
for  baptism.  This  naturally  irritated  the  natives,  who 
revolted,  drove  out  the  clerigo,  and  retained  for  years 

^^Iklacion  de  la  Xueva  Entrada,  84-9;  Atcgre,  iii.  12-15,  25-7. 


REVOLT  OF  1C90. 


249 


til 

is 

cv 
;vc 

\\- 
;i 

Dill 

at 
iiul 
uc- 

M.'- 

mu' 


ars 


a  prL'judiee  apfainst  tho  true  fiiitli.  It  is  well,  liow- 
{■\vr,  to  bear  in  iiiincl  that  this  story  is  told  l»y  the 
.Icsiiits.  Ill  1(584,  when  Salvatierra  had  added  to  his 
( iua/,a})arc  mission  the  pueblo  of  San  Franciseo  .ravier 
(le  Jerocavi,  he  was  called  to  Mexico;  but  so  iiicoii- 
solablo  were  his  neophytes  and  so  eaj^cr  the  padre  lor 
missionary  work  that  he  was  soon  i)erniitted  to  re- 
turn. ]^ack  again  his  first  work  was  to  \isit  the 
laiicheria  of'Cuteco  and  the  barranca  of'IIurichi,  where 
ho  made  a  good  inij^rcssion,  though  the  l\ibares 
worked  against  him.  Then  he  went  after  the  Tubares 
tlicmselves,  removing  largel}'  their  i)rejudices  and 
ol)taining  their  aid  to  build  roads  I'roni  A'aca  to  Jero- 
cavi. 

The  disaffection  of  the  Tubares  is  claimed  by  tho 
Jesuits  to  have  causinl  indirectly  the  revolt  of  1090, 
wiiich,  chiefly  affecting  Chihuahua,  is  to  be  recorded 
ill  aiKtther  chapter;  yet  through  Salvatierra's  iiiiluence 
the  Tubares  themselves  did  not  euixage  in  the  rebel- 
lion,  neither  did  the  other  bands  under  his  personal 
care.  Vague  as  are  the  records  of  this  revolt  east  c^f 
the  mountains  they  are  still  more  so  on  the  west. 
Alegre  states  that  the  Chinipas,  or  part  of  them, 
were  near  causing  the  death  of  Salvatierra,  who  was 
protected  by  the  majority;  also  that  on  April  2d  tho 
savages  fell  upon  the  missions,  mines,  and  haciendas, 
lavatifing  and  burnin<x  cvervthing  as  far  as  Ostimuri. 
There  was  much  alarm  also  in  the  north  about  ])ase- 
I'aca  and  Babispe;  but  I  find  no  clear  indication  that 
any  lives  were  lost,  churches  burned,  or  towns  aban- 
doned west  of  the  sierra.  Salv'atierra  had  just  been 
appointed  visitador,-'^  and  not  only  did  he  keep  his 
own  former  subjects  quiet,  but  he  crossed  the  sierra 
to  the  Tarahumara  missions  in  the  Yepomera  region, 
where  tho  padres  had  been  killed  and  the  converts 
for  the  most  })art  had  run  away,  doing  more,  it  is  said, 
to  restore  peace  than  could  be  effected  by  the  military 

'"Wo  have  seen  that,  according  to  the  CaU'do'jo,  I'adre  Copart  was  ia 
charge  of  the  Guazilpare  mission. 


800 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


Ilj 


force.  Again  in  1G9G-7  thcro  was  trouble  in  tlio 
northern  regions  of  tlie  sierra,  and  the  Guazaparts 
and  C'utecos  not  only  did  not  join  the  rebels,  Imt 
nuirelit'd  bravely  against  theni  and  eontributed  lai-gdy 
to  their  defeat,  greatly  to  the  delight  of  SalvatieiTa, 
who  was  at  the  time  visitinj;  his  old  tloek  while  wait- 
mg  for  a  vessel  to  take  him  to  Californiji.  He  relates 
that  eaeh  Christian  warrior  wore  a  rosary  hung  to 
his  neck,  and  that  not  one  thus  protected  was  wounded 
above  the  waist.-^  In  1G'J7  it  seems  that  Prado  w;is 
still  in  this  field;  Manuel  Ordaz  was  in  charge  of 
Jeroeavi  and  Cu^.co;  and  two  others  were  ]\Iai'tiii 
Benavides  and  Antonio  Gomar.  Again  in  1700  S;d- 
vatit'rra  hail  the  pleasure  of  revisiting  for  a  day  or 
two  his  old  mission  with  a  party  of  California  Indians 
M'hom  he  had  brought  across  to  study  the  advan- 
tages of  pueblo  life.  He  was  received  with  triumjihal 
arches,  and  every  demonstration  of  joyful  welcome. 
Benavides  and  Gomar  were  yet  here,  but  Prado  and 
Ordaz  had  been  replaced  by  Guillermo  Ming  and 
Francisco  Javier  Montoya.^ 

With  the  exception  of  the  statistics  already  placed 
bef(L)re  the  reader,  the  history  of  the  old  Sonora  mis- 
sion districts,  as  already  stated,  is  a  blank  during  the 
last  quarter  of  the  century.  It  is  only  in  the  nortli- 
west,  in  Pimeria  Alta,  from  the  San  Ignacio  to  the 
Gila,  that  the  course  of  events  has  left  any  definite 
trace.  Here  Father  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino  w;is 
the  central  figure  and  moving  spirit  in  all  that  was 
done.-^     We  have  seen  him  as  priest  and  cosmogra- 

•*  Salfdlkrra,  Carlos,  109-12;  Alcgre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesus,  iii.  50-4,  70-.'5; 
Caro,  Trca  Siijlon,  ii.  J)l. 

'^'-Suli'iilicint,  Jtelacioiies,  113. 

"'■'  Eusebius  Kiilin,  as  his  name  Avas  <loul)tless  written  in  Jiis  early  years — 
Kiiio  )miig  11  Spanish  compromise  between  the  original  and  Quino — was  bom 
at  Trent  in  the  Austrian  province  of  Tyrol  about  1040,  and  was  educated  in 
tiie  same  country  at  Ala  college,  and  subsequently  in  Davaria,  whcro  he  wiis 
connected  with  the  university  at  Ingoldstadt.  Attributing  his  recovery  fioiii 
serious  illness  to  the  intercession  of  San  Francisco  Javier,  patron  of  i\w 
Indies,  he  adopted  the  name  Francisco  and  vowed  to  d'.^vote  his  life  to  the 
cuuvcrsiou  of  American  gentiles.     A\'ith  this  view — whether  he  waa  ali'eudy 


FATIIKR  KIXO. 


251 


j.licr  nixlor  Otondo  in  California,  and  learned  that 
ill'  left  the  colony  at  San  ]irnno  in  the  autumn  of 
I(i84,  ero.ssinjjr  over  to  the  Yaqui.  lie  iir(»l)al>ly  re- 
mained in  Sonora  a  year,  attending  to  su[>|»lies  for 
the  eolony,  making  the  ae(juaintanee  of  niissiona- 
lies,  studying  tlu*  eountry  and  the  peoph*,  and  esj)c- 
eially  seeking  information  about  the  gentile  I'imas  in 


PlMKIilA   IN   THE   SkVENTEENTII   CeNTCUY. 

(I  Jesuit  or  now  became  one  docs  not  clearly  appear — lie  resipined  a  prf)fessor- 
i^liip  iif  iDiithcinatica  at  Ingoldstadt,  or  perhaps  simply  declined  that  jHisjtiou 
tiiidered  him  by  the  DuUo  of  ]?avaria,  and  came  to  Mexico  in  KJ.SO  or  Kisl. 
lie  lir.«t  attracted  attention  in  Rcientilic  circles  by  eni^at^in},' in  an  astronomical 
discussion  with  the  famous  Sijiiicnza  y  (ion.'ora,  and  was  soon  after  attai'licd 
to  the  expedition  of  Admiral  Otondo  as  cosmc'igi'afo,  as  well  as  jtricst  for  Cali- 
fornia, where  his  services  have  already  been  narrated.  Set!  p.  1S7  etc.  of 
this  volume.  It  was  perhaps  in  California  that  lie  made  his  (inal  jiroi'ession  as 
ii  .lesuit  on  Aug.  15,  1(184.  Si'c  Ajioxfulicoi^  A/iiiifx,2'.iO,  3'J>S-.'{0;  Aliijro,  /Ji.-<t. 
Coiiiji.  i/c,s(w,  iii.  I.k")-!!;  Voicijax,  Not.  ('al,,  ii.  3-4;  ('liiritjrn),  Stinhi  Cn/.,  i 
Sli.'t  4;  J)iir.  Uiiir.,  iv.  r)47.  His  Kv/ili''(iri<iii  dil  ('oimta.  was  jirinted  ii. 
Mexico,  IGSI.     For  a  list  of  his  MS.  writiny.s  sco  liackur,  U'd>,,  v.  3G7-8. 


AXXALS  OF  SOXORA  AXD  SIXALOA. 


I    J 


tlic  nortlioni  ro<;i(>n;  f<»r  it  was  l»v  that  way  that  ho 
li(>|K'(l  yt't  to  roach  thu  \vnn(U'tt"ul  ('aliloniiaii  hiiid.s 
ill  whose  existence  he  behevetl,  hke  others  of  liis  time, 
uikI  which  it  seeiiied  iiiipossihie  to  reach  hy  an y  otlu  r 
May.  Jle  doiihtless  knew  all  that  was  to  be  known 
ahout  Soiiora,  when,  at  the  end  of  HJHj,  Otondo  came 
over  and  took  the  cosnu'xji'dj'o  on  a  voyaj^o  to  warn 
the  Manila  pdleon. 

^Tost  of  1(>8G  was  spent  in  ^Fexico  in  perfect! it;,' 
])lans  lor  the  spiritual  coiKpiest  (»f  IMmeria.  No  (»iie 
had  any  ohjections  to  his  convertiiiLC  gentiles  as  far 
north  as  he  pleased;  the  only  ditliculty  was  to  jn'it 
money  from  the  royal  coU'ers.  Yet  as  the  sum  re- 
((uired  was  small,  and  the  absence  of  so  persistent  and 
logical  a  be<;gar  was  very  desirable,  the  vicertty  ;;a\e 
]iim  at  last  an  allowance  for  two  new  missions,  one 
to  be  founded  among  the  Seris  of  the  gulf  coast,  and 
lie  started  northward  the  20th  '»f  November.  During 
liis  stay  in  Sonora  he  had  noteil  a  prevalent  disregard 
of  royal  orders  bearing  on  repartimientos  and  native 
laborers,  which  was  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  en- 
countered by  the  padres.  He  therefore  stopped  at 
(Guadalajara  on  his  way,  where  he  demandi.d  and 
obtained  from  the  audiencia  an  order  exempting  m  \v 
converts  for  five  years  from  all  work  in  mines  and 
haciendas.  About  the  same  time  arrived  the  royal 
cedula  of  May  i4th,  of  like  tonor,  but  extending  the 
exemption  to  twenty  years,-*  a  cedula  strictly  obeyed 
perhaps — in  districts  where  there  were  neither  mines 
nor  hacie  das. 

Armed  vitli  these  documents  and  clothed  in  Jesuit 
zeal.  Kin  reached  Ures  early  in  1087,  obtained  in- 
terjireters,  xnd  on  March  10th  as  a  beginning  of  his 
ai)ostolic  Ci  cer  founded  the  mission  of  Nuestra  Senora 
de  los  Do  >ros  just  above  Cucurpe,  at  the  source  of 
the  river  s.ace  called  San  Miguel,  or  Horcasitas.  His 
subsequent  movements  for  several  years  are  not  re- 

24  Previous  cc^ilulas  of  1007  and  1G18  had  prohibited  iiuch  labor  for  tcu  years 
after  baptism.  Recop.  de  las  Ind.,  tit.  i.  20,  v.  3. 


I'lMnnfA  ALTA. 


253 


(•(.r<lr<l  in  detail;  l»nt  he  foiimled  the  towns  of  San 
i^iwicio-'  and  San  Jose  Iniuris  on  tlu'  Tlio  San  Ii^naeio 
siiiiio  twenty-five  ortliirty  miles  aeross  the  mountains 
Ik  mi  Dolores,  an<l  also  liemedios  iK'tween  Dolores 
and  Tniuris.  Inniris  would  seem  to  have  been  aban- 
doned some  voars  later.  The  natives  were  the  most 
IiittHiLreiit  an<l  docile  vet  fount  I  in  Sonora;  but  from 
\\\v  verv  tirst  years  exaij^n'rated  an«l  absurd  ruinois 
of  tlieir  ferocity  are  va<'Uelv  alluded  to  as  havin<;  lu'pt 
away  other  padres  and  j:freatly  troubled  the  pioneer, 
wlio  nevertheless  kept  on  alone  and  before  IGUO  had 
jiuc  churches  in  each  of  Ids  villai^es.-'* 

'''lie  Apaches,  .locomes,  Sumas,  .Tanos,  and  other 
savajjfcs  in  the  north-east  were  constantly  on  the  war- 
patli,"'^  and  by  the  autlioritii's  in  Sinaloa  and  Aft'xico, 
ill   fact  by  everybody  but  Father  Kino,  the  Pimas 

- '  It  si'cms  to  have  Iwcii  callcil  S.  Igimcio  Caborca  at  first,  but  as  tlie  iiativo 
iiaiiic  wa.s  rart'ly  apiilicil  \x\W\\  ami  then  with  a  great  variety  of  Hpelliii|,'.>i,  anil 
in  there  was  another  imeliio  known  as  Caborea,  I  have  contrary  to  my  iiisual 
lU.Hiiiii  used  the  Spanish  nameexeliisively.    The  puebluuf  Iniurittwutt  oftt-aei'  , 
M  rittcn  JJymeris  or  llinieris, 

•■'  A/instvlicon  A/'iiii'.i  ill-  In  Compariln  tie  Jiniin  fitcriton  por  un  pailrc  ile  In 
iiiisiini  xnijniild  rdhjUiii  ilf  nii.  I'mrinrldilr  Mi xlro,  Ikireeloiia,  17">4.  Tliis  iui- 
]"ir';iiit  ami  rare  work  was  eonii)lcte(l  in  Mexico  in  1"."»2  anil  inil)lishc»l  by  I'. 
I'l  iii'-i-seo  .la\  ier  Fhiviii  a.s  aliove.  1'lie  writer  nioilestly  claims  that  his  bonk 
is  only  a  collection  of  orij,'iiial  iiirninri'tn  from  th'3  pens  of  dill'erent  Jesuit  mis- 
Hiuiiaries,  arranged  in  ciironological  order  with  hero  and  there  slight  nioditica- 
ti'iiis  to  insure  a  certain  uniformity  of  style.  No  special  lack  of  iiniforniity 
is,  h'jwever,  noticeable,  and  the  style  is  perhaiis  eijual  to  tiiat  of  other  similar 
chriiiiicles  of  the  time.  Certain  passages  in  tlic  work  show  that  the  editor 
Mas  probably  I'adre  .Joseph  Ortega  of  the  Xayarit  nussions.  See  a\»<j  lifwLir, 
r>'(li.,  iv.  4'J7-S,  from  lieristaiu;  and  /(/.,  v.  XA.  The  work  is  fnll  of  ndraculoiM 
liici.pcnings,  but  the  authi>r  protests  that  in  recording  divine  intervention  in 
Ijcliall  of  persons  not  canonized  by  the  chu;  eh,  he  claims  no  other  credit  tlian 
MK-h  as  is  awarded  to  a  'purely  human' and  diligent  historian.  Tlie  copy 
consulted  by  me  is  in  tlie  lilirary  of  the  Jesuit  college  of  Santa  Clara.  Libri.s 
ii.  and  iii.  relate  to  the  Jesuit  work  in  rimerfa.  and  the  former  almost  exclu- 
nivily  to  Kino's  achievements  duwn  to  1710,  Iteing  in  substance  as  is  believed 
Kiu'i's  own  letters  on  the  subject.  It  may  be  regarded  probaldy  as  tiie  ll'ix- 
t  'liii  ill'  Soiwi  vaguely  alluded  to  )>y  .several  writers  as  havi'ig  been  left  iu 
Ms,  by  Kino.  It  is  of  coui'se  an  authority  of  the  very  highest  class,  having 
in  fact  only  one  rival  to  be  mentioned  later.  Stc  also  on  tlic  beginnings  of  this 
conversion  Alujrc,  llinf.  i'onij).  Ji siis,  iii.  G(>-"J;  Siilrlmiiir,  h'llftrioii,  S4'i-'>; 
]'i  iiiildii,  Xot.  CuL,  ii.  M7-!)();  I'Uirhii  ro,  Slot:  CuL,  i.  170-7;  Velofco,  tioHi.  -i, 
i:t!i;  A/.,  iixSoc.  Mvj:  Gcoij.,  viii.  (i.jS. 

I'adrc  Osorio,  writing  Feb.  'J4,  Kj'JO  from  Matape,  where  Juan  Fenianrloz 
Ciivero  was  now  rector  since  the  death  of  Marras,  states  that  the  Pimas  are 
unxiuus  for  conversion  and  desire  that  I'adre  Juaii  Mcueses  at  Mobas  be  sent 
to  them.  Sonora,  JlafiriuIcK,  7'Jo-(j. 

-'  According  to  .'^'oHom,  iJ'tirriji.,  CO.T-G,  the  savages  attacked  Sta  Rosa  and 
Cimuiarachi  in  May  and  J  uiie  liiSS,  driving  out  the  Opatas.    Fifteen  soldiera 


254 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


were  supposed  to  bo  iniplicatccl  in  their  outrages.  This 
caused  great  annoyance  all  through  his  career  to  Kino, 
who  insisted  that  the  Pimas  were  innocent,  as  they 
doubtless  were  now  and  for  some  years.  Salvatierra 
in  his  tour  as  visitador  met  Kino  at  Dolores  in  the 
spring  of  1G91,  and  these  two  kindred  spirits  fairly 
revelled  in  their  apostolic  castle-building  and  [jlans  for 
spiritual  conquest  on  both  sides  of  the  gulf  up  to  tlic 
latitude  of  Monterey,  if  not  to  the  strait  of  Aniau 
or  the  North  Pole.  Kino  took  the  visitador  on  a 
tour  not  only  to  his  villages  of  converts,  but  far  be- 
yond among  the  gentiles,  intent  on  showing  how  well 
disposed  they  were  for  Christianity.  They  went  to 
Tubutama  and  Saric,  possibly  crossed  the  modern 
Arizona  line  to  Tumacacori,-'^  and  returned  to  Coeos- 
pera  after  having  met  a  large  delegation  of  Sobaipuris 
who  begged  for  padres.  At  Cocospera  they  partctl, 
Kino  remaining  awhile  in  this  vicinity,  and  Salva- 
tierra continuing  his  visita  southward  after  exactiiiy; 
a  })roniise  from  his  companion  to  build  a  vessel  on  the 
coast  with  a  view  to  further  exploration. 

Again  in  1092  Kino  returned  to  Suanica,  and  is 
said  to  have  gone  as  far  north  as  liac,  near  the  mod- 
ern Tucson;^  and  at  the  end  of  the  same  year,  or  more 
likely  early  in  1G93,  he  explored  for  the  first  time  the 
country  from  Tubutama  westward  down  the  river  1 
a  point  within  sight  of  the  gulf.  Four  thousand  peo- 
])le,  called  Sobas,  from  the  name  of  their  cacique,  were 
found  round  about  Caboroa,  willing  to  be  converted 
and  to  make  peace  with  their  eastern  neighbors,  for- 

vrrc  sput  up  from  Siiialoa  nnd  founded  in  1000-1  the  presidio  of  FrontenifJ, 
or  Coidtk'guaclii,  tliouj;li  the  site  was  afterward  cluinged. 

^"Tlie  route  aceordinjj;  to  Aposf.  A/anei,  1J4S-.VJ,  was  Dolores,  Magilaleua, 
Tiipo,  Tubutama,  Sarie,  Tucvltavia,  S.  Cayetano  1'uma<'aeori  (isoe  note  ,'t.")), 
iSta  Maria  Suamca,  Coec'ispera.  Alegre,  J/isl.  l'<ii»/t.  Jcmi^,  iii.  7'$-4,  names 
(I'uovavi  as  the  place  where  tlie  Sobaipuris  were  met;  and  he  strangely  siu'ai;.< 
of  'i'ubiitama,  Sarie,  and  other  raneiierias  as  missions  already  foumliil, 
altliough  at  most  they  couhl  only  liavo  been  visited  by  Kino  and  a  few  eliil- 
dren  baptized.  Still  more  strangely  ho  speaks  of  the  padres  being  ordered  to 
retire  fiom  Kemedioa  and  Imuris.  although  there  hud  been  no  jiadres  tlier(<  :it 
all.  Velasco,  Soiwra,  \'.\Q,  speaks  of  Tubutama  as  re-established  and  Uuevavi 
as  founded  during  this  trij). 

**Aposl,  Aj'uui:)!,  251;  Aleijre,  iii.  62. 


o 


JIRONZA  IN  COMMAND. 


255 


:s.  This 
,o  Kiiu), 
as  they 
vatieri'u 
3  in  the 
;s  fairly 
)lans  for 
p  to  tho 
f  Auiaii 
or  on  a 
,  far  be- 
low well 
went  to 

motion  1 
o  Coc'('»s- 
jbaij)uris 
f  parted, 
J  Salva- 
exactiui;" 

1  on  the 

I,  and  \a 
he  niod- 

or  nK>re 
Itinie  the 

river  to 
knd  peo- 
lue,  weie 
|»nverti;d 
jors,  for- 

Frontova?:, 

Mii^daloua, 
■o  iioti!  ;i"i|, 
j;j-4,  naiiiis 
Ejely  sjH'ak.i 
■v  foumUil, 
la  few  ohil- 

]  onlfic'il  to 

J-L'S  tlllTl'  at 

lid  Uuuvavi 


niorly  their  foes.  Padre  Agustin  Campos  liad  now 
come  up  to  take  charge  of  San  Ignacio,  anil  he  was 
one  of  this  party.^" 

In  1003  Sonora  was  again  separated,  practically  and 
perhaps  formally,  from  Sinaloa,  or  from  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  comandante  at  San  Felipe.  At  the  j)etitiou 
of  the  inhabitants,  a  new  "flying  company"  of  tit'ty  men 
was  oi'ixanized  for  the  defence  of  Sonora,  and  I^ominixo 
Jironza  Petriz  de  Crusate,  ex-governor  of  New  Mex- 
ieo,  was  in  February  put  in  connnand  with  the  title  of 
capitan-gobernador.  Ho  is  called  in  documents  of  the 
time,  g(A'ernor,  general,  or  captain,  and  his  authority 
in  Sonora  was  apparently  the  same  as  that  of  tho 
comandante  of  Sinaloa,  there  being  nothing  to  indi- 
cate that  he  was  in  any  way  subordinate  to  that  olfieial. 
lie  also  held  after  March  the  office  of  alcalde  nuiyor 
in  })lace  of  Melchor  Ruiz.  His  capital  and  ordinary 
]»lace  of  residence  was  at  San  Juan  Ilautista.  Ho 
came  up  to  Sonora  probably  in  1G93,  obtaining  recruits 
lor  his  company  on  the  way,  including  six  at  Sinaloa 
])iesidio;  and  at  once  proceeded  to  initiate  his  men 
into  active  service  by  two  successful  campaigns  against 
tiie  savages  who  had  recently  attacked  Nacori  and 
Ivicadeguachi.  In  1G94  the  work  was  zealously  prose- 
cuted in  at  least  four  campaigns  on  tho  north-eastern 
iVoiitier  against  the  Apaches,  Jocomes,  Janos,  and 
allied  l)an(ls.  In  the  first  Jironza  killed  thirteen  and 
("ipture(l  seven  of  the  band  that  had  stolen  100,000 
head  of  horses  in  the  vicinity  of  Terrenate  and  IJate- 
pito.  This  was  in  the  spring.  Again  in  Se[>tember 
lu>  rc>pulsed  with  great  slaugliter  six  hundred  savages 
at  C'huchuta,  being  aided  by  three  hundred  I?imas 
v.ith  poisoned  arrows.  In  November  also  the  IMmas 
aided  in  an  entrada  made  by  the  combined  forces  of 

^'^SoMmnir,  liclnrton,  S41;  Ma,i,iP,  I'l^  P'nn.,  2'2r,-:U ;  V,lnr<h,  Dr.^rnp. 
//i>V.,  ;i7">.  riie  autlior  of  tUc  Aposf.  A/iim.-',  foUowcil  liy  Ali'grc,  wiys  tliat 
Kino  ami  Caniiiori  on  tliis  occasion  ascondi'd  tiic  Nazarono  hill,  and  tliin  may 
1"'  -so;  \n\t  pi'olialjly  not,  for  iMiinj,'o  implies  that  it  was  at  least  named  oil  a 
later  tiip  wiieu  ho  wad  present.  Aecordin;,'  to  the  A/kisI,  A/iiiic-<,  Kino  mado 
a  seeond  visit  to  the  coast  in  July  I(!!)U.  In  Miiijilnli  lut,  Liliro  ilr  Ilaidiiiiiws, 
Ms.,  i'adre  Cunipoa  writca:  '  EutriJ  en  esta  misiou  el  alio  tie  1093.' 


2-0 


ANNALS  or  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


Jironza  and  Captain  Juan  Fernandez  do  la  Fiientc  of 
the  Janos  presidio;  but  little  or  nothing  was  accom- 
plished after  much  hard  marching  and  not  a  little 
fighting.  Subsequent  raids  were  of  frequent  occur- 
rence, but  are  for  the  most  part  very  imperfectly  re- 
cord ed.^^ 

Juan  Mateo  Mange  Avas  a  nephew  of  Governor 
Jironza,  who  had  left  Spain  in  1G92  to  join  his  uncle, 
and  had  been  appointed  by  the  latter  ensign  in  the 
compauia  volante.  At  the  beginning  of  1G94,  being 
made  lieutenant,  alcalde  mayor,  and  capltan  d  (jucrvn, 
he  was  detailed  to  accompany  the  padres  on  their 
expeditions,  with  orders  to  write  official  reports  of  all 
discoveries.  His  reports  have  fortunately  been  pre- 
served, and  are  the  best  original  authority  on  tlic 
exploration  of  northern  Sonora,  being  often  more  sat- 
isfactory than  even  Kino's  letters  as  embodied  in  tho 
Apostolicos  Afcows.^"^  On  the  1st  of  February  Mange 
left  San  Juan,  the  capital,  arriving  the  3d  at  Dolores 


"  ^fanfje,  Ilht.  Pirn.,  227-59;  Alerire,  iii.  84. 

^"^  Mniifjc  {Historia  de.  la  Pimeria  Alt  a.  D!ario!<  or!pinnle<'  y  oJlriahH 
por  J).  Juan  Mateo  Momjc,  capitan  d  piterra  y  ten'.- ute  dc  alcalde  inai/or). 
Thus  sliuU  I  refer  to  a  work  without  title  pi-eserveil  in  M.S.  in  toiu.  xvii.  of 
tlio  Arrliiro  General  in  Mexico,  of  which  I  iiave  a  MS.  copy.  It  was  also 
printed  in  Doc.  Hid.  Mc.v.,  seric  iv.  torn.  i.  2"20-402,  to  whicli  of  eoui'se  iny 
notes  refer.  The  \\ork  is  coniposcil  of  Mange's  diaries  given  literally,  l)ut 
connected  apparently  witli  remarks  by  some  editor  whose  name  is  not  known. 
It  is  divided  into  12  chapters,  giving  a  very  comjilete  history  of  northern 
Sonora  and  southern  Arizona  from  lt)!)2  to  1721.  Chapters  ix.-xii.  pp.  .S44- 
90  were  written  \>y  P.  Luis  Velarde,  the  successor  of  Kino  at  Dolores  in 
1710.  These  chapters  contain  an  account  of  the  people  and  the  country  with 
some  historical  information.  Cluipter  xii.,  written  either  by  Mange,  or  more 
likely  liy  the  unknown  editor,  is  chiefly  descriptive,  but  also  contains  a 
resunu'  of  history  before  1092.  i  sliall  cite  Velarde's  part  of  the  work  as 
Dcnc)-i]irii,ii  Jllsturka  dc  la  Pimeria,  with  the  page  of  the  printed  edition. 

Under  tlie  title  Sonora,  Materlales  para  la  J/intorla  de  la  Provincia,  may 
be  noted  the  contents  of  torn,  xvi.-xvii.  of  the  M8S.  of  the  Arcliiro  O'eiieri'l, 
copies  in  my  Library  from  tiie  collection  of  the  late  E.  G.  Squicr,  printed  in 
JJoc.  Hist.  Me.r.,  serie  iii.  tom.  iv.  489-932;  serie  iv.  torn.  i.  l-4(iH.  This  is 
an  invaluable  collection,  the  very  foundation  of  Sonora  aanals;  but  I  have  not 
very  frerpient  occasion  to  refer  to  its  general  title,  because  many  of  its  docu- 
ments are  worthy  of  being  cited  as  separate  works  under  their  own  titles. 
See  in  list  of  authorities  iS'o»o)'((,  DcHcrip.  tleo<j.;  Id.,  JJiscrip.  Siiscinta;  hi., 
i'atidoijo;  Id.,  L'cMiiincn;  Srdrador,  Conmilt.a;  Kolicirts  de  Esped.;  Lhnmiii; 
Tnj'iriiK  ;  Seddmftir,  Ifelacion;  Id.,  Eiitrada;  O'edlnrdo,  Inslniccloiifi;  Vifilo- 
.sol't,  CartdM;  Killer,  t'on.tullu;  (Jinjuno,  Iti/orme;  Cancio,  Anticia.t;  Croix,  In- 
tit,ncc!(jie.-i;  Iieyvi,  yoticiu;  Tenlinioiiio  Aitientico;  Jielaciun  de  la  Entruda; 
liernul,  Pelacioii;  and  Kino,  Tencra  EiUradu. 


A  TRIP  TO  THE  COAST. 


257 


lente  of 

accom- 

a  little 

b  occur- 

ictly  I'O' 

rovernor 

is  UlU'lc!, 

n  in  the 
14,  beiujj; 
i  (jiicrvo, 
on   their 
rts  of  all 
•con  pn- 
r  on   tlie 
more  sat- 
ed in  tho 
y  Mange 
t  Dolores 


!.»  y  ojtc'iuh^ 

\ahlc  vHii/or). 

torn.  xvii.  of 

It  wns  also 
lof  couvsc  my 
literally,  l)'it 
Is  not  known. 

of  nortlii-rii 

■xii.  pp-  •^•i^- 
[t  Dolores  in 
country  witii 
]nge,  or  more 

10  contains  a 
tlic  work  as 

11  edition. 
toriiiciii,  may 
Vitro  GfiK n'ly 

k  printed  in 
t()S.  Tills  is 
tt  I  have  not 
lof  its  doeu- 
•  own  titU  s. 
f/ixriiiUi;  /i'.< 

loiiv*;  !'( ■'''"• 
Vt;  Crois,  III- 
\a  Entrada; 


ready  for  the  duties  of  Iiis  new  position.  On  the  7th 
Kino  and  Mange,  armed  with  faith  and  with  a  picture 
of  the  celestial  apostle  San  Francisco  Javier,  crossed 
over  the  Sierra  del  Comedio  to  Santa  Maria  jNIatjda- 
Icna,  where  after  a  day  of  preaching  and  baptizing 
they  were  joined  by  Padre  Antonio  Kappus  from 
Opodope,  and  two  Spaniards.  Starting  on  the  9th 
they  took  a  turn  north-westward  through  the  moun- 
tains, returning  to  the  river  near  the  junction  of  the 
two  branches,  and  reaching  Caborca  in  two  days.''^ 
Thev  followed  the  river  down  to  its  sink,  and  the 
general  course  of  its  dry  bed  westward,  turning 
a.-^ide  on  the  14th  to  cross  a  range  of  hills,  from  the 
higliest  peak  of  which,  named  Cerro  Xazareno,  they 
looked  out  upon  the  waters  of  the  gulf,  its  isles,  and 
the  contra  costa.^  Next  day  Kino  and  Mange  went 
on  in  advance  of  the  rest,  and  were  the  first  to  reach 
the  coast  from  the  interior  of  Piineria  Alta.  The 
return  to  Dolores,  where  they  arrived  on  the  23d, 
was  by  the  same  route,  save  that  they  kept  nearer 
the  river  between  the  junction  and  Magdalena.  It 
does  not  seem  desirable  in  this  or  other  similar  entra- 
das  to  describe  the  petty  incidents  of  the  march  or 
of  intercourse  with  the  natives,  whom  they  found 
always  friendly  and  willing  to  hear  their  j)reacliing. 
Ca])orca,  in  a  fertile  region  artificially  inigated  by 
the  Soba  inhabitants,  seemed  to  all  the  best  spot  for 
a  mission. 

With  a  view  to  visit  other  Soba  ranchen'as,  with 
certain  reported  salinas,  or  salt-beds,  and  especially 
to  build  a  boat  for  exploration  as  had  been  agreed 
with  Salvatierra,  another  trip  was  made  almcst  imme- 

" Magdalena  was  called  liy  the  natives  Buquibava.  The  r.viite  Mas:  Tn- 
poeiiyos,  S.  Miguel  IJosua,  Latruna  S.  llfirtolonic  Oaeue  (to  wl.i.di  point  ('apt. 
Kiunle  and  Alcalde  Castillo  liaii  pem^trated  three  years  ',,ioi-f  in  jiursuit  of 
riuiaways  from  Opodcpe.  On  the  return  march  Toaiic  and  Mastih  rzos  wwv. 
named  in  this  region  nearer  the  river),  riticpii,  va  river;  Calxirm,  .sink  of 
liver,  .'{  leagues;  S.  Valentin,  i)  1.;  Cerro  Nawirenc.  (i  1.;  Ollas,  W  \.\  coa-st, !)  I. 

^'  l'"our  hills  on  the  California  coast  were  no.iicd  the  Santos  Kvangelistas; 
an  island  in  the  N.  w.  with  three  hills,  Tr<d  Marfas;  and  the  island  of  tho 
'Seris,  or  Tiburon,  in  the  s.  w. ,  San  Agnstiu. 
UiBT.  M.  Mes.  Btatks,  Vol.  I.    17 


2o8 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


diatcly.  Kino  and  Mange  left  Dolores  the  IGth  of 
March  with  twenty  native  servants  and  carjienter.s 
bearing  tools  and  even  some  of  the  more  complicated 
parts  of  the  proposed  craft.  This  time  they  crossed 
over  by  Magdalena  to  San  Pedro  Tubutama,  Vvhich 
was  now  a  regidar  mission  pueblo,  with  four  hundred 
inhabitants,  under  Daniel  Januske,  who  had  taken 
charge  in  1G93.  Thence  they  went  down  the  river, 
passing  Santa  Teresa,  San  Antonio  Oquitoa,  and  a 
place  they  named  El  Altar,  which  name  has  since 
clung  to  locality  and  river.  Tlic  boat,  thirty  feet 
long,  was  to  be  built  at  Caborca  and  dragged  to  the 
sea.  A  large  poj)lar  was  selected  for  the  purpose,  and 
after  a  certain  amount  of  machete  work  at  the  base, 
Ca})tain  Mange  climbed  the  tree  to  attach  a  rope  by 
which  it  was  to  be  pulled  down.  Tlic  tree  fell  some- 
what })rematurely,  bringing  down  with  it  the  valiant 
captain,  who  was  saved  from  serious  injury  only  by 
the  jtrayers  of  the  [)ious  Kino  kneeling  on  the  ground 
below.  Man<;c  went  to  the  coast  again  by  the  same 
route  as  before,  iuiding  some  fine  salinas  and  a  little 
port  which  he  named  Santa  Sabina.  The  natives 
were  tractable  as  before,  and  each  chief  received  a 
badge  of  office  from  the  representative  of  the  Si)a,nis]i 
crown.  Eighty  children  and  sick  persons  were  bap- 
tized, and  the  list  of  reixistered  candidates  for  salva- 
turn  was  increased  to  1,930.  The  tnnber  must  be 
seasoned  before  the  boat  could  be  built,  -ind  the  j)arty 
returned  to  Dolores  on  the  4th  of  April,  to  rc^turu 
again  in  June.  This  time  Mange  left  Kino  at  Tubu- 
tama, and  went  up  the  river  to  a  rancheria  named 
Cups  some  twenty-three  leagues  beyond  Tacubavia,'' 
where  ho  heard  of  large  tribes,  and  particularly  of 
CKsas  r/miuh's,  five  days'  journey  north-eastward  on  a 
great  river  flowing  from  east  to  west.  Ivejoining 
Kino  at  Caborca  he  found  that  the  padre  had  i-eceived 

"'iriingc  saya  that  Tacubavia  was  the  limit  of  Salvatierra'a  rixila.  fo  tlwit 
if  lie  went  on  to  Tuiiiacncoii,  as  nported,  he  must  liavc  tinned  iKiek  iiinl 
taken  a  more  eastern  route.  'I'lie  route  at  this  time  was:  Tubutama,  I'aitubur, 
2  leagues;  iSaric,  51.;   Husuuic,  Tacubavia,  li  1.;  Clubo,  0  1.;  Cups,  14  1. 


KINO  REACHES  THE  (IILA. 


259 


fi'om  tlic  vi.sitador  Juan  ^lufioz  do  Burf^ns  an  ordor  to 
suspend  his  boatbuildini^,  an  order  whicli  lie  obeyed 
although  acting  under  the  orders  of  his  provincial. 
^Mange  was  left  sick  at  San  Ignacio  under  the  care 
of  Father  Campos.  The  patient  craved  cold  water, 
wiiich  the  padre  medico  denied  him;  but  one  night  in 
liis  thirsty  delirium  he  reached  the  shelf  on  which 
the  water  was  kept,  and  by  tipping  over  the  tiiutja 
drenched  himself  from  head  to  foot.  The  padre  rushed 
ill  at  the  noise,  but  too  late;  the  sick  nian  was  cured 
and  was  soon  able  to  go  to  the  capital.^ 

Kino  was  not  at  first  disposed  to  credit  the  report 
ofcasas  grandes  and  a  great  northern  river;  for  tlu^ro 
is  nothing  to  show  that  he  had  any  definite  knowledirc 
of  Coronado's  explorations  in  the  past  century;  but 
sonic  natives  from  Bac  visited  Dolores  and  confirmed 
the  report.  Consequently  in  the  autumn  of  1G04,  while 
!^^aIlge  was  \vith  General  Jironza  on  an  Apache  cani- 
]);iign,  he  started  on  alone  to  ascertain  the  truth,  reach- 
ing and  saying  mass  in  the  now  famous  Casa  Grande 
of  the  Gila.  No  diary  was  kept,  and  our  knowledge 
is  limited  to  the  bare  fact  that  such  an  entrada  was 
iiiade.^^  Reports  to  the  provincial  and  viceroy  on  the 
(hsposition  of  the  Sobas  brought  Padre  Francisco 
.liivicr  Saeta  from  Mc^xico,  and  he  went  in  January 
1G95  to  his  mission  of  Concepcion  Caborca.  Planting 
a  coi'iifield,  and  repairing  the  house  already  built,  he 
litgan  his  work  with  the  most  llattoring  prospects."^ 
Trouljle  was,  however,  brewino"  in  Pimeria,  lar^'elv  it 
is  believed  by  the  fault  of  tho  Sjiaiiiards.  I  have  al- 
luded to  the  prevalent  suspicions  of  Pima  complicity 

^''' ^frn)(Jl',  Hhf.  P!m.,  2^0-5.";  Ah' ire,  //!<'.  Cowp.  Jfsii^,  iii.  82-^;  J/ios- 
tii/icoi  AjdiiiK,  2r)2;  Vcnogas,  Aot.  Ca/.,  ii.  ill,  erroiiL'ously  states  that  Kiin) 
ci'iiijilctcil  the  Ixiat,  ntui  in  il  (li^^•ovl'l^ll  the  [jurt  of  Santa.  Sabiiia,  a  .slate- 
III!  nt  reiteateil  in  Calijoniir,  ll'ist.  Chnt.,  !I7. 

'■  Mmii/i',  Hint.  I'hii.,  'J.')!l;  Salrliiifilr,  /'(/nrinii,  SJ.'i-fi;  Ale'jrc,  Hist.  Comp. 
./.  Mfy,  iii.  ,s;{-4.  In  Aimst.  A/tmi.t,  'J.i.'f,  it  is  imiilicil  that  Kino  on  tliis  trip 
iniiicd  two  I'iinarancherias  on  the  Gila Eiicaiiiaeiun  and  .S.  Andrea.  .See  also 
\'t Idsro,  Sohorn,  140. 

■''Accord  ill  J,'  to  Apnul.  A/ii)ir^,2')i,  Kino  nccoiiiiianied  .'^aota  to  Caoorea  iti 
Oct.  l(i!)4,  l)ef()re  lie  wont  on  liis  northern  trip,  and  Saeta's  arrival  in  Juu, 
Was  on  Lis  I'cturu  from  a  tour  of  begging  for  Bupplics. 


260 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


j^?: 


livJv^ 


m 


ill  the  raids  of  savages,  suspicions  which  leither  Kino's 
assurances  nor  the  .onduct  of  the  Pimas  had  removed ; 
at  least  the  Spanish  officers  and  soldiers  were  careless 
and  committed  many  hostile  acts  on  unoffending 
natives.  For  instance  Lieutenant  Solis,  finding  some 
meat  in  a  rancheria,  killed  three  Indians  and  flogged 
all  he  could  catch  on  a  charge  of  cattle-stealing.  The 
meat  proved  to  be  venison!  Again  a  Spanish  major- 
domo,^'^  with  Opata  assistants  introduced  at  Tubutama 
to  instruct  the  neophytes,  became  overbearing  and 
cruel,  resorting  to  the  lash  for  every  trifling  offence, 
and  thereby  incurring  the  hatred  of  natives  whom  the 
padres  had  always  found  tractable  under  kind  treat- 
ment. The  result  was  a  revolt.  On  March  20th,  in 
the  absence  of  Father  Januske,  the  Pimas  not  only 
rescued  one  of  their  number  about  to  be  flogged,  but 
killed  one  or  more  of  the  Opatas,  burned  the  padre's 
house  and  the  church,  and  profaned  the  sacred  images 
and  vessels,  the  very  depth  of  iniquity  in  the  eyes  of 
the  chroniclers.  Then  the  malecontents  started  down 
the  river,  obtained  some  recruits  at  Oquitoa,  failed  to 
do  so  at  San  Diego  Pitiqui,  and  on  April  2d,  holy 
Saturday,  arrived  at  Caborca.  Here  they  attacked 
the  native  servants,  and  when  Saeta  came  out  to 
restrain  them  with  gentle  words  two  arrows  pierced 
his  side.  Falling  on  his  knees  he  crawled  to  his 
room  and  bed,  where,  after  suffering  a  thousand 
indignities  and  torments,  he  was  despatched  with 
twenty-two  arrows  and  blows  of  clubs,  the  assassins 
then  proceeding  to  the  same  excesses  and  destruc- 
tion as  at  Tubutama.*"  Four  servants  were  killed, 
and  the   rest  of  the   people   fled,  apparently  witli- 

"'  Alogrc,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesus,  iii.  84-8,  is,  however,  the  only  authority  who 
mentions  a  Spaniard  as  one  of  tlie  ofl'enders  at  Tubutama. 

*"  According  to  Velarde,  I  list.  Descrip. ,  ,175-8'2,  Saeta  had  heard  of  danger 
l)ut  preferred  martyrdom  to  flight.  It  liad  been  his  intention  to  go  to  Cali- 
fornia and  found  there  a  mission  of  Sta  Rosalia  do  Palermo.  An  Indian  bunitil 
the  boily,  swollen  from  the  effects  of  poisoned  arrows;  but  the  ashes  wore 
saved  and  deposited  at  Toapc  or  Cucurpe,  wlience  in  1714  they  were  reniovnl 
to  Sicily.  A  very  rare  flexible  crucifix  embraced  by  the  dying  martyr  va.s 
kept  at  Arizpo  as  a  most  precious  and  sacred  relic.  See  sketch  of  Saeta 's  life, 
in  Dice.  Univ.,  vi.  732-3, 


REVOLT  OF  THE  PIMAS. 


261 


out  having  taken  any  active  part  in  the  outbreak. 
Jironzaand  Mange,  with  padres  Campos  and  Beyerca, 
and  an  armed  force,  hastened  to  the  spot,  but  found 
all  the  villages  abandoned.  The  country  was  scoured 
and  a  few  fugitives  were  killed  or  captured.  Taking 
with  him  the  ashes  of  the  martyr,  w'ith  the  arrows 
that  killed  him,  Jironza  returned  to  Dolores;  while 
Solis  with  the  main  force  was  sent  to  Tubutama. 
Here  a  few  natives  were  killed,  and  the  rest  begged 
for  peace,  which  was  promised  on  condition  that  they 
were  to  give  up  the  guilty  and  come  unarmed  to  the 
S})ani.sh  camp.  Fifty  of  them  did  so  come  and  were 
tieacherously  massacred." 

On  the  supposition  that  the  natives  would  be  in- 
timidated by  this  wholesale  murder,  called  by  the 
(lesj)icable  Solis  a  victory  and  not  very  much  disap- 
proved it  would  seem  by  the  governor,  the  army  was 
now  sent  to  Cocospera  en  route  for  Apacheria,  except 
a  guard  of  three  men  at  San  Ignacio  under  Corporal 
Escalante,  and  also  three  men  under  Mange  at  Do- 
lores. But  the  Pimas  hardly  waited  for  the  soldiers 
to  get  out  of  sight,  when,  having  completed  the  work 
of  destruction  in  Tubutama  Valley,  they  crossed  over 
and  meted  out  the  same  fate  to  all  thC  towns  on  the 
Eio  San  Ignacio.  Padre  Campos  saved  his  life  by 
rinming  away  to  Cucurpe,  protected  by  the  four  bo\- 
(lit'rs,  who  fought  as  they  ran.  After  it  was  all  over 
tlio  padre  "  felt  very  sad  to  think  that  niartyrdom 
had  twice  escaped  him,"  yet  he  bore  this  misfortune 
bravely.  Father  Janusko  had  not  attempted  to 
return  to  his  mission.  Of  Kino  during  the  whole 
trouble  we  only  know  that  he  hid  the  sacred  utensils 
in  a  cave  and  calmly  awaited  death  at  Dolores,  a  mis- 
sion which,  however,  was  not  attacked,  on  account  of 
thu  padre's  popularity,  or  his  prayers,  or  perchance 

*'  Mange,  Ilixt.  Pirn.,  2G1-71,  s.nys  some  troiiMe  oecurivd  •while  tlie  guilty 
Will'  Ijciiig  tied,  tmd  all  were  killed  without  uiiy  one  knijwing  exnctly  how  it 
li.ilipeiied;  some  say  by  order  of  Solis.  The  Jesuits  eoudenin  the  net  a.s  aa 
iiiualled-for  murder,  except  Velarde,  who  does  not  mention  this  part  of  the 
alliiir  at  all. 


262 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


because  the  soldiers  came  up  too  soon.  Governor 
Jironza  called  upon  all  the  presidios  for  aid,  and  with 
a  large  force  ravaged  the  whole  country  in  a  campaign 
respecting  which  no  details  have  been  preserved,  until 
the  people  were  compelled  by  hunger  and  fear  of 
annihilation  to  come  in  crowds  to  bog  for  peace  and 
pardon  and  food  and  work.  By  missionary  influenfo 
a  general  pardon  was  granted  on  August  17tli,  and 
the  padres  set  to  work  to  recover  lost  ground.*^ 

From  the  middle  of  November  1G95  to  the  middle 
of  May  1G9G  Kino  was  absent  from  Pimeria  on  a  visit 
to  Mexico,  where  he  went  to  defend  the  Pimas  from 
unjust  charges,  to  explain  the  true  causes  of  the  revolt, 
and  to  obtain  missionaries  with  license  to  explore  and 
convert  in  the  far  north.  In  Mexico  he  aijain  mc^t 
Salvatierra  and  labored  without  immediate  success  to 
advance  their  mutual  plans  for  the  reduction  of  Cali- 
fornia. He  obtained  a  nominal  apportionment  of  fi\  o 
padres  for  Pimeria;  but  for  some  not  very  clearly  ex- 
plained reason  only  one,  Padre  Gaspar  Varillas,  canio 
back  with  him.  On  the  homeward  journey,  by  way 
of  Tarahumara,  the  Jesuits  turned  aside  to  visit  a 
missionary  just  in  time  to  save  their  lives,  for  the 
whole  company  of  attendants  including  some  Span- 
iards were  killed  by  savages.  Crowds  of  Pimas,  Sobas, 
and  Sobaipuris  came  from  far  and  near  to  welcome  tlio 
returning  "apostle  at  Dolores,  loading  him  with  gifts 
and  promises  and  petitions;  but  he  had  no  aids  to 
undertake  his  favorite  schemes,  and  had  to  be  content 
with  slow  progress.  The  devil  seems  to  have  given 
his  particular  attention  to  the  creation  of  obstacles  by 
circulating  false  reports  about  the  Pimas,  who  were 

*'In  the  Maridiilena,  Lib.  Baufismof,  MS.,  Campos  writes:  'Re  perclicion 
los  papeles  do  los  baiitisnios  al  afio  de  1(595  en  el  alzamiento  y  qiicinazoii  ilo 
cstos  trcs  pucbloa.  Y  la  gcntc  csparcida  no  so  agrego  liasta  eate  afio  do  Ki'JS.' 
The  author  of  ,■l^)o^"^  Afariei',  2r)5-G3,  mentions  another  masscro  of  10  Pimas 
■without  any  inquiries  about  their  guilt.  Tlie  Icadci's  were  given  up  and  sen- 
tenced to  death,  but  by  the  influence  of  PP.  Kino  and  Polici  their  lives  who 
spared.  Sedelmair,  lldacion,  844-5,  says  Sacta  was  killed  March  15th,  and 
tliat  peace  was  not  finally  declared  until  Nov.  iCOG.  Niel,  Apinit.,  i'u,  attii- 
buti's  the  nnii'dcr  to  Sobaipuris.  Sec  also  mention  m  tionora,  Ucscrqi.  Gcoj., 
bS'3;  Vdasco,  Soiiora,  140. 


A  FIESTA  AT  DOLORES. 


2G3 


accused  of  being  at  the  bottom  of  every  hostile  movc- 
iiieTit,  no  matter  liow  far  from  their  country.  Father 
Campos,  who  had  served  at  Dolores  during  Kino's 
absence,  now  rebuilt  San  Ignacio,  and  the  three,  with 
Captain  Mange,  revisited  Tubutama  and  Caborca, 
A'arillas  chosing  the  latter,  though  it  does  not  ai)pear 
that  he  went  there  to  live  permanently  for  some  years.*' 
Oi'  Januske  nothinij  more  is  heard  in  Pimeria.^^ 


In  1G9G-7  Kino  revisited  most  or  all  of  the  places 
that  have  been  named,  perfecting  arrangements  for 
future  work  especially  in  the  north,  baptizing  cliildren, 
and  leaving  some  live-stock."  Early  in  1G'J7  Padre 
Pedro  Ruiz  do  Contreras  arrived  and  was  jjut  in 
charge  of  Suamca,  with  Cocospera  as  a  vLsita.  Strong 
as  was  Kino's  attachment  for  Pimeria  it  had  by  no 
means  extinguished  his  first  love  for  California,  and 
when  in  1G97  Salvatierra  at  last  got  his  license,  Father 
Eusebio  at  once  announced  his  intention  to  join  him; 
but  so  great  was  the  grief  of  the  Pi  mas,  and  so  urgent 
the  protest  of  Jironza  and  Polici,  declaring  his  pres- 
ence absolutel}^  necessary  to  the  peace  of  the  country, 
that  he  either  consented  or  was  ordered  by  his  supe- 
riors to  remain,  a  course  of  which  time  proved  the 
M'isdom  even  for  the  interests  of  California,  for  whoso 
missions  he  did  much  more  on  the  main  than  he  could 
have  done  on  the  peninsula.*"  On  Sef)tcmbcr  15, 
1G98,  a  grand  religious  fiesta  was  held  at  llcmcdios, 
a  visita  of  Dolores,  on  the  occasion  of  dedicatinuf  in 
her  new  church  a  beautiful  image  of  Our  Lady  sent 

"  According  to  Apo^t.  A/anes,  2G3-70,  P.  Kino  conducted  the  new  padro 
to  Cal)orca  in  Feb.  101)7. 

**  Velarde,  JJena-ip.  JIht.,  375,  says  that  before  Ififl.j  Pinicrfa  Iiad  fivo 
padres  and  was  fonned  into  the  rcctorado  of  Dolores.  These  were  th<f.so 
already  named:  Kino,  Campos,  Kappus,  Januske,  and  Saeta.  llorucio  roliei 
was  now  superior  of  the  Sonora  nii.-^sions  residing  at  liaseraca. 

*■'  S.  I'ablo  Quiburi,  S.  Javier  del  Bac,  S.  Luis,  S.  Cayetano  Tuniacaeori, 
8.  Gerunimo,  Sta  Maria  Suainca,  and  S.  I'ablo  arc  named. 

*''  Alfijrc,  Hist.  Comp.  Jctiiui,  iii.  89,  09-100.  Aceonlinf,'  to  Aj/onf.  Afiinr.% 
2S"2,  the  arrangement  was  that  Kino  should  stay  alternately  six  months  in 
I'imeri'a  and  six  months  in  California.  See  also  on  mission  progress  of  tho 
period  Manje,  Hist.  Pimeria,  271;  Svdelmair,  Ittlacion,  844-5. 


9M 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SIN^iLOA. 


* 

:       II 


from  ]\Icxico.  It  was  a  time  of  joy  and  enthusiasm, 
of  |)rocessions  and  church  rites,  of  bell-ringing  and 
salutes  and  music,  of  speech-making  and  i>reaching, 
in  the  presence  of  Spaniards  and  neophytes  from  the 
south  and  of  native  chieftains  from  the  country  as 
far  north  as  the  Gila  Valley.  The  pen  of  the  pious 
Kino  fairly  revels  in  the  narrative  of  the  day's 
glories.*^ 

The  suspicions  respecting  Kino's  gentiles  led  in  the 
autumn  of  1G97  to  the  first  military  expedition  to  the 
Gila,  the  object  of  which  was  to  ascertain  the  real 
disposition  of  the  natives  and  to  search  for  a  general 
repository  of  the  stolen  goods  accumulated  during  the 
raids  of  the  past  thirteen  years.     On  November  5th 
Lieutenant  Cristobal   Martin    Bernal,  with  Alfercz 
Francisco  Acuna,  Sergeant  Juan  13.  Escalante,  and 
twenty  soldiers  of  the  compania  volante,  marched  by 
order  of  General  Jironza  from  Corodeguachi  by  Ter- 
renato,  Suamca,  and  San  Joaquin,  to  Quiburi  on  the 
river  now  known  as  San  Pedro.     Here  Bernal  was 
joined  on  the  9th  by  Kino  and  Mange,  who  with  ten 
servants,  thirty  horses,  the  vidtico,  and  a  few  trilling 
gifts  for  the  Sobaipuris,  had  left  Dolores  on  the  2d. 
At  Quiburi  lived  Captain  Coro,  a  Sobaipuri  cacique 
who  instead  of  being  a  confederate  of  the  Apaches 
was  found  engaged  with  his  warriors  in  a  dance  round 
thirteen  Apache  scalps,  and  who  joined  the  expedition 
with  thirty  natives.     Kindly  received  by  the  people 
of  every  rancheria  and  meeting  with  no  adventures 
worthy  of  mention  they  marched  down  the  river,  called 
Rio  Quiburi,  to  the  junction  of  the  Gila,  a  stream 
whose  aboriginal  name  is  perhaps  recorded  for  the 
iirst  time  in  the  diaries  of  this  journey,  it  having  l)eon 
called  before  Rio  Grande,  or  by  Oiiate  in  1004-5,  Rio 


a 


"  Kino,  Uclacion  de  Xra  Sra  clc  los  Pemedion  en  «w  nveva  capiUa  ilf  .-'!i 
imrro  jiiichh  de  lat  niicran  ronreysioncs  ile  la  Pimerla.  Letter  of  Sept.  ICitli, 
from  Dolores,  in  Sonora,  Mati'rialcx,  814-16. 

**  Kino's  route  Imd  been  Dolores;  Kemedios,  8  leagues  N. ;  roc(jspera,  0  1. 
N.;  S.  Ldzaro,  0  1.  N. ;  Sta  Maria  (Suamcn),  0  1.  e.  up  river;  S.  Joaquin  Bnso- 
Buma,  H 1.  N. ;  Sta  Cruz  Gaibauipetea,  G  1.  E.  on  river;  Quiburi,  1 1.  N.  on  river. 


EXPLORATIONS  ON  THE  GILA. 


CG5 


do  Josus/"  From  tlic  IGth  to  the  21st  of  November 
tlu'V  explored  the  Gila  Valley  westward  somewhat 
beyond  the  Casa  Grande,  of  whieh  monument  of  more 
ancient  times,  since  famous,  the  diaries  of  this  trip 
contain  the  first  definite  description,  showinj^  that  the 
condition  of  the  ruin  has  been  but  little  chan|;,'cd  since 
that  time.^"  One  group  of  ruins  was  examined  by 
Escalantc  on  the  north  side  of  the  river.  ^lany  ran- 
cherias  were  visited  by  detachments  wanderinuj  in 
different  directions,  and  reports  were  received  of  quick- 
silver mines,  and  of  white  men  bearing  fire-arms  and 
swords  who  sometimes  came  to  the  Colorado.  Of 
course  no  record  of  northern  exploration  at  this  period 
could  be  complete  without  such  tales.  The  i)arty 
started  back  on  the  2 1st  up  the  river  since  called 
Santa  Cruz,  by  way  of  Bac,  Tumacacori,  Guevavi,  and 
Cocospera,  to  Dolores,  where  they  arrived  the  2d  of 
Dccember.'^^  The  journey  out  and  back  was  estimated 
at  2G0  leagues;  the  explorers  had  been  received  with 
ti'iuu:[)hal  arches  and  every  token  of  welcome;  4,700 
natives  had  been  registered,  and,  so  far  as  time  would 
]»crmit,  instructed;  and  89  had  received  the  rite  of 
baptism.  Badges  of  office  had  been  given,  as  the  cus- 
tom was,  to  many  chieftains;  and  so  far  as  the  mem- 
biis  of  the  party  were  concerned  all  doubt  of  Pima 
lidelity  was  dispelled.'^^ 

**  The  ranchcrfa  names  in  their  onler  down  the  Rio  Quihuri  were:  Quihuri ; 
Alamos,  10  leagues;  Causae,  15  1.  (a  point  previously  reached  liy  Capt.  Kii- 
iinvcz);Jiaspiorl{osario,  21.;  Muiva,  1 1.;  S.  Pantalcon  Aribaibft,  Gl.  ;Tutoida, 
3  1.;  Coniarsuta,  3  1.;  Victoria  Ojio,  3  1.;  Gila  River,  0  1. 

•""Coronado  had  perhaps  visited  this  ruin  in  1540,  calling  it  chichiltknle  or 
'red  house;'  and  Kino  as  \vc  have  seen  said  mass  in  it  a  few  years  heforo  this 
^isit.  For  a  complete  description,  with  cuts  of  the  Casa  Grande,  with  n 
iliionological  history  of  all  visits  to  it,  including  quoted  descriptions  from 
tliese  diaries,  sec  Native  Iiucea  of  the  Pacific  Slatis,  iv.  G'21-.TJ,  tliis  series. 
Tliu  original  MSS.  obtained  since  the  publication  of  my  fonner  work  contain 
smiie  simple  drawings  of  the  Casa  not  rejjroduced  in  the  printed  copy.  I 
have  also  photographs  of  the  ruins. 

■■' Route:  S.  Andres,  Sta  Catalina,  S.  Apustin,  S.  Javier  del  Bnc  or  l?a- 
tosda,  S.  Cayctano  Tumacacori,  Guevavi,  Cocospera,  Remcdios,  Dolores. 

"'^Bcrnal,  lielacion  del  J-Jufado  de  la  I'iiiitriu,  ijiie  icmito  d  P.  Visitudnr 
If'irario  Pvlici,  pnr  <l  ai'io  de  1007,  in  Soiiora,  ji/ateriides,  797-809;  also  MS. 
This  Hcki'-ioii  is  made  up  of  1st  a  letter  of  Lieut.  ISenial.  mentioned  by  Mango 
always  as  Capt.  Martin,  to  V.  Polici,  dated  Dec.  3d,  speaking  in  general  terms 
of  his  journey  beyond  the  Gila  'to  the  confines  of  the  new  uatioua  of  the 


200 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


After  an  illness  of  several  months  Kino  started 
north  a^ain  on  Se])ten»1>er  22,  1G'J8,  with  seven  or 
ci<;ht  natives  and  sixty  horses,  accompanied  l»y  Captain 
Diego  Carrasco  insteail  ot  JIange,  an  unfortunate  suh- 
stitution  for  the  historical  student  as  the  original  diarv 
is  not  extant.  Reaching  the  (Jila  by  way  of  13ae,  lie 
found  the  natives  friendly  as  before  at  the  rancherias 
of  Encarnacion  and  San  Andres,  some  distance  below 
the  Casa  Grande  and  perhaps  near  the  Pima  Villages 
of  modern  mai)s.  From  San  Andres  ho  went  on  to 
the  gulf,  where  "to  the  leeward  of  the  mouth  of  the 
great  river"  he  found  a  good  port  with  fresh  water 
and  wood.  Thence  he  went  down  the  coast  to  Caborcu, 
and  returned  to  Dolores  by  way  of  Tubutama  before 
the  18th  of  October,  having  counted  forty  rancher  ias 
V  ith  over  four  thousand  souls,  baptized  four  hundred 
children,  and  given  out  some  badges  of  office.  This 
is  Kino's  own  statement  in  a  letter  to  the  visitador, 
and  writers  who  have  apparently  seen  other  original 
documents  have  not  been  able  from  tlicm  to  satisfac- 
torily define  the  exact  route  followcd.^^    The  evidento 

Opatas  and  Cocomaricopns;  and  even  to  near  the  Moniiia'!  and  2d,  a  detailed 
diary,  8ij,'ncd  on  Dec.  4th  by  licrnal,  Acuila,  Kino,  hscalante,  and  Fninci^no 
Javier  Bursejon.  Strangely  Mange'snamo  is  not  mentioned  atall.  TluM)tlii'f 
diary  is  that  given  by  Mange,  ]lisf.  I'iiii.,  274-91.  Kino,  JJrcve  Hclnrhniy  in 
Sonora,  Materiaks,  811,  also  briefly  aotices  this  cntrada  'hasta  cerca  do  lus 
Moqiiis. '  See  also  .id /''f/rt',  lliKt.  Comp.  Jeiiis,  iii.  101-2;  SeUdmair,  lidac'wn, 
840;  Apo'^t.  Afii)i('.%  2(>*-9;  Villa  Seuor,  Theutro,  ii.  204. 

"^Kiiio,  Carta  (Oct.  18th),  in  Sonora,  Matcriales,  817-19.  This  is  a  liasty 
letter  written  before  ho  had  time  to  copy  his  regular  diary,  which  was  scut 
on  Oct.  20th.  lie  states  tliat  Carrasco  also  MTote  a  report.  He  implies  that  ho 
reached  the  gulf  near  tl'.o  mouth  of  the  river,  and  that  he  found  the  40  ran- 
cherias on  the  coast  whii:ii  Ve  followed  for  the  greatly  exaggerated  distamo 
of  80  leagues.  Ho  iiftnies  t' 'o,  S.  Francisco  and  S.  Seralin.  According  to 
ApoKt.  A  faxes,  272-4,  Kino  v.ent  from  S.  Andrds  801.  s.  w.  to  the  gulf,  and 
Bupposed  the  port  discc  ■  .si  jd  to  be  the  Sta  Clara  of  former  voyagers.  I'iii.s 
writer  says  also,  th.-M  JiUiJUgh  it  is  not  mentioned  in  tlio  relation  before  him, 
Kino  elsewhere  states  twice  that  in  1098  he  saw  from  the  top  of  StaClaia 
inountniu  (this  mountain  was  near  the  mouth  of  the  llio  I'apago,  tliuuLrii 
the  author  evidently  supposes  it  farther  north)  that  the  gulf  came  to  an  eml 
nt  the  mouth  of  the  river.  From  the  port  ho  examined  the  coast  for  90  1. 
Boutliward  to  Caborca,  He  names  S.  Andres,  S.  Francisco,  S.  Seralin,  21.; 
Merced,  San  Eafacl  ( Actun),  S.  Marcclo  Sonoydag  (Sonoita),  15 1.  w. ;  t'aborca, 
40  1.  Alegre,  lJi4.  Comp.  Jc.'ots,  iii.  203-4,  saw  Kino's  diary  and  quotes  fmni 
it  to  the  ctl'ect  that  he  at  S.  Mateo  Soroydad  (S.  Marcelo  SonoitaV)  asceiulid 
a  hill  which  he  called  Sta  ]>rigida,  and  from  the  top  made  his  survey  of  the 
gulf,  seeing  the  port  which  he  supjiosed  to  be  Sta  Clara,  and  the  moutii  as  he 
thought  of  the  Colorado ;  but  could  iiut  sec  the  California  coast  ou  account  uf 


ItaHi 


NRW  TRIP  TO  TIIK  NORTH. 


987 


ami  probabilities  favor  tho  supposition  that  Kino 
jiasscd  from  tho  rogion  of  the  Pima  Villages  soiith- 
Mcstward  to  the  latitude  of  Adair's  Bay,  ^vhie]l  was 
probably  his  Sai)ta  Clara,  made  his  observations  from 
the  hills  between  Sonoita  and  the  mouth  of  tlie  Kio 
]':i[iMgo,  and  returned  homeward  not  along  the  beach 
liut  keeping  oast  of  the  hills,  and  obtaining  perhaps 
iVoin  their  summits  occasional  glimpses  of  the  gulf 

Tho  worthy  apostle  could  by  no  means  keep  his 
thoughts  or  his  steps  from  turning  northward,  and 
]'\l)ruary  of  1G99  found  him  ready  for  a  now  entrada. 
This  time  he  was  accompanied  by  Mange,  who  camo 
up  from  San  Juan  for  tho  purpose,  and  by  Padro 
Allan  Gil.  Tho  route  was  by  way  of  Tubutama,  now 
a  visita  of  San  Ignacio  under  Father  Campos;  Sonoita, 
wlieii^  the  worn-out  horses  and  fifty  cows  were  left  as 
a  base  of  supplies  for  tho  reduction  of  this  region,  and 
for  California  if  the  padres  should  come  over  to  Port 
Santa  Clara;  and  thence  to  tho  Gila  at  a  point  about 
three  leagues  from  the  Colorado  junction,  arriving  the 
*2lst  of  February."  It  was  tho  intention  to  go  on  to 
the  Colorado  river  and  down  that  river  to  its  mouth; 
but  tho  natives  refused  to  servo  as  guides  in  that 
direction  where  their  enemies  lived.  On  tho  way  the 
tiavcllers  hoard  of  a  giant  from  tho  nortli,  who  had 
liltterly  oppressed  tho  people  till  they  sutYocated  him 
with  smoke  in  a  cave;  and  hero  on  tho  Gila  there  were 
strange  tales  of  white  men  who  had  once  passed  down 
to  the  sea  and  returned  eastward — perhaps  a  tr.adition 
of  Onate — and  of  a  ver}''  wonderful  white  woman, 

fog.  Thus  he  shows  the  earlier  WTitcr  to  be  in  error  in  tho  statetncnt  that 
Kino  at  this  time  (liiscovcrcd  that  California  was  a  peninsula.  The  twostato- 
niiiits  referred  to  were  simply  tliat  he  hail  twii  e  si'en  tho  trulf  and  not  its 
liuad,  not  from  Sta  Clara  Mt  in  101)8,  Imt  from  Na/jtreno  Hill  in  1(>'J4.  Vene- 
);a.s,  ^Vo^  Cal.,  ii.  J)1-"J,  tells  iis  that  Kino  explored  the  coast  south  from  Sta 
(  hua  to  8ta  Sabina  liay;  and  C!obicn,  in  Lovkniuii'M  'J'niv.  J«Kiii/-f,  i.  '.ioo,  that 
ho  advanced  northward  alung  the  coast  as  far  as  Sta  Clara  mountain. 

^' lull  route:  Dolores;  S.  lunacio,  10  leagues  W.;  Magdalena,  II  1. ;  Laguna 
Tupo  (with  good  llax),  G  1.  N.  w. ;  Tubutama,  I'J  1.  N.  w. ;  Sarie,  7  1.  N.  up  river; 
1'iicubavia,  3  1.;  Guvoverde,  10  1.  w.;  Sta  Kulalia,  .5  1.  w. ;  arroyo,  '>  1.  n.  w. 
.'■>  1.  w. ;  nnid-holes,  l.'J  1.  w. ;  Actun  (8.  liafael),  5  1.  N.  w. ;  L.iguna,  (J  1.  w. ; 
Sonoita,  4  1.  n.  w.  ;  Carrizal,  10  1.  w.  down  stream;  Luua,  6  1.  N.  w.  and  14  1. 
^.;  Gila,  12  1.  >.  w.,  15  1.,  auU  0  1.  n.  w. 


263 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


doubtless  Sor  Maria  rle  Jesus  Agrccla,  who  had 
preached  in  an  unknown  tongue,  and  had  twice  risen 
I'rom  the  dead  when  shot  by  the  Colorado  tribes;  also 
of  white  and  clothed  men  living  in  the  north  and  on 
the  coast,  who  sometimes  came  to  trade  for  skins. 
Mange  counsels  investigation,  since  foreign  heretics 
may  be  trading  with  and  corrupting  the  natives. 

On  the  24th  they  started  up  the  Gila,  named  by 
Kino  Rio  de  los  Apostoles,"  leaving  the  river  at  the 
big  bend  and  striking  it  again  on  March  2d  a  few 
miles  beyond  the  junction  of  the  Salado  and  Yerdo, 
which  streams  they  had  discovered  and  named  the 
same  day  from  a  hilltop. '^^  Ten  leagues  farther  over 
a  sterile  desert  brought  the  explorers  to  San  Andres 
Coata,  the  western  limit  of  previous  exploration. 
They  had  registered  thus  far  3, GOO  new  gentiles,  and 
were  now  on  familiar  ground.  Passing  Encarnacion, 
San  Cleniente,and  Agustin  Oiaur,they  were  welcomed 
at  Bac  the  7th  of  March  by  1,300  natives  who 
entertained  their  visitors  for  two  days,  and  pointed 
with  much  pride  to  their  adobe  warehouse  full  of 
corn  and  their  live-stock  and  other  things  made  ready 
in  the  hope  of  having  a  real  live  padre  to  live  with 
them.  On  the  journey  southward"^  Kino  was  seri- 
ously ill.  Cocospera  mission  had  been  destroyed  by 
Apaches  in  1G98,  and  Padre  Contreras  had  retired. 
At  Remedios  the  new  church,  lacking  a  roof,  had 
filled  up  with  water  like  a  tank  and  burst,  and  at 
Dolores  where  they  arrived  on  the  14th,  some  damage 
had  been  done  by  !.eavy  rains;  yet  many  new  candi- 


'^^IIc  nlso  named  the  Colorado  Rio  de  los  Mi'irtires,  and  the  Saliulo  mid 
Verde  with  the  southern  branches  (S.  Pedro  and  8ta  Cruz)  Los  l'vanj,'olist;is. 

^"Tho  Salado  at  the  time  of  discovery  is  mentioned  siniply  its  'otn>  rio 
salohi'c' which  joins  the  Verde;  but  is  named  elsewhere  in  tiio  diaiy.  TIk! 
Verde  was  so  called — or  by  an  equivalent  in  the  vernacular — by  tlie  natives 
because  it  passed  thro'igh  a  sieiTa  of  many  preen  stones. 

The  rancherias  passed  were:  S.  Mateo  Cuut.  San  Tadeo  Vaqui,  S.  Linion 
Tucsaui,  S.  Bartolonn5  Comae,  the  last  being  a  Pima  town  3  leagues  from  tlio 
Salado  junction.  An  fscoria  of  silvei-bearing  ore  was  found  west  by  tho  Ijig 
bend,  supposed  to  have  been  washed  down  from  N.  Mexico  V)y  the  current. 

*'lkc,  lamacacori,  20  leagues;  Guevavi,  G  1.;  Bacuancos,  7  l.j  Cocospera, 
IG  1.;  lieniedios,  G  1.;  Dolores,  8  1. 


HOME  OF  THE  WINDS. 


2G9 


caiuli- 

ilailo  mill 

gC'listilH. 

otii)  lii) 

y.     Tho 

mtivcs 

Liiiion 
from  tlio 
^  till'  liig 

llTl'llt. 


tiates  for  salvation  had  been  found,  marvellous  reports 
liad  been  heard  in  the  north,  and  the  heart  of  the 
missionary  was  exceedingly  glad."* 

Foes  of  conversion  or  of  the  Jesuits  or  dupes  of 
the  "enemy  of  souls"  were  not  wanting  who  refused 
entire  credit  to  Kino's  reports  of  rich  lands  and  docile 
Indians.  It  was  suspected  that  his  enthusiasm  served 
as  a  magnifying  lens  transforming  "worms  into  ele- 
phants. "  Absurd  rumors  were  in  circulation  respecting 
the  Gila  tribes  now  that  the  more  southern  Pimas 
Mere  partially  relieved  of  suspicion  and  calumny. 
Tlie  Jesuits  themselves  were  in  doubt,  and  it  was 
inipopsible  to  get  new  padres;  yet  the  apostle  was 
iiiclefatigable  in  his  efforts  to  set  things  right.  Any 
oMo  who  came  to  Dolores  was  sure  to  be  taken  on  a 
tour  to  the  Gila  so  long  as  the  padre  could  walk  or 
sit  on  a  mule.  Antonio  Leal,  now  visitador  of  Sonora, 
resolved  to  make  the  tour,  and  Father  Francisco 
Gonzalez  had  a  mind  to  be  one  of  the  party.  Accord- 
ingly Kino  and  Mange  made  ready,  and  all  left 
Dolores  October  24,  lGi)9,  going  up  to  San  Javier  del 
Bac  by  the  route  of  the  recent  rekirn.  Here  a  strange 
thing  occurred.  On  the  summit  of  a  hill  the  Spaniards 
found  a  white  stone  of  somewhat  regular  shape,  vrhieh, 
fearing  it  might  be  some  kind  of  an  idol,  they  over- 
turned, leaving  a  small  round  hole  in  the  ground. 
No  sooner  had  thev  come  down  than  a  violent  cfale 
began,  so  stronir  that  a  man  could  not  stand  before  it; 
and  it  blew  all  n'ght,  iilling  the  natives  with  dismay, 
for  they  declnred  that  the  "home  of  winds"  had  been 
opened.  Next  morning  they  went  up  and  stopped  the 
hole,  whei-eupou  the  wind  ceased.  Leal  and  Gonzalez 
remained  at  Bac,  while  Kino  and  ISIange  went  some- 
what farther  down  the  river.  Leal  was  very  favoral)ly 
impressed  with  the  prospect,  counted  three  thousand 
fouls,  and  promised  to  send  Gonzalez  to  bo  their 
missionary.     The  5tli  of  November  they  crossed  over 

^^Mcnqe,  Ilixt.  Pirn.,  202-310;  Akfirc,  Hid.   Cvmp.  Jesus,  iii.  UO-li; 
Yduaco,  Honoru,  140;  Apost,  Jj'anes,  275-8. 


270 


ANNALS  OF  SOXORA  AND  SINALOA. 


to  the  Sonoita  recjion,^"  and  returned  to  Dolores  on 

CD  ' 

the  18th,  havhig  rei^ister^'d  eighteen  hundred  Papa- 
botos,  and  baptized  thirty -five  persons.  It  was  hoped 
this  trip  might  banish  the  prevaihng  ignorance  and 
prejudice  in  Mexico,  and  cause  padres  to  be  sent.'^^ 

Two  other  tours  to  the  north  were  made  before  the 
end  of  the  century,  one  to  San  Javier  del  Bae,  and 
the  other  to  the  junction  of  tiie  Gila  and  Colorado. 
In  March  1700  Kino  received  a  new  present  of  blue 
sea-shells  sent  down  by  the  Cocomaricopas,  whicli 
directed  his  attention  anew  to  the  mysteries  of  Cali- 
fornia geography  and  to  the  importance  of  clear iug 
up  those  mysteries.  It  was  with  this  object  in  vi(  w 
that  he  started  the  21st  of  April.  At  Cocospcri  1:0 
found  the  church  rebuilt.  At  Los  llcyes  he  was  re- 
ceived by  Captain  Coro,  who  had  recently  come  down 
to  Dolores  to  be  baptized,  and  at  Bac  ho  was  induced 
to  remain  awhile  and  to  give  up  for  the  present  liis 
explorations.  Here  he  was  visited  by  delegations 
from  many  rancheri'as  far  and  near;  but  his  chief  at- 
tention was  given  to  laying  the  foundation  of  a  largo 
church,  the  building  of  which  the  natives  seemed  en- 
thusiastic to  undertake.  There  was  an  abundance  of 
tctzontli,  a  liglit  porous  stone,  in  the  vicinity,  whicli 
was  largely  used  in  the  structure."^  It  is  said  that 
Kino  would  have  remained  permanently  at  Bac  could 
he  have  obtained  anyone  to  take  his  ])laco  at  Dolores. 
He  returned  in  May,  and  the  24th  of  September 
started  for  the  Gila  bv  a  route  for  the  most  iiait  new, 


1' 


striking  the  river  east  of  the  bend,"'-  and  following  it 
down  to  the  Yuma  country,  where  he  succeeded  in 

'"■Rac,  Tupo,  10  leagues;  Cups,  3  1.;  Actun,  81.  In  Apost.  A/nncs.  S. 
Sei'filiii  is  also  named. 

*■"  Minujc,  nut.  Pirn.,  311-20.  Alcgrc,  IliM.  Comp.  Jr.vin,  iii.  11 '2-1.1,  f;iv.  u 
the  (lato  of  starting  as  Oct.  '21st,  and  says  that  I'ailii!  (loiizalez  \vas  actually 
eent  to  IJau  hut  dul  not  stay  long.  'J'lic  auf  hor  of  Aj/oxf.  Aj'aiK  s,  '21't,  '21'.)-S{), 
i<poaUs  of  S.  Luis  Crui;vavi  and  S.  Cayetano  do  l?ac! 

•^'It  is  posKil)lc,  hut  not  jirohahle,  that  this  was  the  beginning  of  tho  lino 
ciiurch  which  still  stands  at  San  .lavier. 

•'-Route;  Dolores,  Remedios,  S.  Simon  y  S.  Jud.ts,  S.  Ambrosio  Husanic, 
2S  leagues;  Tacubavia,  Sta,  Eulalia,  Merced,  12  1.;  S.  Gcronimo,  '201.;  Gila, 
C,  12,  101.;  down  Gila  501. 


ON  THE  COLORADO. 


271 


ni.ikins]^  peace  between  the  Yiinias  and  their  neighbors. 
(  liuiljinu:  a  Infjdi  hill  he  could  see  nothiiijj:  but  land 
for  thirty  leagues  south  and  south-west,  land  which 
the  natives  said  was  occupied  by  Quiquinias,  Bai^i- 
(ipas,  lloabonomas,  and  Cuti^anas.  From  this  point 
Kino  was  invited  b}'-  the  Colorado  Yunias  to  visit 
their  country,  which  he  did  by  crossin^L-'  the  C^ila  and 
ooino'down  the  north  bank  to  the  junction,  where  ho 
iiaiucd  the  chief  Yuma  rancheria  San  ]Jionisio  I'roni 
the  dayof  arrival,  and  preached  to  crowds  of  gentiles, 
many  of  whom,  of  especially  large  stature,  came  from 
across  the  Colorado  by  swinnning.  Kino  speaks  of 
the  lands  in  this  region  as  Alta  California;"^  and  ho 
thought  that  by  going  up  the  river  son)o  thirty-six 
leagues  he  might  reach  Moqui  without  passing  through 
Apacheria.  lieturning  to  his  former  point  oi'  obser- 
vation he  ascended  a  higher  mountain,  and  at  sunset 
clearlv  saw  the  river  runninjjf  ten  leaLjues  west  iVom 
San  Dionisio  and  then  twenty  leagues  south  into  the 
gull".  From  another  hill  to  the  south  he  saw  the 
sandy  shore  of  California,  and  thence  returned  homo 
hy  way  of  Sonoita  and  Caborca,"^  reaching  Dolores 
the  lOtli  of  October.  On  his  return  he  was  thanked 
by  the  governor  and  by  Salvatierra  for  his  iliscoveries. 
\\\\:\t  lio  had  seen  had  strengthened  his  opinion  that 
Valit'ornia  was  not  an  island,  but  had  by  no  means 
settled  the  question  as  some  authors  imply.'"" 

()f  military  operations  from  IGO.")  to  1700  we  havo 
7  •  continuous  locord;  but  the  nature  of  the  warfare 


"  Tin's  may  I'O  tlio  fii'st  use  <if  tlic  iiaiiio;  l>ut  it  is  attrilnitod  to  Kino's 
Hiliirimi,  \\]nv\\  may  iiavc  lii'iii  Miittt'ii  wmio  ycais  lattr. 

''  Itdiitc:  (Ilia,  Trinidad,  Agnalvscondida,  I'J  Iia;,'nis;  watoviiiij-plarc,  1"_'  1.; 
iicik,  ISl.;  Sonoita,  Hi.;  S.  J.,uis  Jlacapa,  ll2  1. ;  S.  Kduardo,  *J0  1. ;  C'uljoi'ca, 
lii  !.;  Tulmt^ima,  1'J  I.;  S.  Igiiaiio.  17  1. 

'•' Ajiii.if.  A/aiK's,  'JS'J-.");  iSdlniflrrrn,  I'rhirinvcK,  ]')'2-^.  VcnoL'as,  Xnf. 
('ill.,  ii.  !l4-7,  and  Alt'(,'iv,  y//.-V.  ('(,iiij>.  Jikii.-!,  iii.  117-lH,  imply  that  Kino's 
<li.sco\ti  iin  at  tliis  time  settlid  the  geof^iajihieal  (jncstion  hy  ]iroving  Cal- 
iliiiiiia  to  he  a  jicninsula,  ami  tiiat  it  vas  for  this  lie  ■was  tlianki<l  liy  the 
iiiithuiitiis.  Se<!  also  (lohitn,  in  LocLniuii's  Trnc.  Jmiiils,  i.  ,'{,')(),  ami  J\iiio"s 
iii.i|t,  ill  /(/.,  'A'Xt.  Kseudcro,  iV^/^  Son.,  \'2,  taking  his  information  fiom 
I'ltjes,  evidently  confounds  this  w  ith  ii  inter  trip. 


272 


ANNAL;"i  OF  SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


waged  against  the  Apaches  and  other  savages  of  the 
north-east  was  of  the  same  t3'pc  as  that  carried  on 
against  the  same  tribes  well  nigh  down  to  the  present 
day.  The  comandante,  often  called  governor,  resided 
usually  at  San  Juan,  and  a  garrison  of  armed  men 
was  kept  constantly  at  Fronteras,  or  Corodeguachi. 
It  does  not  appear  that  there  was  any  other  peinia- 
nent  presidio  in  Sonora  during  the  century;  but  this 
garrison  acted  in  concert  with  that  of  Janos  in  Nucva 
Vizcaya,  and  reenforcements  were  often  obtained  I'roni 
moT'^  distant  points.  The  soldiers  were  almost  con- 
tinu  I  the  move  in  pursuit  of  savages  who  )  ad 

attacki  me  frontier  pueblo  and  fled  with  the  pluntkr, 
chiefly  liv^e-stock,  to  their  northern  retreats.  The 
booty  was  often  recovered,  a  few  of  the  raiders  were 
killed,  and  numbers  of  women  and  children  captured ; 
but  a  decisive  victory  resulting  in  a  long  period  of 
quiet  was  impossible,  as  it  has  been  for  the  most  part 
ever  since.  I  have  already  noticed  some  military 
expeditions  in  connection  with  mission  work,  but  there 
were  otliers  that  may  be  briefly  mentioned. 

In  September  1GD5,  after  the  suppression  of  the 
Caborca  and  Tubutama  revolt,  the  three  comandnnter?, 
or  generals,  Jironza,  Teran,  and  Fuente,  united  in  a 
campaign  against  the  Apaches,  Jocomes,  and  Janos. 
The  result  was  the  killing  of  sixty  savages  and  the 
capture  of  seventy  "pieces  of  chusma,"  which,  or  who, 
were  divided  among  the  soldiers  of  the  three  com- 
panies. General  Teran  do  los  Rios  died  in  this  cam- 
paign, and  most  of  the  men  were  made  ill  by  drinking 
the  water  of  a  spring  supposed  to  have  been  poisone.l. 
Father  Campos  served  as  chaplain.  Early  in  lOl'G 
Lieutenant  Antonio  Solis  marched  against  the  Con- 
ches, who  had  committed  outrages  at  Nacori,  where 
Padre  Carranco  was  missiv)nary.  Thrc^  chiefs  were 
shot  and  quiet  was  restored.  In  March  the  Aimches 
raided  Tonibavi,  taking  two  hundred  horses,  of  whieh 
on  pursuit  one  hundred  had  been  recovered,  tlie  rest 
having  died,  and  eighteen  of  the  raiders  having  been 


APACHE  CAMPAIGN^! 


273 


Ivillod.  Iiiuiiediately  after  tlio  ivtiirn  ()f  tlio  S()l(li(>rs 
the  Apaclu's  altac.-kt-d  and  kilkd  in  tlio  sierra  (»r  Sail 
( 'ristoi)al  a  party  from  Arizpe  ooiisistiiijLij  of  Captain 
( 'rist('»bal  Leon,  his  son  Nicolas,  two  other  Spamai'ds, 
and  .six  IncHan  arrieros.  Jironza  ]>nrsued  witli  his 
compania  volantc  but  killed  oidy  tliiee  of  the  I'oe. 
Then  (jleneral  Fuente  was  sinnnioned  from  Janos,  and 
tlie  A])achcs  were  driven  to  the  Sierra  Florida  np  in 
t\\v  (Jila  re!4'ion,  where   thirty-two  were  killed  and 


liv(>  jjiczas  de  chitsma  taken. 

Latin*  in  IGOG  the  safety  f»f  the  province  was  a^'ain 
seriously  threatened,  and  this  time  not  hy  sava^^'es  hut 
hy  neoph}te.  .  Pablo  Qnihue,  an  intelligent  native, 
t  x-governor  of  l^aseraca,  ])lanned  a  revolt,  and  exerted 
liiiiisi  If  with  nuieli  di})lomatic  skill  and  no  small 
( liances  of  success  to  make  the  moveUKMit  a  general 
(>U(\  His  arguments  were  not  only  ehxpiently  ex- 
pri'ssed  but  as  may  be  believed  well  grounded.  }io 
claimed  that  the  Spaniai"ds  had  taken  their  lands, 
filK'd  the  country  with  soldiers,  often  made  the  natives 
viitually  slaves,  and  had  in  return  brought  no  benelit. 
Xdiiiinally  protecting  the  Pimas,  ()[)atas.  Conch 
and  Tarahumares  from  the  savage  Apaches,  they  had 
ill  reality  killed  more  of  their  proteges  than  they  had 
III'  the  Apaches  or  than  the  Apaches  could  have  killed. 
The  savagt'S  generally  escajied  after  their  raids,  iiut 
the  submissive  natives  on  the  most  absurd  and  fi'ivo- 


os. 


luus  pretexts  were  accused  of  a[K)stacy  and  rebellious 
(lisigiis,  and  wore  lianged,  enslaved,  or  Hogged.  The 
success  of  (.^nihue's  plans  for  a  general  rising  was  pn;- 
veiited  })erha]is  by  the  precipitate  action  of  the  ])eo|tle 
at  ( "u(|uiarachi,  Cuchuta,  and  Teuricachi,  who  betore 
the  leader  was  ready  seized  the  church  ornaments  and 
elliir  portable  mission  property,  and  ran  away  iVoiii 
iheir  [)Ueblos,  The  forces  of  Jironza,  Fuente,  and 
Zubiate  were  soon  on  the  ground,  and  with  tlu'  aid 
el'  faithful  allies,  among  whom  were  the  (luaziipares 
ef  Salvatierra's  former  Hock  as  already  narrated,  suc- 


Maii'jc.  //;.•*/.  /' 


•J70  '2. 


III8I.  N.  MilX.  Bi'AriiB,  Vol.  I.    13 


I  ill 


274 


AXXALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


cocdcd  l^j  operations  not  clearly  described,  after  two 
new  hegiras  of  the  neophytes  and  the  hanging  of  tin 
lebels,  in  restoring  order  before  the  end  of  the  year, 
although  ])on  Pablo  with  a  small  party  of  followers 
kej)t  up  a  show  of  resistance  until  the  middle  of  IGl)".''' 

Early  in  1G98  the  savages  directed  their  raids 
chieily  against  the  Pimas  Altos  of  the  frontier,  eitlur 
converts  or  at  least  friendly  to  the  Spaniards,  and, 
what  was  much  more  important  to  the  Apaches,  \\cll 
sui)plied  with  corn  and  live-stock.  Three  pueblos 
were  plundered  and  burned,  with  considerable  loss  ot' 
life,  including  Coc6spera,  where  Padre  Contreras 
barely  escaped  with  his  life  after  being  wounded. 
The  soldiers  killed  thirty  of  the  foe;  but  it  was  re- 
serv(Kl  to  Coro  of  Quiburi  to  strike  the  most  decisive 
blow.  Immediately  after  an  Apache  attack  on  Santa 
Ciuz  del  Cuervo,  or  Jaibanipitca,  Coro  with  live  hun- 
dred warriors  foucfht  ajjainst  the  enemy  all  day,  killed 
sixty  men  on  the  field,  and  fatally  wounded  a  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  more  with  poisoned  arrows.""  Tiie 
Pimas  received  many  couipliments  and  some  contri- 
butions of  money  for  their  brave  conduct  in  this  affair; 
but  the  slanders  against  them  were  not  long  checked, 
neither  could  they  get  the  instructors  which  above 
all  things  they  desii-ed.  Again  in  1G90  a  native  cap- 
tain Humari  distinguished  himself  by  killing  thiity- 
six  savages  in  battle,  and  capturing  some  boys  wIkjiu 
be  sent  to  Kino  for  baptism.*^" 

At  the  end  of  1G99  Padre  Melchor  Bastiromo,  in 
charge  of  Cucurpe  and  Toapc,  had  been  ordered  to 
found  a  mission  among  the  Tepocas,  and  had  made 
some  progress  with  a  pueblo  of  ^Magdalena;    but  the 

""  flange,  lliM.  Phn.,  27'2-3,  s.-iys  that  Pablo  and  four  companions  cscapi'il 
to  Janos  where  (!o(l  sent  a  thunilcrboit  and  killed  tlieni  at  the  very  door  of 
the  pi'csidio.  Alri/vf,  ll'ist.  Comp.  JvMitt,  iii.  !)'2-4;  Salralicrra,  Curta.i,  l(l!i-l'J. 

'^"Kiiio,  liirre  Ii'eliiiioii,  H\()-\',i,  says  all  but  six  of  the  attaekinj,'  party 
were  killed,  and  CA  dead  bodies  weic  found  on  the  field.  The  autlior  <if 
jiposf,  Afdiir.i,  1270-1,  says  that  10  warriors  were  elioseu  on  eaeli  side  to 
decide  the  battle,  antl  tli'e  savages  all  fell,  whereupon  'MM  of  the  llyini;  survi 
voi-H  were  killed  by  the  I'inia  arrows.  This  writer  and  Ale^re.  Hi!'L  i/onip. 
JcKii.^,  iii.  100-1,  n'lake  the  .late  Ki!)?.     See  Mumjc,  Jllnt.  I'hn.,  '2'M-l. 

''•'  Aponlolicuti,  A/aiiiK,  277-81. 


TROLTiLE  WITH  THE  SERIS. 


.I.J 


,ftcr  two 

\ff  oi'  ten 

lie  year, 
followers 
)i'  1G97.'''' 
Av  raids 
L*r,  either 
rds,  and, 
;lies,  well 

pueblos 
Ic  loss  ot' 
^ontreras 
rt'oiiiuled. 
t  was  I'e- 
b  decisive 
on  Santa 
live  linn- 
ay,  killed 
L  hundred 
's/'«  The 
10  contii- 

is  aifair; 

cheeked, 

I  above 

itive  ca])- 

:  thirtv- 

ys  whom 


Seris  l)eeanie  troublesome,  extendinuj  their  jjlunderiiiLj 
incursions  in  some  instances  as  far  as  Cucurpe.  Al- 
i'tiez  Escalanto  was  sent  with  fifteen  men  in  January 
l.sOO  to  jNIagdalena,  P6})ulo,  and  to  the  coast.  Tins 
may  be  deemed  the  beginning  of  the  Seri  wars  which 
si>  long  desolated  the  province.  Escalanto  killed  and 
{■aught  a  few  Soris,  but  most  cscai)ed  in  balsas  to 
Til»uron  Island.  In  February  ho  repeated  the  ex- 
]H(lition,  finding  no  Soris  but  bringing  back  one  hvm- 
died  and  twenty  now  Tcpocas  for  the  pueblo;  but  on 
a  thiid  attempt  in  March  ho  killed  nine  of  the  foe, 
also  bringing  in  a  few  captives  for  Padre  Cil  at 
]N')pulo,  Father  Mairos  is  named  as  in  charge  of 
^lagdalena  a  little  later.  Escalanto,  before  returning 
to  the  capital,  captured  and  returned  over  a  hundred 
lunaways  from  Father  Campos'  mission  of  San  Jgna- 
cio,  besides  making  a  successful  hunt  for  apostates 
down  as  far  as  the  Rio  Yaqui.'*^ 

'"Miwije,  Hist.  Pirn.,  320-2;  Alrijre,  ///*,.  Comp.  Jf.ws,  iii.  118-19.  lu 
nililitidu  to  tho  iiuthoritios  1  heave  citi'd  on  the  coii(|UeHt  of  Piiiieviit,  tlie  fol- 
I'uiiii;  maybe  meiitioiieil  as  containing  nothing  original:  J)iri\  Univ.,  iv. 
TvtT  •''],  liiietly  from  Alegre;  Cdlifoniic,  Hint.  Vlirrt.,  1)7-10-;  Gli i'soii'.-<  Jli.-if. 
Ca/li.  Ch.,  i.  .'t(U)-70;  TiUliiirn  Hist,  t'al.,  50-2;  Jltrnhaiu'n  Life  int'uL,  101-7; 
Alfdn'z,  Entiidios  Hid.,  '288-327. 


iromo,  HI 
tiered  to 
ad  made 
but  tho 

uona  cpciipt'il 
vw'y  iloor  uf 
/„.,■,  10',1-r.'. 
cliing  iwiity 
le  uuthiir  uf 
ich  siilf  t') 
Hying  sui-vi- 

/'/;^^  Coitip. 

!)0-l. 


I  ^0 


CHAPTER  XI. 


JESUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 
1097-1700. 

DlSCOrRAfiKAIKNT  FROM  PAST  FaIU-RES— KiNo's  EFFORTS — SAI.VATrr.RIlA  Ex- 

i.i.sTi:i)— BuuaiTKH  Prospkcts  at  Last— BEtHUNci  Alm> — Imjinuatiov 
OF  THE  Pior.s  Fr.ND — License  froji  the  Vicekoy — Fri.L  Contiuh,  iv 
Jescit  Hands — Venecas,  Claviceuo,  ami  tiieiu  Fuli.hwehs — Saia"a- 

TIKUKa's  JdlUNEY  TO  THE  NuRTII — VoYAOE  ACROSS  THE  ( ill.F— C'ASTINd 

Lots — At  San  Dio.nisio — Foi'mjino  of  Loreto  Concho — LiN<a  istio 

Sti'HIKS — I'llE  PoRUIU(iE  QfESTION  LeaIJS  TO  HuSTlMTIES — A  HaTII.K  - 

CoMiN(i  OF  Piccolo  — Salva  ierua's  Letters — A  New  Foet-  \k\v 
CiirHcii  FOR  Christmas — The  New  Year— Movements  of  Vi>si;i,s— 
The  Native  Priests  ^[AKE  Tiioini.E— A  Second  Ficht— A  New  Ship-  - 
Pearl-fishery — A  Miracle — Expedition  to  Lon  do — VkmieIjI  vrNiP(>— 
Me-ndoza  Succeeds  Toktolero  as  Caii'ain — View  of  the  Pa(  inc— 
Indian  I'olicy— New  Mission  of  San  Javier — Misfortunes— Loss  of 
tin:  'San  Fermin' — Salvatierra  Visits  the  Main — Vain  Api'Eai.s  to 
Government  for  Aid — Distrust  of  the  Jesuits — Mendozaand  the 
Garrison  Discharged — Salvatierra  Again  Crosses  the  Gulf. 

From  the  time  of  Cortes  to  that  of  Otondo,  we  liavo 
followed  the  siiecessive  attenipts  of  Spaui  to  oecujty 
Califoniia.  All  hatl  resulted  in  failure,  and  several 
in  disjister.  Obstacles,  chief  of  which  Mas  the  fart 
that  the  country  was  not  worth  occupyinuf,  seemed 
iasurnu)untable  hy  the  ordinary  methods.  J  lad  Cali- 
fornian  coasts  been  lined  with  rich  and  fortilied  <ities, 
the  jiroblem  would  have  presented  fewer  dilHculties. 
The  Spani.sh  conqueror,  an  invincible  hero  A\illi  tlie 
prospect  of  hardfig'hting  and  [)lunder  before  him,  wiili- 
out  that  incentive  became  too  often  a  mutinous  male- 
content.  The  ])earls  of  the  gulf  could  be  obtained 
better  by  private  venture  than  by  colonizinuf  expedi- 
tions; and  the  arid  peninsula,  if  it  was  a  piminsula. 

(  27(! ) 


rRELTMIXAniKS.  277 

liad  n<i  otli;^r  attraction  to  tlio  soldier  of  fortune. 
Alter  Otondo's  iiiilurc  in  ir»S;5  the  j^overnnKMit  was 
(liscoinau'ed,  resolving  that  no  more  costlv  cxjx'ditions 
>li(iiild  Itc  fitted  out.  Yet  the  geographical  position 
of  California  made  its  ac([uirenient  iin})ortaiit  if  n<»t 
iiidis[)ensal)le  to  Spain.  A  council,  summoned  for  the 
]iurpose,  resolved  in  IGSO  to  intrust  the  coiupiest  to 
tlie  Comiian}'  of  Jesus;  and  wisely,  for  often  where 
tlie  mettle  of  the  .soldier  had  failed  missionary  zeal 
had  ti'iumi)hed. 

]}ut  the  Jesuits,  though  offered  an  annual  suhsidy 
of  40,()()0  pesos,  declined  the  task,  on  the  ground  that 
the  undertaking  would  involve  temporal  concerns  foi'- 
( ign  to  the  purposes  of  the  company.  They  did  not 
leijard  California  as  a  very  desirahle  field  for  mis- 
sionary  operations;  or  perha[)s  tluiy  hoped  for  more 
favorahle  terms  at  a  later  <hite.^  A  pro[)osition  of 
Lucenilla  to  conquer  the  country  partly  at  his  own 
expense  was  declined;  hut  later  it  was  decided  to  ad- 
vance to  Otondo  30,000  pe>-"^s  as  a  year's  expenses  for 
a  new  attempt.  Just  as  the  money  was  to  be  paid 
over,  there  came  to  the  viceroy  a  royal  demand  for 
I'lnuls,  with  an  order  to  defer  all  Californian  enter- 
prises while  the  Tarahumara  war  lasted.  Tlu^  govern- 
iiient  made  no  more  efforts;  though  Itamana  in  1(»<)-1: 
was  ]»ermitted  to  make  an  entrada  at  his  own  cost, 
whieli  resulted  in  failure." 

Father  Eusebio  Kino,  who  had  accompanied  Otc^ndo, 
never  forgot  Calif  )rnia  or  the  promise  of  missionaries 
to  its  people,     lie  even  became  an  enthusiast  on  the 


'  Tlic  ufTorwas  (Iccliiied  dnriiiL;  tlic  .iljpcnco  of  Piovincuil  BcniulK'  do  Soto, 
ulid  liii  liis  ictuni  is  .said  liy  Salvatit  ria,  Iiijhnnc  <d  Vin  ij,  ,.'T  Mnifo,  17ii',  to 
liinc  iv;;rott(!(l  the  dcuifcioii.  Forty  thousand  jtcsos  is  tliu  subsidy  iiaini-'  in 
!',. (;/.!,<,  \t,t.  <'fi!.,n.  KiO-l.  Ali'j.'rc,  Jiiat.  Coin]'.  J(sii.-<,  iii.  (iO,  inak.  i  it 
."il.iHit).  FatliiT  Kino  and  Adniii'al  Otomlo  arc  said  to  Lave  liuoii  nicinl«.'rs  cif 
thi'  tduni'il.     I  have  found  no  oi'i;:inal  iccovd  of  its  jiriHii'din^'s. 

■  C'lll/oniia,  E>tab.  i/  J'lai/.,  I'J-i;!;  Ali'jrc,-  lliyf.  Coiiqi.  ./'-■"■•■,  iii.  liO.  Kl; 
Vi'Hf'ids,  Xut.  Ciil.,  i.  'j;!S-4l);  Cluriij'  ro,  Slor'm  (Irlln  Cat.,  40,  I7'  •'.  It  was 
said  tiiat  oviT  40  vessels  had  now  faiUjd;  G  eiitiadas  Iiad  teen  (  rdcnd  Ky  tli'i 
l^iui.';  4  iiad  lieen  atteinjited  liy  C'orti's  at  ii  cost  of  over  .SI!0}),nO();  and  !_'  had 
1"  1 11  niach'  hy  private  [leisona.  Itaniarra  liriiuijlit  liack  thv  iiif.irnuitiou  that 
tlie  nativea  were uwuiting  the  i)roinibed  retuni  of  the  niissioaaiiea. 


278 


JESUIT  OCCITATIOX  OF  BA.TA  CALIFORNIA. 


sulijcct,  vowing  to  tlevoto  his  life  to  tlio  work.  As 
the  lifiirt  of*  the  coiKjiieror  is  elated  ut  tlie  prospect  ot' 
a  new  kini^doni  to  vanqnisli,  so  the  heart  of  the  ]  nui^old- 
stadt  votary  glowed  with  jiioiis  i-apture  as  he  eontein- 
plated  the  spiritual  conquest  of  this  virgin  field  of 
j)aganisin  in  the  far  north-west.  It  was  with  this 
object  in  view  that  Kino  obtained  a  transfer  to  tlio 
Sonora  missions.  His  heroic  efforts  in  Alta  ]*inieria 
are  recorded  in  other  chapters  of  this  volume;  and 
M'hile  he  Avas  not  able  to  reach  California  either  by 
Avater  or  land  to  serve  personally,  yet  as  we  shall  see 
he  rendered  no  less  effectual  service  in  his  chosen 
cause.  In  the  north  Kino  met  Father  Juan  ^[an'a 
Salvatierra  on  his  tour  through  the  missions  as  visi- 
tador.^  This  missionary  of  ardent  and  sanofuine  teiii- 
peranient  was  quickly  carried  away  by  the  el()(|U('iit 
fervor  of  his  friend.  The  mantle  of  Kino  had  fallen 
upon  him,  and  from  that  day  forth  the  conversi(jn  of 
California  was  the  object  of  his  life. 

Without  delay  Father  Juan  Maria  put  his  hand  to 
the  })l()agli,  nor  looked  back  till  the  task  was  ended; 
but  it  was  to  cost  him  many  a  trial  and  disappoint- 
ment, and  could  hardly  have  been  accomjilished  by  a 
man  of  less  patient  ])ersistence.  He  nii't  opposition 
from  all  quarters.  The  society,  through  more  than 
one  provincial,  looked  coldly  on  the  scheme  as  im- 
practicable; the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara,  the  vii-eioy 
of  Xew  Spain,  the  king  turned  successively  a  deaf  ear 

'Siilviitiona,  originally  WTitten  Salva-Ticrra,  was  l>orn,  as  Clavigcro  s:iys, 
at  ^lilaii  ill  l(i44,  of  noldo  parentage  and  Spanish  descent,  lli.s  first  studirs 
verc  at  tiic  .seminary  of  I'arni.a.  BeconiinL;  a,  .lesuit,  full  of  /cal  fur  liu'  eoii- 
V(  ihinu  of  lieatlien,  lie  set  out  for  Mexico  in  l(i7">,  and  was  sent  to  tlie  TaiM- 
liuiuaia  missions  of  Xneva  Vizcaya,  where  ho  did  good  service  for  sever, d 
years.  Returning  to  Mexico  he  was  honori'd  liy  ids  su])eiiois  with  liigli  po.--!- 
tions;  hut  all  his  einolunieiits  lie  gave  up,  declining  still  higiier  places — e\cii 
the  post  of  provincial,  the  goal  of  every  Jesuit's  amhition — wlicn  lie  had 
lindertaken  tile  California  enterprise.  Xo  eulogium  on  Salvatierra's  diarai- 
Ur  is  needed  here;  the  pages  tliat  fctliow  will  recount  ids  deeds,  and  tliesc  will 
tell  more  elocjuently  than  words  what  manner  of  man  he  was.  Alcgre,  //('•<'. 
<'omi>.  ./»'«(/.<,  iii.  9((,  gives  his  portrait,  which  is  reproduced  in  Ctleeson's  work. 
Melchor  de  liartironio  in  an  autograph  letter  of  my  collection,  l'iij/<U'/<  t/i  Ji  xui- 
td",  no.  '1\,  ooniinunicates  to  Salvatierra  in  1()'J4  kind  rcineinhrances  frnnitiic 
I'rincess  Doriaand  other  prominent  persons  in  Italy.  Salvatierra's  autograi  h 
occurs  several  times  in  the  collection  just  cited. 


RALVATIERRA'S  EFFORT.^. 


27a 


to  tlic  oiitliusinst's  t'litrc'at'k's.  Tliis  (llsfournq'oincnt 
Hilly  impillctl  Salvaticira  to  I'lvsli  cHoits;  and  la^  was 
clu'tTcd  by  a  letter  tVoiii  Father  Juan  JJaiitista  Za]»p;i 
V,  ho  a.ssuretl  his  old  friend  that  ho  was  chosen  hy  (iod 
to  jtlant  the  faith  in  California.  Za[n>a  promised  a 
.speedy  visit,  and  it  is  even  said  that  he  [taid  it  the 
next  year  in  spirit  form  just  after  his  decease.  IJy 
Ills  advice  Our  Lady  of  Loreto,  the  invincible  conquis- 
tadora,  was  made  by  Father  Juan  ^[ari'a  his  spiritual 
(pieen  and  patroness  of  his  great  enterprise.  Still 
Iht^  years  dragged  on,  and  the  end  seemed  no  neanM-. 
Salvatierra  was  ti'ansferred  from  the  college  at  (Jua- 
(hilajara  t(j  that  of  TejH)Zotlan;  and  in  IGOO  he  visited 
.Mexico,  where  he  met  Kino,  and  the  two  vainly  ex- 
hausted their  powers  of  argument,  each  returning  in 
(Iisap])ointment  to  his  labors. 

]>ut  the  general  of  the  company,  Tirso  Gonzalez  do 
Santaella,  had  become  interested, and  visiting  America 
o[)enly  espoused  the  cause.  The  crown  solicitor,  Josd 
(to  Miranda  Villaizan,  had  long  been  Salvatiorra's 
iViend;  and  tlie  provincial,  Palacio  liad  been  won 
owr.*  Under  such  intluencos  the  audiencia  saw  the 
scheme  in  a  dilferent  light,  and  representeil  it  favor- 
ahlv  to  the  vicerov.  The  sky  looked  briii'hter.  Sal- 
vatierra  was  released  by  his  provincial  from  other 
(iuties  to  seek  pecuniary  aid  from  private  sources,  it 
being  understood  that  nothing  could  be  expected  from 
tlic  crown,  lie  went  to  ^Eexico  for  that  purpose  early 
ill  1(597.  There  he  mot  Father  Juan  Ugarte,  j)ro- 
It'ssor  of  philosophy  in  the  Jesuit  college,  a  man  as 
shrewd  as  he  was  jtious,  with  a  remarkable  address  in 
the  management  of  tt'inporal  alfairs,  who  \,  '•[  unlim- 
ited zeal  joined  Salvatierra  in  the  woi'k  of  collecting 
funds,  and  consented  to  act  as  y^eneral  as^fent  of  tiio 
cnter[)risc  in  Mexico. 

■•TIic  story  is  that  Palacios,  an  opponent  of  tlip  Kchenip,  was  attackcil  l>y 
a  siiiiiiis  illness  at  Tcpozotlan.  and  1)(>j.',l;o(1  the  intcrci'ssion  of  t!ii'  iicti'i'  ainl 
his  novifis.  Salvatierra,  liowever,  saiil  ln'  eoulil  liold  out  no  iiupe  unless  tlie 
■■^iiU  man  would  promise  the  vii'gin  his  aid  tii  tlie  California  mission;  w  here- 
upon the  I'riyhteued  provincial  vowed  to  urge  the  matter,  and  Sahatierm 


280 


JKSUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


Tho  first  fruit  of  tlu'ir  unitod  efforts  wns  a  proiDiso 
of  2,000  poHOH  from  tl»o  count  of  Miravallcs  and  tin; 
marquis  of  Bucna  Vista.  The  generous  exam])lr;  was 
quiekly  followed,  and  soon  the  contributions  amounted 
to  l.'ijOOO  pesos.  Then  the  congregation  of  Dolores 
in  Mexico  gave  8,000  pesos  to  endow  a  mission,  after- 
ward increasing  the  sum  to  12,000  or  an  annual  reve- 
nue of  500  pesos.  To  crown  all,  Juan  Caballero  y 
Osio,  a  wealthy  priest  of  Queretaro,  subscribed  20,000 
])esoH  as  a  fund  for  two  other  missions,  promising, 
moreover,  to  honor  all  drafts  bearing  Salvatierra's  sig- 
nature. These  generous  contributions  were  the  foun- 
dation of  the  famous  J  undo  j>/(r(/o,s'o  de  Cidifornids. 
Pedro  Gil  de  la  Sierpe,  treasurer  at  Acapulco,  gave  a 
lancha,  or  long-boat,  and  promised  to  lend  a  galliot  to 
cross  the  gulf 

There  was  a  royal  cedula  forbidding  expeditions  to 
California;  but  it  was  urged  that  the  Tarahumaia 
war,  the  fountiation  of  that  order,  was  ended;  d  an 
argument  of  still  greater  wei'dit  was  that  t  n'al 
jioeket  was  not  to  be  touched.  After  much  discission 
the  viceroy,  Condo  de  Moctezuma,  granted  a  license; 
on  February  5,  1607.  It  empowered  Salvatierra  and 
Kino  to  undertake  the  conversion  of  the' Californians 
on  two  conditions;  first,  that  it  should  be  at  their  own 
expense,  and  second,  that  the  country  should  bo  taken 
possession  of  in  the  name  of  the  king.  They  might 
enlist  and  pay  soldiers,  appoint  and  remove  officials; 
indeed  the  whole  aftair  was  left  in  their  hands. 

Thus  the  boon  so  long  and  patiently  sought  was 
obtained — permission  to  enter  at  their  own  risk  and 
cost  a  poor  and  unattractive  country  for  the  purpose 
of  converting  the  heathen;  and  no  conqueror  ever 
craved  more  persistently  leave  to  invade  and  plunder 
a  rich  province.  It  has  been  the  fai^hion  to  see  sinis- 
ter and  selfish  designs  in  all  Jesuit  undertakings;  but, 
however  much  Loyola's  followers  in  other  parts  of 

l)rought  an  image  from  the  Casa  de  Loreto  which  effected  a  cure.  Akijre,  Jli^l. 
Com}).  Jesm,  iii.  90-1. 


.SUCCESS  AT  LAST. 


L'Sl 


i])v  world  inny  liavo  nuritod  this  opprobrium,  no  just 
]M  rsoii  will  8us|n'('t  that  the  fouinh-rs  of  the  Calitomia 
iiilssioiis  were  actuated  hy  any  hut  the  purest  motives. 
Tliat  the  founders  in  servin*^  God  sought  to  advance 
tilt'  ulory  of  their  order,  and  that  the  Jesuits  not  only 
(htanied  of  undiscovered  wealtli  in  the  north-west, 
hut  attached  an  otherwise  inex{)lieal)le  importance  to 
the  arid  peninsula  in  comjtarison  with  other  missionaiy 
jiclds  hy  reason  of  the  exclusive  control  given  to  the 
society,  are  faet^;  that  by  no  njeans  detract  from  the 
credit  duo  to  Salvatierra  and  his  associates.  Nor  is  it 
stranuco  that  Jesuit  and  other  Catholic  writers  have 
exaijijreratod  the  difficulties  overcome  and  the  magni- 
tude of  the  achievement. 

Ticaving  Ugarte  to  collect  and  invest  the  promised 
fluids/'  Salvatierra  hastened  to  Sinaloa  to  make  pri])- 
niations  for  his  voyage.  He  spent  some  time  in  a 
iVnitless  search  for  two  Californians  brouglit  over  by 
( )ton(lo,  who  would  have  been  njost  useful  as  inter- 
pieters,  but  who  were  concealed  by  their  master  lest 
their  services  as  slaves  nii<dit  be  lost. 


■Tlie  standnril  authority  on  the  early  history  of  the  missions  has  always 

liccii  Vi'itpijax  {M'Kjtit'l),  Ndtiria  de  la  Ca/ljhriiio,  y  de  hh  comjuuta  tcmiinral, 
y  I  ■'j/irilintl  hasta cl litmjio priKfiite.  Sncadn  de  la  h'lMnrla  muuvKcritaforma'Ui 
III  Mi.iiro  aiiu  dell  JO,  jior  (I  J'ddre  Afiijiiil  I'^eiicija-fi,  de  la  Hoinjuinki  dt  J(  ku^; 
y  lie  otirm  Noticicfi,  y  ItihtnnyeA  uitliijunx  y  viodtriiits,  Aiiadida  dr  idijiiiiiiH 
,ii(i/i(is  jKirlkittaren;  y  nno  iji  n(r<d  de  la  America  Septentrional,  Asia  Orientrd 
y  Mitr  del  Sitr  hdi  rmedk),  furtnadox  sohre  lua  Mriiwrias  vian  recientei,  y  exartan, 
</iie  i-i'  /inhliean  jnn/ainente.  J)(dirada  al  Hey  ^'^i""  Si  I'lo,'  ]wr  la  Provineia  de, 
Xiii  rii-Ksjtann,  de  la  Conipauiit  de  Jexua.  Madrid,  17o7i  H  vols.  The  authcjr 
never  visited  California,  but  wrote  in  Mexico,  using  as  his  material  letters  of 
the  missionaries  and  otlier  documents,  including  a  manuscript  history  hy 
I'.iilre  Taraval.  About  10  years  after  its  completion,  in  17H9,  it  fell  into  the 
liiiiids  of  I'adre  Andrea  ^lareos  Hiirriel,  a  learned  .Jesuit  of  Madrid,  who  nuiilo 
extensive  additions  from  Sjijinisli  arcliives,  improved  it  in  form  and  style, 
and  linidly  published  it,  adding  siveral  majjs  an<l  illustratior.s.  Some  of  tlie 
iimiKs  1  reproduce  in  tlieir  projter  place.  The  work  is  in  four  parts,  of  which 
the  first  treats  of  the  eo\intry  anil  its  inhabitants;  the  second,  of  voyages  to 
Cilitiiniia  Ixifore  ItiltT,  as  alieady  utilixed  in  tliis  volume;  the  third  gives  the 
mission  liistory  down  to  17">-;  and  the  fourtli  discusses  the  latest  northern 
explorations  .and  to  some  exti'Ut  the  Xortliern  Mystery.  An  English  transla- 
tiiin,  marked  hy  luimerous  errors  anil  omissions,  was  the  X<dtind  awl  Clril 
llixinrii  of  California.  London.  17.")i',  -  vols.;  and  this,  retranslated  into 
French,  was  the  Histoire  Nalunllr  et  Civile  de  la  Cidifornie.  i'aris. '1707,  S 
vols..  I'imo,  containing  in  tlie  preface  a  bitter  attack  on  the  .Jesuits,  with 
much  incorrect  infornuition  on  the  missiou  system.     There  was  also  a  (jler- 


:{82 


JESUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  BA.TA  CALIFORMA. 


Hav'.ng  to  wait  for  tlio  craft  promised  by  Sicrpo, 
Salvatierra  made  a  visit  to  the  scene  of  former  laltors 
ill  the  mountains;  and  later  a  revolt  in  TarahiiiiKMa 
Alta  required  his  presence,  so  that  he  was  delayed  till 
the  middle  of  Aug:ist.     Back  at  the  Yacjui  he  found 


man  translation  and  a  Dutch  one.  The  work  of  Vcnegas  and  Burricl  dosrrvrs 
notliiiij,' l)iit  pniiisc  liotli  formatter  and  stylo.  It  i.s  a  straii,'litforwar(l  st.itc- 
mi'ut  of  facts  dci'ivcd  from  the  host  sources;  notahly  free  fioiri  the  hif^otry, 
tedious  dissertations,  and  other  defects  that  often  marred  missionary  chruui- 
oles.  It  was  well  nigli  the  first  work  to  a])ply  eonnaon  sense  tr,  the  soliiticu 
of  nortliern  geograpliical  prohlonis.  Douldless  tiiei'o  may  l)e  sonic  truth  in 
Do  I'auw's  st.  tomcnt,  llrcherrhcH  Phil.,  i.  luS-lt,  that  tho  work  was  iutendicl 
hy  the  .Jesuits  as  a  refutation  of  charges  by  Anson  anil  others;  but  it  was  tlie 
most  legitimate  of  dofenecs,  <a  plain  record  of  what  die  Jesuits  had  doui^  in 
California,  valid  in  the  absence  of  evidence  agaii'oC  them.  l)e  Pauw's  eliaruD 
that  after  reading  it,  'on  ne  salt  absolument  r'jii:  on  rostc  dans  rillusinu  uu 
ri'.'noiTMCt',  and  on  s'etonne  cpi'on  ait  pii  tav.c  parlvr  d'un  pays,  sans  on  lit  ii 
dire,'  is  a  very  nnjnst  and  stupid  oiio 

Foremost  aau'iig  ilia  followers  of  Vencgas  is  Francesco  Savcrio  ClavigcrK, 
a  naUve  of  V'.ra  Cruz  of  Italian  extraction,  of  whom  in  connection  witli  his 
famous  work  on  Mexico  much  is  said  in  otiier  pai'ts  of  this  work.  He,  like 
Vencgas,  never  visited  California;  but  he  collected  much  material  in  Moxir  >, 
and  after  the  expulsion  Meiit  to  live  in  Italy,  wiiere  he  wrote  his  book,  ]iuli- 
lishcd  two  years  after  his  death.  S/oria  ild/a  <  'ttll/uniin.  U/n'ra  jionfioiKt  dl 
A'lb.  Siij.  Ahdic  J),  Fmiircsro  Sarrrio  Clnrii/iro.  Vonozia,  ITfSO.  l'2mo,  'J  vols. 
A  Spanish  translation  was  the  Ili.-'torUt,  dc  In  Aii/iijiin  6  Jitijd  Cfli/oiiiiit. . 
'J'railiidi/ii  jior  el  pnshih  ru  IJ.  Nicoldx  Liu  rein  (A  fiiiii  Vtcciili'.  Mexico,  iS.'i'J. 
An  iMiglish  translation  from  the  Spanish  of  all  or  ]iart  of  tlie  work  was  pub- 
lished in  the  S.  iJiii/o  JfcraUl,  18.")8;  and  an  abridged  translation  of  fragnu  iiis 
was  the  ///■■<torir(il  Oii/Hiic  of  Lairvr  Cal.,  San  Fiancisco,  n.d.  (after  iMi:.'). 
C'lr  vigero's  record  for  tlic  first  half  century  is  little  more  than  a  cojiy  fif  W  lu  - 
gat ;  but  for  later  years  lie  used  the  maiiusciiiit  histories  of  pailres  Jiarco  niid 
Ventura,  lioth  missionaries  in  California  for  many  years,  who  rcviseil  1i:-j 
work  and  made  additions.  Tliough  not  tlie  result  of  much  original  resoanli 
the  work  is  based  upon  excellent  authority;  and  it  is  besides  clearly  and  cli- 
gai!*ly  written.  Alogre,  JiiH.  Coinj).  Jcsks — a  work  noticed  elsewhere  in 
that  part  relating  to  California,  follows  Vencgas  very  closely-,  omitting  notli- 
iiig.  but  ".jiideiisiiig  greatly. 

The  authorities  cited,  and  chiefly  Vencgas,  have  been  followed,  at  first  ^r 
second  hand,  by  modern  Avriters,  who  iiave  added  notliiug  but  iiiac(Ui';i(ir, 
soiue  of  tlieni  not  even  those.  Tliere  arc  other  original  authorities  eousultid 
by  me,  to  be  mentioned  in  later  notes  of  this  and  otlier  chapters;  but  tinM! 
have  had  no  inlluenec  on  modern  works.  D  musL  lie  noted  tiiat  most  worlds, 
otlior  tlian  Spanisli,  have  consulteil  the  Kiiglinh  traiislatio'i  of  Vcnegas  or  tlie 
secondary  French  ti'anslatio'.;,  .oid  have  tlius  jiciiietuated  many  errors.  Many 
sketclies  of  the  .Jesuit  era  have  lieon  written  at  ]irefatory  matter  to  tlie  ;ni- 
nals  of  Upprr  California,  without  original  resoarcli  or  much  regard  for  acru- 
racy;  but  there  have  also  been  carefully  prepared  'leeoiuits.  ('(in/aniiii,  hy 
J>.  J'.  E.  7'.,' is  an  account  published  in  I7!l!»  in  I'iiK/cro  Uiiifir-titl,  xx\i. 
I-IHS).  Lit.txipn.^,  Jh'  lit  ('i)loiii:.(icioii  dc  la  Ji'ijd  ('iil'ifuniUi.  Mexico,  !S."i!), 
though  mainly  dcvotfcl  to  events  of  a  later  ]ieriod,  gives  an  able  review  if 
the  earliest  missionary  peritxl.  I/i-^/o/rc  Chrilirinii'  tic  Itt.  Cttlijhriiii'.  /'"/• 
Mitiliiiiit'  lit  Citmfc<xe  *  *  *.  I'laiii'v,  IS.'d  ;  also  in  S|)anish  Cttli/oniiit,  l/ixf.  t'ri-'- 
Ihinit,  ^Mexico,  lS(i4.  giving  .K^suit  annals  down  to  174(i,  has  nothing  original, 
having  been  drawn  apparently  from  tlie  inaccurate  i'^rench  edition  of  \'eni'- 
gas,  and  the  writer  haviiig  added  divers  inaccuracies  of  her  own.   ClleeKOn's 


MISSIONARIES  AFLOAT. 


283 


Sierpo, 
r  laltdis 
liuiiutra 
xycd  till 
e  found 


icl  (losrrvcs 
ivaid  st.i te- 
lle liigotrv, 
liiry  cliivjiii- 
lic  si)liitii)ii 
111.-,  tnitli  ill 
IS  iiiteiiilcil 
t  it  was  tlic 
iiil  (loiui  ill 
iiw's  cliai-uo 
[■illusion  mi 
sans  eii  liuii 

i  Clavigcro, 

m  witli  liis 

.     Ilr,  liko 

ill  ^Ii'xic ), 

lioiik,  ]iiili- 

-'mo,  '2  vnls. 
difornhi. . 

L'XicO,   IS.'i'J. 

V  was  \m\i- 
f  fra'^nunts 
iftei-'^l.v;-..'). 
fif  Vtiic- 
'art'o  ami 
vised   his 

IX'SCIIlrh 

y  ami  eii'- 

\\lnTc'-    in 

iig  iiulli- 


at  first  or 
K'ciiraiic-', 

coiisiiltcd 
lilt  tlusD 
;t  works, 
as  or  till! 

IS.    Many 

to  tln'  :iii- 
for  accu- 

sill,  xx\i. 

Nifo,  !s:.!t, 

review  >  f 

(•;//('.      /''•■/• 

//^s•^  rv;>- 

•X  (iii,:^'inal, 
of  N'eiie- 
llkcaoua 


the  1,'uicha  and  galliot,  and  was  greeted  by  the  coni- 
inander  with  a  harrowing  tale  of  perils  escaped  !»}•  Our 
L;uly  s  aid  on  the  way  IVorn  Aeai)uleo.''  The  vessels 
were  ke])t  waiting  ibr  nearly  two  months  longer;  and 
after  all  there  was  great  disappointment,  chiefly  l)e- 
eause  Father  Kino  was  prevented  by  Indi.'.n  troubles 
iVoni  joining  the  party  as  ho  intended,  and  also  because 
lor  the  same  reasons  only  a  small  quantity  of  |)ro- 
visions  could  be  obtained.  Francisco  IMaria  l^iceolo 
had  boon  appointed  in  Kino's  ])lace,  but  was  not  waited 
\\n:  With  a  military  escort  of  six  men,  a  motley  army 
witli  which  Cortes  himself  mi<>ht  have  iiesitated  to 
undertake  a  conquest.  Father  Juan  resolved  to  embark 
without  further  delay,  a  step  characteristic  of  tho 
man.' 

Jlisinr;/  < if  the  CathnVtc,  Church  hi  ('aH/oru'iri,  San  Francisco  1S72.  2  vols.,  ig 
hiru'c  ly  (levotcil  to  tlic  peninsula  missions.  'J'lie  author  closely  follows  Vi  ue- 
t'as  ami  Alegve.  lie  is  Koniewhat  over-.'Uixioiis  to  defend  the  mis.^iouaiiea 
lioiii  all  accusations,  devoting  to  this  snlijcct  niiicli  space  that  niiLrhi  he  moru 
]irnlir;i1ily  utilized  for  a  ]ilain  record  of  events.  An  important  iiait  of  J. 
i;o:  .1  ISrowiie's  <S'/'c,v7(  of  thr  Siltli  nioit  fiinl  I'.rplnni/inii  of  /^iiirir  ('(illth.-niii, 
>-:a\  Francisco,  lK(i!),  is  Alex.  S.  'J'aylor's  ///■■iforicul  Siiwiiinnj  of  l.oirrf  (''i/i- 
f.ni'ui,  J.~>.J..'-1S(1^.  'I  his  is  prolialily  the  liest  of  the  works  that  have  resulted 
from  the  nntirinrr  zeal  and  limited  op])ortiiiiities  of  the  author.  It  is  laruiely 
I oiiliiud  to  voyages,  Init  gives  «,  coni'iso  review  of  mission  history.  A'av.ir- 
retc  in  his  iiitroducti  jii,  ISiil/l }/  Mcvirmiti.  V'lfije,  gives  a  hrief  review-  of  tho 
foiiiuling  of  tho  iiiisfio:'.?;  tind  there  is  .some  information  in  K<riiiliro,  Kol'fUiH 
J.'</if<l.  ((('  Soiiorii,  Mexico,  iS4!>.  See  also  statements  en  I'esiimc  in  Fnjcx, 
/lis/,,ria  Hrcvc,  244  et  seq.;  Dirriomirio  Un'in r-^al  <li-  lll't.  y  (Icn^j.,  jiasMiii, 
ImIii;,'  largely  hiographical  Hk<'tclies(if  the  missionaries;  iSV.  Mv.r.  (Iioii.,  /In/., 
V.  41'):  viii.  (mS;  ix  2;!.");  1  lcniiiii(h~.,  ('n)iiii<u(l.  ilc  d'ni;/.,  no.  ii. ;  //ii/iiIujI'/, 
J.'<ni:i  I'oJ'itiqiie,  ,'U()  et.sc(|.;  Williams  I Mr,i  E.)  t'al/i(,lic  Minsioiit  in  Cul.  In 
III sj.i'/'icdi,  ix.-x.;  Jhliiporli',  Voiiiii/i'iir  Froiirois,  x.  Mill  i'tse([.;  Aimoii'n  J'l.i/. 
f';/r,  .'{27  et  seij.,  L('i'sc\t  /li.'t.  Oiilliiw;  Lor/.-iiiinra  Trnrclt  of  I  In-  JikiiHa,  i.  Hil,") 
et  s('i[. ;  A'.7'".'<  Hist.  Sri'iie". .")(),  etc. ;  Ilin/hi  -i'  ( 'iil.  nf  tlw  Pitilri  ■■>,  eti'.  'J'liere  is 
also  a  n'suuii':  in  Forhis'  Hid.  Cnl.;  an  exeelh  lit  one  in  TiilliiU'-i  llisl.  Cnl.; 
ami  others  of  varying  degrees  of  accurac  y  in  many  works  on  I'jipir  ( 'alifor- 
iiia  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  name  h<re.  All  the  works  cited  follow  Vem-- 
gas  aiul  Clavigcro  is  already  cxiilaiiied.  Other  authorities,  oritdiial  in  tho 
scii.se  of  not  following  the  writi  is  named,  -,\ill  ],v  not  iced  in  note  l.'i  of  tliisrlia|i- 
t(r;  and  elsewliero  s..nie  w  ill  he  mentioned  as  lieloiiuiiiLT  to  special  topics  or  t'> 
later  events  exclusis  cly. 

""he  commander  wf.s  .I'lian  Maria  I'onicro  de  la  Sierpc,  con  ^in  of  the 
treasurer.  Vencgas,  ii.  lli,  s'lys  the  tri]i  lunl  lasted  seven  months,  whiili 
must  lie  ail  error.  Clavigi'ro,  i.  IS.'!,  makes  it  one  mouth  and  seven  days. 
The  vessels  ran  tin  a  rock  near  >ia\  id:''!;  ,,t  ( 'hacala  the  men  were  mutinous 
oil  learning  that  there  was  to  lie  nopcai  1-lishiiig;  they  were  also  in  great  dan- 
ger while  waiting  at  Va(|iii;  liiit  the  viii;in  le(l  them  to  a  hidden  anchoriigo 
as  she  had  rescued  them  frciin  pr("vioiis  perils.  Siilriiliirni,('(irlii!<.  112. 

"The  ]iadres  .at  Vai|Ui  gave  .'iO  cattle,  one  horse,  U)  »hee]i,  and  f  "ii'  pigs, 
which  were  put  on  tho  luuclia.  Salcalii  rru,  Curtdn,  15.     Somethiiiij  was  done 


2S4 


JESUIT  OCCUrATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


Ill  tliG  evening  of  October  10,  1G97,  the  vessels 
left  the  port  of  the  Yacjiii,  anchoring  t)utskle;  and 
next  morning  spread  their  canvas  for  the  voyage. 
The  missionaries  on  shore  watched  their  venturesome 
hrotlicr  depart,  expecting  never  to  hear  of  him  again 
alive,  and  perliaps  envying  his  prospective  crown  of 
martyrdom.  It  seemed  as  if  these  forebodings  were 
to  be  sjieedily  fuhilled;  iov  hardly  had  the  galliot 
sailed  a  league  when  a  squall  clr-ove  her  aground  on  a 
sand  bar;  but  with  strenuous  cxercions  on  the  part  of 
all  she  was  again  set  afloat.  By  night  they  had  a<'- 
vanced  ten  leaofues;  next  morning  the  Calii'orniau 
coast  was  sighted;  and  at  dusk  they  anchored  in  Saii 
Bruno  Bay.  Fearful  of  slioals  they  put  to  sea  again ; 
and  in  the  ni<>-ht  the  lancha  lost  si<']it  of  her  consort 
and  was  driven  back  to  tlic  main.  The  ualliot  was 
driven  next  day  uji  to  Conce})cit)n  Ba}',  where  th(.' 
vovau'ers  landed  the  15tli  to  say  mass,  returning-  soulli - 
ward  in  tlie  night  and  landing  on  the  IGth  at  San 
Bruno.  A  fc;w  natives  were  met  here  who  kissed  tlio 
Christ  and  were  most  friendly.  Salvatierra  with  Tor- 
tolero  and  othei's  {)roceoded  to  Otondo's  old  camp  at 
some  distance,  where  they  spent  tlie  night;  but  \]cvr. 
was  only  desolation;  water  was  scanty  and  brackish; 
it  was  no  place  for  a  mission;  and  they  returned  ti) 
the  shore  much  disheartened.  Then  Ca})tain  Bomero 
bethought  him  of  a  pleasant  cove  at  San  ]3ionisio 
some  ten  leagues  farther  south  which  he  had  visited 
l)efore.'*  ]\y  the  casting  ci'  lt>ts  the  matter  was  hit 
to  the  virgin  patroness,  and  the  decision  was  in  favor 

townril  liiivin^'a  small  vossi'l  l)nilt  for  tlio  Ciilifornia  scrvico,  l)ut  it  wns  iicvor 
liiiislicil.  A/.,  l."i.*>-i'i;  ^\/insi,  Ai'diit'-i,  "jriO.  'J'lio  foi'cc  was  c(ini]K)s('(l  of  AltVrcz 
l^uis  (Ic  Tones  Tortoleru;  I'lsti'vaii  l{oiliii;iuv.  Lorcnxo.  a  I'ditiigiU'sc  w  Im  later 
lii'caiui'  ia|itaiii;  Ijaitolciiiic'  du  Ivohli'S  FigiU'ioa.  a  crcoli' of  (liiailalajai.i:  .liiaii 
•Caiavafia,  a  .Maltt'so;  Xirolas  .Mai(|iU'/.,  a  Sicilian,  and  .Tiiaii,  a  rciiiviaii 
mulatto.  Also  tliron  Indians,  Fniniisco,  Aloiiso,  and  Seliastian,  from  Sinaloa, 
Siinoia.  ancl  .Jalisco  n's|icctivtly.  Ivonicru  conniiaiidcd  the  vessels,  and  tluic 
were  six  sailors  on  tlic  lanciia. 

'*'I)os  anos  anti's,'  says  Salvatierra.  Carfin',  1'2\,  Tliis  nuiy  1)c  a  misprint 
for  '(lore  anos,'  m  liicli  miirlit  make  the  statement  agree  with  that  of  N'euegas, 
ii.  It),  that  Komeio  liad  hecu  with  Otoudoj  or  he  may  havo  acoompuuiud  somu 
jirivate  pearl  expedition. 


FOUNDING  OF  LORETO. 


285 


of  a  change.  Accordingly  tlio  advonturcrs  iccnihailcod 
and  arrived  safely  the  IStli  at  San  Dionisio.  It 
])roved  to  be  a  desirable  spot, well  wooded  and  watered, 
and  inhabited  by  tractable  natives.  Beginnini;-  on 
the  10th  it  took  four  days  to  pitch  their  camp  on  a 
mesa  at  a  little  distance  from  the  shore  and  to  bring- 
there  the  galliot's  car<]fo. 

The  stores  in  a  triangle  round  the  camp  formed  an 
impromptu  fort;  a  j^edi'cro,  or  swivel-gun,  mounted  on 
a  mezquitc  stump,  was  their  artillery.     The  natives 


f;    J'  L    F 


,      ^       o )  r'  ^ 

0  C™ii.in.lii---Tsirutiif  i,  <J— ' 


ll..lt'  Alioiiit' 


V^ 


^: 


■-<> 


?  C   -I    /.    /    /•  o    /.•    v    /      t 


i:i 


"<. 


u- 


LoRETO  AND   ViCIMITY,  1700. 

lu^lped  willingly  enough  for  a  daily  allowance  of  ])o 
or  [)(tii:;!ge,  and  a  handful  of  maize  for  each  spc 
t;isk.      ]''amiliarity   soon   tliminished    their    fear 
respect  ibr  the  sti'angei's,  resulting  in  thel'ts  and 
jiudent  disregai'd  for  rebuke;  but  a  strict  watch 
kept.     A  smart  show^-r  tell  on  the  23d,  much  to 
damage  of  exjiosed  stores  and  to  the  suiprise  of 
new-comers,  who  had  su]»])osed  it  never  rained  in  ( 
furnia.     Next  day  the  image  of  Our  Lady  of  l^o 
was  landed,  and  carried  in  procession  with  great  c 
niony  to  the  camp,  where  a  cross  had  been  set  up 


•cial 

and 

im- 

was 

til.' 

the 

'ali- 

reto 

ere- 

uud 


2SC 


JESUIT  OCCUPATIOX  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


a  ivut  prepared  as  a  church.  On  the  25th  mass  was 
said  and  I'ornud  possession  of  the  country  taken  for 
Spain.  Such  was  the  founding  of  the  first  Cahfornia 
mission,  named  Loreto  in  honor  of  tlie  holy  patroness." 
Thc!  native  name  of  the  phice  seems  to  have  been 
Conclio,  or  at  least  early  letters  were  generally  dated 
at  Loreto  Concho. 

Of  the  lancha,  bearing  six  men  and  the  best  part 
f)f  the  sup))lies,  notliing  had  been  heard  for  two  wieks. 
The  loss,  if  she  was  lost,  must  be  made  good  without 
delay;  and  the  2Gth  the  galeota  sailed  in  quest  of  nun 
and  provisions.  ^leanwhile  Salvatierra,  besides  serv- 
ing as  priest,  officei",  sentry,  and  even  cook,  had  found 
8ome  spare  moments  to  study  the  native  tongue,  lie 
had  a  vocabulary  and  catechism  made  by  Copart  at 
the  time  of  Otondo's  visit.  Cliildren  were  his  clii^f 
instructors,  and  his  pronunciation  caused  much  meri'i- 
ment  among  his  little  fellow-students;  but  by  dint  of 
infinite  i)atience  a  kind  of  jargon  of  Spanish,  Indian, 
and  gestures  was  formed  to  meet  present  needs.  It 
is  wonderful  with  what  facility  the  New  World  mis- 
sionaries acquired  the  native  languages.  It  is  not 
iinconunon  to  find  them  a  few  days  after  arrival  in  a 
new  country  giving  religious  instruction  in  the  ver- 
nacular. Great  as  was  their  zeal  and  skill,  however, 
it  is  likely  that  a  literal  rendering  of  what  was  said  on 
both  sides  at  these  early  conferences  would  be  more 
amusing  than  instructive.  Sal  vatierra  soon  had  regular 
hours  for  teaching  [trayers  tt)  the  more  tractable  of 
his  flock,  distributing  after  lessons  extra  allowances 
of  pozole.  This  pleased  the  recipients;  but  there  were 
many  others,  averse  to  i)rayers  and  work  but  fond  of 
porridge,  who,  when  they  saw  that  only  the  pious  and 
industrious  were  to  be  supported,  waxed  wroth  and 
helped  themselves  to  whatevei'  they  could  lay  hands 
on.     They  did  not  fail  to  note  the  diminished  force 

'Salvjiticrni's  letter  to  Ugarte  of  Xov.  27tli,  Snhmfiirm,  C<ir/'t.i,  ll.V'JS, 
pivcd  a  niucli  move  letailtd  account  of  events  tluwu  to  this  jioint  than  <lcj 
A'ene;,'as,  t'hivigtro,  Alej,'re,  lunl  the  host  of  Icsaer  Ijjjhts  lellectiui^  those 
luuiiiiui'iea.     Ou  these  letters,  see  uotu  15. 


ATTACK  ON  THE  FORT. 


2S7 


of  llic  strangers  after  the  vessel's  departure.  Besides 
constantly  pilferinuf  IVcnn  tlie  niai/.e-saeks  they  on  one 
occasion  (h'ove  oil' the  sheep  and  goats,  and  on  another 
stole  the  only  horse.  Fortunately  the  convert  favoi-ites 
served  as  informers  and  the  stolen  i)ro[)erty  was  gen- 
erally recovered. 

( )etol)er  21)th  there  appeared  a  chief,  "a  great  eater" 
says  Salvatierra,  whose  body  was  half  consumed  l>y 
cancer,  who  said  he  had  been  named  ])ionisio  by 
Otondo's  party,  and  who  revealed  a  })lot  of  the  ^NTon- 
(juis  to  attack  the  camp  that  night.  Pre[»arations 
were  hastily  made  to  give  the  foe  a  warm  reception, 
and  a  careful  watch  was  kept.  At  midnight  a  gun 
was  hoard  at  sea  in  the  direction  of  the  Monqui  ran- 
clieria,  and  was  answered  by  a  discharge  of  the  pt'drvro. 
At  dawn  a  dej)arting  vessel  was  seen,  but  from  a 
native  who  had  boarded  the  craft  it  was  learned  to  be 
the  galliot  still  bountl  for  Yaqui,  and  not  the  lanclia 
as  had  been  hoped.  The  sail  and  the  guns  had 
iViglitened  the  hostile  natives;  but  the  1st  of  Novem- 
ber they  came  to  the  mission  in  large  numbers,  aruu-d 
willi  stones  and  wooden  swords,  demanding  ])ozole. 
Jh  iiig  gi\en  food  they  became  more  insolent  and  were 
iinally  driven  away  by  the  threats  of  the  Sjjaniards 
after  discharging  a  volley  of  stones  at  the  I'ort.*"  Ni'xt 
<lay  they  came  bark  for  pozole  as  if  nothing  had 
happened,  I'eccived  it,  and  were  allowed  to  hang  about 
until  evening,  when  with  the  aid  of  a  iierce  dog  they 
were  again  dismissed.  This  state  of  aifairs  lasted 
several  days  till  the  latiguc  of  watching  bi'gan  to  tell 
(•11  the  little  force,  provisions  also  becoming  scarce  to 
inalai  their  condition  des[)erate. 

J  hit  worse  was  yet  to  come.  November  I'Jth  ])io- 
iiisio,  ba))tized  the  day  before  by  reason  of  his  increas- 
ing illness,  gjive  warning  of  a  new  attack.     Next  day 

'"Olio  Indian  thrcatonfd  to  kill  Salviitioiifi  if  lie  did  luit  f,'ivo  liini  rv  sM-k 
fit' iiijiize.  Tlin  ]i;nln',  lidwivcf,  ]ir(ti'iidcd  to  liii.st;dic  tliu  word  ///('  'tnkili,' 
i"V  iiUi.s,  till'  iiiiiiic  (it  fill  hidiiiii  lunicd  ;i\v;iy  l)y  <  ttoiido,  and  tims  \\liiic  talk- 
iiii,'  loiuid  Ills  way  uiitof  tliu  ju.stliiiy  crowd  into  tliu  iiitium'liUKiil.s.  Satni- 
tiiint,  L'urtag,  IIJO-O. 


.Ml 


2S8 


JESUIT  OCCUPATIOX  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


the  Indians  were  more  insolent  than  ever.  Some  of 
tliuni  managed  to  pick  a  quarrel  witli  tlie  guard,  and 
were  driven  off  by  the  fiery  Tortolero.  Live-stock 
was  driven  in,  and  even  while  it  was  being  done  a  lew 
arrows  fell  round  the  camp  like  the  big  drops  precetliug 
a  tempest.  Everybody  stood  to  arms,  Salvatieri-a 
with  the  rest,  and  in  a  few  moments  they  were  as- 
saulted on  all  sides.'*  For  two  hours  a  stoi'm  of 
arrows,  stones,  and  dirt  raged  against  the  camp,  doing 
but  slight  damage;  then  there  was  a  lull,  foJlow^-il 
by  a  renewed  assault.  It  was  time  to  teach  tlic  bar- 
barians a  lesson,  and  the  pedrero,  the  great  ho[)e  of 
the  jjilgrims,  was  trained  upon  the  screaming  mob 
and  discharged.  Where  was  Our  Lady  of  l^orcto! 
The  gun  burst,  knocked  the  gunner  down,  TiUil  came 
near  annihilating  the  rest  of  His  Catholic  ]\rajestv's 
force  in  California.  Seeing  the  enemy  thus  lujist 
with  his  own  petard,  and  expecting  to  lind  nothing 
left  in  camp  but  pozole,  tiic  savages  rushed  forward, 
and  retreated  with  no  less  alacrity  on  being  mot 
with  a  shower  of  bullets  which  killed  three  of  tlieir 
number  and  wounded  many  more.  At  sunset  a  nus- 
senger  came  to  beg  for  peace,  and  women  brought 
children  as  hostages.  They  were  surprised  to  lind  no 
otie  hurt;  for  Figueroa  and  Tortolero  concealed  the 
fact  that  they  were  wounded. 

The  cry  of  *  A  sail  I*  startled  the  Loreto  pilgrims  on 
the  15th,  and  soon  tlic  lost  lancha  came  to  anclior,'' 
M'ith  welcome  supplies  and  reenforcements,  which  j>nt 
the  garrison  in  high  s[)irits  and  stimulated  Salvatitiia 
to  renewed  efforts.  The  arquebuse  had  proved  mightier 


"  The  ^Tonquis  hail  in<liico(l  three  otiier  trihes,  Eilucs,  Didiio?,  mil  Lay- 
moni's,  to  jiiin  thuui.  Aoconling  to  C'lavii^cro,  li/oria  delta  (.'((/.,  LSS,  tin;  us- 
isailaiit.s  wimo  TiOO.     Tlio  garrison  iiuinlnrod  iO  iik'ii. 

^'-Sa/riilii'rnt,  ('iuif('<,  1  IS;  Cnli/oniift,  K^lnh,  y  Proi/.,  1";  Ahijrr,  Hist. 
(\vii/).  J(siin,  iii.  OS.  Veia'gas,  ii.  ■')•_',  and  Clavigcro,  1!)1,  make  the  arrival 
on  tlio  Itth,  tliu  day  nftur  tho  l)attk\  Tin;  crew  rt'lati'd  that  afttr  tlio  jst  pa- 
I'ation  on  Oft.  \'2lh  they  liad  lieaten  aliout  for  isonio  time  in  sscarLh  of  llic  -ai- 
liot,  and  tiieu  returned  to  Yafjiii.  Tliey  said  tlic  galeotii  (ju  her  return  had 
bceu  in  great  peril  on  the  niaiiilaud  coast  but  had  eseapcU. 


ARRIVAL  OF  PICCOLO. 


2S9 


1linn  tlio  missal  in  tcacliini^  submission,  and  now  tlio 
natives  became  clamorous  lor  baptism,  which  Father 
Jnnii  ^[aria  discreetly  refused  to  administer  without 
I'urther  proofs  of  conversion."  There  was  a  quarrel 
hftween  the  factions  of  the  formerly  hostile  natives, 
hut  tlio  missionary  with  his  customary  tact  contrived 
to  patcli  up  a  peace.  Eeligious  lessons  were  resumed, 
and  i)ozolc  was  again  doled  out  to  those  who  attended. 
In  a  general  assembly  Salvatierra  read  the  viceroy's 
instructions,  made  an  eloquent  harangue  on  tlie  glo- 
rious future  of  the  enterprise,  and  formally  appointed 
Toi'tolero  captain  of  the  garrison,  also  regulating 
minor  concerns  of  the  voung  colonv. 

'J'lie  galliot  came  back  November  2-3d,  bringing,  to 
the  inexpressible  joy  of  the  missionary,  his  oUl  i'riend 
and  co-worker  Father  Picc.'olo."  Success  now  seemed 
assured;  and  in  the  fulness  of  his  heart  Salvatierra 
at  once  wrote  to  his  friends  and  benefactors  in  ^Mexico 
of  what  had  been  done,  the  letters  beinsx  sent  bv  the 
gallit)t,  which  sailed  the  27th  for  Acapulco  by  way  of 
Cliacala.'^  The  seven  months  for  which  the  vessel 
had  been  lent  had  expired,  and  she  was  to  be  returned 
to  her  owner  Sicrpe. 

"  Dionisio  had  been  the  first  to  receive  the  rite;  and  now  three  oliihlren 
■WTrp  hMjitized.  Dionisio  was  called  ]5ii-iiard()  Manuel,  and  one  of  the  iliildr  ii, 
his  siiii,  Manuel  Denuirdo,  in  accurdancc  with  the  wish  of  tlie  viceioy  and  hi.i 
wife  t'.iat  tlio  first  two  converts  should  he  so  named. 

"  I'raneisci)  Maria  Piccolo  was  a  native  of  Sicily,  boi'u  in  Ki.'O.  ITe  canio 
tn  Mexico  (shortly  before  l(i80,  when  iio  went  to  tlie  'Javahiunara  missions  of 
riiiluiahua,  v  hi  re  he  labored  most  ciliciently  until  permitted  by  his  superiors 
to  L'o  to  California. 

'■''J'lie  letters  wiittcn  on  this  occasion  are  those  I  cite  as  Sah-ntierrn,  Cnr- 
t>i<,  'riiey  are  four  in  nundjcr,  printed  in  JJoc.  llUt.  Mi\v.,  seric  ii.  toin.  i. 
l(i;{-.")7.  The  lirst  to  the  viceroy,  dr.tcd  erroneously  Nov.  'JStii,  brielly  rc- 
loimts  late  events,  praisinj;  the  ;  oldiers,  and  Sicrpe  for  his  generous  loan  of 
the  vt  ssel.  The  second,  X<iv.  iKiili,  is  addresseil  to  the  viceroy's  wife,  t!ie 
l)i.i|uesa  de  (lesiir,  a  patroness  of  the  enterprise.  'J'lio  nee<l  of  iiidic  funds  i^ 
the  key-nnte  of  this  communication.  The  tiiii'il  letter  of  Nov.  "JTtii,  ad- 
dressed to  I'gurtc,  is  the  most  important  of  all,  being  a  detailed  aicount  nf 
nil  priiceediiif^n  froui  the  writer's  arrival  in  Sinaloa  down  to  date.  'I'lie  foiirtii 
letter  is  a  religious  rhapsody  addressed  to  'My  Father,  Brother,  I'rieiid,  Coni- 
missimier  aiul  my  Captain,  Senor  l)iin  .Tuan  Cabaliei'o  y  Oslo.'  the  (^tueritaro 
priest,  w  ho  it  will  l)c  remembered  gave  120,000  pesos  for  the  missions,  and  who 
liere  gets  nearly  the  worth  of  his  money  in  extravagant  eulogy  ami  |iiomii>e3 
of  I'liture  beatitude.  These  four  letters  and  anothei  to  Ugarteof  July!),  Hi'.l.t, 
are  found  also  in  Mnrji,  (Jolecc'ioii  ile  JJoriiDiiiitox,  MS.,  'JTIi-.'Su'l. 

Another  and  still  more  iuiportant  collection  of  the  veuerublu  Jesuit's  let- 
UiHT.  N.  Mex.  S-  ""    '.  Vol.  I.    19 


290 


JESUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


There  were  now  eighteen  men  at  Loreto;  two 
padres,  seven  soldiers,  five  sailors,  and  four  natives. 
They  were  well  supplied  with  arms  and  ammunition, 
and  when  the  ship  had  gone  applied  themselves  to 
the  ereetion  of  new  fortifieations,  a  double  line  of  pali- 
sades bound  together  with  reeds  and  banked  witli 
eartli,  forming  a  wall  three  feet  thiek  and  five  f  c  t 
high.  Within  the  enelosure  were  built  a  little  wooden 
churcli,  dwellings  for  j)adre  and  captain,  and  bai'iiicl<s 
for  the  soldiers.  A  magazine  and  other  buildings 
were  added  later."  The  galliot  had  left  a  f<»ui- 
pounder  and  two  j)edreros.  These  were  conspicuou.sly 
mounted,  though  it  would  have  required  a  bravo  gun- 
ner to  fire  them;  while  two  blacksmith's  bellows  wcio 
also  placed  upon  the  works,  their  nozzles  crammed 
with   bullets.     They    inspired    more    fear    than    tlio 

ters  is  that  wliicli  to  which  I  give  the  title,  Salvaticrra  lithic'tonen,  1GD7-17(0. 
It  (.•oiit.'iiiis  piincipully  throe  h)iig  letters  to  Ugartc  diitctl  .luly  .'I,  KiitS;  Ainil 
1st  .iiiil  July  It,  lOOi);  and  one  to  tlic  pi'ovinciiil  Francisco  do  Arteaira  wiiiUii 
hite  ill  May  1701.  Tliose  form  a  continuous  and  detailed  narrative  liirni 
Is'oveiiilu'r  l(i!)7,  the  date  of  the  CiirtuK,  to  1701.  Tiiey  (ill  1"J7  lirinted  ]ia;:r;<; 
and  to  Uieiii  are  added  nine  extracts  from  other  letters  of  diti'creiit  datcs'dnwii 
to  1701),  addressed  to  Uishop  Legaspi,  Juau  Miranda,  fiscal  at  t<uadalaj:ii;i, 
and  l'"iiUier  Kino. 

These  lichirioiies,  with  extracts  from  reportsof  padres Tamaral,  Earco,  and 
othci's  (if  I7;!0and  later  years;  with  CaVj'oriiin,  Jlcinorins  ptira  la  i/i.<fofi(i 
Kttlural  ill'  <  'nl.  rsiri/(('i  jinr  tin  nlii/hso  ile  la  Pmriiii'tadi  I  Sitiif^i  KmiiijiVio  ili' 
Ji/c.ririK  (iiloilf  1700,  'J'JO-.V);  and  with  a  concise  ehronolo^ica!  ri'snincMif  events 
from  l.")."U)to  17U-,  lillingahout70  pages,  and  interspersed  with  the  letters  and 
CNtracis — make  np  the  work  entitled  Califoriua,  Esluh'ci-inicii'i)  y  Prniiirxmi 
ill'  las  Mis/oiic.'i  dc  la  A  nl'unia  VaViforiiia.  DUpnentoa  por  mi  ri'iijiono  d  I  S:iii>'i 
Ecdiiiiilio  di'  Mexico  ( 17'J1-J).  It  was  compiled  Ity  a  Franciscan  after  the 
expulsion  of  the  Jesuits;  formed  tom.  xxi.  of  the  Archivo  tkiieral  dc  J/i  .r/co, 
MS.;  and  was  printed  in  Doc.  I  lift.  Mi-x.,  serie  iv.  tom.  v. 

1  may  mention  here  also  Sulrnlicrrn,  JCsrriloi  Ait/dijinfos,  1677-17'i.',  a 
collection  of  four  original  autograph  letters  in  my  possession.  Two  of  tlieni 
were  written  in  Tarahumara  before  the  writer  came  to  California.  Two  are 
dated  at  l^oi'eto  Concho,  one  Nov.  '21  (or  27th),  lO'JS,  to  Ugartc,  theother  A[ii  il 
21,  1702,  to  Nicolas  do  Aroea  secretary  of  the  provincial.  All  are  routine 
ccimmunicationsof  no  value  except  as  relies  of  so  famous  a  man,  who  was  also 
pcrhaj^s  the  worst  jiemnan  of  his  order.  Salvatierra'a  letterscited  in  this  mile 
constitute  by  far  the  best  authority  extant  on  my  present  subject.  Tluir 
S'iperioritj'  over  the  authorities  cited  in  note  5  of  this  chajiter  is  apitanii!. 
They  correct  many  errors  of  Venegas  and  his  followers,  though  chiclly  in 
matters  of  detiiil  too  minute  to  iind  jilacc  in  my  work. 

'*  \'enegas,  ii.  30,  says  the  church  was  of  stone  and  clay  with  thatched 
roof.  Wliilo  the  work  was  going  on  the  men  occupied  the  old  ti-ian^'ular  bar- 
ricade, strengthened  on  the  outside  by  thorny  bushes.  Salru/iirra,  ll<  liirinn-i, 
IS.  \'eiiegas  says  the  new  fort  was  merely  an  enlargement  of  the  oM;  but 
t  .e  subseijucnt  destruction  of  the  latter  not  nieutioued  by  iiim  shows  this  lu 
be  an  error. 


rEliXFORCEMEXTS. 


201 


swivel-guns,  and  were  much  less  dangerous  to  tho 
gunners.  The  natives  worked  well  on  the  structures 
witliout  an  idea  of  their  intended  use;  hut  one  cold 
night  after  their  departure  the  Spaniards  hy  vigoi'ous 
eii'orts  destroyed  tho  olil  works,  transferred  all  their 
effects,  and  nuich  to  the  astonishment  (jf  tho  Indians, 
were  found  next  morning  in  secure  })ossessi()n  of  their 
impregnable  fortress.  Christmas  eve  Father  I'iccolo 
consecrated  the  new  church,  and  next  day  after  six 
masses  all  indulged  in  a  general  merry-making." 

Tlie  1st  of  January  1 G98  the  lancha  was  sent  across  to 
Ya(pii.  This  lessened  the  force,  and  some  of  the  natives 
became  unruly,  but  were  not  bold  enough  to  revolt 
openly  with  the  terrible  bellows  threatening  from  tho 
ranijjart;  and  when  on  the  10th  the  boat  returned  t<j 
take  a  fresh  start,  having  been  driven  some  fifteen 
leagues  up  the  coast  to  a  little  ba_y  among  hostile  tribes, 
the  Indians  believed  the  crew  had  been  called  back  in 
some  mysterious  way,  and  became  correspondingly 
respectful.  Every  precaution  was  taken,  however. 
I'icctjlo  taught  the  children  in  the  church ;  Salvatieira 
instructed  adults  in  a  hut  outside,  covered  by  one  of 
the  guns;  while  the  dusky  students  might  have  noted 
that  Captain  Tortolero  and  a  soldier,  fully  armed, 
attended  the  services  with  exemplary  regularity.  Tho 
lancha  was  seen  again  the  Gthof  February  in  a  furious 
gale  that  for  two  days  prevented  her  anchoring;  but 
the  trip  had  been  successful,  and  she  biought  besides 
])rovisions  a  reiinforcement  of  six  volunteers — one  of 
them  an  Englishman — for  the  garrison.^"* 

Tims  strengthened  the  pilgrims  were  confident  they 
could  repulse  all  the  sa,vage  ibes  the  devil  could  send 
against  them.     For  everv  ixiu'e  of  tlie  record  shows  a 

"  Letter  of  July  H,  lOOS,  in  Sulmfwrrn,  I?il.,  17-'2t.  Dec.  2.'>,  Salvatiurra 
vrnto  to  liislioji  J.(\L;;ispi  ii  ii'smin'  of  nil  tliiit  liail  ofcuiTed.   /'/.,  I.')-  17. 

'■*'riio  nL'\v-coiiiiis\»L'iu:  Allcrez  Isiilro  l"ii.'iu.'i'ii:i,  from  Seville;  Antonio  ilo 
Mendozn,  a  < 'ustiliiiii  from  l!ioj;i;  Jose  Miiigui;i,  from  Vi/.eaya;  Jiiaii  lic  .\rcc, 
nil  Knglishman  brought  up  in  ^lexieo;  Vvu-  .seo  i!"  (j)nii'oi;a,  a  mesti/o;  and 
Marcos,  a  Yur|ni  Indian;  all  uxperieuccd  ooldicic    Sd-u-alicrra,  lii.lacioncn,  -U. 


292 


JESUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


belief  that  the  powers  of  licll  wore  arrayed  on  tlie  side 
of  the  heathen.  The  story  as  told  by  Salvutierra  and 
the  rest  sounds  like  a  christianized  echo  from  the 
Iliad.  The  most  trifling  incidents  of  daily  life  weie 
attributed  to  the  direct  influence  of  one  or  the  other 
of  the  supernatural  powers.  If  an  Indian  pilfered  a 
handful  of  maize,  Satan  held  open  the  mouth  of  the 
sack.  If  an  arrow^  narrowly  missed  a  padre,  it  was 
the  hand  of  Our  Lady  that  turned  it  aside. 

Still  the  natives  acted  more  and  more  suspiciously, 
gathering  in  large  numbers  near  the  fort,  and  holding 
secret  meetings,  the  meaning  of  which  could  not  at 
first  be  learned.  But  when  the  lancha  had  started 
March  1st  on  another  trip  to  the  main,  they  b(!camo 
less  careful  and  the  secret  leaked  out.  The  native 
sorcerers,  or  medicine-men,  were  at  the  bottom  of  the 
trouble.  The  new  faith  was  weakening  their  influence, 
and  they  were  in  danger  of  being  regarded  as  ordinary 
men.  Something  must  be  done,  and  quickly,  if  their 
prestige  was  to  be  retained,  so  thought  these  wise 
men  of  California,  and  forthwith  they  banded  togetlur 
and  used  all  their  influence  and  eloquence  to  stir  u[) 
the  ])eople  against  the  invaders.  Where  were  their 
countrymen  whom  Otondo  had  carried  away?  they 
asked  significantl}'',  reminding  their  hearers  also  that 
those  who  had  been  friendly  to  Otondo  had  been 
roughly  treated  after  his  departure,  thus  warning  the 
timid  of  what  might  be  expected  when  the  padres 
should  be  driven  away,  as  they  soon  would  be.  These 
arguments  had  their  effect;  attendance  at  prayers  and 
lessons  grew  smaller;  and  on  Palm  Sunday  only  two 
of  the  people  who  were  to  represent  the  twelve  apostles 
at  table  could  be  found.  These  two,  however,  enjoyed 
the  meal  so  much  that  Salvatierra  thought  there 
would  be  no  lack  of  apostles  the  next  year.  No  actual 
hostilities  occurred  until  after  the  boat  returned  with 
a  small  supply  of  provisions  the  21st  of  March. 

The  2d  of  April,  while  the  Spaniards  were  engaged 
ill  religious  exercises  of  easter,  a  mob  of  Indians  broke 


A  NEW  siiir. 


293 


they 

0  that 

1  btH'ii 
Mg  the 

These 
fcrs  and 
ly  two 
:)Osth,'s 
jujoyed 
there 
actual 
with 

icfati'ed 
broke 


ill  pieces  the  laiicha's  boat  drawn  upon  the  l)each. 
The  hot-lieatled  Tort(jlero,  California's  Miles  Standish, 
at  once  sallied  forth,  drove  away  a  Itody  of  native's 
who  made  a  show  of  resistance,  and  sent  half  his  men 
ill  pursuit  by  a  by-])ath  under  Figueroa,  while  he'  I'ol- 
lowcd  Ihe  beach.  i'iLfUeroa  fell  into  an  audjush,  hut 
Tnitoler«)canie  u[),  and  a  hercu  ytrui^gle'  ensued.  The 
natives  were  defeated  with  several  killed  and  many 
woundi'd,  learninj^  the  nnich  needed  lesson  that  the 
Spaniards,  only  two  of  whom  were  slij^htly  injured, 
cnuld  iight  witliout  the  protection  of  their  fort  and 
cannon.  There  were  no  more  hostilities  for  several 
months.  The  first  Christian  Indian  had  Ix'en  buried 
in  ^NFarcli,  and,  says  Salvatierra,  "we  now  felt  r(!|)aid 
Inr  all  t)ur  hardships,  for  the  cemetery  was  no  longer 
without  a  tenant." 

The  lancha  having  gone  in  (piest  of  supplies,  the 
natives  being  for  the  most  part  absent  in  the  moun- 
tains engaged  in  the  festivities  of  the  pitahaya  season, 
eleven  days  after  provisions  had  been  reduced  to 
thi'ce  sacks  of  bad  Hour  and  three  other  of  wormy 
maize,  in  answer  to  redoubled  prayers  a  vessel  arrived 
the  IDth  of  June.  It  was  the  ship  San  Jose,  a  new 
cedar  craft  worth  14,000  pesos,  which,  less  a  debt  of 
S"JG  pesos,  was  a  gift  from  C*aballero  y  Osio.  She 
Wiis  connnanded  by  INIanuel  Gadaro,  brino-inu*  a  larijje 
sup[)ly  of  necessaries  collected  by  Ugarte,  and  a  I'een- 
Inrcement  of  seven  more  volunteers.  To  aid  in  mak- 
ing up  the  deficiency  Salvatierra  imposed  on  the  sol- 
diers a  light  fine  for  each  oath  uttered.  Let  us  hoj)o 
that  those  brave  fellows  did  not  allow  their  young 
colony  loni;  to  feel  the  burden  of  debt.^"  In  August 
the  mission  navy  was  still  further  increased  by  the 
Sin  Fermin  and  a  new  lancha  called  the  San  Jacicr, 

''•'  About  the  vessel,  as  for  all  events  since  Nov.  1G97,  I  have  followed  S.il- 
v.iticna's  letter  of  .Julj'  .'{,  KJ'JS,  to  l,\irarte.  Sxlval'urru,  ItvUn-uiiH's,  17-.">(). 
'I'lio  letter  was  probaMy  sent  aeross  in  the  ship,  wliiili  was  about  to  ^^y)  after 
Imiscs  for  the  mission.  Tlie  ))a(lr<;'s  letters  of  Oetober  to  U^rarte  arc  not 
<'\t:int,  so  that  in  the  onj,'inal  anthoiities  there  is  a  iiu\)  from  .July  to  <  )etobt'r. 
Nineuas,  ii.  47-H,  and  (Jlavigero,  IDS-'JUl,  say  nothing  about  the  tiaa  Jvsi 
Luiiiy  a  gift. 


204 


JKSUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  ILUA  CAMFORNIA. 


l)()tli  Hoiit  from  Acapnlco  l)y  Siorpo.  The  fornior  wns 
hciit  about  tlio  iiiiddlo  of  Octolnsr  to  tliu  iiuiiu;  jukI 
IIk'  San  Jo.se,  wliioli  lia<l  turned  out  very  Iciaky  and 
unseawortliy,  was  cart'enod  for  repairs.  It  would 
seen)  that  Sieri)0  sent  another  car^n)  of  su|)[)lieH  hy 
a  ^^alHot,  wliieh  sailed  on  her  return  on  October  '21st, 
(•arrvin<r  also  some  soldiers  who  went  to  l)rin<<:  their 
families.'-'* 

Soon  the  S(ui  Jose  went  to  Coronados  Island,  ii(\'ir 
l)y,  where  the  crew,  under  pretence  of  puttiiiLJ  the 
8hi[>  in  order,  en<jfa;[jed  in  the  pearl-fishery  with  the 
aid  of  Indians.  TIk?  padres  heard  of  it  and  were 
idled  with  dismay.  'J'hoy  rej^arded  jjearl-iishin^  a,s 
the  most  danwrous  of  all  (ivils  thri'ateniiijLf  the  mis- 
sion  work.  Unscrupulous  adventurers  had  ereatcMl 
amoiiL^  (he  natives  a  distrust  which  it  had  recpiired 
joiii^  efforts  to  partially  remove.  ]\Ioreovcr  theio 
was  Ljreat  danifer  that  all  the  soldiers  and  sailors  of 
Loreto  mio'ht  become  uncontrollable  throu<jh  avarice. 
In  their  trouble  the  padres  ajjpealt  d  to  the  lioly 
l)atroness,  and  that  ver^  night  the  only  three  re;il 
])earls  in  the  necklace  of  Our  l^ady's  image  drop])ed 
to  the  ground,  showing  that  the  country  under  her 
protection  needed  no  pearls  for  its  prosperity.'-^' 

The  1st  of  November  Father  Salvaticrra  witli  Cajv 
tain  Tortolcro  and  six  soldiers,  all  mounted,""''  and 
twelve  Indians  on  foot,  set  out  on  their  first  explora- 
tion beyond  the  inunediatc  vicinity  of  the  mission.  It 
was  directed  towards  the  north  some  ten  leagues  to 
the  Canada  do  Londo,  or  San  Isidro,  where  Otondo 
was  supposed  to  have  been,  though  no  traces  of  his 

-"  nchtcioiies,  51.  The  rcimirs  of  the  S.  Jon^  cost  6,000  pesos  according  to 
VtMu^gas,  Claviyero,  and  Alcgrc;  ami  after  all  tliu  slii|)  lost  her  cargo  on  llio 
first  trip,  and  was  stranded  at  Acapiilco  in  the  secoml,  being  sold  for  §500. 

'■"  lii'ldcioiicn,  5'2-',\. 

^'-  There  is  no  delinite  record  of  the  coming  of  tlie  horses,  though  it  would 
probably  appear  in  the  missing  letter  to  Ugarte.  In  July  12  horses  had  bcci 
otlered,  anil  the  ship  was  abimt  to  be  sent  for  tlicm,  Snlcaticrru,  lidacknti.i, 
4!).  They  probably  came  in  July  or  August.  Eight  more  horses  and  10  cow.4 
were  brouglit  by  the  San  Fennin  just  after  Salvatiorra'a  return  from  this 
expedition.  Id.,  oj. 


FKSTn  ITIKS. 


205 


visit  were  found.  Tlic!  Indimis  of  a  raiicljorfa  in  iliat 
icu^ioii  liad  c'X|)rt',sHi!(l  a  ilcsiro  to  soo  tho  padre,  l)iit 
IIk;  pliK'i!  was  <k'.s(!rted.  On  tho  return  a  letter  in  tho 
MdiKini  lan!L,'ua;jje  \,-as  sent  to  IMecolo,  tlie  first  mail 
service  in  the  country  and  a  most  wonderful  thiuLf  to 
llie  natives.  The  journey  was  eompleted  in  ei_Ljht 
(liiys  without  accident  or  noteworthy  adventure. '^'^ 

Soon  there  arrived  the  San  Fcrmln  witii  horses, 
(•(»\\s,  and  other  aid  from  friends  in  Sinaloa.  ()n»(  of 
llic  cows  at  once  <listin;L,'uished  herself  by  wanderinLj 
oil'  and  <liseoverin<;  a  new  sftrin*^  of  water  four  leaijues 
south  of  the  mission.  At  the  end  of  Novemher  tho 
<\\r)  vessels  went  to  Ci'irmon  Island  for  salt,  the  Sdti 
./use  to  continue  her  voya*^c  to  Now  Spain."*  Deceni- 
hcr  \.as  marked  by  the  fiestas  of  the  Immaculato 
( 'oncej)tion,  San  Francisco  Javier's  day,  and  Christ- 
I'jas,  celebrated  with  all  po.ssiblo  pomp,  n^uriiijjf  tho 
festivities  a  chhio  sailor  saw  fit  to  start  with  his  hat 
full  of  })owdor  for  one  of  the  lanchas,  and  had  his 
lace  terribly  mangled  by  an  explosion;  but  a  holy 
ii'lic  of  San  Javier  applied  by  Father  Piccolo  efi'ected 
a  speedy  cure.^''  In  tlio  last  days  of  the  year  Piccolo 
and  Tortolero,  with  eight  mounted  soldiers,  made  an 
cx])e(lition  southward  ten  or  twelve  leagues  to  tho 
raiiclieria  of  Chuenqui,  near  Danzantes  Pay.  They 
wei'e  well  received,  baptizing  some  children.-"  Thero 
came  also  from  Londo  an  appeal  for  baptism  and  a 
church. 


Feeling  themselves  securely  established  at  Loreto 
the  Jesuits  now  l)e<jfan  to  think  of  extendinj""  their 
inlluenco  by  founding  now  settlements,  their  horses 

"  Snlvfttierni's  letter  of  April  1,  IfiliS.  R,htr!oiie.i,  ^-"7,  witli  full  .Ictails. 
Biiliuh,  4  leiigues,  Nicnclin,  I'iedra  Molar,  ami  (,'uesta  dc  Juan  ilo  Aree  aro 
the  names  given  between  Loi'cto  aiul  Londo.  Vcnegas,  ii.  4.S-J),  (,'iavigei'o, 
"Ul-2,  and  Alegre,  iii.  113-14,  represent  tliis  expedition  to  have  been  early 
in  ICiif!),  Ijiit  of  course  Salvatieri-a  is  tho  best  authority. 

'■"Thoautogi-aph  letter  in  my  colleetion,  of  Kov.  27th.  Sulvatierra, Escritoa, 
Autiiij.,  MS.,  was  doubtless  sent  to  Ugarte  at  this  time. 

•'  llelucUitics,  r)8.  Tlio  chino  was  probably  not  a  Cliiuanian,  tiiougli  he 
had  a  narrow  escape  from  being  a  celestial. 

'^'^  litlaciunes,  utMil.     Vhonci  was  an  intermediate  raneherla. 


200 


JESUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


and  tlicir  n|)j)r()vctl  Icnowledj^o  of  tlic  native  (lia](X'ts 
ivii(!oriii<.i:  their  tod'Vj  of  ex})loration  iiiiich  less  hilxjii- 
i>us  than  beft)re.  It  was  a  very  wet  season,  uiiiavoi- 
al)le  for  travelling  in  January  and  February  of  IG'J'.t; 
but  in  March,  after  one  or  two  unsuccessful  attenii>ts 
by  the  vessel,  Salvatierra  with  his  party  went  again 
l)y  land  to  Londo,  and  to  San  Bruno  a  few  leagues 
farther  on  the  coast.  He  was  kindly  received  by  the 
natives,  of  the  Cochimi  tribe,  ba])tizing  many  cliil- 
drt-n,  but  having  some  trouble  in  mailing  peace  betwetii 
hostile  lancherias.  At  Loreto  it  was  a  prosperous 
season,  the  natives  becoming  more  and  moi-e  submis- 
sive to  missionary  rule,  so  nuieh  so  that  Hogging  was 
now  I'esorted  to  as  a  penalty  for  minor  oft'eiices.  AVith 
the  rains  the  grass  sprang  up;  the  cattle  fattened; 
the  nundjcr  of  converts  ra])idly  increased;  the  soldi*, rs 
gave  no  cause  for  complaint;  and  all  was  prospeiity. 
Such  was  the  ])in'port  of  the  corresjiondence  sent  by 
the  laneha  at  the  begitming  of  Ai>ril.-' 

It  was  customary  to  send  a  few  Indians  to  tlio 
mainland  at  each  trip  of  the  transports,  whencvir 
any  could  be  induced  to  go,  that  they  might  see  how 
their  brc;thren  dc  hi  otra  banda  were  living  in  mission 
comnumities,  planting  corn,  and  submitting  to  tlu' 
padres'  gentle  but  tirm  I'ule.  Now  it  chanced  that 
the  people  of  an  interior  rancheria  of  the  wesicni 
mountains  heard  these  things  from  one  of  the  native 
Sindbads  who  had  visited  Sinaloa;  and  they  sent 
word  that  thev  would  like  to  raise  crops  in  their  fei- 

%j  I 

tile  vales.  AcrordiuLilv  in  Mav  Piccolo  started  with 
his  captain  and  mounted  guard  to  make  ex|)lorations. 
The  way  soon  became  so  lough  that  they  had  to  leave 
the  horsc>s.  The  difficulties  of  the  later  march  \\'c!(! 
nuK'h  in(;)'eased  by  the  curious  error  of  iiu|uiring 
always  for  Vigge,  which  they  understood  to  be  the 
name  of  the  rancheria,  but  which  really  meant  'high- 

"  L(!tt<T  ti  Jgnrtc,  April  1st.  Sdlmt'irrrn,  ndacione^,  W-Tl.  Tlio  wrihi- 
ia  iilwtiys  ])i-()lix,  unci  tlic  letter  ia  full  of  triviiil  occun-uiicca  fur  wliicli  mi  ci»ui>e 
1  have  no  apacu. 


FIRST  VIEW  OF  THE  OCEAN. 


297 


]:uuls,'  SO  tliat  thoy  ^vcrc  o-iiidcd  to  tlio  top  of  the 
iiiL;lie.st  [)C'al;.s.  Jkit  tiiially  they  ixaclied  a  iiiic  laroo 
(  aiiadaiiaincd  San  Francisco  Javier  Viu^ge  do  ])Iaiind6, 
-wliere  they  remained  four  days,  erecting  a  cross  and 
hai)tizing  children. 

After  his  return  Captain  Luis  Torfcolero  y  Torres 
was  forced  bv  an  affection  of  the  eves  to  resioii  tlic 
(oninianJ,  much  to  the  sorrow  of  all,  especially  of  the 
missionaries,  as  ho  had  ]iroved  himself  a  notable 
cl'anipion  cf  the  cause.  lie  started  a  little  later  for 
(  uadalajari!  with  a  letter  of  recommendiiHon  I'or  the 
aiuliencia.  Adjutant  Antonio  Garcia  de  Meiidoza, 
an  old  soldicv  from  Fuenterahia,  who  had  served  in 
San  Luis  I'otosi,  was  made  captain  in  Tortolero's 
place. 

On  May  23d,  with  Captain  Mondoza  and  nine  men, 
Salvatierra  started  again  for  Lomlo.  A  band  of 
]\Ion(|uis  went  with  him,  hoj)ing  through  his  inlluenco 
In  make  peace  with  the  Cochinn's,  and  get  permission 
to  uather  pitahavas  in  their  country.     JNTany  natives 

oil/  1/  •' 

wcie  found  ass'.nnbled  at  what  was  now  called  San 
.luan  de  Londo.  Much  was  accomplished,  and  the 
[lai ty  returned  to  Loreto  before  the  end  of  ]\[ay. 

Tiien  Piccolo  set  out  early  in  June  willi  a  large 
fiii'ce  of  Indians  to  open  a  road  Ibr  horses  to  San  Ja- 
vier, where  it  was  intended  to  ])lant  a  new  mission. 
])y  the  12th  the  horses  were  riilden  triumj)hantly  into 
the  valky  and  turned  out  to  graze  on  richer  jKistures 
tlian  they  had  ever  known  in  California.  Soon  after 
llieir  arrival.  Captain  J\[end(jza  and  a  few  soldit'i's 
I  linil)ed  a  lofty  height,  and  were  rewai'ded  I'or  their 
toil  by  a  magnificent  view,  which  included  both  gulf 
and  ocean  coasts,  this  being  the  first  discovery  of  the 
]*acific  from  the  interior.  A  great  bay  was  also  seen, 
jurhaps  that  of  Magdalena.  So  elated  were  (he  dis- 
coverers that  they  fired  a  salvo  with  their  ar(|Uel»uses, 
wliich  caused  some  alarm  at  the  camp  below,  but 
J'iccolo  joined  in  the  njoicing  when  lu^  knew  its 
cause.     They  returned  to  Loreto  on  the  14th. 


ill 


208 


JESUIT  OCCUrATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


At  the  end  of  Juno  the  whole  force  set  to  work  to 
clear  a  space  for  a  new  church  some  hundretl  paces 
from  the  fort.^^  Provisions  had  again  run  low,  and 
it  had  been  proposed  on  tliat  account  to  jwstponc 
work  on  the  church,  but  Piccolo's  zealous  exliorta- 
tions  overcame  this  resolution;  and  this  devotion  was 
rewarded  l)y  one  of  those  singular  coincidences  or 
"special  dis2)ensations"  so  often  recorded  in  the  annals 
of  missionary  work.  On  the  very  day  that  work  on 
the  church  began,  the  Santa  Elvira  arrived  from  the 
mainland  with  a  large  stock  of  supplies;  and  about 
the  riame  time  the  San  Ferniin  also  brought  six  more 
volunteers  for  the  garrison,  which  with  this  addition 
numbered  thirty  soldiers.  The  missionaries  take  pride 
in  noting  that  volunteers  for  California  arc  abundant, 
while  other  districts  had  difficulty  in  obtaining  sol- 
diers.^" 

The  Indians  were  controlled  by  a  two-fold  policv,  as 
ingenious  as  it  was  generally  efficient.  Force  and 
severity,  as  represented  by  the  captain  and  his  nuii- 
at-arms,  were  combined  with  persuasion  and  kindness 
as  practised  by  the  padres.  While  the  church  was 
being  built,  some  natives  were  induced  by  their  priests 
to  withdraw  to  the  mountains  for  the  performance  of 
certain  pagan  rites.  Their  chief  priest  was  arresti^d, 
bound,  and  sentenced  by  the  captain  to  be  flogged  to 
death.  After  some  blows  the  padres,  by  a  precon- 
certed plan,  appeared,  and  in  presence  of  the  crowd 
begged  tliat  the  wizard's  life  might  be  spared,  wliich 
request  was  of  course  granted.     In  this  particular 

"  Vrnpfjait,  ii.  53-4,  mIio  also  mentions  a  chapel  in  the  camp  begun  at  tlio 
same  time  aii<l  consoL'ratdl  in  1700,  the  church  beiuij;  coniiilctcd  in  I7t>l. 
Siihatiiria  (l("'.s  not  spi;ik  of  the  chapel;  hut  in  May  1701  he  writes  of  (lij 
vir-^in's  'Casa  do  adobes,  l.lannucada  y  adornada  con  cuadros,  etc.,  que  piuii  ^ 
un  parai.so,  y  trn  haila  nicnos  do  tiro  do  arcabuz  del  presidio.'  JUlncioiK  <,  IdX 

'■''•'  l\v  llio  icturn  of  the  vessel  wis  sent  the  letter  of  July  Oth,  to  Ug;ll■t^ 
vhieli  niiriate.s  happenings  since  Ajiril.  Sitlvdtiirra,  Jidaridiit''^,  71-!''!.  'J  ''^' 
Bami'  ^'loiind  is  covered  by  ]'m<<jai',  ii.  48-55;  Cluihifro,  20'2-4;  and  -lA;/'. 
iii.  1  l,'!-15.  I'v  tlio  same  vessel  was  sent  a  memorandum  of  supplies  iiecVjd 
iioni  Xuevii  tJalicia,  of  which  I  have  the  original  in  I'ajidis  (/t  Jci<uUus,  M  .:., 
uo.  '27. 


FOUXDING  OF  SAX  JAVIER. 


209 


instance,  however,  the  stratag'oni  did  not  succeed  as  in 
many  others.  The  sorcerer's  friends,  incensed  at  tho 
iiulij^'nity  of  flogging  their  leader,  made  many  threats; 
and  it  was  not  until  Captain  Mcndoza  had  exhibited 
the  head  of  one  of  them  on  a  stake  as  a  warning  that 
their  anger  was  cooled.^" 

Salvatierra  made  another  vaguely  recorded  trip  to 
Londo;  the  lancha  brought  on  September  7th  an  imago 
of  Our  Lady,  which  next  day  was  carried  in  procession 
to  the  new  cluirch,  and  in  October  Piccolo  went  with 
his  escolta  to  found  a  ncnv  mission  at  San  Javier.  Dur- 
ing his  absence  the  galliot  sailed  with  the  ex-captaiu 
on  board. "^  A  few  days  later,  at  the  end  of  the  niontli, 
Salvatierra  went  over  to  Biaundo  to  assist  at  tho 
consecration  of  tlie  church  of  San  Javier,  where  ho 
was  received  with  ceremonious  demonstration,  includ- 
ing athletic  sports  by  the  inland  natives.  Tlie  conse- 
cration, or  founding  of  San  Javier,  was  apparently  on 
the  1st  of  November,  though  wo  have  no  original 
iiai  lativc  of  details.''-  While  Piccolo  had  been  eniraged 
in  preparing  buildings  for  tho  new  mission,  JSIendoza 
liad  made  an  exploration  to  the  slK)re  of  the  Pacific 
south-westward  from  Biaundo.  lie  was  disappointcnl 
in  his  chief  ol)ject,  that  of  finding  a  safe  harbor  for 
the  galleon;  but  found  a  large  rancheri'a  of  friendly 
natives,  which  was  named  Santa  Rosalia.  Piccolo  did 
not  3-et  remain  pernuinently  at  his  new  establishment; 
but  returned  and  accompanied  Salvatiei'ra  on  a  tour 
to  Londo,  returning  by  a  new  way  along  tho  base  of 
the  great  Sierra  Giganta,  as  the  main  range  of  tlio 
jieninsula  was  called.  Besides  nnich  success  in  mah- 
in'>-  friends  anil  converts  in  the  north,  the  fathers  sui;- 

^°  Cnli/oniifi,  Ef'tah.  ?/  Pri'if.,  ".1^-.".  Tliorc  is  no  iian'iitivi?  Ictlcr  tif  S;ilv;i- 
ticnn,  only  two  lirii'f  t'xtnictfi  t"  Uic  li.siiil  Miiiiii(l;i,  of  cvriits  from  July  to 
Noviiubur.     A  report  for  this  period  Wiis  sent  to  tlio  pruviiici:il,  but  is  not 

f\t:nit. 

•"  S,iJv(it!f'rr(i,  L'ihir!oii<'^,  [)7  H,  ]m.  Letter  to  Mirnnilii  of  Get.  'jntli,  dur- 
in;;  I'ioeolo's  ahseiux':  '  pura  la  contra  eowta  a  plantar  eii  el!a  la.  santa  cruz,  y 
piuilr'  sir  tojien  rlirun  j  U'  ito  para  el  alirifio  de  la  nao  du  Cliina.' 

■'-Jtwas  (le.'-criKed  in  the  litter  to  tlie  ]ii(i\  ineial  of  Nov.  accord  in;,' to  tv 
l.itir  letter.  J'l IncioiiC'',  lOll.  'I'lie  reception  is  <lcscrilied  in  Vulij'urnia,  Kstab, 
y  i'l'ri).,  1)8.     ^■enl•i^l»^,  ii.  50,  gives  the  dutu  Nov.  Ist. 


m 


'In 


'^ 


300 


JESUIT  OCCLTATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


cceded  in  making"  a  peace  between  the  Edues  and 
Cochinn's  b}'  .a  treaty  whieh  was  ratified  at  Lorutd  in 
connection  witli  Christmas  festivities.  Thus  in  pros- 
perity ended  the  year  1G99. 

The  last  3'oar  of  tlie  century  and  the  third  of  mis- 
sion annals  was  to  brinj^  many  troubles  to  the  Jesuit 
[)i<)nccrs.     The  first  blow  was  the  loss  of  the  San  lur- 
viin,  which  was  grounded  at  the  Sonora  port  of  Ahoiue 
in  the  spring  of  1700.     The  crew  and  some  cattle  were 
saA'cd.     This  misfortune  was  so  serious  that  Salva- 
tierra  thoui^ht  it  best  to  cross  over  to  the  main  in  i»ri- 
son.     lie  sailed  in  the  Sun  Javier,  taking  with  liiiu 
five  Calilbrniaus.     There  had  lately  been  some  trouble 
because  of  the  murder  of  a  native  1)}^  a  Sonora  Indian 
named   Marcos;   and  it  was  thought  tliat  by  closer 
accpiaintanco  with   the    niainlaiul   tiibes   the  <piarivl 
might  be  healed.     The  arrival  of  the  missionary  aiul 
liis  companions  created  quite  a  sensation  in  the  Sonora 
missions,  wdiere  the  ]iarty  were  feted  to  their  hearts' 
content,  and  extended  their  travels  to  Salvatierra's 
old  mission-lield  of  Chinipas.     It  does  not  a[>pear  that 
anything  was  effected  toward  repairing  the  hjss  of  the 
wrecked  vessel;  but  the  lanclia  was  repaired  and  hlhd 
with  supplies  at  Yacpii,  and  the  Californian  jjilgrinis 
sailed  for  home  on  June  IDth,  arriving  at  Loreto  iwo 
days  later.*'     The  ri'pt)rts  of  the  returning  natives  liad 
a  good  clfect;  but  ^Nlarcos  continued  to  uiiike  trouble, 
and  it  was  not  until  he  had  been  shot  that  quiet  was 
entirel}'  restored.     During  Salvatierra's  absence  V\r- 
colo  had  employed  himself  in  visiting  new  rancherias 
ill  the  region  of  San  Javier,  and  in  establishing  anii- 
cal)le  relations  with  his  nei'>hl)ors;  and  the  irood  work 
went  on  after  the  suj)erior's  return. 

In  September  the  San  Jo.<e  arrived  with  a  much 
needed  cargo  of  supplii's;  but  she  brought  also  the 
uiiwelco;ne  news  of  the  death  of  Sierpe  at  Acapulco. 

'^  Ta'Uit  f>f  May  1701  to  tlio  iHMviiu-ial.  Salral'tirnt,  Juhcrkiuei^,  110-15. 
Nu  tlaU's  lor  1700  aiv  givci\  Lcl'orc  June  lUth. 


APPEALS  TO  VICEROY  AND  KIXO. 


301 


111  O.tiiber  Salvationa  wont  up  to  Londo  and  made 
(■.\]il()rati«)na  in  the  Corros  de  San  Jose  de  la  (Ji«,Mnta 
i;irt!i(>i-  west,  '^ayinjjf  mass  in  a  tine  eafiada  named  I^as 
Animas,  and  reachiii<if  IMecolo's  mission  hy  a  new  way 
tlii«>u'L;li  tlie  mountains.  There  was  never  a  time 
wIkii  there  was  not  an  impencHng  soareity  of  food, 
and  the  San  t/o.se  was  soon  despatched  to  the  main  i'or 


Salvatieira  had  in  1G98-0  addressed  more  tlian  one 
(•oiiiiinniication  to  the  viceroy,  rejiortinii"  proj^ress, 
siilicitin!^  protection,  and  intimating  that  tlie  i^rowth 
tif  the  Ujissions  would  soon  call  lor  o'overnment  aid. 
])iit  the  viceroy  had  other  urti'en 


t  di 


emands  unon  liis 


h 


I' 

atti  iition  and  lunds,  and   he   merely    forwarded   tlie 

jiapti's  to  the  court  at  JNTadrid.  There  they  st?em  to 
];a\f  excited  a  degree  of  interest  and  sympathy  for 
tlir  far-otf  province;  but  beyond  the  oiler  of  1,000 
jHsos  per  year  for  the  mission  exj)enses,  an  ofler  re- 
jccitd  by  Ugarte  as  totally  inadecpiate,  nothing  was 
(!nii<>  and  Avei^htier  matters  soon  drowned  all  th()Ui>:ht 
()t'( 'alilbrnia.  In  1700  Salvatierra  renewed  his  en- 
tnaties.  In  jSTarch  he  sent  a  memorial  signed  by 
hddi  jnidres  and  thirt^'-live  others;  and  while  in  Sina- 
l(ia  III'  prej)art'd  another.      Pointing  out  how  Ibolish  it 


dl 


wiaiKi  ue  lor 


^1 


lam 


to  lose  the  provinc<>  altei*  so  nuich 


liad  b(>en  done,  he  asked  that  the  soldiers  should  be 
jKiid  by  goxernnient  lu'rc  as  elsewhere.  True  it  had 
hriii  sti[»ulated  that  the  Jesuits  were  to  occupy  the 
cnmitry  at  tlieir  own  expense,  and  they  had  done  so; 
hut  could  not  1)e  expected  to  hold  it  ]»ermanently  on 
such  tt'rms.  Dwelling  on  the  loss  of  the  S<iii  Fcnniii 
iiiid  tlie  ruinous  condition  of  the  San  Jox6,  he  asked 
liir  the  gil't  of  a  vessel;  but  he  announced  the  mi- 
cliaiigcable  (h^termination  of  himself  and  I'iccolo  to 
iv]|iain  on  the  around  even  without  a  boat  or  a  sol- 


& 


(lie 


These  app(^als  met  with  no  response  in  INTexieo  or 
■^l>;iin.     IJesides  the  or-. i  uaiy  reasons  for  ajiathy  in 


302 


JESUIT  OCCU^  \TIOX  OF  BAJA  CALH-'ORNIA. 


responding  to  such  cleinands,  reasons  growing  out  of 
the  constant  drains  on  the  treasury  for  old-world  ex- 
penses and  New  World  conquests,  there  was  a  growiii;^^ 
animosity  against  the  Jesuits.  The  general  grounils 
of  this  feeling,  destined  to  culminate  in  the  expulsinu 
of  the  society  from  all  Spanish  dominions,  do  not  coii- 
cern  us  here.  There  were,  however,  some  special 
j)liases  of  the  general  distrust  that  aft'ected  Califoinia. 
Among  the  adventurers  who  had  sought  licenses  with 
government  aid  to  occupy  the  country  with  a  view- 
mainly  to  the  pearls  of  the  gulf,  there  was  nuirli 
jealousy  on  account  of  Salvatierra's  success  botli  in 
occupying  the  province  and  in  obtaining  liberal  eeii- 
tilbutions  from  benefactors.  Naturally  it  was  re])- 
I'esented  by  these  men,  and  there  was  a  constantly 
growing  number  willing  to  take  that  view  of  the  mat- 
ter, that  tlie  Jesuits  had  found  some  rich  trcnstire; 
that  but  for  the  pearl-beds  they  would  never  liavo 
left  comfortable  positions  in  New  Spain  for  a  miseia- 
ble  existence  on  the  arid  peninsula.  There  was  a 
general  outcry  when  it  became  known  that  they  were 
extending  their  palms  toward  the  royal  treasur}'. 

As  if  the  cause  had  not  foes  enough  abroad,  a  fei-- 
niidable  one  now  appeared  at  home  in  the  person  of 
Captain  Mendoza.  This  man,  put  in  command  liy 
Salvatierra  himself,  tUoujifh  a  brave  soldier  and  com- 
potent  officer,  chafed  under  the  restraints  imjiosed 
upon  him  by  the  padres.  His  hot  temper  could  ill 
brt>ok  the  treachery  and  pusillanimity  of  the  natives, 
and  after  the  manner  of  his  class  he  would  have  dealt 
witli  them  more  summarily  than  Salvatierra  permitted. 
The  i)rohibition  of  pearl-fishing  was  another  griev- 
ance in  the  eyes  of  this  worldly-minded  trooper,  and 
ill  this  he  had  the  sympathy  and  support  of  his  ni(  n. 
They  thought  themselves  entitled  to  profit  by  tlio 
I'csources  of  the  country  they  defended,  more  espet  i- 
ally  as  they  got  but  little  pay  from  any  other  soure<\ 
Accordingly  the  discontented  captain  wrote  several 
doleful  letters  to  his  friends  and  to  the  viceroy.     Jn 


FEELIXG  AGAINST  THE  JESUITS. 


303 


(Hie  of  tho  letters,  dated  October  1700  lie  discreetly 
took  higher  ground  than  the  question  of  j^ay  or  author- 
it  v,  antl  })rai.scd  the  zeal  of  the  fathers,  while  con- 
(Ic'iiining  their  schemes  as  costly  and  inipracticahle. 
Yet  his  spite  overcame  his  diplomacy  when  he  sug- 
cjfc'sted  that  the  padres  sliouhl  be  punished  for  their 
pivsuniptuous  demands;  and  like  a  petulani.  school-boy 
that  lie  himself  should  be  cast  into  a  dungeon  as  a 
warninsf  to  others  not  to  be  deluded  into  sueli  a  ser- 


vice. 


These  reports,  coming  from  one  who  had  been  an 
eve- witness  of  all  that  had  occurred  in  California,  made 
an  impression  even  on  the  benefactors  of  the  luissioiis, 
wliose  alms  became  noticeably  smaller  in  conse(pienee. 
Sal vatierra,  with  characteristic  pronn)titude,  resolved 
to  get  rid  of  the  worst  of  the  maleconteiits,  even  at 
the  risk  of  leaving  the  country  without  delenders;  and 
aceoivlingly  eighteen  soldiers  w'ere  discharged,  reduc- 
luii  the  «>arrison  to  twelve  men.^^ 

O  CD 

In  the  autumn  of  1700  the  San  f/o'J  return in<»'  from 
Ya(pu  ^\ith  a  cargo  of  supplies  brought  also  important 
t)rders  from  Prt)vincial  Artcaga.  TJie  Sinaloa  anchor- 
ages had  proved  very  unsafe  for  the  Caliiornia  service; 
a  good  })ort — that  of  Guaymas — had  been  found  some 
t'nurteeii  leagues  above  the  Yacpii;  and  it  had  been 
decided  to  j)ut  the  Guaymas  and  other  trilies  iiet,r 
(he  port  in  charge  of  the  Caliibrnian  missionaries. 
Salvatierra  was  therefore  instructed  to  go  in  person 
to  make  a  preliminary  examination  with  a  view  to 
the  subsecpieiit  foundation  of  a  mission.  ]t  was  a 
somewhat  critical  time  for  the  padre  to  be  abseiii  ; 
but   there   was   consolation   in  the   thought   that   ho 

"'On  tlic  trouhk'S  of  1700  soc  J'ounctn,  Xaf!''!",  ii.  TiCi  ~'.\.  A  Icttor  is 
(jiU'tod  ill  wliicli  Salvatierra,  aiiiimuicin^'  tho  ilisiliariri'  of  tlic  IS  men,  .sayslio 
nwaits  only  the  iicoijit  of  news  from  Mixii'n  to  (iisciiartif  t lit- rest.  'I'lica 
'\vc  will  tliink  of  jiaying  debts;  and  if  liefoiv  tliat  in  ilono  our  ( 'aliforniaii 
children  send  ns  to  repoit  to  (iod,  for  lack  of  a  military  >,'uard,  tlieio  remains 
the  Senora  Laurotana  who  donlitless  will  l^ay.'  It  nnist  lie  nmlerstood,  how- 
ever, that  U'tters  of  this  tone  vero  viitten  largely  for  ctlcet.  'i'h.' .lesuita 
liud  no  idea  of  failure  yet.     See  nlsa  Ijustamuntu,  Dij\ii»a  Coinji.  Jumf,  10. 


Pi 

d|!)'' 


304 


JESUIT  OCCUPATION  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


miijht  obtain  some  succor  from  friends  durin<jf  liis  visit, 
and  lie  sailed  on  the  San  Jose  for  Yaqui.^'  That 
unlucky  craft  could  not  enter  the  port  in  an  unfavor- 
able wind;  nor  by  reason  of  her  rotten  cables  wait 
outside  for  a  change,  so  the)'  put  back  to  Loretu. 
The  San  Javier  had  just  arrived,  reporting  that  on 
the  beach  at  Ahonie  were  many  useful  fragments  of 
the  wrecked  *Sa;i /'cr»i/n ;  and  accordingly  the  desti- 
nation was  changed  to  Aliome  at  the  mouth  of  what 
is  now  the  Rio  del  Fuertc.  Salvaticrra's  plan  was  to 
proceed  northward  by  land,  seeking  alms  by  the  way; 
and  in  January  1701  he  started  from  Ahome.^"  I 
Iiave  had  access  to  the  oriLi'inal  mission  registers  of 
Loreto  and  of  several  other  missions,  from  which  a 
few  items  will  be  taken  from  time  to  time.  The  only 
record  down  to  the  end  of  1700  is  to  the  effect  that 
there  had  been  thirty-five  deaths,  a  few  being  of  gento 
de  razon.''' 

'^  At  the  eml  ■  ^f  October  according  to  Vcncgas;  but  I  think  it  may  have 
been  hittT. 

^''Sd/rafirrra,  Ficlarioppit,  124-5,  letter  to  Artcaga  of  May  1701.  Venej.'ar^, 
Notlna,  ii.  7-t-.">,  represents  Salvaticrra's  motive  to  have  lieen  the  ol)tJiiiiiiiL; 
of  aid,  witliout  mentioning  tlic  provincial's  order  respecting  the  annexation  and 
exploration  of  (Juaymas.  In  addition  to  the  authorities  already  nientioncil  [ 
may  cite  /Urilhi  Viijedo,  Ctirta  de  21  Die,  ll'JJ,  sobre  el  Entado  actiitil  dc  In* 
Mis'ioncH  lie.  Ill  yiicra  E-^paitn,  MS.,  a.s  containing  some  general  information  nu 
the  missions  during  the  Jesuit  jieriod,  tliougli  mainly  devoted  to  later  tinns. 

^''Loreto,  IjihroK  di'  Mis'ion,  I'/dO-'SO,  ^IS.  These  fragmentary  record;s, 
containing  the  autograph  entries  of  Salvatierra,  I'iecolo,  IJgarte,  and  many 
later  missionaries,  are  in  the  possession  of  Colonel  O.  Livermore  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, who  has  kindly  allowed  me  to  examine  tliem. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 
1G00-1G40. 

•  ioVERVMENT— List  of  ErtERS— See  of  GrADiAXA— Bisuors— CEooRAnii- 
CAL  Links  AND  PisTKTCTs — PnoouEss  in  the  SorTii-EAsi-— Sivkustition, 
Famine,  and  Ekiiiteol'sness  at  rAiiitAs — Acaxee  Missions  ofToima — 
JU.voi.T— The  Saijaibo  Bishoi'— Conveusion  and  Bevoi.t  of  hie  Xixi- 

.MES— (JliVERNDU's  CAMPAIGNS — TlIE  TErEIirANE   ]  )ISTI!I('T— KeVOI.T   oE 

l(il(»-17 — Massacre  of  Ten  Missionaries  and  Two  IIcndred  Sfan- 
lARDS — Peace  Restored — Hcmes  and  Hixas — Vircen  del  IIaciiazo — 
C'liiin'Aiii'A  Districts — Jescit  Beginnings  in  Taraiiimara  I'.a.ta — 
Franciscan  Estaiilisiiments — Report  of  10--— Concho  ^Mission — 
Parral  Founded — Coauuil.v. 

Ix  the  seventeenth  century  the  kingdom  of  Nueva 
Vizcayn,  for  like  its  soutliern  neighbor  it  was  com- 
monly termed  a  rcino,  included  the  territory  consti- 
tutino*  the  modern  states  of  Duranixo,  Chihuahua, 
Siiialoa,  Sonora,  and  the  southern  parts  of  what  is 
now  Coahuila.^  For  reasons  already  explained,  how- 
ever, I  have  presented  separately  the  annals  of  the 
coast  provinces,  nominally  sulyect  en  lo  jwlifico  to  the 
governor  at  Durango;  and  I  now  have  to  record  in 
this  chapter  and  the  next  the  history  of  Xueva  Vis- 
cava  proper,  substantially  Durango  and  Chihuahua, 
lioin  IGOO  to  1700.- 

The  governor  of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  residing  for  mere 
than  half  the  century  at  Durango,  I'egarded  as  capital 

'Not  until  1785  was  the  Parras  and  Saltillo  region  attached  to  Coalniila 
jinipcr  as  a  separate  province. 

^See  chap.  v.  of  this  volume  for  lOth  century  annals  of  the  country,  and  as 
un  introduction  to  what  follows.     My  s.pace  does  not  permit  inudi  repetition, 
iiiid  the  territorial  peculiarities  of  my  subject  in  this  volume  esiieeially  do 
III  it  allow  a  continuous  clironological  connection  from  chapter  to  eiiaptcr. 
BiBi.  N.  Hex.  States,  Vol.  I.    20  i  UU5  ) 


1  1    -  I  1^ 


:;oo 


ANXALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


i'rom  the  first  and  iiintle  a  ciudad  \\\  \iVl\,  witli  a  s;il- 
arv  of  two  tli'tiisaiul  pesos,  was  apitointed  \)\  the 
Iciny",  lioldiiiijf  also  hy  ro\-al  appointiui'iit  tlio  rj.'ik  nf 
captaiii-in'ciioral.  So  far  as  can  bo  asccrtaincc^  iVc'u 
tliL'  rtTords,  tlic  rulers  down  to  IGIO,  tlie  pt'riod  cov- 
ered 1)}'  this  eliajiter,  were  as  follows:  IGOO,  .FaiuR' 
ITerrailes  do  Arriajji'a;  lGOl-2,  liodri^'o  dc  Yiveio; 
M\()'l-\\,  Francisoo  Urdinola;  1(51 5-1 8,  Gaspar  dc 
Alvear  y  Salazar,  10.10,  ]li[)6lit() do  Velaseo;  Id:?!  :;, 
Gonzalo  (Jouiez  de  (.\'rvantes;  to  1G.19,  l^uis  do  ^[oii- 
salve;  from  IG.'IO  Luis  Valdes.^  These  men  are  fur 
the  most  part  merely  named  incidentally  as  holding- 
the  position;  and  of  their  life,  character,  services,  and 
troubles  nothinu;' I'urther  is  known  except  a  brief  men- 
tion of  ofiicial  ai'ts  in  the  case  of  some  in  conntH'tion 
Avith  mission  annals.  The  somewhat  complicated 
relations  of  provincial  rulers  to  crown,  viceroy,  and 
audiencia  have  been  sufficiently  explained  elsewhere.' 
In  the  exercise  of  political  power  the  o-overnor  was 
resp(mslble  to  the  kinu^  alone, and  he  ai)pointe(l  ali -aides 
mayores  and  other  civil  officials;  in  some  phases  of 
his  military  poM  er  and  in  matters  pertaining  to  tlie 
exchequer  he  was  subordinate  to  the  viceroy,  there 
being  at  Durango  a  branch  of  the  caja  real,  or  treas- 
ury, under  roval  officers;  and  the  audiencia  of  Guada- 
lajara,  holding  judicial  jurisdiction  over  all  the  north, 
had  cognizance  of  official  misconduct  on  the  pait  <it' 
the  governor,  and  might  appoint  a  temporar}''  goverm  >i', 
mIiosc  appointment  ad  interim  came  from  the  vice- 


I'OV 


,  6 


In  all  its  minor  and  local  details  the  govern- 


^Alqire,  i.  418;  ii.  184-5,  220;  Torqiicmada,  i.  091;  Apost.  Afam>i.  .11; 
liihas.  Jlixf.  Triuin/ihoa,  o.Vl;  Pachfco  and  CdnhiiaK,  Col.  Due,  i.N.  24(-'i; 
yotiriax  tie  K-iprd.,  (iTU;  Zamwot.<,  Hist.  M<j.,  v.  280;  Ddvllu,  Coiiihmwiun, 
M.S.,  224;  Ordi/irs  (Ic  la  Conmn^'SlS.,  ii.  ISO. 


'See  Hist.  xMci'.,  iii.  tliis  scries 
not  in 


.  ^'izoaya  iiulopcmlont  <if  viceroy  in  political  and  military  matters,  I'ut 

^..  cxc'lie(iuer.  InstniccioiKS  di'  los  i'inr)/cs,  270;  Jhnici  ra,  Instrif.,  i'-.'- , 

4S0-!t0;  subject  to  viceroy  in  matters  of  war  and  exclie(juer.  Ctilli',  Mmi. 
Sot.,  DO.  The  government  belonged  'en  lo  politico  y  dc  justicia'  to  the 
juuliencia.  Mofa-J'adi/la,  Coinj.  A'.  6V</.,  400-1,  'MS.  Viceroy  given  ovJus 
liy  king  respecting  taxes  in  X.  Vizcaya.  JUoutiiiudoi;  Srmarius,  24S.  Kmo 
obtained  from  the  viceroy  au  order  in  favor  of  native  laborers.    I't-imjas,  3'  '. 


LISnOPRIC  OF  GUADIANA. 


307 


iiiont  was  Identical  with  that  of  Xucva  Calicia.  The 
most  notable  tliftbrenco  lay  in  the  i'act  that  Xui'va 
A'i/eaya  was  still  for  the  most  i)art  a  tierraile  i,nierra; 
the  military  took  precedence  of  the  eivil;  eomantlantes 
<4'  ))residios  were  more  powerful  than  alcaldes  or  cor- 
re^idores;  mission  establishments  re(|niriiii;'  an  anmial 
(iiillay  in  stijiends  idled  the  })la('e  of  the  southern 
towns  paying  tribute  and  tithes  ]>oth  civil  and  politi- 
ral  cfovernment  were  confined  chietly  to  large  town-<, 
presidio  garrisons,  and  mining  camps. 

In  1G20  the  bishopric  of  (luailalajai'n  was  divided, 
and  the  northern  region,  including  all  of  Xueva  W/.- 
caya  in  its  broadest  limits,  was  formed  by  a  bull  of 
I'aul  y.,  dated  October  11th,  into  a  now  bIslioj)ric  of 
duadiana,"  under  the  patronage  of  Saint  ^Matthew, 
rr('ei\  ing  as  its  share  in  the  aj)portionnient  of  tithes 
1(),000  pesos/     Fray  Gonzalo  ile  llermosillo,  a  native 

C'lK,  ii.  80-90.  Tlic  governor  objected  ■when  r>ili.i3  asked  for  padres  in 
Jlcxico.  Julid.-!,  lliM.  Trhiiiiji/wf,  'M',\-'>,  Jtiiio  IS,  ]()'J4,  governor  (inhnd  to 
(ilicy  orders  of  tlio  yieuroy  as  the  representative  of  the  king.  Monti  iiKi'mr, 
SiiKi.,  h'A.  Andieneia  of  Mexieo  severely  leprinianded  by  tlio  kin^  for  its 
eiiursc  in  late  trouljlea  lietwein  CIov.  Monsalvo  ;iiid  an  oi'nr  of  ( Jnadalajaia. 
(h'lliiii  'I  ill'  1(1  l'(frii>ict,yi>y.,  ii.  ISl).  Di^e.  '_'.'{,  Iti.iT,  iiiltila  ordering  goMi-nurs 
t'l  re  sidu  at  Diiraiigo,  and  not  at  the  Parrul  ininesor  elsew  iiere.  l!n-vji.  ih:  Iml., 
ii.  I'JI).  Teniporaiy  goveinor  appointed  liy  vieeroy.  ('nllr,  Mnn.  Xnl.,  l<'i.">. 
Li>t  iif  -0  cilliees  tilled  liy  the  govt'rnor  at  ii  .salary  nf  "J.'iO  pesos ;  lit  iitenniif  ■ 
governor;  aleahU's  niayores  of  Saltillo,  J,agnn;i  y  I'ariiis,  (innaval,  mines  of 
S.  Antonio  do  Cneneaine,  S.  Juan  del  liio,  mines  ot  (.,'oreto,  niin(  s  of  .Mapimi, 
mines  of  L'hindea,  Sta  ]j;irl)ara,  mines  of  (.iuanaeivi,  minis  of  'J'opia,  mines 
of  Sau  AnilrOs,  mines  of  I'iinneo,  San  ]!artolome,  and  San  I'lancisiit  ile  Me/- 
(|iiital;  liesidcs  thos^e  in  Sinaloa  named  elscwlure.  Id.,  1(H)-!.  Nonil>re  ito 
]iiiis  in  1008  had  not  yet  lieen  iinally  luljndged  to  lither  \.  (laiieia  or  \. 
^'i/^aya.  It  had  an  alcalde  niayorappointedliy  the  vietroy;  liesides  alguaeil, 
nh\rez,  and  notary,  otliees  .sold  for  1,1100,  1,4(1(1,  and  >S,(IO(>  pesos  respi'etivi  ly ; 
the  alfirez  having  besidesa  salary  of  l.'i.OOO  maravedis;  and  also  two  alcaldes 
electing  their  .successors  annually.  Xnmhri'  tie  Jhn.i,  J)is(ri/i.,  'JlS-4'2. 

".Sec  autiiorities  in  notes  7,  S.  Calle,  J/ini.  Xnt.,  !tl,  gives  the  date  IC.IO, 
and  p.  J),")  says  the  tiist  bishop  was  chosen  Jan.  'JT,  10-0.  AlcL-re,  ii.  ]-Jl,  ]\i'.i, 
•J(il(,  dates  the  bull  dune  11,  Ki'JO.  15y  decree  of  (  uegc.ry  X\'.,\Mareh  14,  KIJl, 
aceonling  to  Vil/u  iSi  fior,  Tluutro,\\.  .SIUl;  A'.  V'r.iiiiiii,  .1  >iii'.,  iii.  l.")-l('i;  K.<ni- 
ilu-o,  A'o/.  J)iii:,  '2-2.     Frejes,  J/lst.  Unvr,  '2r2.  makes  the  date  Ki,".!. 

''  Motii-Piidillii,  Comj.  A'.  (.'«/.,  "JTO-MO.  This  author  calls  the  diocese. 
X.  Vizcaya,  and  gives  the  boundaries,  tfic  l!io  di'  las  (.'anas  iicing  that  on 
the  coast.  The  see  was  sutl'iagan  cif  Mixico,  and  of  immense  extent.  Jio'ii- 
iiiiiiif,  Crou.  Mirh.,  v.  Revenue  of  see  in  I'Ki,  ."i.ddO  pesos.  'J'he  dean  got 
l.'.'liO  pesos;  the  nrcediano  and  chantre,  l,(t(iO;  and  two  eaiionigos,  ,",00.  In 
l(i4."i  the  king  allowed  one  canonigo  to  be  made  doctoral,  and  the  bi>hiip  was 
;ill(iwed  to  use  ;i,000  pesos  from  the  lioveno  sui]ilus  on  the  ihureh  building. 


■     'i: 


(  o//(',  Not.,  y,').     Income  of  bishop  formerly  ."'.000  pesos,  with  4.8110  lor  li\o 
Itro,  Xot,  JJur.,  24-0.  k>ix  thousand  pesos  in  tithes  in  lOyj. 


prcbeudarics.  Escudti 


308 


AXXALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


of  Mexico,  j^rofessor  of  tlioolo<ry  in  the  university,  and 
a  nionilxT  of  the  Au^ustinian  order,  was  nmdi^  the  lii-st 
bishoj*.  His  appointment  was  contirined  l)y  tlic  jiope 
on  October  I'J,  l(»i!0;  he  took  possession  of  the  see  hy 
]>roxy  a  year  and  ten  (hiys  later,  and  in  person  on  Se|i- 
tend)er  I,  1(!2.'5;  and  ruled  to  the  sa  isfaetion  of  all 
concerned  until  lOol ,  when  he  died  in  vSinaloa  on  Janu- 
ary   L'Hth  M'hile  en<jai;ed  in   a  tour  of  confirinati(»i). 

t,'  *^     n 

His  body  was  buried  at  San  Felipe*,  but  in  1()C>8  \v;is 
transferied  to  the  cathedral  at  ])uran<j^o.  His  suc- 
cessor was  Don  Alonso  b'ranco  y  ]juna,  a  native;  nt' 
^[adrid,  university  professor  at  Alcahi,  and  curate. 
He  was  appointed  by  Felipe  IV.  December  3,  1(1:] I; 
approved  by  the  ])ope  .lunu  G,  1(532;  consecrated  in 
October  of  the  same  year,  and  took  possession  by 
proxy  Xovendier  0,  1(533.  Bishop  Franco  travelled 
exteiisivelv  in  his  diocese;  spent  larij'e  sums  on  different 
churches;  obtained  a  royal  //i/?o*'>irt  for  his  cathedial; 
and  v.as  transferred  to  IVru  in  1G3'J.  He  left  J)u- 
ranu^o  in  ]  CIO,  but  died  the  same  year  before  receiviiii; 
the  l)ul!  coniirniing'  his  new  oihce.  The  third  bishop 
was  Francisco  Diei>;o  de  Fvia  y  Valdes,  a  native  ef 
Ovietlo  in  S[)ain,  educated  at  Salanianeni,  and  friar  el" 
the  order  of  San  ]Jenit(t.  His  appointment  of  ]\[ay 
17,  1G3'.),  was  conlirmed  the  1st  of  August;  he  toek 
possession  in  January  1G40;  and  in  A])ril  he  staited 
out  on  his  lirst  episcopal  tour  of  insjiection  and  contir- 
mation.  All  the  bishops  arc  eulogized;  but  it  is  im- 
possible to  i'orm  any  clear  idea  of  their  respective 
chai'acteristics.  In  episcopal  as  in  political  govern- 
ment there  seem  to  have  been  no  troubles  or  contre- 
versies  in  these  years.^ 

In  the  missionary  record  now  to  be  presented  it 
must  be  noted  that  only  io  a  general  sense  can  the 

Arlegui,  108.  Curacy  of  Noinbrc  tie  Dion  in  1G08  obtained  000  or  TOO  piso.s 
lor  iiovonos.  Piich<vn  and  Cunlciias,  Coi.  Doc,  ix.  "240.  In  llJ!S7  all  Jio 
prehendarios  dit'd.  IijIckkik  y  Vonrcntox,  Ji'dcicioii,  SIT. 

"On  till!  bisliujiric  of  (luadiauaand  its  bishops,  see  Coiiciliox  Prov.,  l.Vi.">- 
05,  308  ctsct^.j  A'i(tra  L'tipafia,  JJreve  liesuiucii,  MS.,  ii.  3---4T;  liaiitin::, 


MISSION  DISTRICTS. 


soo 


Sierra  ]\r;i(lro  be  used  as  a  l)oiiii(larv,  s'lnoo  the  sontli- 
wt'sti'ni  section  of  ChiluialuKi  is  west  of  the  main 
riiiiLje,  1)(MM_!^  in  (^arly  as  well  as  in  later  times  a  pai't 
nt'tlie  western  j)rovinee;  while  the  Tt)i)ia  province  ot' 
])uranj,'()  extcndctl  almost  to  the  coast  so  as  to  include 
a  lar_:^a3  part  of  the  modern  Sinaloa.  The  mission 
^rou[)S  wer(>  foi'nu'd  without  reference  to  ^eo^iMphieal 
lines,  according  to  tlu;  lionu's  of  the  con\ti-ts,  l»y 
jViars  will)  came  indiilerently  from  the  east  or  west. 
Till'  (H\  ision  is  made  for  pi'esent  convenience,  and  in 
vii'W  of  later  (leveloj)mcnts;  hut  j^eon'raphical  ditH- 
(•iihi(-s  would  not  be  lessened,  either  hy  treatin^if  the 
wliole  territory  tojjjether  or  hy  any  attempt  to  diaw 
the  lini-s  more  definitely.  There  is  necessardy  ,L;reat 
confusion  in  the  h)cation  of  the  mission  puehlos 
throughout  the  country,  and  especially  in  the  moun- 
tain (hstricts,  resulting  from  the  im})erfection  of  t!ie 
dill  and  modern  maps,  as  well  as  from  the  frecpient 
(•hanL;'es  that  have  taken  place  both  in  sites  and 
names.  (,)f  course  no  pains  will  be  spared  to  reduce 
this  confusion  to  a  mininuun.  The  annexed  map  from 
Oro/.co  y  ]>erra's  Carta  Ktn()(jrajiva  will  give  an  id' a 
of  the  liuL^uistic  subdivisions  of  the  territory;  and 
my  own  sketch  maps  of  this  and  the  following*  cha[>- 
tcis  show  the  location  of  the  principal  missions  and 
ti'Wiis.  The  southern  part  of  the  territory  may  he 
conveniently  divided  into  three  districts:  that  of  the 
Tt'iiehuanes,  embracing  a  large  ])art  of  the  modern 
])iuango,  especially  the  central  and  northern  portions; 
that  of  To[)ia,  home  of  the  Acaxees,  Xiximes,  and 
kindred  tribes,  a  mountainous  region  in  western  Du- 
rango  extending  westward  to  near  the  coast,  and 
nuithward  almost  to  the  Kio  de  Sinaloa;'^  and  linally 

lli<t.  ]hn:,  '21-4;  Id.,  in  .Voc.  JA.v.  OVor/..  v.  .TI  c'tseq.;  CuJIf,  Mdh.  Xof  , 
'.•">-(i;  Fiijmri'U,  I'liK/ifiiif;,  MS.,  715;  Ci'iiiizii/f~J>iiri/(i,'J'iiilro,i.'2ii>~'>0,  ii.  !)•_'; 
Mi!./ii>iiraii,  J/i.-'l.  i'nii:  I'inii  i\  ic,  1.S4;  Jifdiniionf,  Cniii.  Jlir/i.,  v,  MlV-l; 
J'lirild,  Coiifiiiiiiiriiiii,  Ms.,  'J'J!I;  Aln/rc,  ii.  17(i;  MoliiKt,  ('Jtrnn.  S.  J)ii<jo, 
-1(1;  Mnnlli,  FtL-liXwAh-h.,  ,'{(m;  Cuiicsilr L'sp.,J)!nrio,  ISl'J,  xii.  .'US;  Suiiia.^, 
Clircii.  J/i.'i/i.,u.  4[),'t\  V'unicru  i'liir.,  xxvii.  1"_'1-'J;  Cna/m,  Mini.,  AJii"/.,(i--'i; 
TdiiKu-dii,  I'/'sZ/ff,  MS.,.'t_7;  JJicr.  Uiiir.,  in.  Mir,  ix.  .'i,")7. 

'■''i'lio  Mdcoiito,  or  Evora,  wiis  the  bouml   Ijctwccn  Tcipia  and  Siualoa. 
Al'jrc,  i.  -Sol. 


M 


310 


ANNALS  OP  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Trill. riVtt'ystii\.\ 

I    (-(niiluriS        '   ..  *'Atotonilco 

'     f     )     -.^  o;UttlMirl((aiiie 

\J    '"'  J 

c  Ouailalu|)e  y  Cairo 


i,X.c     ^  c.j\  ^  '^  -V  f:  .,      ^^^ 


.,  AniBCul 
o  *.liiya 

^  'ABAIBO.  \ 

CuliHcan  • 


B.Cripirio  iSy.^'jIiirmi 

S<i)t)pa  ~         ^ 
„  ,     _  >fAlotijuili-o  -Uimtif 

■^.    C„.-l»'o    ;^=Oo„c,.pcio„        P-.-.>.l»r">y    p,'„„„,  ,s.J„«„,l.lliio 

./.      "~>- ^°a.lRll|.6ig   -^       I        Jt  K      ) 

"''  \.-^  '■■        Ou«rlMlllejf  \         Uuraniio 

,o S  >     o        ^     *^ 

^'^"f'^-'  Milj.lll.u"  f.NiiinliriiliJDni'^ 

X^         _  '     M.i.|uiUiy  v    yNi'^ya 

f-,r~(V.^-^ '*""■■"'*  ^     /  -  8uiiil.rri{ti> 


Q  SHUtb!,i' 


"'■'1       >-\       ^'■:f>^cb.i,u,h,XJ  G  LAC  II  I  cm 


,')TttUiw>x7  y 


^Affuas-calientM',;, 


S.Luis  Futoai  ■ 

A, 


:ill.  lIlMRt-AS  '    1."  .i.,lu- 


Orozco  y  BEiiRA'M  Map. 


P.IRRAS  MISSIONS. 


811 


the  castorii  lake  province  about  Parras,  to  wliicli  the 
iiaino  jMision  de  Parras  was  usually  ap[)lie(.l.^" 

Beforo  IGOO  we  have  noted  the  I'oundation  of 
Nonibre  do  Dios,  Durango,  Parras,  Saltillo,  and 
other  towns;  the  conquest  of  Topia;  the  exploraticju 
l)y  various  military  ex])ed:+ions  of  the  country  far 
into  tlie  present  Chihuahua;  the  niarcli  t!)roui;h  the 
territory  of  several  armies  en  route  ft)r  Xev  INJoxieo; 
;ind  the  opening'  of  rich  mines,  notably  tliosc;  of  Inde, 
Aviho,  Piinuco,  San  Andres,  and  Santa  Barbara,  the 
latter  being  the  northern  i.io,it  of  actual  settlement. 
Wo  have  seen  the  Franr-iscans,  besides  accom[)anyini( 
tlic  mihtary  forces,  and  attending  to  the  spiritual 
nct.ls  of  miners,  establish  their  convents  at  Nombre 
(le  J)ios,  Durango,  To[)ia,  Mapimi,  Mezquital,  San 
P)art»)lt>me  Yalley,  Cuencame,  and  Saltillo.  We  have 
glanced  at  the  iii'st  de(?a<lc  of  Jesuit  annals,  at  the 
cud  oC  which  the  company  had  its  colegio  at  Guadiana, 
with  six  workmen  in  the  missionary  iield.  Of  these 
lathers  Santaren  and  Ruiz  were  in  Topia;  Francisco 
Kannrez  and  Espinosa  at  Parras;  and  Geronimo 
llamircz  and  Fonte  in  the  Tcpehuane  mission  at  and 
about  Papasquiaro." 

In  the  towns  of  the  Laguna  region,  all  visitas  of 
llio  Jesuit  mission  at  Parras,  pros])erity  reigned  for 
over  forty  years,  only  to  be  interrupted  by  seculariza- 
tion as  will  bo  seen  later.  Padre  ]ilspinosa  died  in 
](i02  aiid  wa>  replaced  by  Francisco  Arista;  and  next 
year  tii'teen  hundred  converts  were  added  to  tlie  four 
thou.-and  already  baptized. ^^  No  hostilities  were  ever 
e\])erienced  from  the  gentle  Laguneros,  who  we'  'omed 
even  doctrina  when  administered  with  plenty  of  food, 
and  tl>e  padres'  chief  ditficulty  was  to  eradicate  deep- 


isL 


"Durango  was  also  cabled  Nueva  Cuiitabria.  Mota-Padilla,  Covq.  X, 
Gal.,  4117. 

"  See  chapter  v.  of  this  volume. 

^■'Hhc  2>ii<'l>lo.-<  lie  i'i.v/Va  of  .Santa  Maria  de  I'arras  in  lOO.'t  were  Smu  T'edro, 
Siuitiuuo,  and  San  Nicoliis  round  Lake  S.  I'edro;  La  La;4una  and  i!io  Naza>; 
Siinto  Tonias  and  San  Ger(5nimo;  and  a  SpaiiisL  stttlemeui  of  San  Ignacio  on 
the  liio  Nazas.  Alajre,  i.  418. 


,      tS     I 


812 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


rooted  but  puerile  superstitions.  Tlie  neoj)liytes  were 
always  seeing  visions  and  being  frightened  by  sorcerers 
into  the  performance  of  conciliatory  rites  to  El  Denio- 
nio;  and  yet  so  fond  were  they  of  the  Jesuits  and  so 
eager  for  Spanish  protection  that  a  threat  of  abandon- 
ment was  ollen  the  most  effectual  means  to  check 
their  anti-christian  tendencies.  The  missionaries  who 
toiled  iu  this  field  during  the  first  half  of  the  century, 


rrurrl» 

'"^^^    ^vy      _.*...        v-^  s  i,„i 

■  "^'-   —        — '^  ^^      ^\        ^-  -^> 

:  '^P*"'    "'M.M.rilTott,.'  1-^      a 


Sta.Cru7^^ilr''^','"'"'w  7>. 

S.BfllllNtKIII 


S.L'iindo 


SOCTIIEUN   NUKVA   ViZCAYA,    1700. 

in  addition  to  those  already  named,  were  Luis  Ahu- 
mada,  .luau  ]Vtancar,  Tomils  Dominguez,  Sebastian 
Yta,  Diego  Larios,  Diego  .Diaz  de  Pangua,  (j!as|t;ii* 
Contreras,  and  J ^uis  Gomez,  the  exact  dates  of  service 
not  beinu"  miven." 

"•aV.  Vizcai/u,  Doc.  Hid.,  MS.,  552.    The  Anna  of  1007  iu  Doc.  Ilit-t. 


JESUITS  IX  TOPIA. 


313 


In  1G08  four  hundred  no()])liytt'S  died  of  sinall-pox  ;" 
and  in  lGi2  the  country  suli'ered  from  an  inundation 
.sucli  as  liad  not  been  known  for  thir-ty  years.  The 
Ilio  Xazas  overilowed  its  baidcs,  destroying"  the  chui'cli 
and  otlier  buil(hn<j[s  at  San  I^'nacio,  the  cliief  S|tanish 
settlement  in  tliat  re^'ion.  At  San  Pedro,  tliouL^ii  the 
]iatives  ran  away  and  the  padre  barely  saved  Ids  life, 
the  church  had  fortunately  been  connnended  to  the 
Airi^^in  and  was  not  injured.  The  next  year  was  one 
(if  dioui^ht  and  famine;  but  the  Hood  liad  not  been 
without  its  benefits,  since  it  had  fertilized  ihjw  distiicts 
and  opened  new  cliannels.  In  former  times  di'ou^lit 
had  ever  been  productive  of  war  for  the  possession  (if 
the  dee[)est  holes  with  thel"  lish-supply;  but  ('liiisti- 
anity  had  chan^'ed  all  that.''  Of  secular  allairs  at 
Parras  and  at  Saltillo,  with  its  Tlascaltee  town  and 
I'l'anciscan  convent,  we  know  nothing',  so  smoothly 
moved  the  current  of  events,  t^r  so  imperfect  are  the 
I'ccords  preserved;  and  for  the  same  reasons  it  matters 
not  whether  we  close  this  (Irst  })eriod  of  soiuh-casti'rn 
annals  at  1G15  or  1G40,  since  the  intervening  years 
form  an  absolute  blank  in  history. ^^ 

I  pass  from  the  cast  to  the  extremo  west,  where 
fathers  Alonso  Kuiz  and  Hernando  Santuren  toiled 
in  the  sierra  of  Topia,  in  the  region  about  the  modern 
Taumzula,  where  a  grand  beginning  was  made  as  we 
have  seen  in  IGOO,'^  followed  by  nuich  progress  for 
nhont  a  year.  I'he  native  Acaxees  seemed  docile  and 
increasingly  fond  of  village  life;  but  Satan  was  not 
dead,  neither  did  he  sleep;  and  what  was  woj-se,  }irac- 
tically,  Topia  was  a  nulling  district.  Ijaborers  were 
needed  in  the  rc<(A'.s' of  Toj)ia,  San  Andres,  San  lfip('i- 
lito,  and  Yirgenes;  and  such  laborers  were  obtained 

Mi'.r.,  si'iio  iv.  Vol.  iii.  Kl  S,  spi-nks  of  six  iiiulrts  at  work  in  riiiias  with 
■1,000  (.'liiisti.iii  iiutivi'i  in  'JO  juielilns. 

^^A/iir,iiniki,  in  N.   Vi-cdija,  Jhic.  IlUt.,  iii.  (10. 

'■'y1 /';//•(',  //(V.  ('uii)p.  i/i.iii.-\  ii.  55-8. 

"'Amission  waa  t.stublisliu'd  lit  (Jiuncuinc  in  1C30.  Alcjrc,  Hid.  Comp. 
i/esH.f,  ii.  I.s4. 

•'  Sue  chapter  v.  of  this  volume. 


i 
5 


1! 


k 


314 


ANX^VLS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


without  mncli  rci^ard  to  royal  orders  or  Christian 
precepts.  Ill  1  GO  1-2  fifty  Acaxees,  indignant  at  ill- 
treatment  and  chafing  under  restraint,  aroused  five 
thousand  of  their  nation  to  take  up  arms  with  a 
solemn  oath  to  lay  them  down  only  when  the  last 
Spaniard  had  been  slain.  There  was  no  ill-will  toward 
the  padres,  but  tlieir  influence  was  feared  and  they 
were  to  be  included  in  the  slaughter.  The  rebels 
killed  five  Spaniards  at  the  first  outbreak;  burned  all 
the  pueblo  buildings,  including  forty  churches;  dealt 
the  same  fate  to  most  of  the  mining  camps;  and  finally, 
eight  hundred  strong,  besieged  Padre  lluiz,  who  with 
forty  S])aniards  and  a  few  natives  had  intrenched 
himself  in  the  church  at  San  Andres. 

The  soldiers  defended  themselves  successfully  and 
even  made  several  sorties,  in  one  of  which  the  assail- 
ants were  surprised  at  early  morning  and  lost  a  largo 
supply  of  food  and  some  lives.  In  another  Ruiz 
marched  out  in  advance  of  the  soldiers,  unprotected 
save  by  his  crucifix,  and  clouds  of  arrows  were  dis- 
charged at  tl  e  holy  man,  but  not  one  struck  him. 
Meanwhile  messengers  had  been  able  to  reach  Du- 
i-ango,  and  after  filteen  days,  when  food  and  ])owder 
were  about  exhausted,  Governor  Urdinola  Avith  sixtv 
men  came  to  the  relief  of  the  besieged,  and  the  foo 
retired  to  their  mountain  stronij^holds.^^ 

In  the  new  aspect  of  afiairs  the  first  step  taken 
was  to  send  Padre  Santaren  to  urge  submission  as  a 
duty,  and  the  only  means  of  escaping  war  to  the  death. 
This  missionary  was  especially  beloved  by  the  natives, 
and  was  able  to  go  safely  among  tiiem  several  times, 
tliough  his  escort  was  once  attacked,  and  during  one 
visit  a  Spaniard,  a  negro,  and  several  Christian  natives 
captured  with  a  mule  train  on  the  Culiacan  route, 

''According  to  Zacatiras,  hiformacion,  MS.,  Yivcro  %vaa  Kovoriior  nt  tlio 
licgiiininit  of  this  revolt.  Jiihiis  says  tlic  rebels  killed  aojiie  Ciiristiaii  IndiMiifi 
in  the  piieljlox;  also  tliattlic  real  do  Topia\vas))esiegod;  and  tiiat  Konic  Siiaii- 
iai'ds  were  badly  wounded  at  San  Andres.  Santaren,  in  Alujrc,  i.  KKt-l, 
says  it  was  the  governor's  lieutenant  w ho  came  ■with  70  men,  and  tlin t  tiie 
Indiana  then  burned  the  40  churches  and  retired.  Mention  of  the  revolt  iu 
liivcra,  (Job.  Mix.,  i.  TS;  Zamacoi^,  Hid.  M<J.,  \.  'J4J-U. 


REVOLT  OF  THE  ACAXEES, 


315 


wcro  killed  in  his  very  presence;  still  he  could  not 
l)ring  the  rebels  back  to  their  allegiance.  TJrdiiiola's 
forces  raided  througli  the  country,  acconi])lishing  but 
little.  The  natives  often  drew  their  pursuers  to  a 
favorable  sjiot,  attacked  them  from  ambush,  antl,  if 
unsuccessful,  as  they  usually  were,  retired  to  inacessi- 
hlu  barrancas.  JNIeanwhile  Bishop  Mniii  was  on  his 
M  ay  to  Topia  escorted  by  forty  men.  This  ])arty  was 
led  astray  by  an  ingenious  device  of  scattering  maize 
to  attract  crows  and  lead  the  Spaniards  to  suppose 
Ihcy  were  following  Urdinola's  trail.  The  advance 
guard  was  attacked,  and  rejoined  the  bishop  only  alter 
some  loss. 

Tlie  three  representatives  of  political,  ecclesiastical; 
and  missionary  power  now  combined  their  eflbrts. 
The  governor  supplemented  his  military  operations 
with  a  bombshell  hurled  into  the  hostile  camp  in  the 
ibrm  of  a  kind  act.  Capturing  a  party  of  women 
who  had  become  separated  from  the  warriors,  lie  sent 
them  safe  and  well  fed  back  to  their  husbands,  thus 
tviu'^  the  hands  of  the  savac^cs,  as  thev  afterward 
confessed,  in  spite  of  their  vow.  Santaren  continued 
Jiis  supplications.  Bishop  Mota  sent  his  mitre  as  a 
pledge  of  intercession  with  the  secular  autliorities.^'' 
All  tliese  influences,  joined  to  present  hardships  and 
memory  of  ]:)ast  life  in  the  missions,  were  too  muck 
i'or  the  patriotism  and  waning  animosity  of  the 
Acaxees;  and  Santaren  soon  marched  into  Topia  at 
the  head  of  three  thousand  natives  of  eleven  districts, 
bearing  the  cross  and  the  white  i\ag  of  peace.  Kindly 
received,  they  submitted  to  all  recjuirements,  obtained 
full  ])ardon,  and  went  to  work  to  rebuild  their  eliurches. 

This  submis^ion  naturallv  did  not  extend  at  once  to 
all  the  ramilications  of  the  Acaxee  nation  ui  the  far- 


"Acconling  to  Tcrqucmwhi,  i.  G90-3,  tlio  rclicls,  nftor  recriving  tlio 
iiiitr>\  were  attacked  liy  the  .Spaniards,  and  being  luiid  jiressed,  they  Uour- 
i>hed  tlie  pledge  v  hieh  tile  ofiieers  aivl  men  came  immediately  to  kiss.  This 
^ave  the  natives  a  very  lii;;li  idea  of  the  talisman  and  did  nineh  to  eansc  Buh- 
Utission.  The  bislup  afl^'i-ward  preached  not  lesij  against  the  Spanish 
opju'essivn  than  against  tlie  Aeaxce  revolt.  The  mitre  wan  later  preserved  in 
the  C'u.iacuu  church,  It'tban,  Hid.  Triuin^ihos,  490. 


■^-^=».. 


s*  *^     .,    I, 


Ill* 

iii 


I 


816 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


rcachinc^  defiles  of  the  sierra.  The  Sabaibos  on  tlio 
west  not  only  continued  the  revolt,^"  but  even  dciLi^md 
to  learn  a  useful  lesson  as  they  thought  of  Bishop 
IVIota's  ex])loits.  An  old  sorcerer  proclaimed  himselt' 
bifshop  and  even  God,  chose  two  conij)anions  as  Saint 
James  and  Saint  John,  and  jiroceeded  to  ba[)tizc, 
niarrv,  and  divorce  bv  ori<>inal  formulas  of  his  own, 
retirinjj;'  to  a  distant  j)enol.  After  two  months  mct- 
fectual  elfort,^^  Governor  Urdinola  at  last  sent  San- 
taren  with  four  soldiers,  who  came  back  with  seven 
or  nine  villages  of  natives  ready  to  sul)mit.  Indig- 
nant at  this  defection,  the  o-entile  bishop  ravaged  tlie 
fields  and  burned  the  houses  of  the  deserters;  )jut  Im' 
was  soon  taken  and  put  to  death,  and  with  him  van- 
ished the  last  trace  of  rebellion  and  of  his  somewluit 
staitling doctrinal  innovations.-"  Padre  Andres  Tutifio 
was  added  to  the  nussionary  force  in  1G02,  and  in 
lGO-4  there  had  been  two  thousand  five  hundred  ba}>- 
tisnis  and  three  thousand  were  ready  for  the  rite.'-'^ 
Before  1G15  three  new  districts  were  added  to  the 
Tojtia  conversion.  These  were  the  rancheri'as  round 
the  ancieiit  Culiacan,"*  those  in  the  Sierra  de  Canta- 
ra[>a,  and  those  of  Bamoa,'''  all  apparently  in  the  mod- 
ern Sinah^a.  At  Tecuchuapa  there  was  at  one  time 
sericfus  trouble  with  the  Te[)eliuanes,  arising  from  the 
kidnnj»})ing  of  certain  maidens,  and  resulting  in  the 
jnassacre  of  a  whole  rancheria.     Occupied  with  tliis 

-"Alcgro,  JIUt.  Comp.  Jes^is,  i.  4i22-.'?,  implies  that  tlioy  Imd  submittt'd 
Midi  till'  rest,  and  that  tliis  waa  a  ticw  revolt.  Santaion,  in  Id.,  404-5,  iv- 
inc'X'iits  it  as  a  revolt  only  in  a  religioiiH  sense. 

''  There  is  sonic  confusion  in  tlie  narrative.  Alogro  says  it  was  to  tli>i 
Sahailios  that  tlie  bishop  sent  his  r.iitre;  Santarcn  i^peakh  of  no  lightiuL.';  aiul 
liih.is  makes  the  nets  of  the  Indian  hishop  the  eaiuieof  the  main  rovalt,  refer- 
ring the  return  of  the  women  to  this  last  jihase  of  it. 

^-'On  the  Aeaxee  revolt  sej  lyilids,  Hint.  'J'riiiitijihoi,  477-9'2:  AU'\iri'.  Ili^f. 
Comp.  JasKn,  i.  41S-'JI);  Sautaren's  letter.*,  iu  Id.,  403-");  Tvrqiianadu.  i. 
.;)0--J;  Can),  Tn>i  Shjios.  i.  iNJU-?. 

^^  Alcijrc,  i.  .'!!*;)-4,  4l!;{-4.  The  padre's  name  is  written  Justiuo  by  Val'le 
\i\  Di>c.  I  list.  M(.i:.,  serie  iv.  vol.  iii.  12!). 

^' IJadir.igiiato,  (Jonimeto,  iind  Alieamac  were  the  towns  formed;  and  Sta 
Mari.i  Teeiuliua[ia,  San  Peilro  y  San  I'ahlo  liacapa,  and  Sau  Ildefonso  Tocorito 
in  the  Caiitara))a,  or  Carantapa,  region. 

-^  This  cannot  bo  the  Jlamoa  near  Sau  Felipe;  but  was  another  rancheria 
of  simihir  name  in  the  mountains. 


THE  CANNIBALS. 


817 


iliuiittid 
Ol-."),  r.'- 

IS    to    till' 

It',  roiVr- 


xiiclu'i'Ki, 


matter  the  padres  could  not  visit  the  Banioas;  but 
the  latter  were  so  zealous  for  baptism  that  they  came 
to  Cantarapa  for  it  from  their  home  on  the  Rio  Sina- 
loa.  I^y  1(508  there  were  nine  missionaries  at  work 
under  Iluiz  as  superior,  in  the  whole  region  known  by 
tlie  ij^eneral  name  of  San  Andres.-*^ 

The  Xiximes  were  a  tribe  of  savages  and  cannibals, 
living  in  tlie  sierra  sfmtli  of  Topia  and  west  of  the 
citv  of  ])urango.'-'  They  were  the  southern  neii>hl)ors 
of  the  Aeaxees,  to  whom  they  wore  linguistically  allied, 
hut  were  the  inveterate  foes  of  that  people,  wJiom 
they  are  said  to  have  hunted  for  food.^^  It  soon  be- 
came of  vital  importance  to  suLxlue  these  savage  tribes, 
or  at  least  to  arrest  their  inroads  on  the  converts.  \x- 
dinola  was  appealed  to,  and  at  his  suggestion  a  Xiximo 
was  captured,  kindly  treated,  and  sent  back  to  bear 
an  otfer  of  })eace  and  pardon,  with  the  alternative  of 
war  and  condign  punishment  if  their  murderous  as- 
saults were  contimied.  The  decision  was  for  peace, 
aixl  the  Xiximes  tendered  their  allegiance.  I'liis  was 
in  1(')07;  lor  several  years  friendly  relations  continued, 
and  in  1G09  Padre  Cueto  even  made  a  little  i)rogres8 
in  tlie  conversion  of  the  cannibals.*^ 

]^nt  in  IGIO  hostilities  were  renewed,  and  Chris- 
tian natives  were  persecuted  more  than  ever.  An- 
other a])peal  was  made  to  the  governor,  and  by  his 
order  tlie  comandante  at  San  Hipolito,  which  had 
now  l)een  formed  into  a  presidio  for  the  protection  of 
the  whole  district,  made  an  ineffectual  effort  for  peace 

^'"'Tlio  (listrilintinn  so  far  as  pivou  vas  as  follows:  Alonso  Ruiz,  San  (Jro- 
i:nno;  l''liMiaii(>  Aycrvo,  IJanioa;  (loiizalc/.  Cncto,  OUititlan  iiiiuni!,'  tln'  Sal)ai- 
lios;  (ifiiiiiiiiiu  S.  C'li'incntt',  Taiiiaziila;  Josi'' do  Lonins,  Atotoiiilco:  Jlcniainln 
Santarc'ii,  Sii'i-in  di' Caiitniapa.  7i'(A«.v,  501 -4;  yl/'.'/c  ,  i.  4,")4-(i().  ]5cfore  liiUl, 
liosiilcs  Aiidn's  Tiitifu),  ,1111111  Acacio  and  Jiian  Alvarez  were  servinj,'  at  Heal 
At:  Tojiia,  and  Die;io  Aeehedo  and  (Jaspar  Xajera  at  Cantarapa.  \alle,  in 
1Mii\  U'l^t.  Mej-.,  seiie  iv.  vol.  iii.  1'20,  adds  the  names  of  J)iegu  Castm  and 
Andres  (lonzalez.     I'edro  (rravimi  succeeded  Santaren  in  lOH!. 

-' Sf(>  j\'(,^'(V'  /'aces,  i.  ,j71-01,  (J14;  iii.  71S;  Orozco  y  Btrra,  6V07.,  .'U.VIT, 
and  maps  in  hoth  works. 

^'Tlii'y  used  to  eoni])are  the  flesh  of  Imlians  to  beef,  that  of  negroes  to 
jinrk.  and  that  of  Spaniards  to  mutton!  lliha^,  ,"mO.  The  Spanish  soldiers 
found  in  tlieir  raneherias  thousandsof  skulls,  pots  of  human  ilesh,  and  human 
eyes  served  on  maize  leaves. 

-^A/ijri,  I{it<i.  Cutiiji.  Jiiii-^,  ii.  G-7. 


I     i 


, 

i; 

i, 

,; 

1 

ii 

( 

1 

., 

'     i 

|H   • 

iii 

818 


AXNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


•vvitlioiit  bloodshed  throiigli  an  embassy;  but  tlio 
Xixinics  ivplied  by  a  cliallcngc  to  i\<j;]\t  and  a  tlnwit 
to  kill  and  eat  all  Christians  of  whatever  raee,  and 
did  tliereuj)on  attack  the  Ileal  do  las  Yirgenes,  killiiin' 
two  Sj)aniards  and  five  natives,  whose  entrails  they 
left,  but  carried  off  their  bodies  for  food.  The  viceroy, 
notified  of  ihe  critical  condition  of  affairs,  authoiizcd 
the  ^'overuor  to  fit  out  an  ex])edition  to  crush  tin- 
rebels,  and  the  latter  accordingly  marched  from  tlio 
ca])ital  in  October  IGIO,  with  two  hundi'cd  Spaniards 
and  eleven  hundred  natives,  attended  by  fathers 
Alonso  Gomez  and  Francisco  Vera.  The  two  strong- 
holds of  the  enemy  were  Jocotilma  and  Guajiijnxe, 
the  former  of  which  was  entered  on  October  JHtli, 
without  resistance  as  it  seems.  Indeed,  no  fi'oul»lc 
was  encountered,  save  that  naturally  ])ei'taining  to 
the  march  in  so  rough  a  country,  until  Urdihola  at- 
tempted to  secure  from  the  assembled  peojJe  certain 
hostages  for  promised  good  behavior.  Then  aa  old 
chief  called  upon  his  subjects  to  die  rather  than  submit 
to  the  st'iziiig  and  ironing  of  the  hostages;  a  fight  en- 
sued, an<l  many  of  the  natives  fell  before  they  were 
overcome.  Eleven  rimjleaders  in  the  late  outrasxes 
were  condenmed  to  death,  and  ten  were  hanged,  con- 
fessing their  crimes.  Nine  of  them  became  Christians, 
but  the  old  chieftain  bravely  refused  to  put  his  trust 
in  a  foreign  faith,  and  his  body  was  riddled  with 
arrows  after  death  by  the  Christian  natives.  Oni; 
young  man  was  pardoned  at  the  intercession  of  Padre 
Vera. 

The  rancherias  of  the  Jocotilmas  having  been  de- 
stroyed, and  the  people  having  become  good  Spanish 
subjects,  the  governor  marched  for  Guapijuxe.  The 
Xiximes  of  this  district  were  in  arms  and  offered  at 
first  some  resistance  to  Urdiiiola's  ambassadors:  but 
finally  at  nn  infovview  the  chief  claimed  that  he  and 
his  seventeen  lancherias  had  taken  no  part  in  the 
insurrection,  and  that  their  warlike  attitude  was  only 
the  result  of  alarm  at  what  tJie  Jocotilmas  had  done. 


THE  DURAXOO  MISSIONS. 


818 


His  word  was  taken  and  full  pardon  aocordi-d  to  his 
subjerts.  The  reader  canliot  fail  to  wonder  at  the 
iaciiity  with  which  the  aborigines  of  these  reunions 
•generally  sulnnitted  to  the  Spaniaids;  at  the  uniform 
readiness  of  the  latter  to  accept  excuses  and  accord 
])ardon,no  matter  what  outrages  had  been  counnitted; 
and  above  all  at  the  fact  that  the  natives  under  sucli 
circumstances  often  kept  their  pledges  ibr  years,  until 
aroused  by  new  oppression,  real  or  fancied. 

By  the  middle  of  IGll  seven  thousand  Xiximes 
were  settled  in  villages  under  Santai-eii  and  (lomcz, 
and  three  hundred  had  been  baptized.  Peace  reigned 
from  this  time  forward,  and  these  [leople,  or  such  (»f 
Iheni  as  were  spared  by  an  epidemic  dysentery,  be- 
came as  noted  for  their  devotion  to  the  new  faith  as 
they  had  been  for  savagism.  Before  1G14  the  con- 
version  had  spread  to  the  Yamoriba  mountaineers, 
where  Santa  Cruz  and  Santiago  were  founded,  and  to 
the  people  known  as  Humayas  and  Alicamas,  who 
with  the  natives  of  Oauzame,  Huecoritame,  and  Ori- 
zame  had  been  visited  in  IGll  by  fathers  Juan  del 
A'alle  and  Bernardo  Cisneros.  Pedro  Gravina  and 
Juan  jNIailen  were  added  before  IGIG  to  the  mission- 
ary force  in  the  Xixime  countr}'.^ 

In  the  Tepehuane  missions  eight  Jesuits  worked 
zealously  with  uninterrupted  success  and  without  any 
special  incidents  that  call  for  mention.'"^  The  central 
establishments  where  the  padres  lived  were  in  the 
south,  but  many  tours  were  made  in  the  north-west- 
ern sierras,  where  some  small  pueblos  seem  to  have 
been  founded,  as  also  in  the  south-west;  for  the  Te- 
pehuane country  bounded  the  Topia  province  on  every 

'"On  tlio  conversion  of  the  Xiximes  soo  Ttihrtf!,  n^l-.IO,  and  Afei/rr,  ii.  G-7, 
S^40,  44,  7--.S.  liihas  says  the  viceroy  proviilocl  four  extra  missionaries  for 
the  Xixinica,  with  church  ornaments  and  300  jiesos  per  year  to  support  a 
Keuiinary  for  chihlrcn  of  chieftains.  The  same  autlior  speaks,  p.  oi'.l,  of  a  pre- 
f-idio  witli  II)  soUliers,  Xiximes  and  Tepeliuanes. 

'"Tliese  were  Juan  Fonte,  Diego  Orozco,  ]5eniardo  Cisneros.  Luis  Ahivcz, 
Ifernando  Tobar,  Juan  del  Valle,  (.ieronimo  Moranta,  and  Audn's  Lopez. 
•  icroninio  Kanurez,  tlie  pioneer  in  this  Held,  had  left  it  for  Mieliouean  where 
lie  died  in  lU-1. 


■■X 


I 


i 


820 


ANXALS  OF  NUnVA  VIZCAYA. 


si<l(^  lint  ilie  west.  Santini^^o  pMp.'iscjuiaro,  San  T^f- 
iKK'io  /ape,  and  Santa  Catalina  were;  llic  i\'!4iilar  inis- 
.sion  oihccrnis,  and  Iuto  the  ncopliytcs  wen;  supposed 
to  l»i'  far  advanced  toward  civilization;  wliilc  in  tin; 
conntiy  ronnd  ahout  were  many  [)rospurous  liaciendiis 
and  niininijf  camps. 

In  the  midst  orUicir  prosperity  tlie  missions  of  tlio 
CJnadiana  colletfe  were  on  the  eve  ol'  a  hloody  rtivoU, 
liardly  ('((nailed  in  1  he  ainials  of  tlie  north-west.  J)ni'- 
in^'  the  snnnner  of  KJIO  th(3  jiadres  noted  si^^nis  of 
uneasiness  anion_!jf  tlie  liitherto  tractahli;  Tepehnanrs, 
and  w  ithont  sus[)(.'ftinLj  its  cause  or  importance,  simply 
re[)()rted  to  the  ufovernor  and  redonhled  their  vi^ilanci; 
and  kindn(>ss,  Jjittli;  attention  was  t^iven  tlu;  matter 
at  Dnrani^-o,  doubtless  on  account  of  the  previous  L^ood 
cliaracter  of  the  nation,  and  because  they  lived  so 
near  the  ca[)ital  that  revolt  scorned  unlikely.  In  th(3 
liuht  of  subserpient  events  the  j^overnor  was  to  soim; 
extent  blamed,  but  ap[)arently  without  caus(\  'I'here 
is  no  evidence  that  the  natives  com]»lained  of  any 
special  acts  of  oppression.  The  Jesuits  were  always 
ready  enough  to  charge  soldiers  and  miners  with  out- 
rages leading  to  disturbance,  but  in  this  case  no  sucli 
chai-ge  is  made.''^  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  tlio 
war  was  an  outbreak  of  religious  and  pati'iotie  fanati- 
cism inspired  by  a  pretended  god.  ]3ctails  respecting 
the  acts  and  teachings  of  this  particular  representative 
of  divinity  arc  puerile,  probably  inaccurate,  and  not 
worth  close  examination.  True  they  are  like  the  acts 
of  other  prophets  in  these  respects;  but  some  of  the 
latter  succeiHled  in  making  themselves  famous,  while 
of  this  woukl-be  founder  of  a  new  faith  ncjt  even  the 
name  has  been  preserved.  He  was  probably  one  of 
the  old  medicine-men  of  the  nation,  envious  and  bitter 


''UibaM,  020-.10,  points  out  the  error  of  the  niitlior  of  the  Graridfzcm  tie, 
Jffilrii/,  in  nttrihuting  tlie  disaster  to  the  tiendiiig  of  Tlascaltco  Kettlers, 
BJiit'e  none  such  were  ever  sent  among  the  Tep.'huanes.  He  also  di'fonds  tin; 
policy  of  the  govermnent  in  prosecuting,  wit!,  (hic  care  for  native  rights,  this 
just  war  of  defence  (pp.  57'-?,  ($21);  yet  lie  .iccnis  to  Lhinie  tho  governor  for 
not  heeding  the  padres'  warnings,  fearing  to  incur  expense  (p.  C2'2). 


AN  AVK\(;i\<!  l)i:iTV. 


3Jl 


at  (In-  sticcess  dC  his  ( 'liristiaii  livals  with  Ihcir  iicw- 
t;iii'4lcil  sorcci'lfs;  yt;t  ht.'  was  williiiL;',  likf  th<-  Sahaih<) 
hisli<)|>,  lo  adnjit  even  iVoiii  thcia  a,  iiscl'iil  idea.  Ili' 
liad  liccn  l)a|»li/('(l,  liad  i'cla[»s('d  into  idolatry,  and 
had  preached  against  th(^  ( 'IirisI  iaiis  in  villa'^cs  near 
])uiann'o;   lor  this  h(^  had  hccn  IIo^'^imL 

l!nt  when  (hd  ]M'i'sr('iitioii  altati;  the  ar'dor  oi-  injui't! 
thi' faiisc  ol' a  J  tsi^'ious  cMiiliusiast  f  All  the  inott'car- 
iit'stly  after  his  lloi^^'^^iiiLC,  hut.  also  with  nioic  ranllon, 
dill  lliis  'r(j)i'huaiic  nu:ssiah  continiu-  his  t.'achinL;'s, 
hi'arin;4' always  with  liiin  an  idol  and  claiming- 1  hat  tlio 
two,  hy  sonic  kind  (d'a  mystciioits  duality,  wcif  (iod, 
uiid  an^ry  that  without  his  consmt,  the  Spfniiards  had 
crossed  the  ocean.  NtJ  inon;  wel't^  to  he  allowed  to 
(•(line,  and  all  here  must  he  hilled,  es|ieeially  the  mis- 
sionaries. |)idthe  ])eo|)le  rcl'use  to  act  ill  accoriialice 
wiih  the  diviiK!  will,  lamine,  jx'st ileiice,  storms,  and 
nameless  calamities  were  in  readiness  to  scoiir^'e  the 
land;  hut  ohedieiico  would  ensure  victory  and  liappi- 
iK.'Ss;  the  inxaders  should  ])erish  to  a  man;  ti'iiijicsts 
should  sink  all  I'orcie'U  Hccts;  Indians  slain  in  hat  tie 
should  he  I'aiscd  to  lilL;  alter  seven  days;  and  if  old, 
should  he  rcstoi'cd  to  youth.  "^Idio  word  of  deity  was 
]ilcd,!4cd  to  these  I'csults,  and  miracles,  as  is  usual  in 
such  cast's,  were  wrou^^ht  as  tokens  ot"  ]>ow'er  to  fuhil. 
])i\('rs  natives  fpr  iiicrtMlulity  were  swallowed  u])  in 
the  earth;  and  the  [»rop]iet  ajipeared  in  diU'erent  lorms 
and  I'rom  diireriMit  dii'ectioiis,  the  more  to  arouse  the 
sujierstitious  admiration  of  his  disciples."''  It  is  not 
stiaii^'c  that  he  was  snccessCul.  'J'ho  teachings  of  the 
padi'cs  were  not  calculated  to  dispel  the  native  super- 
stitions, I)ut  old}'  t(J  direct  tiuaii  into   new  channels. 

"'  'J"lu'  (Irii)on  first  iijipcartd  iiisavniic  fnnii  fi'oiii  tlic  <lircctii)ii  of  \.  Mexico, 
ilcrl;iiiiiiin^  ;i;;aiii.st  Sp.iiiisli  op|ii'cssiou  ainl  in  favor  of  iiativu  iiiiicfii'iicleiici;; 
liiit,  iiiakiii;^  Very  liltlr  |iro;^r(ss  iii  tiiis  way,  lie  caiiiu  ji'.'aiii  ii]ii"ii-uloi;.sly  in 
jrrcat  siilfiiilor,  iiroclaiiiiiiiLMliat  tlii;  tirit  incs.-ii'iii^cr  svlioiii  tlicy  liad  iioL  lii- 
1'iR'il  t((  was  tlip.  Koii  of  (lod,  lint  tiiat  li<'  was  li.'.  i.oiy  ;^iioftt,  iMul  ii"t  in  a 
iiiooil  to  iir!,'u  hut  to  fiiniuiaiid.  'J'lic  ]iro)ile  iiiijht  olx.'y  or  ]n:  t;\\alloucd  up. 
Aril  'iiii,('hriiii.  Zni\,  1S7-ICJ.  Astarlya-;  Kil.'ia  L;i;.'niitioat  a 'rcpi  huaiio  b.-dl 
Mas  j^ivcn  a  how  said  to  have  eomc;  froai  a  ;_'ccat  loiil,  « lio  had  aii|n,ari-il  i:i 
iliUVrciit  f'irins,  and  would  conn;  to  hriiij;  death  to  Spaniard;  and  pa(ircs. 
AL'ji-ij,  ii.  s-2. 

Uirtr.  N.  Miix.  Staies,  Vol.  I.    21 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


!f  ilM  IIIIM 

•^'  1^    ill  2.2 

"  '*  IIIIM 

U    nil  1.6 


^- 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  I4S80 

(716)  872-4503 


^V 


•O' 


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322 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


The  friars  were  continually  aided  or  opposed  ])y  divine 
or  diahoiical  nuinilestations.  They  were  always  ready 
to  <ifive  supernatural  interpretations  to  the  ]ietty  evi-nts 
reported  by  their  converts,  and  the  latter  now  at- 
tempted to  interpret  for  themselves. 

The  result  was  a  well  arran,<;ed,  wide-spread,  and 
almost  unsus[)ectcd  j)lan  for  revolt.  A  statue  of  the 
virgin  was  to  be  set  up  in  the  churcli  at  Zape  ou 
Novendu'r  'J  1st.  It  was  to  he  a  ji^rand  «i^ala  day,  sure 
to  l)riii<;  toLjetlu'r  all  tiie  Spaniards  for  many  leaLrues 
around.  It  was  therel'ore  deemed  a  littini^  occasion 
to  throw  off  the  mask  of  secrecy  and  he'-iu  the  attack. 
The  natives  of  Santa  Catalina,  however,  were  moved 
by  tlu'ir  avaricious  zeal  to  begin  operations  on  tlie  Kith 
by  robi)inL!f  two  ti'aders,  who  arrived  at  tliis  time  with 
theii-  mule-trains  of  valuable  goods  from  (Juliacan,  and 
by  nuirdtiing  the  Jesuit,  Hernando  de  Tobar.''^  'i'liis 
murder  was  regarded  as  a  test  by  which  to  ascertain 
the  jiowcr  and  will  of  the  Christian  (iod  to  interfere 
in  behalf  of  his  saints.  (Jne  of  the  traders  escaped  to  t  he 
bacienchi,  of  Atotonilco,  while  some  of  the  native  de- 
]>e:.dants  bore  the  tidings  to  (jruachana.  Simultaneous 
wai'nings  flew  over  the  count'^  'Vom  dill'ei'eiit  sources, 
and  a  body  of  S[)aniards,  ,  women,  and  cliildicn, 

two  liundred  in  number  according  t(^  Kibas,  assemlded 
at  Atotonilco.  Here  they  were  attacked  next  day  by 
the  savat^-es  from  Santa  Catalina  with  volleys  of 
ai'rows,  stones,  and  insulting  taunts,  suj)plemente(l 
witli  fiiebrands  and  red  peppers,  whicli  soon  forced  a 
suri'en«ler,  and  all  were  massacred  but  two,  one  <»f  the 
victims  being  the  Franciscan,  Pedro  Gutierrez."" 

At  the  same  time  thirty  Spaniards  were  assaulted 
at  (Tuatima[)e;  but  just  as  they  were  on  the  jtoint  of 
surrender  antl  death,  a  band  of  horses  came  galloping 


"T()l)nr  was  .T»  years  of  age,  a  native  of  Culiacan,  and  had  seired  some 
time  in  the  nii.siiion  of  I'arras.  Ji'ilias,  itU\-'2i). 

^'■Oiio  of  the  survivors  was  Cristobal  Martinez  de  Hiirdaide,  son  of  thti 
famous  coninndante  of  Sinaloa,  saved  liy  a  friend  of  ids  fatiiei  ..inong  tiieassMil- 
ants.  Padre  (Jutiurrez  fell  as  he  went  out  ciiicitix  iu  liund  to  rcniunstrutu 
with  the  foe. 


TIIK  TEPEIIUAXE  REVOLT. 


U|)  ill  a  cloud  of  (lust,  and  the  savaiL,a's  flod  from  wluit 
tlit'y  roLjanK'd  as  a  larijfo  rocnrort'cinent.  TUo  l>e- 
.^icufcd  rcacliod  Duran^o  in  sait-ty.  At  Santiaj^o 
]*a])as(iuiaro  the  Spanish  families,  ^vitll  tlio  lieutenant, 
alcalde  mayor,  and  fathers  Diej^^o  Orozco  and  ]V'i'nardt> 
( 'isnei'os,  were  hesieu^ed  in  tlie  ehnreh  and  held  out 
li  >ui  Wednesday  Kith  to  Friday  in  the  hope  of  re- 
lief. Then  the  savages,  pretendinjjj  to  he  moved  hy 
(  liiistians  in  their  ranks,  promised  to  jiermit  an  un- 
molested retreat  and  abandonment  of  the  country. 
The  victims  fjave  up  their  arms,  and  as  tliev  mar('Iie<l 
in  i)r()cession  throu<di  the  eenieterv  were  hrutalK' 
iiiiu'dered,  the  padi'es  heinjj;  treated  with  especial  in- 
(liijiiities,  and  the  church  with  its  sacred  imaiLjes  and 
urnaments  heiiij^  desecrated  hy  a  i-ahhle  into.\icate<l 
with  sacramental  wine — a  crime  whieh  inspires  in  the 
rlironlclers  even  greater  horror  than  the  nnu'ders 
•  •(•nimitted.  A.  few  hy  concealment  escaped,  and  met 
( 'aptain  Martin  Olivas,  who  intrenched  himst-lf  at 
Sauceda,  was  joined  hy  Captain  (Tordejuela,  and  for 
lolly  days  was  al)le  to  protect  the  refugees,  who  galh- 
eii'd  there  to  the  number  (»f  several  hundred,  making 
soiiKi  successful  sallii^s,  and  at  last  retiring  to  J  )urango. 
( 'iiptives  taken  on  several  occasions  were  hanged  alter 
ronlessing  under  torture  the  ])lans  of  tlie  rel)els  to  frc'o 
I  lie  country  from  all  Spanianls. 

At  San  Ignaeio  Zape,  on  Friday  and  Saturday 
of  the  I'atal  wec-k,  thiity  Sjianiai'ds  and  sixty  Indian 
and  ni\gro  servants  were  slaughtered,  together  with 
the  four  padi'es,  Luis  Alavez,  Juan  del  Valle,  .luan 
l''oMt<>,  and  (Jerc'iimiio  ^[oraiita.  A  hov  lied  to  the 
liiiniiig  camp  of  (Juanacevi,  and  Alcalde  Juan  Alvcar 
liastciiod  Uj»  wiHi  twelve  men  in  time  to  heliold  the 
coipscs,  and  was  himself  attacked  on  the  return.  ^\t 
<iuanacevi  the  alcalde  fortiiied  the  church  and  made 
a  successful  resistance,  although  all  other  buildings  in 
the  real  and  all  in  the  surrounding  hacii-ndas  and 
lanchos  Were  destroyed.  l\uh'e  Santaien  iVom  Xi- 
xime  was  on  his  way  to  the  Jicsta  at  Zape,  and  was 


<■■  I 


UiillllHI 


324 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Icillccl  at  Toncrapa.  Tlic  Indians  admitted  their  rec^ret 
at  the  necessity  of  hilling  one  who  had  been  so  kind 
to  them;  his  only  fault  was  that  he  was  a  priest.'"' 
l*adre  Andres  Lopez,  apparently  the  missionary  ;if 
Tenerapa,  escaped  to  the  mines  of  Inde,  where  with 
otlur  Spaniards  he  was  saved. 

The  city  of  Duran^^o  was  saved,  perhaps,  hy  the 
premature  outbreak,  for  the  natives  of  Tunal  and 
other  village!^  near  the  capital  were  to  have  attacked 
it  on  Xovember  21st;  but  the  alarm  was  given  in 
time  to  ffuard  ajjainst  an  assault.  Largo  stores  of 
war  material  were  found  in  the  pueblos,  one  cliii  f 
liaving  in  readiness  the  feather  crown  with  which  hi' 
was  to  be  made  king  of  Guadiana.  !^[any  h^'xders  aiid 
suspicious  persons  were  arrested  and  executed;  womi  ii 
and  children  were  removed  to  churches  and  ])ubli(' 
buildings  once  at  a  false  alarm  of  inipending  attack ; 
])risoners  were  set  free  on  condition  of  serving  the 
king;    ami  the  viceroy  was  called  upon  for  aid. 

The  Tepehuanes  could  not  draw  into  open  revolt 
the  }>ueblos  of  the  Acaxees  and  Xiximes,  though  they 
were  able  through  certain  disaft'ected  individuals  and 
bands  to  cause  nuich  trouble,  doubtless  receiving  aid 
and  shelter  throughout  the  war.  At  Coapa,  a  fron- 
tier pueblo,  two  chiefs  began  to  preach  sedition;  but 
( 'aptain  Suarez  from  San  Hipolito,  warned  by  loathe 
Tutifio,  hastened  to  the  spot  to  arrest  and  execute  tlif 
guilty  ones,  and  no  further  disturbance  occurred  among 
the  Acaxees.  The  Xiximes  were  more  troublesome, 
a  band  of  that  tribe  destroying  three  Christian  })Ut'- 
blos,  and  forcing  fathers  (liavina  and  Mallen  to  take 
refuge  at  San  }lij)6lito.  liutthe  converts  themselves 
]>uisued  and  defeated  the  rebels,  thus  restoring  quiet. 
There  were  threats  to  attack  the  Ileal  de  Topia  ami 
kill  fathers  Acacio  and  Alvarez;  but  the  alcalde  and 

'"He  vns  a  nntivo  of  Iliictc  in  Simiii;  cnino  to  Amrrica  in  l.'iSS;  nii'l 
nervod  a  Hliort  tinio  in  Puolila  licforo  coming  nortii  to  Sinaloa  nml  'i'oiii.i, 
vlieiv  111"  liapti/.cil  Hfinic  r>(>,(HK)  ^icr.Hona.  Once  lie  was  seen  to  huro  lii«  Imik 
nn«l  iwjiiirc  two  Indians  to  flog  liiin  vithout  mercy.  Kibaa,  Jiivt.  Trhoiqilws, 
5C>S-10,  gives  a  full  accouut  of  his  life  and  character. 


WAR  WITH  Tin:  REBELS. 


3'23 


rcnnnndnnte  Si-hastian  (1(>  .\Jvenr— tlic  Alv(\nvoi^  ^voro 
iui  ollice-li<il(liiii^  liiiuily  it  sct'Uis — t'ortilicd  the  place, 
lioldinijf  sixty  men  in  readiness,  and  no  attack  was 
made.     Xext  tin;  Tenduianos  tried  to  arouse  the  ( "an- 


taiap 


ill 


la  viiia'jfes,  ai 


id    Padre  Acehedo   r«'tired   to   San 


l'(li|ie;  hut  the  natives  remained  lailhrui,  and  the 
|iadre  soon  returned  to  TecuchuajKi  with  a  j^uaid  of 
six  soldiers.  The  natives  of  this  village  proved  their 
iidelity  by  marchinjjf  out  and  attaekin^j^  the  Tepehua- 
nes;  hut  somewhat  later,  liein;^  hard  ])resscd,  they 
(lecided  to  transfer  their  resi<lence  to  Sinaloa.  1  )ur- 
ini^  the  war  some  outi'a^'es  were  connnitted  in  the' 
south-west  on  the-  i-oute  hetween  Xond)re  de  J)ios 
and  Chamctla,  the  liome  of  the  Humes  and  soutlu'iu 
Tepehuanes,  the  rei^ion  ad)oinin<^  Nayarit;  and  the 
natives  of  the  coast  took  some  advantaj^c  of  if  they 
did  not  en_Li^a|4e  directly  in  the  rev(»lt.''^  The  huinin;^ 
of  Acaponeta  and  other  ti-()ul»les  in  that  vicinity  are 
elsewhere  n(jticed.  Neither  from  the  Tarahumares 
of  the  north,  nor  from  the  Lau^uneros  of  the  east,  do 
the  rehels  seem  to  liave  derived  any  material  aid. 

In  ^lexico  war  aucainst  the  apostate  rehels  was  de- 
cided upon  hy  the  political  and  app»roved  hy  the  eccle- 
siastical authorities.  Orders  Avt're  ^iven  i'or  trooj)s 
and  money,  the  foiiner  to  he  raised  in  the  north  and 
the  latter  to  he  paid  fr<»m  the  cfc/ff.s' vvr^/cs- ol' Zacatecas 
and  ]3urano-o.  l^ut  early  in  1017,  hel'oi-e  anytJiini;" 
had  heen  a<'comi)lished  under  the  viceroy's  orders, 
(Jovernor  Alvear,  deeming-  the  safety  of  the  ca|)ital 
assured,  maiched  north  with  seventy  soldiei's  and  one 
hundred  and  twenty  Indians,  to  visit  tlu'  s<'enes  of  the 
late  massacres,  succor  tlu'  places  still  holdinj^' out,  and 


hastise  such  hands  of  I'ehel.- 


as 


he  miiiht  he  alilc  t( 


t>\eital<e.  On  (ho  sununit  of  the  Ouesta  del  (»ato, 
leached  only  after  a  linht  of  which  no  <letails  are 
,ui\en,  he  found  the  hodies  (»f  l*edro  Jiendon,  a  reijidor 
<i|'  Durau'io,  and  of  the   JJominican  fiiar  Sehastian 

*^Arl,yui,  Chrdn.  Zac,  192-7. 


m 


826 


AXXALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


!I\roiitafio,  tenth  in  the  hst  of  martyred  friars  wlio  fell 
in  tins  revolt.  Succor  was  left  at  Gnanacevi,  wluit; 
the  Spaniards  still  held  out  in  their  defenee,  thon^li 
all  about  tlioni  was  in  ruins.  Whether  Inde  had  \i  t 
been  abandoned  does  not  appear  clearly  Ironi  tliu 
lecords. 

It  is  not  possible  to  construct  from  the  meaL,a-e  diit.i 
any  complete  and  consecutive  account  of  this  ex])('(li- 
tion.  J  )uring  January  and  February  the  army  in  two 
divisions,  one  of  \vhi<'h  was  under  Captain  jMontaiio, 
visited  all  the  deserted  missions  in  the  northern  Ti  pc- 
liuane  district.  The  victims  were  found  and  j^ivt  ii 
Christian  burial,  save  the  missionaries,  four  or  tivr  of 
whom,  with  bodies  untainted  aiul  the  blood  still  frisli 
in  their  wounds,  were  removed  to  (iuadiana.*  Scs  - 
eral  minor  encounters  took  place,  but  the  foe  w.ts 
always  repulsed  with  some  loss,  and  the  Si)anish  force 
was  not  adequate  to  effectual  pursuit  in  such  a  coun- 
try. Captives  were  forced  by  torture  to  confess  and 
were  put  to  death,  one  of  these  beini^  the  chief  PjiMn, 
wliose  treachery  had  caused  the  massacie  at  Santiii^n. 
It  was  found  that  many  negroes,  nudattoes,  and  half- 
breed  Spaniards  had  joined  the  rebels,  and  even  ont; 
of  their  leaders,  named  Mateo  Canelas,  belonged  t(» 
the  latter  class.  The  Uiost  decisive  conilict  took  jilace 
at  Tenerapa,  where  the  savages  had  assendded  th(  ir 
women  and  children  and  had  established  their  chid' 
de})ot  of  arms  and  supplies  under  the  care  of  a  ])n>- 
tectiiig  idol.  Alvear  and  Gordejuela  attacked  this 
]>lace  at  dawn  on  February  12th  or  13th,  killed  thirty 
wairiors,  and  })ut  the  rest  to  flight,  capturing  tA\<) 
hundred  and,  twenty  men,  women,  and  children,  it  s- 
euing  a  few  S[)anish  children  and  captive  servants, 
and  taking  a  largi;  amount  of  supjdies,  which  inelu<lt  d 
much  of  the  jdimder  from  the  missions.  The  victo- 
rious army  was  received  at  (jiuadiana  in  the  middle 
of  February  with   great   rejoicings,    and    in    INIarch 

""Arlctrui.  (lirdn.  Xm:,  '244-!S,  says  that  I'adro  GuticnTZ  and  the  other 
martyrs  wore  Imried  at  rapasquiaro. 


ALVEAR'S  CAMPAIfiNS.  n:7 

litlin^  honors  ^vt■lv  paid  to  tlu*  rcmaiiis  of  the  iimrtyr 
iiiis>.ioiiarics.'"  lli'iv,  asat  various  points  on  the  march, 
captivf  insligat«)r.s  of  revolt,  both  nicn  and  wonicn, 
wcic  I  landed. 

On  liis  n-tiirn  Alvear  found  two  roni]ianies  of  rcen- 
lorct-nu  nts  unch'r  captains  Sebastian  Oyarzabal  and 
Jbiiiaiido  ])iaz,  and  determined  to  start  aL,'ain  witii- 
•  iiit  delay  against  the  foe.  1'he  Jesuit  clironicjers 
llilias  and  Alejj^re  (K)  not  attempt  a  full  desciiption  ot 
tills  second  enti'ada,  simply  statin*,"-  tiiat  tlu;  ai-my 
niniched  over  two  liundred  leat^ues  through  a  moun- 
tainous ct»untiv  and  destroyed  some  of  the  rebels' 
lanclieri'as.  ^Fhev  secured  a  larijo  amount  of  plunder, 
e>|»(ci;;lly  of  Hve-stock,  ca])turetl  many  women  and 
children,  tortured  a  few  s[)ii's,  and  deft'ated  the  foe 
Mhenever  they  could  be  Unuid.  Om-  of  the  most 
laiiious  leaders,  (Jo<x<>jito,  was  killed  in  battle,  and  it 
vas  nt)ted  that  three  arrows  pierced  his  Umguo  in 
punishment  for  past  blaspheniy. 

]*adre  Alonso  del  A'^alle  acoomjianied  the  army,  and 
in  a  letter  mives  a  full  account  of  all  that  was  accom- 
jilished,  althouujh  he  writes  belbre  the  I'xpedition  was 
(juile  completed.'*"  From  this  account,  whidi  n'eo- 
ura|)hically  at  least  is  very  confusimj;',  it  apjuais  that 
this  expedition,  l(^avin<jj  Duranujo  Fi'bi-uaiv  I'a,  l(!  I  7, 
was  at  first  dii'ectcd  to  the  south-west,  to  (luari/ame 
and  La  Quebrada,  the  home  of  the  Humes,  and  to  the 
Xixime  renion,*'  subsequently  return inij^  to  the  I'ajtas- 
(|uiaro  region.  The  natives  of  the  south-west,  whihj 
iitit  opeidy   allies  of  the  Te[)ehuanes,  seem   to  have 


'"  Itibas  speaks  r)f  a  triiiiiijilial  entry;  but  Alo^'i""'  says  tlic  ptviiiinr  Mciit 
(111  Ills  sciolid  fX|H'ilitiiiii  witliiiiit  cntciinjj;  tlii'  cai-ital. 

'"  Viilli,  ('(tii'i  siiliii  /'I  <  (inijiiiiiii.  idiiini  'I'l iit/iiiiiiii s  /I'dii lili  ■■,  !i:/\  In  .V. 
Vi.iKfid,  ]hir.,  iii.  !((l-  l'_'!l;  alsu  MS.  Valli-  v  rites  I'nini  l.lanns  ilc  ( liiatiiiia|i<', 
May  !i,  l(il!S — wliicli  .slioiild  jindtalily  bo  llilT.  ..Vltgii'  calls  liini  I'.  Ali^nso 
lit-  \  alciicia. 

"  l,a  (i>iit'lii'a<la,  uliosc  nine  Uiinic  villapts  arc  nanicil  clsiu  lici<',  linnlcrcil 
CM  ( 'iK'ontanic,  a 'i'cpcliuanc  tu>\n;an)l  on  llninasc,  ^  amci  iba.  ami  /apinii, 
.\i\iMic  t<)«ns.  (iiicayas,  St;i  Fc,  (  acanipana,  Kt  nicilii).s,  /jnn'Uiia,  Naimi- 
\|iitiia,  liasis,  Vasisy,  ( iiiapijiixc,  liiiahiiapa, 'IVui'liius,  San  I'ciliu,  ami  i'napa 
aic  incntiuncil  a](|iarcntly  as  Xixinii'  tnwns;  ami  ntlicr  places  in  tlic  s.  \v. 
wciv  Surianu,  'i'cxanic,  uiul  Zuinuru.     Tlic  places  u  hicli  ticcni  to  be  locutcd  iu 


t\i 


828 


ANNALS  OF  NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


boon  always  ready  onouffli  to  slielter  tlicm.  Tt  is  not 
my  purpose  to  follow  the  diU'ereiit  (livisif)ns  of  Al\ car's 
forces  in  the  eoniplieated  intricacies  of  their  canipaiirn, 
in  which  each  day's  events  W(>re  very  like  those  of 
the  day  heforo  or  the  day  after.  J  lundreils  of  viilaLTes 
and  lancherias  were  visite<l,  thou^^h  lew  Tepeluiahes 
Mere  found,  and  all  other  tribes  had  been  entirelv 
iiuiocent,  or  at  least  they  said  so,  and  were  willini,''  to 
make  ])eace.  Seventeen  was  the  whole  luunber  of 
rebels  killed  down  to  the  Dth  of  May,  but  tlu^  nuiuher 
includeil  the  famous  (jlou'ojito,  whose  head  l*a(ht'  di  1 
A'^alle  held  in  his  hand  while  he  chanted  the  te  deum 
laudamus.  llewards  for  Tepehuane  heads  were  oireicd 
to  the  warriors  of  other  tribes. 

At  the  beginnini,'  of  1(!18  the  Tc^pi'huanes  were 
scattei'ed  in  small  bands  throiiu^hout  the  intricate  bar- 
rancas of  the  Sierra  INIadre  in  their  own  territory  or 
in  that  of  other  tribes  moi'e  or  less  closely  allied  to 
t  Iiem.  They  had  murdei'cd  ten  friars,  with  pe»haj)s  two 
hundred  Spaniaivls  of  all  au^es  and  both  sexes.  '|'h,ey 
bud  devastated  the  whole  district  of  central  J)nr;;iiL;o, 
destroying  a,  large  amount  of  mining  and  agricultuial 
pro})erty,  and  retarding  the  industrial  progress  of  (lie 
country  by  at  least  fifty  years.  Yet  after  all  tlieir 
outrages  they  had  iailed  in  their  plan,  and  wcw  now 
in  a  condition  worse  than  ever.  They  had  been  able  to 
make  no  organized  resistance,  had  been  defeated  in 
I'Vt'iy  encounter,  and  were  but  poorly  repaid  by  the 
exj)ense  of  800,000  pesos  intiicted  upon  the  royal 
treasui-y  in  additiou  to  the  loss  of  (jn'n^tas  and  div.mos. 
^J'heyhad  lost  a  thousand  warriors  including  their  best 
chieftains;  many  of  their  women  and  children  were 
captives;  their  fields  had  been  ravaged;  and  ntost  of 
their  plunder  had  been  lost.  Aboye  all  their  god  had 
utterly  disappointed  them;  not  one  of  his  predictions 

T(']K;!iuiiiic  tcri'itory  Jirnper  are:  Sierra  de  Arratia,  Sta  fiitaliiia,  I'laiuo  a, 
Oriiaiiiu,  ( 'nu'i's,  I'aiiuis,  l''iu'ntprraln'a,  Yoracajia,  Teiu'rapa,  \'asa]ia.  \'ai|\  ;■ 
tame,  Otinapa,  Xicoiipa,  ]'aliiiit(ia,  ("oiicto,  Moxitoiiio.  Jciiiiiilco.  Cacari:  , 
I'l'ias,  I'inos,  Caiiataii,  ami  Sauct-iln,  with  a  great  miiiiber  of  ortliographici  1 
variatiuns. 


END  OF  TIIK  DEBELLIOX. 


.S-J9 


liad  coino  to  pass;*-  aiul  in  ju  rson  even  lie  had  disap- 
]ieiiri'd  from  the  scene.  'I'ruly  tlicii-  hist  state  was 
worse  than  the  first.  l\i(h'e  Jjopez,  <he  only  survivor 
of  the  Jesuit  hand,  shrewdly  suspeetinuf  that  the  I'ch- 
i  Is  were  heyi lining,'  to  think  upon  the  evil  of"  tlieir 
A\ays,  sent  out  an  <)ld  woman,  with  his  prayer-hook  as 
a  talisman,  to  prepaiv  the  way  lor  a  new  spiritual  con- 
(juest.     The  Tepehuane  rehellioii  was  at  an  end.*' 

Pence  restored,  missionai'V  work  went  on  in  a 
([uietly  prosperous  uneventful  way  that  has  left  hut 
niea^'re  riM'ord.  In  the  mountains  of  the  west  tin; 
.Icsuits  lahored  in  the  villages  of  the  Acaxei^s,  Xi\i- 
iiics,  and  allied  trihes,  meetinuf  no  serious  ohstarlcs 
and  gradually  increasini,'  the  culture  if  not  the  numher 
of  tlicii'  lloeks,  hut  not  attemj)tini;'  any  extension  of 
the  held  for  more  than  a  decade."     lietween    KWiO 


*'V<'t  Arlc'-'iii,  r/triSii.  ZtK-.,  102-7,  trlls  us  tli.it  tlio  .I.mi 


Itlll     CilllSI 


to  ilj'lM 


ilivo  anil  still  li''litiii'' so  tliat  tlio   natives  tiioiii'iit  I 


.1   tlu' 
u.'  \v;is 


miif  his  iiroimsc. 
Antlioiiliis  on  the  Tfjifhuane  revolt  iire  /Me/.s,  .^0'J-,^,  .".(tS-'JO,  r.OT  Ti», 


.V.tT-C.'-'T,  ti;'.l-t7,  TIIS-U);  A/'vrr,  ii.  S-J-'I'i,  ifpeatiMl  in   IHrr.    f 
\:\:  .i<li;i>ii.  C/irihi.  Xnr.,  ill-J,    |S7-'J()(),  '-Ml-:.;  Amni    ];y 

ill 

('■•iiiiiiiiii'iiiii,  MS.,  'J'J.'J- 


Jfor.    //isf., 
!l(t-l-J',l,  also  MS.;  JJur<in:in,  JJor.  lll^l.,  MS..  .'nJ-S,  1()7-!»,  l.'id-l;  Ihinin, 


'J'liiiiarnn,  \'/,ii/ii,  .MS.,  ',V2-~x  (linr.ali-  Ihn-i'ii, 
Tuilni  A''/*'-'.,  i.  'J.VJ-H.  Jlil>aa,  (i'_M),  s.iys  that  In-  ohtaini'il  his  iiiforniatioii 
from  tliu  I'fcortls  of  invostinations  nia<lo  liy  onltT  of  virci-oy  iiinl  iii.siio|i. 
Many  inaccurate  rrjiorts  were  sent  to  Me.\ieo  anil  Spain.  Ixilias  also  s|ieaks 
of  a  Iwittle  at  Tenerapu  where  ('apt.  IJartoloiiu''  .liiarez  was  in  coniniaiiil. 
.\lter  the  day  «as  far  sjient  ami  no  ailvanta^'e  jiainccl,  he  reiiiemliereil  r.nlro 
<;iavina"s  oonnsi'l  to  '  trust  in    Joil. '     .As  he  rai.-.eil  his  visor  to  lilt  his  eves  to 


heaven  he  saw  Oraviim  in  puson  holilin;.'  a  erueili.x  ami  lloLxj.'inL;  hinisclf. 
\ietory  iinnieili.iti'ly  fijlloweil,  uml  the  e.iptain  related  the  miracle,  thoiiLdi 
the  iiadre  lie'_','-;e<l  him  not  to.  Arlej.'ui,  !tl  "i,  l!>S,  •_'()(»,  desci'ilies  a  L'rcat  liat- 
tle  on  the  ]>lains  of  (.'aearia,  where  the  >,'overnor  with  a  small  force  attackeil 


'J."i.(HH)  li 


ns  and  killetl  l.'),0(M)  of  them  in  a  li'dit  of  live  hours 


'Ih 


til. 


iter  .states  (p.  I!l7)  that  the  'i'epchuanes  outraged  woini  ii  hefore  killii 


lem;  and  he  relates  several  miracles,  anionj,'  them 


■le 


th 


that 


gin  at  (  acaiia  was  tiansfi'rnd  at  the  liurnini,'  of  the  chinch  to  I  )iiraimo  \x  lure 


111  iniaye  ot  the  vil- 
li 


it  was  found  locked  in  the  savrarii 


lit  ac 


•oiiiit  given  in 


Not! 


,1,  I.I 


/!( iliciiiiii.'t,  MS.,  and  jtrint,  also  in  Mn>iiiiii<  nlm  l)i,iiiiii.   l'~/i.,  M.S.,  'Jll 


is  full  of  errors.     See  also  for  lirief  ami  unimportant  mention,  <' 
Si'jlo-',  i.  •J(il-'J;  A/ir>xtiinriiM  Afniiis,  'M\  Ji'in  r<t,  (iali.  ,1/c.r.,  i.    jilt  (1;  /a 


I  list.   J/./.,   v.    'JS.-i-li;   li 


Hist.  ])h 


14; 


,V(» 


M, 


ii.  :!:;.■)-(;;  Dh'c  rnh:,'\n.  i:i;M(l:   ll'liriii 


M, 


•js-.'  ;t;  M, 


M,.r.  A-Jr 


IS.VO;  Alrariz,  L's/,iilios,  iii.  l!l|  -Jl)!*. 


iiiiiii- 
n/i  /•'■I 


"  Jii  ililS  I'adre  Fjonias  had  hceii  transferred  to  the  'ri>])chiiaiic  licld  in  aid 
<if  l,o],e/;  1'.  .luan  Alvarez  died  in  Iti'J.'l;  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  other 
luiiccorded  changes  were  made  iu  thu  umaioiiixvy  jie rson iid.  Ali/jn,  ii.  IKJ, 
141;  JJicc.  Univ.,  viii.  lO'J. 


% 


m 


nr,o 


AXXALS  OF  NUKVA  VIZCAYA. 


and  1040,  liowt'Vcr,  tlu*  r(»nv(>rsi()n  was  extcndiil 
soiitliward  over  the  lluiurs  ami  llinas,  lumlitd 
iiKUiiitain  triltos  and  jtjoltaltly  ItranchoHcftlK!  Xixiniis, 
livini^  in  La  Qucloaila,  altout  tliu  liead-watiTs  of  (Ik; 
]?i()  Jhnnasc,  called  ]^i<>  Piastla  ncaici-  tlic  sea.*'  W'v 
liavc  seen  tlic  jx'ople  of  this  distiict  IVicndly  and  snlt- 
niissivo  to  (Jovi'iiior  Alvcar  and  ]?adr(!  <l('l  A'allc  in 
1(J17;  and  ovt-n  oai'lioi*  Santarcn  liad  hajtti/cd  <'1iildi<  n 
there.  In  1 GW  the  1  Fumes  of  I f nninsi'  an«l  ( luaiizanic 
Voluntarily  appliecl  at  (Juadiana  for  instructors,  and 
Mci'o  visited  In*  Padri;  ICstrada.*"  In  the  same  year, 
jxrhaps,  I'adie  Cueto  entered  the  lliua  lands,  hapti/cd 
many  childien,  and  formed  a  iMiehlo  of  ]']spiritu  Santo 
at  Queihos,  or  (^uilitlan.  Cin-umstancos  prevented 
1dm  from  icinaininj^  then,  but  ht^  came  hack  a  year 
or  two  later  to  resume  his  work,  soon  foundecl  San 
Sehastian  do  (Juainiino,  was  joined  l)y  ])ie^o  dinieiiez, 
and  sid)se{|uently  formed  the  pueblo  of  Santia<^o  at  or 
near  Queihos.*' 

Tht!  nativi'S  Mere  less  traetahlo  than  fonneilv.  A 
year  of  famini;  added  to  the  j)adre's  diflictdties.  Ajios- 
tates  there  were  to  ur;jfe  revolt,  and  not  a  few  oonvtTts 
I'an  away.  Thinj^s  looked  so  dark  that  the  oovernor 
was  called  upon  to  pacify  the  country  W  an  arni((l 
entiada.  After  some  delay  Captain  Juarez  fiom  San 
llipolito  undertook  the  task  by  order  of  the  iioveinoi- 
in  the  autuuui  of  1G33.  The  natives  made  no  I'lsist- 
ance,  but  came  to  Yamoriba  in  November  to  rend<  r 
allejifiance  and  exchange  ♦ii'ifts.  Juarez  then  jtasscd 
througli  the  Hina  country*^  without  incitlent  recjuir- 

"TIio  Hump  piit'l)lo8wcroOimrizaine,  Toministnmc,  Quci]K)9,  Yncalioyti.i, 
Acuz,  Voniofda,  Toiiiisitiiu,  Ziitaiiioytiii,  Jiiiil  Mosjih;  tliosi' of  tin-  Uiiiiis  \\< n^ 
(Jujiiiniiio  (San  Soliastian),  I/.tlan  (•'^I'li  Francisco  .(avior),  (.iiicilms  (<,itiilill;iii 
or  Ks|)i'i-itu  Santo,  possilily  not  identical  with  tlio  Uuinr  QuiIIhisU  ,'inil  Smii- 
tiago  (near  the  precedin,!.',  <m',  according,'  to  t)ro/co,  identical  witli  it).  Seo 
.A'.  Vizi'mjn,  ])(,<•.,  iii.  !MI;  Ililum,  .VjO,  etc.;  Ahiirc,  ii.  l!t."t,  etc.:  (h-iivt  ij 
lierni,  (leoii.,  .'}U)-17.     'J'liero  iscviilcntly  a  blunder  in  Oro/co's  referenci.s. 

<'MA;/;r,  Hid.  Vnmp.  Joxiix,  ii.  lS:{-4,  l!«)--itK). 

*'Ale;rre  calls  the  second  padre's  name  I'edro  instead  of  Picfro.  Tlic 
nutlioritics  speak  of  Santiaj,'o  as  tho  sixth  puelilo  fonnetl,  by  what  sy.stem  "I 
fouiitin,!,'  is  not  very  a))i)arent. 

*"The  jd.iees  named  on  the  tour  M-erc  San  Pedro  del  Kio,  Santiairo,  In 
C'oucepciun,  Sunta.  Apolonia,  umiSau  Ijjuacio,  wheio  Juaiezrcnmiuud  ^7  iluys. 


THE  VlRGEX  PEL  IIACIIAZO. 


3S1 


iii;,^  nuntlon;  aiul  tliu.s  wore  Iho  pooplo  pormaiiciitly 


riH 


liict'd,  or  at  least  wv  lioar  of  no  furtlirr  tn»ul»l 


fS. 


vrrts 

nu'i" 

•iixil 

San 

nior 

rsist- 

)assfu 
'(|nir- 

alH'Vtia, 

.iiiilittiiii 
ikI  S:iii- 

')rii-.'-i'>  II 

ro.     Tlio 
y.stflli  "I 

liiiirf.  '•'' 


I'atluT  (iraviiKi  t(K)k  cliarj;v  of  the  lluino  missions  in 
conni'itioii  uitli  Santa  Alalia  Otais  in  l()o3,  l>nt  died 
two  y»'ars  later,  and  was  sueeeeded  anionjjf  tlie  llmnes 
li\  .linienez  and  at  Santa  Maria  l)y  FraneiseoSeirano. 
Sail  l'al>lo  was  soon  lounded  with  two  liundivil  and 
lifty  natives.*" 

'i'ln'  Tei)ehnanes  were  very  Ljradnally  ji^atli. mi  in 
fromtlieirniountain  retreats  to  the  old  i>uel»lo  lill .  I'or 
a  year  or  two  fathers  Lopez  and  L<iinas  worked  alcme, 
and  it  is  not  stranj^e  that  their  eil'orts,  persist i-nt  as 
tliev  wvYo,  and  hv  no  means  nnsuei'essful,  li.ive  left 
n(t  definite  record,  eomiiig  as  tiiey  diil  immediately 
alter  the  revolt  with  its  nioix;  exeitiiiyf  scenes.  Ju 
KiJO  lour  new  padres  were  sent  to  this  field.  ]*apas- 
(|uiaro  and  Santa  Catalina  were  rehuilt,  while;  l)oth 
Spaniards  and  Indians  bei'-an  to  sett li;  anew  in  (uia- 
iKircsvi,  Atotoniico,  and  Saueeda.**  Ahont  \(V1\\  San 
li^iiaeio  Zapc  was  lehuilt.  ]Ierc  the  imaij^e  of  the 
virgin,  whose  dedication  was  to  have  heen  the  signal 
j'ni'  revolt,  was  ioun«l  in  a  well  with  a  cut  in  the  left 
clieek.  Itwassent  to^Iexieo  hya  pious eaj>tain,  who 
made  a  vow  to  npair  it,  and  on  its  return  was  set  up 
at  Zape  on  Auijjust  14th,  as  <.food  as  new,  save  th«5 
seal-  on  the  cheek  which  could  never  he  ohliterated,  no 
matter  what  pigments  were  aj)plied."  A  minor  revolt, 
Ludlnijc  ^*'  ••'*  serious  results,  under  twohrothei's  fr(»m 
Zajie,  J)on  Felipe  and  Don  l*edro,  is  recorded  in  KJ.'JS. 

*'■'  Hifi'in,  ,ViO-71,  ini'liitliiii^a letter  from  railrc.TinuMirz.  Atii/n',  ii.  1!)."»-'.'()1. 

'"'San  Simon  iK'i'aiiii"  also  a  lari^'ctolony,  iiiany  'I'ai'alninians  luini.'  lirouirlit 
froiu  San  I'alilo  Valley  to  set tli"  there.  OneOriarte  isnaiudl  as  one  of  tin: 
lii^t  rebi  I  chieftains  to  Milmiit,  and  he  uas  exeiiiteil  in  San  I'.ililo  \  alley. 
Alojrc,  ii.  140-4,  loli-l.  Antoneli,  in  Si»\  Mix.  </(</;/.,  '.Mji  e|i,,  ii.  ;!;'.7, 
refers  to  Zuiif,  J/in'.  dil  llwliii:.o,i\>i  an  authority  on  the  reliuihlin;.'  <il  Pajias- 
<]uiarii. 

■''  The  iniage  was  known  as  Vinion  ikl  Ilaeliazo,  Xni  Snidel  /ape,  \niSi-a 
ill!  \'alle,  and  wa.s  .still  worshipjied  late  in  the  istheentury.  Some  .say,  Imw- 
e\i  r.  that  the  orij,'iiial  was  ln-oken  up  tor  relies  and  ii  new  one  iii.ide.  A  '' ;irf, 
ii.  1  ll-(i.  Arle.Ltui.  r/u-Oii.  Z,v.,  (>•_'-;(.  atlrihntes  the  vir.rili  vvith  the  hateiiet- 
^U)und  to  the  Franei.sean  estalilishment  at  Mezi|uital,  where  he  Ha\s  tiu^  ont- 
rai^e.i  dnrin','  the  revolt  hail  lieen  greatest.  He  adds  that  wlit  a  the  Spaniards 
atteiiipteil  to  lift  the  image  for  removal  to  l)urungu  it  refu.sed  to  ho  removed 


H\ 


s:« 


ANNALS  OF  Xl'KVA  VIZCAYA. 


]t  Miosi*,  as  tin;  nativrs  claliiicil,  iVom  iiji|ir('s.si\('  ads 
(»r  I'adi'i'  Suai'i-z,  or  as  tin-  iiiissionaru's  .-.tatf,  fidiii  a. 
it|»iiiiiaii(l  ii(liiiiiiisti'iv<l  i'or  disoi^K  rl\  »'«>ii(lii<t  ti»  |)i>ii 
J''tli|»t'.  ill  the  same  year  ten  iViais,  who  ha<l  \>»i 
tluir  Hvcs  ill  NiU'va  \'izcaya,  were  |>r()|M»si<l  at  Iloiiic 
lor  till!  honors  of  iiiurtNrdoiM.  Asa  ruK;  the  luton- 
vtited  Tejichuuncs  were  the  njust  ruithlul  of  n«i)- 
l.hytes."- 


PassiiiL*  n<»rt]i\vard  we  find  the  uj)i»er  A'izeaya,  tin; 
niodcin  ("hihiiahua,  divitled  ahorininally  hy  liiiniiistii; 
lilies  into  thii'e  jL^reat  ilistii«'(s,  oeciijticd  l»y  (Ik; 
j\|)aclu's  in  the  north,  the  Coiiehos  in  the  soulh-t  a>i, 
and  the  'rarahuinares  in  the  south-west,  with  iiiiiim  r- 
oiis  minor  intermixtures  ofotlur  trihes  whii-li  rt(|uiie 
no  s|K(ial  iiotii't.'  here,  since  my  ]>urj>osi!  is  merely  In 


'ive  such  a  ufeiieial   idea  of  tril»al 


•  eoLjrapliy  as 


CO 


ntrihute  to  the  reader's  convenience  in  lolKt\viii<''  tli 


it.^ 


course  ol  evt'iits,  "  'J'lie  Tarahuniares,  niountaiiitt  rs 
for  the  most  jiart,  Were  the  leadiiiLf  element  in  Clii- 
liuuhua,  as  were  tlu'  Tepehuanes  in  J)uraiiL;o;  and  as 
tlu!  latter  had  on  the  west  the  Acaxee  and  XixiiiH; 
districts,  so  in  connei-tion  with  Tarahumara,  hut  con- 
nected historically  during  this  |)eriod  with  Soiioia. 
we  tiiul  west  <tf  the  sierra  t'e  Chinipas  and  («ua/,;i- 
jKires,  as  well  as  a  district  ;n  the  south-west  altout 
J>al)oriname  that  was  [trohahly  Tepehuaiie.  It  is  aU«> 
most  convenient  for  purposes  of  historical  naiiail'Hi 
to  add  to  the  Concho  district  the  north-eastern  por- 
tion of  ])uraniL'(),  the  haunt  of  I'ohosos  and  C'ahe/as 
as  well  as  Te[)ehuanes.      Neither  the  mission  districts 

until  Ji  I'l'niiciscaii  fiiiir  took  hold  ()f  it,  when  it  bcciiiie  ns  li.'lit  n.s  a  foutlur. 
A  j^ooil  larouiit  of  tli(!  JIai'lia/o  also  in  'J'diiittnui,  ]'l''ilt(,  .MS.,  '.\-2-~.  S' '• 
A/djn ,  ii.  I'.U,  "J-'t-.");  Jti !/('.■*  1/  J'nfiilc^,  Lilo-oild  Ori'/fu  ditCnlni'iuili  J)Hi-<nri  . 
.MS.,  for  an  a''i'oiint  of   jirogirss,    cnilownn-'nts,  etc.,  of  tlu:  .Icsuit  oilli ;..  , 


i(;;i'_'-!>. 


^- .Vntoni'li,  in  Soc.  Mi'.r.  d 


'■I'll. 


'2.1a 


.'{.17 


ivs  that  the  'r<'|»  Imams 


wvra  not  fully  HiilHlmd  until   l(i!l(),  when  tliu  pucliUKS  of  l'a(t;:si|uiar(i,   .'• 
('atalina,   and  Atotonilco   \vi;ro   j'urmdlizailon,    und   jiii   extension    of    lai 


granted. 


'  See  Ovozcoa  map  on  p.  310  of  this  volume.    For  tribal  dutiiils  ste  Ma' 


TAUAIirMAUA  P.AIA. 


IMliif 
1  CI  til- 
ilinril, 

|Ju;i/.;i- 

niMiut 

lis  ;il>i> 

|rati"ii 

|il)(/,;is 


f.'iith'i-. 


imr  liisloiic  ]nrlinls  jir»'  more  <1(  linitclv  in.irlccil  in  the 
iiuitli  than  in  till'  soutli;  tlir  _LC<'<»,i;i';il'lii<'."<l  ••onlusioii 
ill  \  illa'L(t'  iianu's  is  t'Vt'ii  ^rrattT;  and  tlic  matter  is 
ill  soiiiu  I'liMi's  .still  Inrtlici"  <itin|>li('att'(l  by  tlw  pi't-sonco 
uitwK  ii'li;^i(>us  oitlcrs  woikinL:"  Ni<l»'  l»v  sidr 


Til 


\V()1 


k    of 


cnnv'-rMon  in 


Taial 


iiiniara 


I'.aj, 


1.  on 


:i!ii 


1  al»i»nt  tlie  lioundai  ,  ln'ivvccii  the  nititlcrn  |)nianno 
iiiiii  ( 'liiliualina,  was  Itcy-u  .  !iv  Fatlnrduan  Ktditf  in 
ICdT.      Jio  r«'|u'att'd  liis  visit  in  l('»ll,and  surt-ccdrd 


l>apt 


iiut  (.Illy  in  hapti/iiiLT  many  cliildrcn 


liildi 


l»nt  i 


n  drawiii'^ 


ni 


it  lV<»m  till'  mountains  a  lari^c  nuniluT  ot'  ramiiit 


with  which  h 


V   S('( 


■ms  to  have  rounded  a   Tara..!  Mare 


\  illume  in  San  I'ahio  A'alley,  a|)|iar<'ntly  in  the  i^'./ion 
ntthe  modern  Jialle/a.  Oftlu'  early  proufress  tf  this 
hiirhln,  whi«'h  lor  manv  vears  coiild  have  h  <■  no  w'f- 
know   iiothinLf.      Wo  ha\'e  seen  :haL 


u!;ir  itadre,   we 


thi^  iiatie'i  1  .ok  no  active  jtai't  in  the  're[teluiaiie 
\nh  of  |(!1(».  It  is  said,  however,  that  jn -it  hi  loi\! 
thi.  iiitlireak  a  'rejKhuane  chief  at  temiited  to  |)oi  mi 
ilir  Tarahumatv  miiul  njj^alnst  the  ilesuits  and  their 
work;  hut  after  the  preacher  oi"  sedition  had  heen 
ahimst  sutl'ocated  hy  an  intlamniation  of  llu'  throat 
M  lit  upon  him  l»y  the  .lesuits'  master,  he  repented 
tiiid  theroaftor  spoke  uothiuLf  hut  nood  of  tho  mission- 
aries.'* 

Thero  seom  to  hav(^  l)oen  no  permanent  missions  or 
n  >ident  padres  in  Taralminare  territory  until  !(!:'.(), 
iihlidui^h  i*a(h('  Lomas  ami  othei's  taui^ht  as  far 
north  as  the  reni(»n  ahout  l*ai'ral  at  an  i-aiTier  tlate. 
At  this  timi>  a  voluntary  demand  i'or  missionaries 
was  made  to  (lovernor  Velasco,  to<rether  with  a 
]i|"lnise  to  settle  on  whatever  site  he  liii^ht  select, 
(iiptain  Juan  Ixirraza,  with  Padre  .luan  Jlei'iMJia, 
made   a  tour  accordiiinly  thi-ou^h  the  sierra  as   fai' 

■' Ailo;,'iii,  Cliniii.  Ziii\,  '-'(K)  1,  Npcalcs  of  ii  'I'araliiiinarn  n'Vi.lt  in  I<i-.'» 
vliiili  lasti'tl  two  yi'Hi's,  limiiii;  wliicli  tiiiii!  \.\w  iiatimi  was  iicaily  ilcstloyi'il 
I'.V  Liiiirals  IMuiiia  aiul  AMay.     A  partiiulaily  lU'stiiii'tivc  l.atiK^  timk  jilaoo 


litar  U.u'liiiiiva,  mIktc  tlie  lielil  in  later  tiliit'H 


was  !      (ifil  w  It 


til  l> 


'itlicr  aiitiiiir  iiu'iiti 


KJi  ;i  war,  tliouj^li  it  is  imt  iinlikily  tiwt  the 


Ti 


iinaii's  lomniittcil  sunn- i.utra''C3  on  the  Fraiicincaii  i'sUil>li8li.iii'"ts  uinoiiir 


llio  I  uiiciio.-i,  ami  wi'iv  puiiiijUcil  l.y  S|)uuiali  ruiUs. 


i 


ANXALS  OF  NUEVA  \1ZCAYA. 

north  as  Nonoava.  Tlu'y  obtained  four  liuiKlicd 
natives,  who  were  brou'jjlit  to  the  southern  veri^c  ol" 
their  national  territory  and  settled  in  a  new  tovvu 
called  San  ^[ij^uel  de  las  Bocas,  just  south  of  tlie 
modern  Duranijo  line,  and  near  the  Kio  Florida,  or 
I'lspiritu  Santo  Valley.  A  few  months  later  (jJaltiiil 
])iaz,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit,  took  Heredia's  place,  ;nul 
soon  founded  a  second  pueblo  in  the  same  viciniiv 
called  San  Gabriel,  of  whose  subsequent  historv 
nothing  is  known.  A  Spanish  settlement  was  mado 
in  IGol  at  Parral,  in  the  midst  of  rich  mines,  but  wc 
learn  nothing  of  any  padre  of  that  date.  It  may  lie 
supposed  that  other  northern  tours  were  made  and 
more  neophytes  brought  down  to  San  JNIigucl;  but 
the  work  of  founding  regular  mission  in  Tarahuniar.i 
]>ro[)er  did  not  begin  until  IG39-40,  as  will  be  relabil 
in  the  next  chai)ter.'^ 


f>5 


The  Franciscan  annals  of  Nueva  Yizcaya  from  1 000 
to  1(540  are  almost  a  blank,  notwithstanding  tln^ 
researches  of  l\idre  Ai-legui,  although  the  hiatus  in 
his  work  is  less  nt)ticeable  by  reason  of  its  lack  i)\' 
chront)K><'ical  arrangcMiient.  The  most  definite  nc  ord 
on  the  subject  is  that  of  an  investigation  in  lOiliI  by 
the  Fi'anciscan  authorities  of  the  Zacatecas  province. 
At  this  time  the  testimony  of  half  a  dozen  missionarits 
Mas  taken,  but  the  result  was  nu'relv  a  list  of  l''ran- 
ciscan  establishments,  the  inciilental  nuMition  of  some 
friars'  names,  and  a  h'W  details  of  special  service  and 
sutl'ering  in  coimection  with  the  various  revolts.  It 
was  estimated  that  over  thirty  Franciscans  had  lost 
their  livi's  on  tln^  northern  frontier,  and  that  over 
14,000  natives  had  been  converted.  While  tlie  iViars 
had  rendered  valuable  service  in  restoring  oi'der  after 
thcMlitferent  revolts  against  the  Jesuits,  it  was  elaiuied 
that  there  had  never  lu'cn  any  I'evolt  in  J'^i-anciscan 
missions.     Fourteen  convents  had  bet-n  establisIuHJ  in 

^''Aktjir,  Jfift.  CoDip.  JfKiin,  ii.  44,  ."iS-O,  1S4-.");  Arhijvi,  Chnin.  Zai-., 
200-1;  Ai'odvlkos  ^\j'a)(c>i,  12-j;  Oivuv  y  Btna,  Curia  Etiwij.,  Wl'l, 


i 


FRANCISCAN  MISSIONS. 


835 


tlio  ])ast  tAVonty  years,  and  twoiity-sevon  woro  now  in 


exist  once 


Th 


N 


loso   HI  iNuova    >  izcava,  witli   poriiaps 


til 


diK'  or  two  oxcoptions,  woro,  San  Antonio  (Juadiana, 
Noiuhro  dc  ])ios,  San  Franoisoo  Chalohiluiiti's,  Santa 
]);ir!)ai'a  in  the  valloy  of  San  J>art(»lonR',  San  Juan 
(111  llio,  San  Franoisoo  ^To/cjuital,  San  Kslovan  Sal- 
tillo,  San  Sebastian  tlol  Veruulo,  San  1\hIi"o  y  San 
l'al)lo  Ttipia,  C'onoojH'ion  Cuoneame,  San  J^'rancisoo 
Cliarcas,  Santa  ^raiiaAtotonileo,  San  .Fuan  ^lozijuital, 
Santa  ^lan'a  (Juazaniota,  San  Franoisco  Conchos, 
'i'lasi-alilla,  San  Dioi^o  Canatlan,  and  San  l^uona\-en- 
tura  Atotonileo.''"  Subsequently  there  were  i'ounded 
San  JJernardino  in  KM  I,  and  Santo  J)on)inL'-o  do 
Caniotlan,  ealled  the  thirty-first  oonvent,  in  IGIJ. 

The  Franeiseans  sutlerod  tt)  some  extent  dui'ing 
the  Tept'liuano  revolt,  one  of  tlu'ir  fiiars,  Padn*  IV'dro 
(iutierr^'Z,  havinL»"  bei>n  killed  as  alr(>ady  related;  but 
liss  llian  the  Jesuits  bi'eause  they  had  little  to  do 
with  the  ri'bel  tribes,  and  beeausi' their  eonviMits  were 
iis  a  rule  m-ar  tlu>  Spanish  sottlfuionts.  That  their 
iiii>si()n  poliey,  as  inij)lied  by  tlu'ir  writoi's,  was  bottt-r 
calculated  it)  |)iTvent  trouble  than  that  of  the  Jesuits, 
may  biM|ucstioniMl.  Their  troubles  oaini' later.  They 
it'iidered  inij)ortant  serviee,  howevi'r,  in  rostoiiii'^- 
praci>  after  tlui  j^reat  rebellion.  Xorth-castern  Du- 
laii'^o  above  tlu^  JJio  Na/as,  with  eastern  Chihuahua, 
tin'  home  of  the  CVmehos,  eonstituted  iVom  the  lirst 
ill  a  certain  sense  a  Franeiscan   district;  though   the 

'•'''' X<iiUtccwf,  fii/nii))iirion  dflon  Conveiilon,  7)(«7W»fii,  j/  Coiiirrnioucit  qui'  m: 
hnn  Jiniiliulit  VII  fa  I'l'M-'iiiriti  ill-  /.acatri'(t<.  It') .' .'.  MS.  \i\  hiirni'iio,  />iii\  lli.-i'., 
iM  it  so((.  'J'lic  friiiirt  siiiiin'cl  in  tliis  ri'|i»)it,  Ix'sidi's  tliosc  of  tlu^  wnitli  iiinl  of 
ciilii'i'  linns,  lire:  l'"i;iiu'isn)  Olivji,  of  CoikIhis;  .lusi'  Narvonii,  <'!iiiiii.iii\  c>f  tlio 
jiiiMTHdi's  Imif  ill  IdlCi;  (lifj^Diio  Sjiniiiiiito,  l.nri'ii/ciCiiiitu,  ('ristiitiiil  l'!.s|'- 
iiiis;i,  (iordiiiiini  llMuti  t;i,  l>iiiiiiiijj;i>  Coinrjo,  Itmliii;!!  Ni>vaiitrs,  Kraiuisci- 
e:i|  illas-  all  it' \\li(Oll  ti'ilid  ill  till' revolt  111'  llilll;  IVdio  ( iutii'iiiv.  killnl  in 
Unit  tivolt;  I'liiiiiiseo  .Ailaliie  niul  Amlies  Ilcrcilia,  in  Topiii  lliO'J  ami  lll|(» 
rts)«itively;  I'lant  isco  Santos,  (>f  ( 'lu'iuanii'  in  lt>'J'_';  and  (iiTuuinio  I'aii^or, 
I'l  Thiscalilla.  1 'ad  list  Iiii  uiiiio  Zarati'iiiid  lunai  io  Caiilcnas  ;iit'said  to  Iia\  t! 
I'loii-lit  'I'lascalli'i-  fan.iliisand  settled  tlieiii  at  live  points  on  the  tVoiilier. 
ei'li'tlaii,  \'cii,m1o,  San  Mij:iiel  MeM|iiitie,  ( 'liaUliiliiiiti's,  and  Saltillo.  '1'Ikj 
tuc.  luwi  st  eon  vents  were  those  (if  ('aiiotlan  and  Atotoiiileo.  Their  t'onndin^', 
iiiid  llioNeof  till'  laler  I stalilislinients,  are  mentioned  in  Arlnjiii.  Cliroii.  /.nr., 
IMI  ,1,  1  hi.    He  adds  .Mil[)illu8,  founded  in  U)H>aiiil  later  tnuisterrtil  to  l*ijui». 


336  AXXALS  OF  XUF.VA  VIZCAYA. 

ostablislnncnt  at  Mapimi  scorns  not  to  have  been  con- 
tinuously niaiiitained;  and  tlie  order  iu  that  region  liad 
less  inllueiice  tlian  the  Jesuits  at  Tizonazo  after  1G40. 

The  first  definitely  reeorded  expansion  seems  to 
have  been  from  the  central  establishment  at  San 
13artt»lonie,  now  AUende,  when  Padre  Alonso  Oliva 
I'ounded  in  1G04  the  twenty-first  convent  of  the  Pio- 
vineia  <le  Zacatecas,  at  San  Francisco  de  Coniayaus,  or 
Conciios/"  OHva  spent  about  forty  years  amonij^  the 
Conchos,  and  died  in  Mexico  in  IGI'2.  He  looked  no 
one  in  the  face,  decminuf  himself  unworthv,  and  hi> 
wore  constantly  an  iron  girdle  with  sharp  ]>ronL;',s 
rooted  in  his  flesh.  He  was  accompanied  to  ^re\i(  o 
by  several  Concho  chiefs,  and  his  business  was  to  ob- 
tain license  for  new  conversions.''^  Parral,  or  Sar 
Jose,  since  Hidalgo,  was  founded  as  I  have  said  i.\ 
1G31-2,  and  was  irom  that  time  a  kind  of  presiiho, 
occu]»ied  by  a  small  military  force  for  the  ]>rotection 
of  this  frontier.^'  From  the  annals  of  a  subsequent 
revolt  it  ap|)ears  that  before  1G4j  the  pueblos,  or  niis- 
si(jns,  fended  by  Franciscans  were  San  Bartolonie, 
San  Francisco  de  Conchos,  San  Pedro,''"^  Atotoniico, 
Masconiahua,  and  perha[)s  Mapimi  in  the  south. 

The  Monclova  region  of  Coaliuila,  north  of  the  lake 
district  of  Parras  and  Saltillo,  is  said  to  have  been 
first  visited  by  the  Franciscan  friar  Antonio  Suldu- 
endo  in  1G03.  He  gathered  the  natives  into  several 
mission  towns  and  remained  three  years,  the  field  of 
his  labors  l)eing  called  Yalle  de  Estremadura;  but  his 
cro|)S  wei'e  destroved  by  the  Tobosos  antl  other  hostile 
tribes,  and  he  was  forced  to  retire.  The  next  visit 
and  the  beginning  of  Coahuila  annals  [)ro[)er  must  be 
dated  more  than  sixty  years  later. "^ 

*' Torquomaila,  Movarq.  Tiid..  iii.  345,  says  tliat  in  1009  Oliva  gatliiivil 
4,UK)  ('oiii'hos  ill  a  sottU'iiii'iit,  'JO  Icjiguea  beyoiul  Santa  liurbara. 

^^  Ar/i-iiiii,Chruii.  Z,u:,  S;{-4,  ,SlKi-14. 

^TaVc,  M,m.  Ni<t.,\r,;  Jln/ir,  ii.  IIHI,  '220,  2.">0  vecinos  in  l(i4.'». 

'''' Altluiugii  Ark'gui,  C/irdii.  /ac,  lOli-",  pays  that  San  I'cilro  was  mt 
fonnik'd  until  104l>,  meaning,  perliaps,  rcfoundud  or  supplied  Mith  a  resiili'iit 
pa. Ire. 

''  Dor.  llinl.  Mix.,  serie  iii.  toni.  iv.  421;  si'rio  iv,  toni.  iii.  14;  Orozco  y 
Bfrni,  Carta  L'tnvij.,  aoi;  Aiiijui,  C/iiOn.  Zac,  141. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


[.  lako 

ItOL'U 

alilu- 
vt'val 
111  (;f 
it  hi^ 
lostile 
visit 
st  bo 


XTEVA    VIZCAYAN    HISTORY. 

1641-1700. 

List  of  Ooverxors  asd  Risnors— Soitiierx  PisTinrrs— A  Tierua  he 
Paz— Tor lA — Zavata's  Visita— Laoina  IJEdioN— SKcri.ARiZATKis  am> 

]»ESTKrCTION' — TEPEIirAXE    Ml.SSIONS — TaUA1II>iAKA— MaT  — FliAMIS- 

CA\  Tkkkitoky — Toiioso  11aii>s— CoNciKi  ISka'ui.t— Miiuikr  of  Fkiahh 

— CEUUO     (lOKKO  —  TaKAIUMAKE     liEVOLT  — C\>irAl(;NS     UK     ('AUUInN, 

Bakraza,  and  Fajariio — Vii.i.A  i)E  Aoni.AU— New  1;ei'.ei,i.iiin^.M  vu- 

TYUDOM    OK  GOKINEZ  AND   BaSII.IO — SpASISII  It  EVEUSES-  I'kAI  E  -  Till  RU 

()i  TUUEAK — Extension  ok  Jesiit  Missions  -Franciscan  I'ltiMiKEss— 
Casas  (Jraxdes— Jpnta  de  LOS  Kios— Kl  I'aso  hel  Xorte — .Iesiits 
VEKsis  Franciscans — .Statistics  ok  UiTS — Fuesidios  -Bohdeh  W'au- 

EAUE-  TaKAIIUMAKE  IvEVoLT  OK  101)0— MaUTVRUOM  OK  I'aDRES  FoRON  IiA 

and  Saxcuez. 

]'^RAXCisco  Bravo  de  la  Serxa  was  ruler  of  Xiiova 
Vi/A'aya  in  KUO,  and  the  list  of  his  siicci'ssois  as 
oovcinors  and  raptain-gencials  down  to  1700  was 
substantially  as  follows:  ^1042-8,  Luis  Valdes;^  1  (US- 
ol.  Dioijfo  Fajardo,  or  Guajardo;  l<)r)4-r)I,  Enri(|U(' 
])iivila  V  Paoiioco;'''  inO'J-r),  Francisco  dc  (jorracz 
IkauMiont;  1005-70,  Antonio  do  Oca  Sanuicnto;^ 
1070,  Bartolome  Estrada,  ad  interim;   1070-3,  Jose 


'  April  .W,  1048,  ci'dnla  aiTivcd  nt  Mfxioo  iiiniiiiif,'  Oidor  (loinc/ d 
totaku  tlic  I'esiik'uciii  of  tlic  Into  (iov.  \'aMi''s.   dnijii,  J>iiiiio.  U. 


e  Mnr;i, 
•J.    Ho 


■  I'iivila  iiiul  been  governor  of  Viuatiin.  CoiiulliKln,  Hist.  Yiif.,  7'il- 
litoiitiio  I'lirrt'L'iilor  of  Mexico  ill  Kilil.   Oiiijo,  J>i(trii),  \'u. 

'In  Kiti!)  .Iiuin  dodaratey  Frinciii  was  Kcut  frum  Mexico  to  iiivcsti,t,'!ite 
c'liarges  ai,'«iiist  Oca,  his  predeccfsur,  and  otiiers,  iiiiide  hy  a  reiieiradc  JcMiit. 
(iMrato  removed  tiie  govenmr,  and  ii  ruler  nd  interim  was  a|i|iipiMted  liy  the 
vicLioy.  Mota-l'adilla,  4(Mt,  says,  however,  tliat  tlief.'i>veiiiiir ad  iiiteiini  was 
iili|"iiiitcd  by  the  president  and  audieiicia  of  Ouiidulujara,  then'  lieinu  a 
()Uanel  Ijctwcen  those  two  nutli<irities  on  tlio  suhjeet.  lint  in  1774  (i.oate 
was  lined  1 '2,000  pesos  and  suspended  from  olliee  fur  irre^'ularitie>f  in  taliing 
tlic  residcneia.  liobles,  D'larlo,  82,  87,  104;  iii.  201 -'J;  llirtm,  ilit'i.  M<.c., 
i.  ;iJO. 

UiRT.  N.  Mux.  States.  Vol.  I.    2a  (  uaT  I 


r,38 


XUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


!' 


Cjiiriu  Saloodf);'  ir)74-r.,  Martin  dc  Eebollai-;''  in77, 
]j()|n'  (Ic  Sierra;''  1082,  l^artoloiuc  de  Estrada;  lOsj, 
(^aliriul  Niia  y  Quire )^L,''a;  1  OH?,  San  Mii^nii'l  di-  Ajj^uayo; 
KIDO,  Juan  Tsidro  dc;  Pardinas  ;  1G!>5,  (ialnitl  dl 
Ca.stillt);  1700,  Juan  Bautista  I^arrea."  l^esidcs  Uw 
nanirs  and  dates  thus  oiven,  witli  certain  canipaiLjiis 
and  tttlier  acts  of  the  rulers  uliich  I  sliall  liave  (deci- 
sion to  notice  in  connection  witli  missionary  annals, 
there  is  nothing,'  to  bo  added  i-esi)ecting  the  political 
and  military  government  of  the  country  during  tiiis 
century.'* 

The  ecclesiastical  government,  as  we  have  scien,  was 
in  U!40  in  the  hands  of  Bishoj)  Diego  Evia  y  Vald«'s. 
]n  l(]r)4  ho  was  transferred  to  Oajaca,  leaving  forty 
thousand  pesos  for  the  benefit  of  his  old  dioeese.' 
His  successor  was  Pedro  Pari'ientos  Lomelin,  ])ii.'- 
centor  of  the  metro])olitan  church  of  IMexico,  vicar- 
genei'al,  chancellor  of  tlie  university,  and  comissary  <if 
the  holy  ci'usade.  He  took  possession  of  the  see  the 
'2-2i\  of  December  IG.K;,  and  died  October  tH,  ICjS. 
Juan  de  Gorospe  y  Aguirre  was  aj>{>ointed,  coniirmed, 
and  conseci'ated  in  ^fexico  in  Aj»iil,  August,  and 
Decend)er  IGGO,  taking  possession  by  proxy  on  Oi-to- 

*  Ilisaitiioiiitmciit  liy  tlir  IviiiL;  rcaclicd  ^Toxicd  Oct.  'J,  KiTO.  /' -/lA  .<,  J>'i,irio, 
OC).  -ICI.  Mota-I'adillii'.  Coini.  X.  <!<il.,  WW,  citt'H  a  K'tttn.f  Oca  as  L'ovtiiini- 
ill  .(an.  1(;7;{.  'riii.s  may  imlicato  that  Salceilo  did  not  arrive  until  KIT.'i  .'iiid 
tliat  Oca,  icin>tatc'd after  his  ti'uul)li',  hold  the  ollice  ad  interim.  Sakedi)  tiinl 
in  Spain  in  I(1S(!. 

^.\li|Miintcd  iN'iiV.  "JS,  1(174;  died  at  I'arral  Nov.  10,  l(iT(>.  Jichlrs,  JJi,iri<i, 
207,  •-'•J4. 

*Jle\\i;s  oiilor  in  Mexico,  mid  started  fur  Parral  .Tan.  -.'!,  I(i77.  !!'>'■/' -\ 
Diariu,  '_';>(>.  lie  arrived  witli  Fr.  Antdiiio  Vahhs  on  April  "Jlist.  Xinrti  \'r.- 
rniri.  ])■>,■.  IHsl.,  iii.   -JUS  :!(>'). 

'In  ;iihlitioii  to  the  ret'erenees  in  preceding;  notes,  Siee  for  incidental  iiicii- 
tioii  of  the  ilillereiit  luleis:  AI'Ui'i,  ii.  !!:!(),  IK >7,  .S>!>,  447  S,  4(i;!;  iii.  7''; 
Xhivh  l'i~iiii/ii,  /)i>i-.,  iii.  'J.'iCi;  J><  rni/iiraii,  lufunne,  1(1."),  170  7;  also  MS.; 
Murji,  J>iiirin,  ."iS."),  4()7;  Sn/i/iiniir,  llilucmn,  S44-.");  \  ilnnh',  Dtxirifi.  Ili^l., 
.'J7">i    '/'tiiiKinui.   ]'i.':i/a,  M.S.,  41. 

''\'iccro,v  Maiuera,  Iiistnirriou,  4S0-(t(),  .says  th(>  .supplies  furnished  to  tlic 
earrisoiis  Iroin  thi' royal  treasiiiy  at  l>uraii!.'o,  1(144  7;!,  an:oiintcd  to  .'r=4ii-.;U-'. 
Kivera,  C^h.  Mir.,  i.  'J-J;?,  stateH  that  ^(ll'.dCd  per  year  was  p.iid  to  the  N. 
\'i/cay.i  ;,'anisons.  and  yet  the  troops  were  doslitute,  anil  it  was  hard  to  till 
Ihi'  ranks  at  an  annual  cost  of  4.")(>  pesos  for  each  S(ddicr;  l(i(i7,  han;.nng  ot'aii 
ex-alc;ilde,  Kernando  de  Arniin<les,  for  rohberv.   llalilm,  J>liniv.  ii.  4S. 

"( 'idle.  Man.  A'o/. ,  !).">,  uive.s  some  details  of  the  ecclesiastical  orgaiiizatiiii 
and  revenues  in  l(i4i").  Kihera,  Clvh.  J/i.i'.,  i.  ISl',  mentions  sumc  Bliyht  dis- 
sensions hotweeii  political  and  ecclesiastical  uuthuritics. 


LIST  OF  Bisnors. 


839 


her  13,  1002,  and  in  person  tlic  next  yoar.  ITc  died 
SoptenilKT  'Jl,  1(571,  leavinuc  in  the  i'|)lse()[)al  aicliives 
;i  nianuscript  n-eord  of  his  literai'V  talent  and  rehj^iou.s 
zeal.  .Inan  de  ( )i-te_u^a  ^[ontane-^,  infjnisitor  (»f  !^[exioo, 
w.'is  next  appointed,  ettntiiMned,  and  eonseeiated  in 
iri73-5;  hnt  was  transferred  to  the  hishopric  of(!nate- 
nuda  heforc  coinin'4  to  Dnranufo.  Frav  l^artolonie  do 
ICscannela,  a  Franeiscan,  was  promoted  from  tin; 
l)ish()[)rii;  of  Puerto  Kieo  to  that  of  (inadiana  1>y 
hull  of  Xovember  H!,  1()7(»,  takinij^  possi'ssion  hv 
proxy  AiiLi^nst  1  t,  1(577.  He  servetl  with  nineli  zeal, 
prepared  dioeesan  regulations  ajiproved  by  the  kinn", 
and  died  at  his  ])ost  on  November  20,  1(584.  Fray 
.Maiuiel  de  Ileirt'ra,  eourt  }»roacher,  and  a  member  of 
the  ^Iinimos  i\o  San  Franeiseo  de  Paula,  was  aj)- 
])oiiited  !May  4,  1(58(5, .and  died  Jamiary  ol,  1(580,  at 
Sombrerote.'"  (Jarei'a  de  Leuasiii  N'elasco  y  Altanii- 
laiio,  curate  of  San  Luis  l\)tosi,  cauoniLjo,  treasurer, 
and  archdeacon  of  the  metropolitan  church  of  ^Texico, 
and  lionored  with  othertitles,  was  nominated  bishop  of 
J)nrango  in  l(5i)l,  and  took  ])ossession  ])eceml)er  22, 
li5;)2.  IIo  ruled  until  March  f),  1700,  when  he  was 
promoted  to  the  see  (jf  A'alladolid." 


i;„i,i.  s 

[■rtt  Vi'-- 

\:\\  iiioi- 

iii.  -,''■. 

L  MS.: 


|iii/ati"ii 


In  the  [>recedinLj'  cha]»ter  I  have  l)roun'ht  the  mis- 
f-ionarv  annals — and  tlu^  counti-y  has  no  other — of 
Xueva  Vizcaya  proper  down  to  the  year  1(540.  ]n 
the  present  chapter  I  continue  those  annals  to  the 
(inl  of  the  century,  continuing  also  in  general  ternjs 
f^'-  the  reader's  convenience  and  my  own  the  subdi- 
\.  .   ,1   of   the  teri'itoi-v  into  mission  districts  as   al- 

V 

''Tlie  iVaU-  (if  his  t.iUiii:,'  possi'ssinn  is  nnt  rccnnlcMl,  lux'aiisc  tiic  ]irclioiiila- 
rii  .i  li;;d  all  diod  in  l<i:i7.  Ill  Ainil  lliS.S  liislinp  ]Ioi(  ra  visitcil  .\KNii'>t<) 
pcvuut  a  transfer  of  llic  trc'a8U''y  fruin  Duranyo to  I'arral.  Rubls,  Diai-m,  ii. 

"  On  the  hishfips  uf  KitO-ITOO  see  Coiirilinn  Pnvhiclalc.'i,  I'/Jc'-C-',  I'i'O  vt 
si''|.;  Hdiiiircz,  Ih.^t.  I>iu:,  -Jl  4:  Goirjih:  Jhirifa,  Tm'm,  i.  '2r>0;  ii,  !»_>; 
(.^•.;■^  Jikuuo, ;{:.!»,  :{()•_»,  :{(1,")-S,  4(i!l,  4I  l  PJ,  441,  4  I.".,  4,">1,  .".();!-4;  /.'.-Wfv,  Vhln 
il'l  Ar.oh,  ('ii(r«K,  \'Xi;  Viiaiirvrt,  Ciinlml  ilr  .1/i.c.,  IS-li);  I'iijit' ro't,  Vimli- 
v'a-,  MS.,  70;  JJhr.  L'ii'n\,\.  :UI ;  ix. '-'si,  4  H),  ."..'il ;  M^  ilind,  r/,,:,ii.  H.  Jx'io, 

•Jii  ■_':  /.'(/./(.<,  Hin,;,).  ii.  ii,".,  i:is,  i.s.>-:t, •.'iH)-i, 'j;!!,  '2:w,  4(11,  4s.-.;  iii.  <), as, 

111,  11(1;  b'o.-'d,  Lpi^Cop.  Me.c.,  14.'),  IGO;  Juarro'!,  Coiiqninl.  Giiat.,'ls4-o, 


-m 


•>'  e 


m 


340 


NUEVA  VIZCAY  A.N  HISTORY. 


ready  indicated.  In  the  .south  during  this  period,  ns 
the  country  approximated  to  the  condition  of  a  ticiia 
de  paz  in  which  survivinnr  natives  subniitted  more  nr 
less  cheerfully  to  town  life,  to  the  restraints  of  Chii>- 
tianity,  to  the  instruction  of  the  friars,  and  to  the 
tyranny  of  Spani.sh  pohladores  and  miners,  the  recctnl 
Ixjconics  as  is  u.sual  in  like  cases  meagre  and  ufievcnt- 
ful;  in  the  north  the  period  is  one  of  excitement,  of 
c<.>n(]uest,  of  conversion,  of  revolt,  warfare,  and  *<{' 
martyrdom.  The  .southern  districts  may  therefore 
most  conveniently'  be  taken  up  first,  and  their  frag- 
mentary annals  of  progress  down  to  1700  finally  dis- 
])osed  of,  before  attention  is  called  to  the  bh^xly 
record  of  the  north. 

In  the  western  province,  which  may  still  be  called 
by  its  original  name  of  Topia,  it  was  estimated  that 
fifty  tlu)Usand  souls  had  been  saved  before  1G44,  wluii 
eight  missionaries  were  serving  there  in  sixtet  ii 
churches.  In  IGG2-3  a  pestilence  is  recorded,  during 
which  Padre  Ignacio  de  ^ledina  did  good  service  in 
the  Otais  district  until  a  novenario  to  San  Francisco 
Javier  abated  the  scourjie.  In  1GG4  Atotonilco  was 
in  charge  of  Estevan  Rodriguez,  while  Diego  de  Ace- 
bedo  ami  Gaspar  de  Niijera  were  serving  at  Tecuchu- 
apa.^'  Juan  Ortiz  Zapata  reports  in  his  visita  of 
1G78  thirty-eight  pueblos  of  converts  in  the  western 
])rovince,  divided  among  three  missions  proper  whieh 
were  named  Xiximes,  San  Andres,  and  Santa  Cru/ 
de  Topia,  the  last  of  which  at  this  date  was  reckoned 
among  the  missions  of  Sinaloa.  Each  was  divided 
into  three  or  four  partidos  and  each  partido  was  in 
charge  of  a  Jesuit.  There  were  ten  padres,  abtnit 
fourteen  hundred  neophytes,  and  a  scattered  popula- 
tion of  about  five  hundred  Spaniards,  or  "what  are 
called  Spaniards  in  this  country,"  as  one  Jesuit  ex- 
presses it.    I  have  deemed  the  statistics  of  this  visita 


"  miian,  .W;  Alfirre,  ii.  200,  422-3,  420-.32,  4.'}7,  448-9,  Patlrc  Leonardo 
J.itino  is  also  named  as  one  of  the  Acaxee  misaiouaries.  P.  Cristobal  Kol)ka 
served  ut  Guarizainc  in  lOCl. 


STATISTICS  OF  TOPIA. 


041 


woi-tliy  of  preservation  at  some  leiiu^tli  in  a  note;  an<l 
lirtween  1078  and  1700  I  Hncl  no  reeorcl  whatever  for 
tlu'  wlujle  region.'^ 

'I'lirning  again  to  the  eastern  (hstriet  of  Parras, 
wlure  events  from   IGIG  to   1040  left  absohitelv  no 

•'Xiximc  Mission,  a,  little  s.  of  w.  from  Dnrangr);  ix)piilati(iii,  l!i,(VK) 
(l.!HK)?i;  (lividod  into  4  partidos: 

(1.)  Sail  r»l)lo  iii-tiUii,  "Jli  1.  from  I>iir.,  p«jp.  IM;  3  ])U<'l)l(>s.  S.  I'cilio 
( In.iri/aiiif,  (IS  1.)  w.  nf  S.  I'altlci,  jxjp.  41;  Stii  Lucia,  a  new  piulilu  i:.  nf  S. 
I'.ililip,  (111  njiid  innii  i)iir.  to  t'opala,  jxip.  S"J.  I'aitiilo  tiinKi'  1'.  Fraiui.Mo 
Midiiiiiii,  MTviiiL;  ll«7  pt'i'sonc,  no  gentiles  in  tlio  partiilo. 

!•_'.  I  Santa  ( 'niz<k'  Vaniorilwi,  ;U»  1.  w.  i.f  Sjin  I'aliiu,  pup.  4S;  •_'  ]niol>l<i.<.  S. 
I'.artiiliinK'  Huina.se,  7  1.  w.  Gnariainio,  ."<  1.  K.  Yiinioi'it)a,  i>up.  4_'.  I'artido 
iiiiilii-  r.  IV'ilro  ("uesta,  sewing  1 10  iicrsuns. 

(;!. )  Santa  A)><)li)nia,  40  1.  s.  of  \v.  Vjiinorilia,  jK>p.  7-"';  •'<  inu-ldos.  f'on- 
ceiicidii.  •_'  1.  K.  Sta  Aj).,  1K)]».  r)0;  Santiaj^'o  td  Niievii  (site  reeeiitly  eliaiijied  i, 
1  1.  i:.  Sta  Ap.,  pop.  14.     I'artido  under  I'.  Juan  lioltor  .ser\  inu'   \'M  ]>ersniis. 

(4.)  San  Igiiaeio,  4  1.  8tJi  Aji.,  ]M>p.  l.'i.'l;  5  imelilos.  S.  (U^niniiiiH  Adia, 
or  Aliiiya,  7  1.  N.  S.  ]gii.,pop.  'JOO;  S.  Juan,  4  1.  .>*.  S.  Jj,'ii.,  (vip.  7">;  S.  I'laii- 
( iseii  ('aljabayan  ((.'aba/an?!,  4  1.  s.  S.  Ign.,  pop.  .'U;  .S.  ALfiistin,  \v.  .S.  Kraii., 

I  lip.  ,Sl).  I'artido  under  P,  Diego  Jimenez,  st-ning  .VJt)  iiersona,  many  Span- 
i.ii'd.s. 

San  Andres  Mission,  N.  of  San  Ignaoio,  70  1.  W.  Duraugo;  o',)l  persons;  4 

partidos: 

(I.)  San  Ignacio  Otatitlan  on  Rio  Vegas,  34  1.  x.  S.  Ignncio  de  Xixinies, 
]"i]K  "JS;  4  pueldos.  I'iulia,  once  co/frcnf  5  1.  \v.  Otatitlan,  pnji.  10;  Alaya, 
!■-'  1.  \v.  Otatitlan.  pop.  40;  Quejupa,  II  1.  X.  Otatitlan,  pop.  I'i.  I'artidn 
under  1'.  Krancisoo  «lc  la  Plaza,  serving  KiOiicrsons;  7  e>liniri<i.f  of  Spaniards. 

(■-'.)  San  lldefonso  de  los  Keincdios,  101.  N.  K.  Otatitlan,  up  tlie  river, 
jiiip.  (i.'i;  "J  pnelilos.  Sta  Catiilina,  .'J  1.  .S.  S.  lid.,  pop.  SS.  I'artido  under  1'. 
( irnmiino  Estrada,  serving  1!(S  jjcrsona.  El  Palmar,  ',i  estiinciiisol  Spanianls, 
;>  1.  ilown  river  w.  from  S.  lid. 

(li.)  San  Oregorio,  2S  1.  k.  Otatitlan,  pop.  .W;  4  pueldos.  Soilmpa,  7  I. 
\v.  S.  <ireg.,  pop.  '24;  8.  Pedro,  1  1.  n.  S.  Oreg.,  pop.  iM:  San  Mateo  do 
'i'leayas,  1  1.  K.  S.  (!reg.,  jKip.  "J.").  I'artido  under  P.  Fernando  JJiirrio,  reetor 
and  visitador,  serving  Iv!.")  persons. 

(4.)  Santa  Maria  OUiia,  14  1.  .s.  K.  S.  Greg.,  pop.  2,S;  2  jnieddos.  Santia^'o 
llatzot/.i,  10  1.  S.  Otitis,  jiop.  10.  Partido  under  Pailre  Uarrio,  .serving  lOS 
persons.     Also  serves  presidio  8.  Hipolito,  81.  distant,  and  Ivealdeduapijuxe, 

II  I. 

Santa  Cniz  dc  Topia  Mission,  E.  of  S.  Felijie  de  Sinaloa;  1,101  persons;  :{ 
partidos: 

(I.)  San  Juan  Badariguato,  1(5  1.  k.  Mocorito  (?),  pop.  .")();  Reyes  de  Ojiii- 
imto,  3  1.  w.  S.  Juan,  po]i.  50;  Sta  Cruz,  S  1.  n.  \v.  S.  Juan,  jiop.  07:  S. 
1  V:in.  Alieamac,  8  1.  s.  S.  .luaii,  jiop.  4;j.  Partido  under  P.  Pe<lro  Roiiles, 
rector,  .serving  .'lliS  (.'!S(i?)  persons. 

(-. )  San  >lartin  Atotoiiileo,  I'Jl.  i:.  S.  .Tuan,  pop.  00;  0  pueldoa.  Santiii'.o 
Mirirato,  4  1.  s.  Atot.,  on  llio  Ilumaya,  jiop.  10;i;  S.  Ignaeio  Coriatapa.  .">  1. 
s.  Atot.,  on  same  river,  l(i  1.  from  Culiaean,  ix)p.  70;  S.  Pedro  <JuateniiNi,  S 
1.  s.  !■:.  Atot.,  on  s.anie  river,  pop.  104;  .S.  Ii;naeic>  ]'>ainu]ia,  0  1.  (!uat.  mi  liio 
.\tntonileo,  pop.  .")0;  Snyatlan,  -JO  1.  At<it.',  lO-l'.'  1.  N.  Ilanniiia,  'JO  1.  Nidid. 
game  or  SalHiguar  \  \)o\\  |-_'4,  I'artido  under  P.  NieoLis  I'ener  (just  a[)- 
poiiited,  P.  Andres  del  Castillo  liaviiig  reeeutly  died),  sei\  iiig  (ilO  ]iei'.siins. 

(•"i. )  San  Igiiaeio  Tamazula.  40  1,  s.  K.  S.  Martin  Atotonilio,  iiiiji.  sl;  4 
pueblos.     8.  Ignucio  Atotonilco,  ',i  1.  K.  Tumazula,  on  same  Kio  de  la  tjue- 


I 


S 


ff  i 


342 


XUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


trac'if  ill  wiitton  records,  avc  fiiul  lluit  in  104r)-r»  IIk^ 
missions  were  taken  fVoni  tlie  Jesuits  l)y  tlu;  ))islio|>. 
Jiiid  ])iit  in  charge  ot"  llic  <'lt'i'Lry.  SonitihiiiL,^  of  t la- 
kind  had  Iteen  unsuccessi"ully  tried  in  HI  H,  as  appe.-iis 
ironi  certain  sci'ai»s  <»f'  eorresjjondence  found  h>tei'  in 
tile  aivliives."  As  to  the  causes  of  this  seculari/ntitm. 
Me  must  acce|)t  the  Jesuit  version  in  i\\v  ahsencc  nt" 
any  other.  It  seems  thjit  since  tlie  foundation  of  lh(^ 
villa  tlie  Jifunuhahis  of  the  vicinity  liad  coveted  tin- 
Mater  and  (htclies  wliich  iri'i'^ated  the  fields  of  the 
neo|diytes,  finally  chiiniing  the  |)ro])ertyas  their  own. 
Tlie  Jesuits  defended  the  claim  of  the  natives,  who 
ajipealed  the  matter  to  Governor  Alvear,  and  obtained 
a  coniirmatiou  of  tlieir  rights  to  the  (njun  (jraiHlc 
After  liis  term  of  oflico  had  e.\i)ired,  however,  Alve.ii- 
married  into  the  Urdinola  family,  and  l)ecame  himself 
proprietor  of  the  hacienda,  lie  nee(h'd  the  water, 
and  })aid  no  heed  to  the  rights  of  the  natives  or  to  his 
own  former  decision.  Tin;  neoj)hytes  now  a])peale(l, 
at  Oio  i)a(lres'  advice,  to  the  audienci.i,  and  onci'  moii 


I  tl 


iL^anted  tiieir  causi-;  hut  the  friars  had  incurred  the 
hitter  enmity  of  Alvear,  and  of  other  j^rominent  Sp.in- 
iai'ds;  and  the  latter  had  influence  enout^h  to  oust 
their  foes,  es[)ecially  as  the  I'X-governor  and  l^ishop 
Kvia  were  j)ersonal  friends,  and  the  bisho})  was  not  a 
friend  of  the  comj)any 


15 


Wl 


len  given  u\ 


)  the  missions  numbered  six,  viuh 


under  a  Jesuit,  and  each  having  one  or  more  pueblos 

l)ra<l;i,  jiop.  CH;  S.  .Toariuiii  Cluijiotlan,  .T  1.  s.  Tainnzula,  pop,  1";  S.  .Tosc' 
Caiulas,  fdriticrly  a  jiartitlo,  20  1.  K.  Taniazula.  iiji  river,  ,'>  1.  from  Itcal  di" 
Topia,  jiop.  40.  I'artido  uii(kr  I*.  Cristonal  liravo.  .^fi'Ninn  lUfi  pcr.Miiis. 
Ziijiiitu,  lliltti'mit.  ScatttTod  tlironirli  tliit*  n  port  is  iiuuli  uiiiiiiportaiit  infdi - 
inatioii  about  the  coiHlitiou  uf  chiirciu'S  ami  cliuirii  onianitiit.s,  docility  of  tin) 
iicojiliyti's,  itc. 

"'i'lio  autiioritii's  on  secularization  ai'c  two  reports  made  in  tlie  next  eeu- 
tury  liy  .lesuits  ulio  searclud  the  archives.  They  are:  Cidid  i/r  iiii  /'I'lliv 
I.I  :li  snila,  Mritteu  apparently  as  late  as  17^'i;  and  ('(tita  ild  I'mlic  J'niiicisi-o 
J'< r<-.,  dated  I'arras,  l)ec.  H,  1740,  iind  addressed  to  the  jirovineial,  in  A'.  I'iz- 
citi/d,  I)iic.,  M.S.,  .VKV-.V2:  printed,  iv.  7.'>-S>S. 

''^lorli,  Dhtrhi,  .'!iK)-.'t,  ;;ives  a  similai- account  of  the  uater  tranwtction, 
imt  ho  makes  the  date  of  secularization  Oct.  l.">,  KifiO.  Ale,i;re,  ///.••'.  I'mii/'. 
Ji'KKs,  ii.  4"_'7,  4;i(»-7,  makes  the  date  l(Jd2,  and  says  the  rcnkkui:iii  of  I'arra.s 
alone  remained  to  the  Jesuits. 


Tlir.  PARRAS  MISSIONS. 


.'M3 


(Ic  vislta.'*'  Tliero  woro  no  "gentiles  loft  in  tlu"  district, 
.111(1  some  proj^ress  liiul  even  btrii  iiiadi'  in  tlir  iinitli. 
|);i(]iillfr  MiitcM*  J)iirra/ii  was  cui'ati'  at  I'arriis,  .-iiid 
l^icciiciado  ( 'li-niciitc   Martinez  Ifico  at,  San    l*fdi 


<>; 


»'S 


and  as  the  two  liad  ail  tlu>  limosnas  and  jxrcjnisit 
dltlie  six  .fcsuits,  their  jiosition  was  lor  a  time  a  very 
coinrortahle  one.  Two  Ji'siiits,  (jJaspar  ('ontnras  and 
Luis  (lonu'z,  remained  at  l^irras  in  eliar^i-  of  the 
»itni|»any's  jiroperty,  respectinLf  which  there  was  no 
little  trouble  suhsecjuently,  since  the  ex-missionaries 
were  disposed  to  surrender  only  the  church  ornaments 
and  other  articles  actiiallv  furnished  Lv  the  kiii''.  K\- 
actly  how  much  of  the  mission  pro|)erty  they  e\»nt- 
nally  retained,  in  addition  to  the  lands  and  cattlf, 
there  are  no  means  of  determininij:;  hut  tluy  sceiu 
to  have  kept  the  mission  hooks,  and  theiv  are  .some 
indications  that  they  also  retained  their  houses.^' 

At  the  very  tinie  of  sccidari::atit)n,  as  will  he  more 
fully  narrated  Liter  in  this  cliaptei',  the  ])Uehlus  of 
the  l*arras  district,  and  especially  Santa  Ana,  suU'ei'ed 
from  the  raids  of  the  .savajjfe  Tohoso.s  and  rehellious 
Salincros  of  the  north.     After  the  clianue  no  furthei- 


]iroi;ress  was 


made  in  conversion,  ])ut  even  the  old 


])iul)los  were  gradually  abandoned,  the  clei'gy  having 
neitli(;r  the  lumdjcrs,  ability,  nor  a])i)arently  the  will 
to  attend  to  them,  being  accused  of  the  grossest  negli- 
gence. The  neophytes  of  San  Lorenzo  oitcnly  rc^voltid 
and  I'efused  to  resume  town  life  unless  under  theii- old 
By  the  middle  of  the  next  ceiiturv, 


missionaries 


li 


'^'I'lii'  luissidiis  wcro;  S:int;i  M.'iria  dc  Parrns,  with  fl  I'ozo,  La  I'cfia,  ami 
Siiiita  lidrliara;  San  iV'ilio  y  San  I'alilo  de  la  J^a_L;nna,  witli  ('(incc|)iii)M;  San 
Liiii-nzo,  with  JliiriKianil  Sta  Ana;  San  Schaslian,  with  San  (Itruninin;  San 
]:'na(i(i,  with  Sun  Juan  ilc  Casta;  anil  Santiagc),  with  San  Joso  ilc  las  Alias 
and  naiciu'o. 

''In  1(174  the  clertry  tried  to  got  riil  of  attcndini;  ti>  Imrials  and  proci's- 
siiins,  and  also  to  acmiiri^  the  .Ii'sitit  ocnictciy.  'i'liu  Jesuits  d "I'i  led  to 
alianddn  tin'  jilace,  and  ordered  all  niovalile  ]inp])erty  to  ho  transliirod  tu 
(iuadiana,  leaving  a  inajnrdinno  in  eh;n7:;o  cf  hinds;  hut  the  ch'rL'V  f:avo  up 
tlic'ir  iirttensions,  nut  heing  ahlo  to  gi  t  ahmg  witlmut  tlio  odnijiany.  J'y 
dceree  cif  April  '21),  ITlK),  the  right  of  adniinisterin  i  the  .sier.inu  iits  at  l'an;is 
was  taken  fioiu  the  clergy  and  given  to  the  Jesuits  (?)  A'.  I'izinn'i,  J>i,.-.^  \\\. 
8:{-!». 

""Letters  of  Padre  Contrcraa  of  May  1,  lGo3,  in  X.  Vr.nijii,  Doc,  iii. 
210-10. 


344 


NUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTOllY. 


jsnd  pcrhapH  at  its  l)L'jjfinniiijL;,  no  trace  ronmined  of  aiiv 
luissioii  save  Ibarras,  wlicre  tlio  Jesuits  still  remained, 
and  where  large  accessions  of  Spanish  and  Tlascaltic 
])0|)ulation  brought  much  [irosperity.  Padre  (iouu/ 
died  in  1052,  Padre  Arista  three  years  earlier  in 
Guatemala,  Padre  Castillo  was  at  Santa  Ana  in  KUj, 
and  Padre  Muiloz  is  spoken  of  as  having  died  wliilu 
perf(jrming  the  duties  t>f  a  'lazy  cura.''"  In  KW;',) 
there  appeared  in  the  air  the  form  of  a  man,  teaching 
Christian  rites,  lefusing  adoratif>n,  and  leaving  as  .i 
token  a  l)ook  so  heavy  that  the  whole  tribe  of  nati\ is 
could  not  move  it.  Lieutenant  Governor  Antonio 
Joa(|uin  Sarrfa  notified  the  governor  of  the  visidii;' 
anti,  although  some  accused  the  natives  of  intoxica- 
tion, yet  as  certain  incredulous  natives  were  blown 
back  to  the  spot  by  a  suilden  gale,  there  was  no  doul)t 
felt  that  San  Francisco  Javier,  latt^ly  chosen  ])ati'oii 
of  Xueva  Vizcaya,  had  actually  appeared  to  the 
jH'ople.  The  vision  was  at  a  time  when  the  Tolxisos 
and  Cabezas  were  on  the  war-path,  but  it  eft'ectuallv 
checked  hostilities  b}'  enabling  Sarri'a  to  defeat  and 
make  peace  with  the  foe.  A  chapel  was  dedicated  to 
the  saint  in  December  by  Governor  Oca  in  honor  of 
the  miracle,  and  the  patron  in  return  often  did  good 
service  for  the  country  in  times  of  war  and  epidemic. 
]\Iorfi  tells  us  that  the  small-pox  well-nigh  completed 
the  destruction  of  mission  Indians  in  1G82,  so  that 
irj  1092  there  remained  but  one  hundred  and  forty- 
seven  native  families  at  Parras,  of  which  eighty-seven 
were  Tlascaltecs,  or  at  least  claimed  to  be  such  in 
order  to  avoid  tribute.^^ 

In  the  Tepehuane  district  there  is  little  to  be  noted 
during  the  rest  of  the  century.  A  new  mission  of 
San  Jose  Tizonazo  had  been  founded  at  a  date  which 
caimot  be  exactly  fixed  in  the  frontier  re<j:ion  between 


^*  Afcrjre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesus,  ii.  .ViS-O,  in  addition  to  .nuthoritios  alioaily 
niinu'd.  Tlio  same  writer  says  (.'iflS-O)  tliat  Contrcras  and  Gomez  worked  iu 
baltillo,  where  the  people  offered  a  considerahle  hacienda  for  a  .Jesuit  college. 

'-'"  In  a  letter  of  Sept.  .'J,  Ui(!l),  in  X.  Vizraya,  Dor.,  iii.  •J(iC-71. 

^'  Ali'jre,  IJint.  Cotiqi.  Jesus,  ii.  401-3;  Morji,  Diaiio,  393-4. 


ruooRi:ss  ix  duuaxoo. 


«M 


liide  Miul  Rio  Xazas;  luit  wlmt  is  known  of  tliis  mis- 
sion nuiy  1h'  most  con't'iiicntly  ivcoidod  in  ('onncction 
uith  the  annals  of  the  nortli-t-astt'in  district,  and 
ts|)(.rially  of  the  ivhollion  of  1044-(!,  in  wliicli  its 
iKitivoH  known  as  Salinoios  and  Cahi'zas  took  a  jnom- 
iiR'iit  [>ait.  At  the  time  of  the  rcvijlt  Father  I  )i(M4() 
( )soiio  was  in  chaim*  of  Tizonazo.  In  KJCiii  Juan 
Oitiz  Za|)ata,  Pedro  Suaroz,  Francisco  ^Tcndoza,  an«l 
J)crnal)L'  Soto  were  in  cliargo  at  Santa  Catalina, 
ra|)as(juiaro,  Za[)o,  and  'I'izonazo.^  ]n  1(17 S  I'adru 
]\Iin(loza  .still  remained,  l)ut  the  i-est  had  heen  re- 
jilaced  by  Francisco  iJanuelos,  ])iii,r()  Saenz,  and 
JVancisco  Vera.  At  this  time,  accoidiniL;"  to  tho 
visita  of  Ortiz  already  referred  to,  there  were  nine 
\  ill.iLjes,  with  about  eight  hundred  neophytes,  and  a 
Spanish  and  mixed  poi»ulation  of  aliout  threi;  hun- 
dred.-' At  Guadiana  may  be  noted  two  rich  endow- 
ments of  real  e.state  and  money,  which  put  the  Jesuit 
c(>lei;io  for  the  first  time  on  a  sound  financial  basis, 
and  the  falling  of  the  Jesuit  church  in  1G47,  for  tho 
ichuilding  of  which  3,000  })esos  were  contributt'd  in  a 
single  day."*  The  tuouLrht  and  famine  of  1(1(17  were 
inllowed  by  a  pestilence,  especially  deadly  in  the  cap- 
ital, where  whole  families  were  swept  away  and  no 
ivmedies  proved  eftective.  But  when  the  governor 
and  bisho[)  bethought  them  t«)  choose  as  patron  of 
the  reino  San  Francisco  Javier,-"  the  plague  ceased 

--  .1  !r>ire,  Jlld.  Comp.  Jrsm,  ii.  200-9,  '2(57-S,  4'2.S. 

■■'  The  partitlos  and  pueblos  of  the  'IVpehuane  iiiiijiiiou  wore  as  follows: 

(1.)  Santiago  l'apas(iiiiaro,  pop.  7.'{,  ami  .-)4  Spanianls;  'A  jjinlilo.s;  S. 
Amht's  Atotonilco,  3  1.  e.  Papii*].,  at  junction  <it'  rivers,  pop.  '();  San  Xieo- 
i:is.  .'!  1.  w.  Papas<i.,  pop.  140  Xixinios.  I'artiilo  under  1'.  Diego  Suen/,  suiT- 
iiig  ."i()!(  jMTSoiis.     Tv.o  Spani.sh  rstinicids  and  S  ranclio.*t. 

(•J.)  Santa  Catalina,  10  1.  x.  r.ip;isi|.,  l)op.  1().*S;  presidio  of  Tepehuanes, 
S  1.  s.      I'artido  under  P.  Francisco  ilau.iclos,  rector,  sei\  iiig  'J'Jt!  ptrsons. 

(.'{.)  Xuestra  ISofiora  del  Zape,  formerly  .S.  Ignaeio,  I'J  1.  n.  w  .  Sta  ('iita- 
liiia.  on  source  of  l{io  Xazas,  pop.  .VJ;  Sau  Jo.s<',  once  S.  Siuion,  ah<l  nliso 
called  I'otrero,  .1  1.  N.  Zapc,  pop.  li:{.  Partiilo  under  P.  Prauciseo  Mencloza, 
.serving  171  persons. 

(4.)  San  Jose  Tizonazo,  l.'?l.  frnin  liio  Xazas,  and  (tlie  .same?)  from  San 
.Tr.an  Inde,  po]>.  S.'l,  from  Sin.  and  S<in.;  Sta.  <,'ruz,  14  1.  N.  K.  7.n\n\  on  liio 
N;izas,  s.  w.  Tizonazo,  pop.  84.  Partido  under  P.  Francisco  \'era,  Berviug 
11  lit  |ierson9. 

■'.|/r;/;v.  IfJuf.  Comp.  Jrsiin,  l!t4.  224,  3fi9-71. 

''•'•^Vngel  velocisinio  de  la  jkiz,  (pie  con  su  ^wtrociuio  (piituse  dc  las  manos 


S46 


NIKVA  VlZr.W.W  HISTORY. 


i 


its  i'Mvn;^'i'S.  Tlint  tlicrc  iiiiL;li<  1"'  no  unocrtaiiity  of 
tlu-  sjiiiit's  .'i<.,'rii('y  ill  tli«'  iiiiitti'f,  the  ju'st  w;is  iillitwid 
to  Idi'.'ik  out  .'iLTaiii,  to  lie  pioniptly  tlicckcd  liy  inu 
ritoH,  altt'i'  \vlii(li  no  one  dii'd  saxc  a  jtiicsi  wlio 
j»ray<'<l  for  tlic  latu  tliat  nii^lit  !)»>  lu'st  lor  lilm. 
Al'tci*  tilt'  sittinM--u|)  of  tlic  |)atroirs  iinai^rs  and  tin- 
ohscrvancc  of  liis  »lav  were  onforci'd  tlirou-'Innit  tlic 
founiry  Uy  tlic  tlrcn-o  <tf  J)cct'nilHT  KKIS,  \u>  took 
\m<»n  liinisclf  tlio  cnw  of  all  Vizcayan  intiicsts,  and 
Ins  inira<'ulous  intt'iiV-rt'iiccs  and  cures  wwc  of  fit  - 
qncnt  occurrcncL',  one  of  tlio  latter  being  wrought 
upon  the  governor  himself. 

It  was  in  June  lOHO  that  fathers  Geroniino  I'Mguc- 
roa  and  Jtise  l^aseual  were  sent  to  extend  tlu-  con- 
quest  of  Tarahuinara  northward.  At  J^n-ral  tiny 
"Were  met  hy  tin;  nati\'e  cacicjues,  asseniMed  at  (Juv- 
ornor  Senia's  re(|uest  to  welcome  their  niissioiiaiics 
and  to  \)v  impressed  with  their  holiness  hy  the  cdiry- 
ing  sight  of  all  the  government  officials  knciliiig  to 
Iviss  the  friars'  hands.  Pascual,  just  out  of  his  no\i- 
tiate,  stayed  at  San  Miguel  to  learn  the  language! 
imder  the  tuition  of  Padre  Diaz;  while  Figueroa  went 
north-west,  and  at  San  Felipe,""  or  San  Gi'ioninio 
][uexotitlan,  for  it  is  not  quite  clear  which  was  first 
founded,  the  first  baptism  of  adults  took  ])lacc  tin; 
15tli  of  August.  The  padre  was  fortunate  in  having 
several  early  opportunities  to  control  tho  elements 
and  thus  work  on  the  superstition  of  the  natives;  ho 
was  kind  and  energetic  as  wer,  and  his  work  pros- 
pered. In  IG  '2  he  was  living  at  Hucxotitlan,  when 
Governor  Va'  I's  visited  the  pueblos  to  appoint  iin- 
tive  governor    md  captains,  who  contributed  nothing 

(Ic  T)ios  cl  azote  do  si     tata  indignacion.'  ^'.  Vhrcn/n,  Doc,  iii.  2o7-GC.     f>i'o 
also  Alrijri',  ii.  447-8.     An  cpideiiiii;  also  in  1(H»2.   I<1.,  ii.  4"JS-i). 

"'San  I't'lipe  was  (  the  Kio  Conclios,  17  leagues  below  San  Palilo,  that  is 
17  1.  N.  of  tlio'nioder'  Balleza.  X.  I'izcai/a,  Doc,  iii.  31!)-'20,  et  al.  Alegn-, 
JHhI,  Cmnp.  Jcyii.i,  ii.  2*20-1,  both  in  relating  the  foundation,  and  later  in 
speaking  of  the  revolt,  ern)ne()U.sly  identities  this  pueblo  with  the  later  S. 
Felipe  el  lieal,  on  the  site  of  the  niodeni  Chihuuhua.  S.  Uerouiuio  was  7  !• 
a  little  N.  of  £.  from  ISau  I'ablo. 


JKSCTITS  IN  TARAIII'MAIIA. 


^vll^ll 

lit  iia- 
)tliin;4' 

50.     Scu 

tluit  'h 
'AU'-v, 

IliltfV    ill 

llaUr  S. 
I  was  7  '• 


i'>  liittr  j)i<)<4it'ss.  ]v\ci'|it  nil  cpidi'iiiir  in  HMT,  iiii- 
r,i(iil«»uslv  iluikcd  at  San  Mit;ui'l  l>v  a  staliu'  ol'  (liat 
saint — stutiU!  so  potent  lor  j^ood  that  it  can;  ,<l  an 
iiilant  (lyinj^  on  its  niotlur's  hivast  to  exclaim  'Sani'to 


NoUTltEKN    Nl'EVA   ViZCAYA,    1700. 

^Ficliai'l,'  rcsmnc  its  sncklinLC,  and  recover''" — tlicio 
i^  not  much  to  say  of  the  Tarahuniare  field  lor  sour; 
vt;irs.     Before  1G48  there  were  .six  pueblo.s  in  addition 

"X.  Vizcai/a,  Doc.  iii.  179,  etc.;  Ak'jre,  ii.  230,  2GS-9. 


848 


NUEVA  VIZGAYAN  HISTORY. 


to  Siin  Felipe  and  San  Geroninio,  only  two  of  wliidi, 
San  Francisco  Borja  and  Satevo,  are  named.  Two 
new  ])adres,  Cornelio  Godinez  and  Vigilio  ^Sfaez,  witli 
])o.s.sibly  a  third,  Gabriel  Villar,  were  in  c]iarL>'e  of 
the  ini.ssi(Mis.  In  1G48  hostilities  broke  out;  but  piioi' 
ti'ouliles  in  the  adjoining  Concho  territory,  ehietly 
affecting  the  Franciscan  missions,  but  also  to  somo 
extent  those  of  the  Jesuits  in  Taralmmara  and  Te- 
pehuana,  demand  our  first  attention. 

The  year  1G44  was  one  of  disturbances  througJiout 
the  east,  involving  the  Franciscan  stations  at  Saii 
Francisco,  Mezquital,  Mapimi,  and  San  BartoloniL', 
with  those  of  the  Jesuits  at  Tizonazo  and  San  ^Migm  1. 
Neoi)hytes  often  ran  away  to  join  roving  bands;  tlu; 
Tobosos  redoubled  their  petty  raids;  murders  and  roli- 
beries  were  frequent  at  settlements  and  ranches  ami 
on  the  roads.  Comj)laints  were  rife  against  the  ])a«hi  s 
of  both  orders;  and  the  bisho})  was  so  far  conviufcd 
that  the  Jesuits  were  at  fault,  or  ])erhaps  so  hostile 
to  the  societ}-,  that  he  temporarily  suspended  I'acho 
Ce[)eda  at  Tizonazo.  There  was  no  difiicidty  in  de- 
feating the  savages  whenever  they  coukl  l)e  met. 
Captain  Juan  Barraza  marched  i'rom  Parral  \\ith 
two  hundred  and  sixty  men,  and  drove  tlie  Tobosos 
with  much  loss  to  the  Rio  del  Xorte.  ]\Ieanwhil() 
another  hostile  band  attacked  Inde,  where  they  kilKd 
some  S[)aniards,  destroyed  such  jiro[)(.'rty  as  they  couM 
not  remove,  and  fled  as  fast  as  their  })lunder  would 
permit;  but  chanced  to  meet  Barraza's  returning  com- 
pany, lost  their  booty,  and  were  scattered  alter  c(»n- 
siderable  loss  of  life. 

Despite  i-everses  the  Tobosos  were  able  to  form  an 
alliance  with  the  Cabezas,  a  warlike  band  of  Tizoiia/o 
tlistrict,  M'hose  conversion  was  interrupted,  as  is  im- 
plied, by  Cepeda's  removal,  and  to  continue  tht  ir 
(•utrao'cs  with  renewt>d  fury.  In  small  swift  bamis 
they  ravaged  the  country  for  months  with  the  pecu- 
liar guerilla  warfare,  ever  the  most  dreaded  in  tlii-^ 
region,  and  by  far  the  most  ditHcult  to  resist.     One 


RKVOLT  OF  THE  CONCHOS. 


349 


]);iity  attacked  a  mule-train,  killed  a  dozen  men,  and 
ll.J  to  the  mountains.     It"  i)ur,sued  they  scattered,  and 
llic  worst  tliat  could  befall  them  was  the  loss  of  their 
|iliiiider  and  a  few  men;  but  durini^  the  pursuit  half 
a  dozen  unprotected  ranchos  had  ))eihaps  been  ])il- 
Liui'd  l)y  other  bands.     It  was  the  be«>innini;  of  the 
tvjm'al  Apache    warfare    of  later   years.     Tiie   only 
liiiiit  to  the  damajjje  done  was  the  comparatively  small 
nunilter  of  scattered  inhabitants  and  ranchos  in  the 
niiintrv,  the  detachments  of  savaijes  asarulenotbeini' 
lai'^e  enough,  after  the  first  outbreak  and  alarm,  to 
attack  the  larger  towns  with  any  hoj)e  of  success, 
liairazawas  an  experienced  and  brave  Indian-fighter, 
but  with  the  means  at  his  conimand  he  could  aftbrd  no 
a(le(iuate  protection.     Contradictory  orders,  mingled 
it  seems  with  personal  jealousies,  further  impaired  his 
etlective  action,  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  he  was 
relieved  of  comniand  in  the  field  in  favor  (»f  Francisco 
^Mniitaho  de  la  Cueva  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
governor  and  captain-general,  an  officer  who,  to  say 
the  least,  was  no  more  successful  than  his  predecessor.""^ 
The  reign  of  terror  continued  in  1G45,  and  the  sav- 
ages l)v  their  success  sjfained  new  allies.     The  Ciii'ist- 
iaiis,  except  runaways  in  small  parties,  had  hitherto 
remained  faithful;  but  now  the  Conchos,  most  docile 
of  all,  openly  revolted.     On  March  2yth  the  Francis- 
raiis,  Tonuis  Zigarran'-®  and  Francisco  Labado,  while 
(•eleli)-ating  the  incarnation  at  San  Francisco  de  Con- 
chos, were  murdered  in  church.     San  Pedro  was  next 
attacked,  but  the  padres  esca])ed  to  Satevo.     Atoto- 
iiilio,  San  l^artolome,  San    Luis,  and    ^[asconialiua 
weie  pillaged  and  destroyed,  all  being  abandoned  by 
the  missionaries,  as  wns  Tizonazo  i'urther  south,  l»e- 
i'ore  the  end  of  Ai)ril,''"  although  in  the  mean  time 


•"  .V.  Vi:rniin,  Dor.,  iii,  l.'W-.');  Alc(ir<\  ii.  '244-r)7.  ^^lmy  potty  ili.'tails  of 
ili'l'Vt dations  am  givi'ii. 

''So  Arli'jiui  calls  him;  Aligic  makes  the  name  Felix  Ciguran;  uiidCepeila 
viif  sit  \.  IJgaian. 

"1'.  \ioi)l;is  (\'j)c(la  naiiatcR  these  events  with  iiniih  iletail  in  lettcis  to 
the  pixiviiiciul  dated  April  'JMh  und  Sept.  11th,  at  S.  Miguel.   Cijuiki,  LMa- 


3.-)0 


NUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


accDrdiii'L^  to  Arlegui  thirteen  of  the  rebel  leaders  ]i;ul 
been  taken  and  haiiij^cd. 

Father  J)ie<jfo  Osorio  retired  from  Tizonazo  to  In<K'; 
v/liile  tlie  Jesuits  of  the  northern  frontier  natheri'd  at 
San  Felipe  by  ordi>r  of  the  suptn'ior,  who  was  nnalilo 
to  m't  from  ]\lontaho  wliat  lie  deemed  a  suitable  miai d. 
Tlu'  mining  camp  (»f  Inde,  the  Jesuit  mission  at  San 
^Min'Url,  ])orhaps  a  Franciscan  establishment  at  Ma- 
])imi,  and  the  garrisoned  settlement  at  l^irral,  with  a 
lew  undestrt)yed  haciendas  and  mines  in  the  viciniy 
of  cacJi,  were  now  the  only  points  held  by  the  Span- 
iards. '^I'jie  Conchos  and  oilier  northern  tribes  seem 
to  have  been  content  with  the  exjiulsion  of  their  luis- 
sionaries;  but  the  Tobosos  ki'[»t  up  their  i-aids,  and  tlie 
Salineros  of  "^'izonazo  distinguished  themselves  by 
their  depredations  during  the  sumiu'"  and  fall  ut" 
.l()4r>.  South-eastward  they  attacked  ^NTapimi,  Ivanios, 
Cuencame,  San  IV'dro,  and  Santa  Ana.  "^{'wHiity 
nativi^s  were  kilk'd  at  San  IV-di-o,  Castillo  being  I'm]-- 
tunately  absent;  and  eiglit  S[)aniards  lost  theii*  li\r.s 
at  Santa  Ana.  The  raidei-s  were  ke]>t  from  l?an';i-; 
by  the  reported  presence  there  of  a  knge  force.  (!«■- 
I'onimo  Moranta,  named  i'or  a  former  missionary,  ^^as 
k'a(I(4'  of  the  Salint'ros,  who  had  besides  a  native 
bishop  empowered  to  say  mass  aiul  administer  the 
sacraments.  Sixty-two  was  the  whoh*  number  o^^il■- 
tims  during  the  sununer,  and  a  .li-suit  writt'r  of  the 
time  goes  fully  into  details  of  thefts,  niurdeis,  and 
oilier  outrage's.''^  Any  attempt  nu  my  part  to  follow 
luTc  the  coniplicati-'d  UK-vements  of  native  waniins 
and  S[)anish  soldieis  during  the  autunm  would  have 
neither  practical  valiu^  nor  intei'i«st. 

(lovernor  ^"aldes,  having  di\idt'd  his  i'ovcc  inl  > 
se\"eral  companies  under  ca])tains  ^Fontano,  k'iaiici-<o 
Tre\irio,  ]]arraza,  Cristobal  Xe\ares,  or  Xarvae/.,  and 

r!n,i  ilr  A)  Sm'rtUda  ni  i .<fa  riiin^  ih    hi  Vr.i'iiiiii,  l(i44-."i,  in  A.  Vr.'-iiijd.  Do''., 
iii.   I.'il)  7-:   iilso  MS.     ArlcLrni  llu'  Fr;iiu'isr;iu  I'liidiiiilcr,  Chiuii.  /f'> '.,  "Jl.V  S, 
(lrscriln'3  this  ri'Vdlt  imuli  less   lully  tluiri  ilncs  the  .li'snit  liist()li:;u  Akyii-, 
111-',  ('im/'.  ./( .s/i.'i,  ii.  "J,")!)  •_',  will)  tiilliiws  Ctinilii  t'\  iilciitly. 
•"C  ^/t'/«,  Julacioii,  Mt>- 7-1  lulluwiil  liy  ^llijn,n.  •J.VJ-7. 


sava(";e  wakfake. 


nsi 


]Kirti)l<iniL'  Acosta,  iiia.Io  all  ])ossil)lo  i^Hort  in  accord- 
niK'c  with  the  ideas  and  niclhods  of  the  tinu-.  Tlio 
nature  of  the  Avarfaio  has  alnady  heen  indicated; 
-uiall  1  lands  ot'  savaijos  when  ovi'i'taken  abandom-tl 
lluir  itlunder  and  ran  awav;  lan^ei'  Ixxilcs  when  eor- 

)se(|Uentlv  ran  awav,  leaviii<jf 


d  maiU 


e  1)1 'ace  an( 


Isuh 


nt-'i' 

tlicir  hostau'es  to  l>e  hanu'ec 


4 
1.     M 


my  threatened  po 


int.- 


Ipiwi'vci',  reci'ived  protection;  the  nunil)i  r  of  reltels 
killed  in  j)ursnits  and  skirmishes — for  thci'i'  were  no 
halties — was  jar^e  in  the  ngi^reuate,  and  tJiat  of  cap- 
tl\rs  and  hostau'es  j)ut  to  death  [)erha]»s  still  lari^'ei'.''' 
( 'el  ro  ( Jordo  was  a  kind  of  ri'iide/vons  lor  the  saxa'n'cs 
at  liist,  hut  was  suhsL'(|Uently  held  l.y  tlu^  Spanlai-ds 
as  a  fortilied  eanip  and  centre  of  o[H'iatlons,  (U'vdop- 
lii--  into  a  permanent  presidio.  ])y  Xovcinlier,  wlu  ii 
tli(  re  was  hut  little  lelt  to  steal  at  un[)roteeted  j)oints, 
the  llres  of  war  seem  to  have  huiiied  out.  From 
iioi'tli  and  south  the  natives  came  in  and  surrendered 
to  the  otlicers  from  whom  tliT'V  could  ijfet  the  best 
ti  I'liis.  The  \illaL;'es  from  Tizonazo  to  (/onchos  wei'o 
reoecnpied,  and  the  jienhent  rebels  were  distributeil 
W  lieic  tliev  col 


dd  best  be  watched.      I'lie  reoccupation 
nmeli  le.vs  full V  I'ccorded  than  the  war;  but  it  seems 


that 


I'vei'al  ni'W  rancln'ri'as  were  now 


reduced  Ibi-  tin 


tii-1  time  to  pueblo  life.  ]Many  hostile  bands  ii 
i:ia!iied  unsubdued,  but  were  uuiet  I'or  a  few  vear; 
1 •■ 


ii-liop  r.\la  now  i'e\i\-ed  his  plans  Ibr  sei'ulai'i/.ation, 
and  c\-en  sent  paroc-hial  cler;;y  to  take  chari^'e  of 
Tlzonazo,  San  ]\1  i;j;uel,  and  two  l-'rant-iscan  mi.-sioiis 
ni.t  named  ;  but  the  n-o\iMnor  and  his  ollici'rs  pi'ototed 
I'liestly  that  undei'  new  pi-iests  the  country  could 
be  kept  in  subjection,  that  the  bi-hoj)  had  to  cuil> 
like  of  the   rt '11  mioses,   and   for  a   time  ,U'i\e   U[t 


M  )  ea 


liol 

his  «! 


ins  seneUK 


Padre    ('cjieda's    views    respiM'tiuL;'    the    (.luntry's 
cniidli  ion   and   the  cau>es  of  the   war  are  wortli\'  i-f 


n. 


innii''  \v;i.-(  tlii^  usim 


til. 


il  imtliml  of  cxcciitiuii;  1  iit  oiio  olil  Wdiiuiii  for  Iicr 

li,li. 


P'M'iTiii's  was  tliuii^lit  to  iiiriit  lHli^iollillL,'.     Hii'  ^oiiiiacli,  liowuvcr,  was  [iruul 


,aiiist  niiy  a\ailaliU'  {» 


II,  aiul  till'  lojH'  liail  tu  lie  iiacil. 


352 


XUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


notice.  Secular  oflicials,  lie  says,  cared  notlii:i^'  fur 
the  iiati\'e.s  save  so  i'ar  as  tliev  mi^lit  be  utilized  as 
laborers.  They  would  not  eoo])ei'ate  with  the  jjadrcs 
to  briuLj  back  runaways  or  to  prevent  innnorality. 
The  8[»aniards  not  only  forced  or  enticed  the  natives 
to  the  mines,  but  ini})osed  upon  them  there  no  w- 
strictions  of  lite  and  conduct.  Five  years  of  drought 
had  left  the  ground  parched  and  barren,  the  streams 
dr}',  and  the  mines  unproductive  or  bankru])t.  I'lio 
miners  after  working  for  months  were  refused  thtir 
pay  except  on  condition  of  working  longer,  and  were 
finally  })aitl,  if  at  all,  in  goods  at  exorbitant  prices. 
Thus  the  natives  had  really  to  run  away  or  to  remain 
in  absolute  slavery.  The  larjjfest  villaixes  had  not 
over  fifty  or  sixty  inhabitants,  and  most  of  them  nut 
over  twenty.  Another  cause  of  disaster  was  llie 
reverend  writer's  excessive  sinfulness,  and  his  neglect 
to  su}>plicate  with  God  as  fervently  as  he  ought.^' 


The  fire  of  revolt  was  not  extinguished,  but  onlv 
smouldering  and  creeping  l)y  twigs  and  roots  and 
leaves  over  tl;e  ccunitrv  in  search  of  new  fuel,  wliidi 
was  found  in  the  Tarahumare  nation,  and  the  eonlla- 
gration  broke  out  hotter  than  ever.  The  evil  intlueiicis 
leading  to  the  outl)reak  of  1G45  had  been  at  work  as 
we  have  seen  upon  this  nation  and  had  filled  the  minds 
of  the  Jesuits  with  grave  apprehensions  for  th<3  fntuic 
These  infiuences  as  described  by  one  of  the  padi'es  1 
have  just  noticed.  In  another  letter  Ce})eda  alludes 
to  anotiier  similar  cause  of  trouble  in  the  Spanish 
settlement  at  Parial,  where  were  many  natives  entirely 
I'ree  fiom  any  moral  or  relii-ious  i-estraint;  wlieie  tlie 
Spaniards,  secure  in  the  jirotection  of  their  gai'risoii, 
cared  nothing  for  tiie  natives,  o])posed  the  Jesnits. 
and  even  imputed  to  them  unworthy  motives.-'^  TIk; 
effect  of  such  a  settlement  in  a  mining  region  uiio.i 

'"  C/iiiIa,  Ihhinon,  140-3.     Letter  of  April  2Stli. 

"'  i'l I'iila,  /ii/diii.ii,  1-14-8.  'I'lie  writer  oliiims  that  if  tlie  Jesuits  slioiiM 
cease  their  voik  eveiy  pueblo  ill  the  region  would  ilisaiijiear  in  three  inoiiths. 


TAKAIIUMARK  RFA'OLT. 


333 


lino-  f(ir 
lizcd  as 

loriility. 

nativfs 
2  no  YV- 
(IrouLi'lit 

strvaiiis 
)t.  Tl.c 
,0(1  tluir 
ind  \v*  re 
it  price's. 
()  rcMiKiiu 

had  not 
tlieni  ni>t 

\vas    llie 
is  ne<''lcc't 


.rht. 


;i:t 


but  only 

oots   and 

,cl,  wliich 

K-  conila- 

nthu-Muvs 

work  as 
he  minds 
i(>  i'nturr, 

|ta(h»'s  [ 
a  alhitlcs 

Spanlsli 
s  entirely 
,-hero  tln! 

o'arrison, 

Jesuits. 

|>s.->*     TIh" 

[ion  u[iit.i 


lliiTc  moiitlis, 


niissionarv  work  on  the  frontier  may  readily  ])o  im- 
agined. The  Jesuits  had  attril)uted  the  Tc|i(']Miane 
revolt  of  IG  into  native  superstitions;  hut  they  brlii'ved 
that  of  the  Tarahumares  to  be  due  lari«'elyto  Spanish 
oppression.  Padre  Paseual  affirms  as  a  fact,  learned 
iVom  experience,  that  this  peojde  were  never  traitoi's 
nor  robbers,  but  fought  for  what  they  deemed  their 
ri,L;hts  or  to  avenge  their  wrongs.^'  These  character- 
istics of  the  nation  will  account  for  some  notable  dif- 
t'eiences  between  the  warfare  to  be  described  and  the 
jfueiilla  tactics  of  the  last  ivvolt. 

The  retirement  of  the  Jesuits  to  San  Felipe  did 
not  last  long.  In  the  beu'lmniiL'-  of  lO-K!,  if  not  earlicn', 
Jicy  resumed  work  in  their  respt'ctive  pueblos,  eight 
in  mnnber,  where  they  accomplished  nmcli,  des[)ite 
adverse  inlluences,  and  were  joined  by  Padre  Cornelio 
(iodinez,  who  came  in  1G48  to  extend  the  conversion 
to  more  distant  ranchen'as  in  the  north.  Put  the 
same  year  four  chiefs,  Sui)ichochi,  Te[)ox,  Ochavarri, 
and  .Don  Partolonie — honored  in  tlie  records  with 
the  usual  orthographical  Aariations — (»t'  unconverted 
tribes  in  the  interior,  ])lanned  the  destiuction  of 
Spaiiiaids  and  their  institutions.  'J'luy  tried  to  foiiu 
an  alliance  with  disaifected  Tepehuanes  through  the 
(■aci(pie  of  San  Pablo;  but  failure  in  this,  when  (lov- 
cnior  Valdes  hanged  the  ehieC  on  whom  tiny  relii'd, 
did  not  discourane  them.  Thev  tiained  over  some 
apostates  from  the  })ueblos  and  conli(K'ntly  expected 
larger  accessions  when  open  war  should  begin. 

In  ^fay  or  June  tin;  padre  at  San  Pelijte  sent  live 
.Spaniards  and  tifty  natives  to  protect  or  remo\"e  a 
large  amount  of  grain  and  live-stock  at  San  I'^raneisco 
]>oi;ja,  a  visita  of  San  j'\lipe,  I'eporti.'d  to  be  tlireat- 
cned  with  an  attack.  The  night  alter  their  ai-rivid 
tluy  were  surrounded,  the  house  was  lired,  and  tin; 
Spaniai'ds  with  forty  neoj)hytes  aitei-  a  bra\e  dcfeiiee 
v.eie  slain.     The  loss  was  nuich  smaller  than  it  would 

'^Litter  of  June  29,  \C,o2,  in  X.  Vhraya,  X>of.,iii.  168. 
UisT.  N.  Mex.  Sta  KS,  Vol.  I.    23 


I  I 
if 


3,-t 


NUEVA  VIZCAVAN  HISTOPA'. 


have  l)ocn  had  not  the  assailants  spared  all  oonvi-rts 
of  j)ure  Tarahuiiiaro  blcjd,  esj)oc'ially  those  from  Saii 
Feli[)e,  wishing  to  conciliate  i-ather  than  exasperate 
the  pe(jplc  of  that  town.  The  latter  were  divided  in 
ojjiiiion,  hut  tlie  prompt  arrival  of  a  small  guai'd  from 
I'arral,  with  the  padre's  shrewd  action  in  lockim;-  up 
the  women  and  children  of  both  faithful  and  disal- 
fected,  turned  the  scale  to  the  side  of  loyalty.  Cap- 
tain Juan  Fernandez  Carrion  started  from  Parral 
with  a  hundred  volunteers,  and  enlisted  at  Iluevoti- 
tlan  two  hundred  native  allies  at  the  suggestion  of 
Father  Pascual,  wluj  accompanied  the  army  from  that 
place.  The  orders  were  to  try  gentle  means;  hut  all 
hopi'  of  success  in  this  way  was  destroyed  by  a  (hs- 
ohedleiit  officer's  tlestruction  of  property  belonging  to 
natives  with  whom  he  was  treating  for  ["-'ice,  and  iu 
a  lew  skirmishes  nothing  was  eftected.  Carrion  rv- 
turned  to  Parral,  leaving  a  guard  for  the  padres  at 
San  Fe]ipe.='« 

The  u'overnor  now  sent  Barraza  with  his  companv 
of  forty  regulars  li'om  Cerro  Gordo.  He  also  ap- 
pointed two  '})ersons'  as  Pascual  calls  them,  evidently 
priests,  to  go  with  ]:)arraza  and  perform  the  duties  of 
pea(  e-makers;  but  they  behaved  so  badly  and  were 
so  evidently  unlit,  in  Jesuit  eyes  at  least,  ibr  the 
duty,  that  l^iscual  by  a  hurried  trip  to  Durango  in- 
duced Valdes  to  annul  the  objectionable  appointments 
in  la\oi'  of  Father  ^laez.  Then  Barraza  penetrated 
late  in  the  autunm  to  a  valley  in  the  north-west  about, 
which  tlie  foe  had  gathered  in  strong  positions  and 
showed  no  disposition  to  parley."^  Conse(|uently  the 
company  encann)ed  in  the  valley,  sending  back  for 
8Up[ilies  and  reenforcements. 

.V   new    governor,  Diego  Fajardo,  had   just    been 


_«    iix   ."hie " 


""' Accoiiliiij,'  to  rasciiiil  (ho  battles  took  ]jlacc  at  a  place  called  raiiaj_'ii|iii, 
nud  ((11  Canioirn  return  lie  passed  tlic  Kiiuicisean  jjiiclilo  of  JJabaroyagua  lui'l 
Satovo,  wIieiK'c  I'adre  Mae/,  aeeonniaiiied  liiiii  to  Sau  Felipe. 

^"  Tlie  autliorof  the  .•l/,';((w/('///o  Hjieaka  of  a  lii^lit  in  which  Capt.  Castillo 
killed  St  veial  natives  and  totik  eajitives  who  revealed  the  jiositioiis  ami  nuiu- 
Leis  uf  the  foe.    Tlic  same  wiiter  culls  the  valley  Guanicarichi(iui  (C'ai  icliic  '.J. 


FAJARDO'S  CAMPAIGN. 


333 


•onvorts 
■om  Sail 
isj^i'i'ate 
vidfd  ill 
ird  iVoiii 
•kiiijj;  iq* 
1(1  disaf- 
r.     Citp- 
i   Parral 
ilufxoii- 
[jstion  of 
i-oni  that 
;;  but  all 
1)V  a  dis- 
)iigin;j:  t(» 
le,  and  iii 

padi'cs  at 

coiii|)any 
also   aji- 
cvidontly 
dulu's  lit 
laiul  ^vc^' 
i'or   tlio 
liraii'j'o  111- 
)iiitiuonts 
icnet  rated 
i'ost  al)t'Ut. 
tions  and 
licnlly  tlio 
bat'k  1'"^ 

just     ItOfll 

led  FiU'inKiqiii. 
VuroyagUii  ini'l 

Ciqit.  Castilld 
lions  mill  iium- 
[ui  (Caiit-liio.). 


appointed,  a  son  of  !Mar.s  mIio  nt  once  advanced  v.\ 
person  by  forced  niarclics,  and  witli  Ibrty  soldiers  and 
tlirce  hundred  native  auxiliaries  joined  Barraza  in 
January  1G49.  Without  delay  he  bci^^an  offensive  oper- 
ations, and  after  a  vij^orous  canij)aiL;n  of  about  three 
months  in  the  mountains  forced  the  foe  to  sue  for 
p  ■a(M\  The  Tarahuinares  [)roniised  entire  .submission 
and  future  !j;'ood  conduct,  and  as  thev  brou<j^ht  in  the 
Juads  of  the  four  leaders  as  gaij^cs  of  good  I'aith  tlieir 
protestations  were  accepted  with  the  usual  unduo 
liaste.^'*  Tiien  Fajardo  selected  a  site  for  a  new  Villa 
(!e  Ai^nnlar,  left  a  cor[)oral  with  thirty  men  and  suj)- 
])lies  for  eight  months,  and  hastened  back  to  his  caj)i- 
tal  and  newly  married  wife,  stopping  only  at  Parral 
ti»  enlist  pobladores  for  his  new  villa,  of  whom  he 
(il)tained  only  four. 

Aguilar  was  on  the  riio  Papigochic,  called  Pio 
Ya(|ui  across  the  mountains  in  Sonora.  The  country 
was  not  only  rich  in  minerals  but  fertile  and  attrac- 
tive, and  a  mission  was  founded  only  a  league  from  tho 
tiiwii,  with  the  ideathat  the  missionary  might  attend 
to  both  settlers  and  neo[»hytes.  It  was  called  La 
l^iiisima  de  Papigochic,  and  was  probably  identical 
)u  sight  with  the  modern  Concejx-ion.  I'adre  (jiodinez, 
called  Beiulin  by  Alegro,  was  sent  here  by  Pascual 
^vllo  was  now  superior,  and  there  was  considerable 
jiiosperity  for  a  time,  the  })adre  being  laithful  and  con- 
verts })lentiful.  The  villa  did  not  llourish,  chieily  on 
account  of  its  distance  iroin  military  protection. 
Their  isolation,  however,  had  not  the  slightest  effect 
to  inspire  prudence   in  the   half-dozen  who  came  to 

'^Pascual  rrprcscuts  I'a janlo's  caniiiaiun  as  an  a.-;s.nilt  on  one  (if  the  f^i'M 
strongest  iiruek's,  wliieli  was  carried  after  a  hrave  resistance,  w  liereu|">u  tlio 
natives,  amazed  at  tlie  ^'ovi  rnnr's  valor,  made  liaste  t')  sue  for  peaee.  lint  t!io 
iuitlmr  of  tlio  A!:i(iiiii  iilii  ;_'ives  a  niiieli  fuller  aeeount,  sliowin;,'  tlie  eanipaimi 
to  have  been  a.  lony;  and  eoniidieated  one,  tlioii^ii  not  involvini;  niurli  hard 
ii.uiiling.  Xanies  of  plaei  s  nuiitiolied  are  \'alle  de  ( 'ieneynilla,  \'alle  dil 
A;;'.'ila,  Paehera,  'J'emaiehie,  Toniaehie,  and  'J'lsoraehie.  The  foe  was  pnrsiii d 
across  the  .sierra  to  the  land  of  the  (!uaz;iparcs,  and  the  ,L'o\ei'nor  encanipid  a 
month  on  the  llio  'I'oniachic.  whence  he  .sent  out  dctachnieiits  aL'ainst  tho 
f^cattcrcd  hands  of  Tarahnniares.  killinL;  lar^c  nnmhers.  Two  of  the  leaders 
Were  not  ^iveu  up  until  alter  lie  had  left  the  country. 


I  *1 


^^gm|»_^ 


3.-6 


NUEVA  VIZCAYAX  HISTORY. 


dwell  at  Aguilar,  nor  in  the  soldiers  of  the  guard.  Tii 
all  tiic  annals  of  the  north-west  hardly  an  instaiict.' 
ean  be  found  where  Spanish  settlers  in  time  of  ])eacc, 
however  precarious  tl;«.'ir  situation,  took  any  jiains  tn 
conciliate  the  ixood-will  of  the  natives.  Thev  hravdv 
met  danger  when  it  became  necessary  to  tight,  Kiit 
rarely  sought  either  from  a  sense  of  justice  or  policy 
to  avert  it.  Hero  they  soon  treated  the  neophyt("^as 
slaves,  laughed  at  the  padre's  protests,  and  becaiiu- 
openly  violent  toward  him. 

The  Tarahuniares,  tinding  themselves  oppressed  and 
the  missionary  unable  to  protect  them,  decided  that 
Christianity  was  a  delusion,  and  set  to  work  to  right 
their  wrongs  by  a  new  rebellion.  It  was  at  the  ciid 
t)f  1G49  that  signs  of  approaching  trouble  began  to  li" 
manifest  to  Diego  do  Lara  in  command  at  Aguilar, 
and  he  warned  Father  Godinez  to  take  refuge  with 
the  guard;  but  the  padre  refused  to  believe  that  his 
kindness  could  be  forgotten  by  the  natives.  Laia 
arrested  a  few  bad  characters,  and  the  danger  seeincd 
averted,  although  preparations  for  revolt  still  went  on 
under  the  chiefs  Teporaca,  Don  Diego,  and  Don  Luis. 
In  May  1G50  a  mother  attributed  her  daughter's  death 
to  the  rite  of  extreme  unction,  and  the  eloquent  Tepo- 
raca used  the  consequent  excitement  to  alienate  thi' 
few  who  still  were  friendly  to  their  missionary.  On 
June  4th  the  storm  burst  on  Papigochic;  Godinez  and 
his  soldier  companion  were  murdered;  house,  church, 
and  sacred  property  was  destroyed,  and  the  neophytes 
fled  to  the  sierra. ^^ 

( 'omandante  Lara  sent  to  Parral  for  aid  and  wont 
out  to  recover  the  bodicj  of  the  slain,  iindintr  the  solthcr 
mutilated  but  not  the  padre.  Captain  Barraza  iVoiii 
Cerro  Gordo  and  Captain  ^Morales  from  Parral  hast- 
ened by  the  governor's  order  to  Aguilar,  and  marclicd 
agauist  the  foe,  fortitied  two  thou.sand  strong  on  a 


'*Pascnal  says  tliat  the  farm.s  round  tlio  villa  were  also  destroycil  and  lluit 
sonu!  of  the  vccinos  wcvc  kill(jd.  Alogre  gives  detail.,  not  lueutiouud  hy  I'as- 
dial,  having  apparently  consulted  other  documents. 


DEFKAT  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


357 


Iiit'ty  jx'uol.  ^[(iralrs  hy  some  si'iiiorlty  of  I'aiilc 
(  hiiiiifil  tilt!  li^iit  to  lead  the  tirst  attark,  and  beL^'aii 
llie  assault  with  three  hundred  Spaniards  and  uuxili- 
aiiis.  lie  toUL,dit  IVoin  dawn  to  sunset,  had  inan\' 
iiiru  wounded,  was  unahle  to  reach  the  suuunit,  and 
ivtreated  to  where  ]}ai'i-aza,  L^uai'diinj^  the  l)aL:;L;ai;-e, 
li.id  i-rected  some  hasty  iortilications  which,  as  an  old 
1  iidian-tii,diter,  he  suspected  would  he  needed.  It  was 
decided  to  uwait  reenforcements  before  reni'winii,^  the 
attack;  hut  the  enemy  were  not  so  jiatieiit.  'J'lu'y 
cnne  down  to  the  valley  and  attacked  tlu'  camp  alter 
L;ivin:^^  formal  notice  and  all(»win^"  l\uln!  Mae/  tim<'  to 
>;iy  mass.  This  they  n-peated  every  day  for  a  week, 
liL;htin*4"  well  with  arrow.s  from  niorniuL;'  to  ni^iit. 
The  S[)aniards  acted  on  the  defensive,  were  liaid 
jiiessed,  and  would  Jiave  retreated  to  AL,niilar,  hut 
wei'e  hemmed  in  on  all  sides.  On  the  seventh  day,  hy 
a  feinnod  retreat,  the  sava<'"es  drew  Morales  out  (»f 


cam 


)  and  into  an  amhush:  but  l>arraza  marched  out 


to  the  rescue  and  only  one  Spaniartl  was  lost.  The 
i'lic  had  increased  it  is  said  to  six  thousand  in  nund)ei', 
while  both  food  and  aunnunition  were  failini^  in  camp; 
the  only  hope  of  safety  lay  in  escape  to  the  villa,  and 
liy  the  utujost  precaution  and  gooil  luck  in  the  dark- 
ness of  a  rainy  niuht  the  escai)e  was  eil'ected  without 

1. 


4i1 


w 


^Fortified  at  his  captain's  failure,  (lovei'nor  I'ajardo, 
ho  was  already  residinjj;',  temporarily  at  least,  at 
I'arral,  resolved  to  attack  the  Tarahumares  in  pei-son, 
and  Padre  Pascual  went  with  him  to  Ai;uilar.  A\  ith- 
out  delay  he  assaidte<l  the  ])enol,  the  scene  of  !^[orales' 
defeat,  and  in  the  lirst  day's  li^ht  was  himself  re- 
imlsed  with  some  loss.  Next  day  bv  dividing'  his 
fi'i'ce  and  attackinu^   at   two   ]ioinis   he  gained  souk; 

\antai^e  and   killed   the  leader  of  the  Ibc,  but  w 


UUi 


to  I'eacli   the  mesa,  lo-ni!!  three  soldiers  ain 


d 


iiiaiiy  native  allies,  and  beini>"  himself  wounded.     Tl 


le 


'".Miaiiwliilc  I'asi'iuil  says  n  jiiivty  fi-oin  Sonoia  had  Ix'lu  ilcftatod,  iiuil 
liiikli  uf  llio  live-stock  dtivL'U  from  ^VL'uilar. 


3.j8 


NUFA'A  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY, 


ciicmy  in  their  turn  fled  in  the  darkness  of  tlie  ni'^-'lit. 
and  the  Budden  rising,'  of  tlie  streams,  for  it  was  n<i\v 
tli(>  rainy  season,  prevented  any  effectiial  jxirsuit.  Tlif 
valiant  <,^overnor  returned  to  Parral;  l)ut  Cajit.-iiii 
]]ariaza  remained  to  ravage  tlie  country  and  liaia^- 
the  fuj^itive  rebels,  until  finally  in  tlu^  sunuiui-  of 
](»;■)  1  a  new  peace  was  patched  up.  PapiLjochic  was 
a^'ain  inhabited  by  converts,  whom  with  the  veciiids 
of  Aguilar,  Padre  Jacomo  Antonio  ]?asilio  was  fciit 
to  care  for,  in  jdace  of  the  martyred  (jlodinez. 

The  j)eace,  or  truce,  lasted  until  the  Tarahumarcs 
were  ready  for  a  now  outbreak  in  the  sprinjjf  of  ICti^rl. 
3?adre  Pasilio  had  founded  several  small  pueblos  in  t  lif 
vicinity  and  had  no  doubt  of  uUii  late  success  (U'spitr 
sundry  warniuLfs  iVom  faithi'ul  neophytes.  On  ^laiili 
'Jil  Teporaca  appeared  before  Ai^uilar.  One  part  of 
the  force  assaulted  the  ttnvn,  while  another  drove  olf 
the  cattle,  ravaged  the  fields,  and  cut  off  every  ave- 
nue of  escape.  At  midnight  the  work  of  destruction 
was  renewed,  church  and  houses  were  burned,  and  it 
does  not  a[tpear  that  any  Spaniard  saved  his  hie. 
Pasilio,  not  (]uite  dead  from  arrow  -wounds  and  l>lo\vs 
of  clubs,  was  hanged  at  dawn  to  the  arm  of  the  cioss; 
and  as  he  expired  a  beautiful  child  was  seen  to  issue 
from  his  mouth  and  mount  to  heaven.  The  soutluru 
missions  of  San  Felipe,  San  Geronimo,  and  San  Pablo 
took  no  part  in  this  war,  though  Teporaca  used  all 
his  powers  of  dij^lomacy  to  draw  them  into  his  ranks. 
The  hope  of  effecting  this  was  probably  what  kipt 
him  from  attackinjjf  those  missions  till  it  was  too  late 
to  do  so  with  any  chance  of  success.  That  God 
posed  his  unholy  schemes  is  the  Jesuit  way  of  statii 
it.  At  Satevo  and  San  Lorenzo  all  property  was 
destroyed  and  the  same  fate  overtook  seven  or  eight 
Franciscan  pueblos,*'  but  the  padres  had  retired  by 
sui)erior  orders. 

At  this  critical  time  the  governor  was  obliged  to 

*'  SiuitiiiKO,  Sta  Isalii'l,  Siiii  Aiidrt's,  Sun  IJernalx',  San  Orcgorio,  Yai.'ui.a, 
San  Dicyo  Guauhinipa,  and  San  Btniardiuo.  Alojn,  ii,  3'J-l. 


op- 

yt 


TlIK  WAR  COXTiyUKD. 


3d0 


iiiiircli  nj^aiiist  the  Tohosos,  li'aviiiijf  to  Griicrnl  Cixv- 
lidii  the  (li't'cnco  of  tlie  missions  which  I*asciial 
llnratt'iKMl  to  ahandon  alto'jfotlHT  if  a  ixiianl  avo-c  not 
li it,  (l('t'niin<^  tlie  Taralunnart>s  mon;  to  hv  (hcadrd 
tli;in  (ho  eastern  savaLjcs.  Tlie  rchelH  profited  hy 
l'\ij;ii'do's  ahsenre  to  ri'iiow  tlioir  efforts,  and  two  ihon- 
^;llld  of  them  assendth'd  at  a  ranelieria  nc>ar  San  l''elij)e 
111  await  the  .-u'rival  of  Teporaca  from  the  north.  J^'or- 
tunately  Fajardo  j^^ainod  a  spoo<ly  and  decisive  victory 
o\t  r  the  Tohosos,  and  returned  bisl'ore  a  junction  of 
tlic  rchel  foi'ces  could  he  etfected.  The  onsniiii,^  cajii- 
jiiii^ii  is  not  very  fully  rt'corded,  hut  it  was  evidently 
thi'  most  hotly  contested  one  of  the  war.  T\\v  Tara- 
liumares  wore  kept  from  attacking- the  ])uel)los,  forced 
in  ;ict  lor  the  most  part  on  the  defensive,  and  slowls' 
reliri'd;  lu^vertheless,  hv  their  hravery,  knowled't'e  of 
the  conntry,  and  strength  of  positions,  they  had  the 
hest  of  neai'lv  every  encounter,  inflicting  nnich  lo.ss 
upon  the  Spaniards.^" 

Once  atTomochie  the  Spaniards,  attem])tint;'  a  sur- 
piise,  were  themselves  surprised  and  attacked  in  a 
narrow  pass,  whenc(>  they  with  pfreat  ditficulty  (^scap(>d. 
For  two  days  they  retreated  liufhtinuf ;  and  on  the  (Iiird 
tlie  foe  drew  near  to  engane  in  a  liand-to-hand  fi^ht, 
\\liich  was  contrary  to  their  usual  tactics,  hut  would 
have  heen  fatal  to  the  soldiers,  whose  ammunition  was 
neaily  gone.  A  soldier  now  stepped  out  witliout 
ordei's,  and  had  tlu>  good  luck  to  kill  the  K'ader  ol'  the 
foe  ;it  the  first  shot,  and  the  comparatively  harmless 
waifare  with  arrows  was  resumed.  Again,  assaulting 
the  penol  of  Pisachic,  Fajardo  was  repulsed,  Avith  forty- 
two  men  wounded.  A  ])ro[)f)sed  renewal  of  the  assault 
next  day  would,  it  is  claimed,  have  heen  still  \\u>vc 
disastrous;  hut  ])on  ])ieg(»,  a  friend  of  the  governor 
and  a  reluctant  rehel,  j)ersuaded  the  enemy  hy  argu- 
ment in  council  to  abandon  the  penol  in  the  night. 

*'  Alogre  states  tli.it  Gov.  F.  first  attacked  Teporaca  witlumt  siiicrs-;,  mul 
tlicii  transfereil  liis  attention  to  the  force  near  San  I'llipc,  \\li<  re  t'ui- ;i  luni,' 
time  lie  was  einially  nnt'ortunate.  Tlie  oriyiiial  makes  no  clear  disUr.cUoa 
between  the  two  rebel  forces. 


niio 


NUFAA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


^\t  l.Mst  till'  ri)rtuii(M»r  wniMvns  ('lininjfcd  on  tlu-  niilvil 
<•!'  i'<'i''iifnrc(iiitiits,  and  |»arliciilaily  l»y  the  acccssiiin 
of  IViciKlly  'I'araliuiiiarcs,  \vli<»,  as  tlic  icKcls  retired 
iVolli  tile  |tUel>l(»s,  deemed  it  sale  to  v'Spollse  tlic  Sjiilli- 
i.>Ii  cause.  Their  kiiowledi^^e  ot'llic  couiitiT  did  inurli 
1o  e»juali/e  the  coiuhatants,  and  Cajttain  Xa»'\ae/  \\as 
altle  after  a  series  of  minor  sueci'sscs  to  (KTeat  the 
main  hody  of  tlie  foe.  Alter  this  dcd'eat,  as  was  usual 
in  iioftli-western  wai-fare,  the  natives  were  I'eady  for 
]>eaee  and  |>ardon,  and  tlie  only  e(»ndition  ref)nire<l  was 
the  L,^i\  ini;-u|)  of  1\'|)oi*at'a.  This  lea«li'r  fought  des- 
jjerately,  hut  was  ('aj)tured  and  hanjj^ed,  seoi'nfuliy 
I'eiectin""'  haiitism  and  denouneinjj^  his  countrvnien  as 
e»»wards.  '^riie  Christian  natives,  as  sei-nis  to  have 
Ix'on  their  usa^e,  harharously  riddled  with  arrows  the 
l)o<ly  of  the  impenitent  chief. 

iVace  liein;j^  thus  icstored  hotli  ))adres  and  ueo- 
]iliytes  resumed  their  labors,  the  foi'iner  full  ol' 
conrKK'Uce  as  usual  that  the  Tarahumares  would  L;i\e 
them  no  further  trouble.  Five  missi(tnaries,  Jos(' 
l*ascual,  (Jeronimo  Fiu^utvroa,  (Jahriel  Villar,  N'i^ilio 
!Mae/,  and  l\odri,i;()  del  (\istillo,  took  their  stations  at 
San  l'\'li]>e,  San  Pablo,  ILuexotitlan,  Sate-vo,  and  San 
^lin'Uel,  respectively.  A  ])estilenco  devastated  the 
villages  for  two  months,  Toboso  incursions  were  ne\(  r 
ending-,  six  years  of  tlrouL>ht  liad  well  nii>h  ruined 
aiufricultui-al  industries;  yet  for  these  very  reasons 
I»erlia])s  s|)ii'itual  prospects  seemed  Hatterini^',  and  the 
]»adies  luul  nothini]^  to  fear  but  hard  work  and  a 
somewhat  annoy ini;'  t(>ndencv  to  drunkenness  on  the 
pai't  of  their  otherwise  faitiiful  converts.  This  was 
the  state  of  afi'airs  in  June  1052. ■*■'  At  or  about  the 
cessation  of  hostilities.  Bishop  Evia  renewed  his  etlbrts 

*'W((nriiiil,  XotlviriH  lie  las  mhiovex  uncaihin  <h'  hi  Aniin  i/d  Padro  Jnnr  /Vrv- 
(■//'//,  (iiHidc  H!")l,  in  A''.  I'lznii/ri,  Doc,  iii.  17!>-'200.  MS.  copy  also  in  my 
Library.  This  iiari'ativc  is  dated  San  Felipe,  June  '1\)  (Km'J),  and  is  the  Icail-  . 
ini?  authority  on  the  'raiahiiniara  war.  The  other  original  authority  is  Ali'i- 
iiiiciili)  i/c  /(),<  IikIwh  Tiimliiiun<.<  y  m  Axiiiiltt  iifio  ilc  KlKl  (!•),  in  /'/.,  17-  '^i 
viiieh  thoULrh  very  lu'ief  nalTates  certain  parts  of  the  .suhjeet  more  fully  tli;iu 
I'as.  ual's  report.  "  Ale.ure,  ///.^^  Vomit.  Jc-'ii.i,  ii.  .'{(LVT-t,' :{S'_>-;{,  .S,S!t-<IS.  4(1."', 
followd  these  documents  very  closely,  though  there  arc  occasional  indications 


nrri\  :il 

■ccsslnli 

13  Spaii- 

(l  IIIUi'll 

Mc/,  was 
I'l'iit  111*' 
IS  wsuiil 

'.'uly  Inl' 

ifcd  was 

-•lit   (Irs- 

ofurully 
viiu'ii  as 
to  liavo 
■ows  llic 

in<l  iK'fi- 

i'liii  ..r 

»ul(i  ;j,i\'' 

I'S,    flosi' 

itioiis  at 
11(1  San 
iti-<l   tlu- 

I  I'liiiicd 
reasons 
and  tilt' 
k  and  a 
s  on  tlu' 
Miis  was 
)out  the 
isdl'oi'ts 

also  ill  my 
is  till"  i<i>il-  , 
[•ity  is  ,!/:•'■ 

/'■/.,  IT-'  ^; 

i(>  fully  tli;m 

liSlMIS.  4(i."<. 

intUciUious 


MISSION  ANXALS. 


301 


toward  secularization,  and  a;;aiii  svui  flri'uvnuii  tn 
ivjlafi"  .li'suits  at  San  MiLjiU'l  and  Ti/,oita/,o.  TIu' 
Mnicty  was  coniiK-lli'd  to  yield  temporarily.  Kul  tin; 
sn|K'rior  apprakd  to  the  audieneia  of  ( Juidal.ijara, 
iJitaliU'd  a  slay  of  proei'edin'n's,  and  finally  a  royal 
ordi'r  that  the  Jesuits  were  not  to  he  disturhcd,  ;>inee 
till'  country  was  not  yet  prepared  I'or  any  such  chan:4i'. 
3Iissionary  annals  of  Tarahuiuani  I'oi-  the  luxt 
twi-ntv  years  and  more  may  he  iiassed  over  hriellv. 
Till'  )>adri's  wei'e  ohliii^od  to  he  content  lor  the  most 
]  art  with  holdinj^  their  own  in  the  old  pui'hlos;  and 
llie  (»l)s(acK's  encountered,  though  douhtless  real  and 
^el■ious  enoui^'h  to  them  at  the  time,  are  eomnionplace 
and  ni(»notonous  in  the  recoi'd.  Thei-e  were  seasons 
ct'  lamiiii'  and  jieslileiice  as  in  lOO'J  and  KJOli;  yet 
t  \('u  such  atllictions  were  not  lunnixed  evils,  as  tor 
(  xampli!    at    Satevo,   where  a    })eison    died    without 


inlession,  and  the  straimc  aeti 


ons  o 


f  a  1 


lorse  over 


liis    in'rave    i'rightened    the    masses    into     ]n'nitence. 
Intoxication  and  conununion  with  the  devil  were  the 


ikilIVc    weaknesses,    I'es 


ultiiiL,^ 


occasionally    in   deser 


lion  oi'  the  towns,  to  which  i-nd  the  system  of  ])ei-sonal 
service  in  the  mines  also  contrihuted.  The  doctrina 
was  taught  in  the  native  lant^uai^es  and  in  M(  \ican, 
hut  not  apparently  in  S[>anish.  Fi^ueroa  seiMus  to 
lia\e  succeeded  l*asi-ual  as  suj)erior,  and  his  I'eports 
are  the  chief  authority  for  the  histoi-y  of  this  in'riod.*' 
I'adi'e  Juan  Sarmiento  went  to  San  Francisco  Javier 
Satevo  in  1005,  where  his  presence  (juelled  threatened 
(listuihance.  Pedi'o  l^^scalante  ahout  San  LVdipe 
woiked  wonders  with  a  I'elic,  exti'actin^^  with  it  an 
hini;'  tooth  that  had  resisted  all  secular  instnunents. 


] 


)ernabe  de 


Sotc 


)  serve( 


1  at  T 


izonazo  m  IGOi'. 


In  I  ()08,by  Fijj^ueroa's  report,  there  were  liNc  ]>ai'ti- 
(liis,  each  with  its  padre,  the  new  puel)los  named  Ik'in:^ 

tliiit  lie  Kiiw  other  papers,  which,  like  these,  he  dots  not  iianio.     C.ivo,  Tn'-i 


il- 


liieiitioiis  this  \v;ii 


K.-i,iili<,H  Hist.,  iii.  •241-.".4:  M 


Jl(ii/t  r  .■! 


Mi 


■I'jii'  roil, 


I'liiitts  lie  Aiiiiii,  1(),")'_'-GS, 


A:.ln 


(;ii'_ 

i. 


See  uloo  Ali/jrc,  ii.   lliT,  4o0,  441,  441-8. 


<zv<i>/ct, 


JJoc,  iii.  -JIT-iJO. 


fe. 


302 


NUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


Natlvidad,  San  ]Matoo,  and  San  Ignacio.  Spiritually 
all  went  swimmingly;  souls  wore  sent  to  heaven,  the 
friars  consoled,  and  God  glorified;  even  the  native 
appetite  for  strong  drink  being  held  in  check  hy  want 
of  corn  for  distillation.  In  material  wealth  and  in- 
dustries these  five  missions  were  the  most  flourisliing 
in  the  country.  But  politically  all  went  amiss;  olH- 
cials  were  careless  or  corrupt,  irregularities  wi-nt 
unpunished,  thefts  and  even  murders  w'erc  but  too 
connnon.  As  a  nation  the  Tarahumares  wore  quiet, 
but  a  few^  local  troubles  occurred,  and  the  Tobosos 
continued  their  raids  for  plunder.  Three  such  incur- 
sit)ns  into  Tarahumara  territory  are  noted  between 
li]f)2  and  1GG2;  and  in  1007  Padre  Rodrigo  del  Cas- 
tillo on  the  road  from  Inde  to  his  mission  of  San 
Miguel  was  stopjK'd  by  a  hostile  band.  Five  Si)an- 
iards  and  ten  natives  with  him  were  killed;  but  lii.s 
own  life  was  sjiared,  apparently  from  fear  that  ho 
could  in  some  mysterious  way  send  disaster  upon  the 
niurtlerers,  as  they  said  the  Franciscans  had  done. 
Yet  notwithstanding  this  fear  the  padre  had  to  bring 
about  the  peaceful  surrender  by  the  guard  of  a  Ijand 
of  cattle.  He  died  the  next  year  from  grief  at  tlii^ 
event,  after  completing  a  new  church  in  honor  ot' 
Saint  Michael.*' 

The  first  extension  of  the  field  was  in  1073.  Dur- 
ing the  long  interval  since  Father  Basilio's  Tuurdcr 
nothing  had  been  done  in  the  north-west  about  Fajii- 
gochic  and  Aguilar*  but  now,  under  the  miraculous 
j)n)tection  of  San  Francisco  Javier,  the  patronage  of 
Governor  Salcedo,  and  the  valor  of  Lieutenant-gov- 
eriKU'  Sarri'a,  it  was  deemed  possible  to  reopen  this 
field  of  labor.  After  a  grand  preliminary  assemblage 
of  political  functionaries,  njilitary  officials,  native 
caciques,  and  Jesuit  padres  at  Huexotitlan  on  Sep- 

*^  Ciivo,  Tres  S!fjhi>,  ii.  51,  sjiya  that  tlie  Tnrnhumares  after  fighting  '20 
years  were  defealeil  in  KiTl  by  <J00  men  under  Capt.  Nicohis  Barraza  I  In 
l(t7(*,  aeeonling  to  A/mn/Olico.'*  Afaiien,  '2'27.  they  were  j)crsuailed  to  he  oun- 
vt'itiil  anil  many  missions  rose!  Kivera,  Gob.  Mcj:,,  i.  '237,  also  puts  the  eml 
of  the  revolt  in  1070. 


FRANCISCAN  DISTRICT. 


3G3 


[ttrona'jro  (U 


toiubcr  30tli,  fathers  Francisco  Barrionuevo  and  Juan 
]\[aiiuol  Ganiboa  started  the  1st  of  November  attended 
l)y  a  few  Spaniards  and  a  party  of  natives  under  the 
jru'iidly  cacique  San  Pablo.  Early  in  1G74  Barrio- 
nuevo was  replaced  by  Josd  Tarda,  and  the  nii.'>sion 
of  San  Bernabe  was  soon  founded  with  its  three 
villiiges  of  Cuitzochic,  Curiguarichic,  and  Coraehic.*'^ 

A  line  from  Durango  in  the  south  to  Tutuaoa  in 
the  northern  sierra  just  above  the  big  bend  of  the 
Yaqui — passing  through  San  Juan  del  Rio,  Tizonazo, 
Sau  Miguel,  Parral,  Satevo,  Concepcion,  and  Yepo- 
iiiora — would  form  in  a  general  way  a  boundary  be- 
tween the  Jesuit  and  Franciscan  districts  of  Nueva 
Vizcaya  down  to  the  end  of  the  century.  The  sera- 
phic order  occupied  with  their  scattered  convents  tiio 
hroad  regions  of  the  east  and  north;  but  the  records 
(if  their  work  arc  even  more  fragmentary  than  the 
work  itself  This  was  always  a  tierra  de  guerra, 
scourged  by  Tobosos,  Apaches,  and  other  savage 
tribes,  having  as  a  rule  no  other  SpanisJi  settlements 
than  presidio  garrisons.  Within  this  field  the  Fran- 
ciscans, after  tlie  revolt  of  1G45-G,  founded  ten  or 
twelve  missions,  several  of  which  were  destroyed  be- 
fore 1700.  Of  their  progress  in  the  south,  tliat  is  in 
eastern  Durango,  nothing  is  known,  save  that  tlie 
establishments  at  Ma'pinii  and  Cuencame  were  prob- 
ably kept  up,  and  th;'t  the  order  had  a  doctrina  at 
San  Juan  del  Rio,  ^vhere  Padre  Estevan  Benitez  with 
a  party  of  soldiers  was  murdered  by  the  Indians  in 
l(i8G.  In  the  central  reijion  about  San  Bart<)h)mo 
San  Pablo  is  said  to  have  been  re()ccu})ied  in  l()4i), 
San  Francisco  de  Conches  in  1GG7 — which  would  im- 
ply a  previous  abandonment  notdefmitely  recorded — 
an'  Vtotonileo  at  a  date  not  given  but  after  lOO'^, 
wluie  Julimes  was  foundfid  in  IGDl.     In  1G5G  a  kind 


*'^  Ali'fjrc,  ii.  403-70.  I  have  ndtlod  a  'c'  to  the  names,  "imt  t'un-  is  no 
il'luiiiliDfi'  to  lio  iilacpd  on  the  orthogi'aphy  und  no  apparent  possibility  of 
lixiiiL;  the  oxiict  localities. 


304 


KUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


(»f  braiifli  convent  was  formed  at  Parral,  causinii'  in 
later  years  sonic  slight  misunderstanding  with  tin; 
Jisiiits,  who  claimed   exclusive   control   of  Taralm- 


mara 


47 


Respecting  the  time  when  the  Franciscans  began 
to  extend  their  field  toward  the  north-west  we  have 
Arlegui's  statement  that  San  Antonio  do  Casas  Craii- 
des  was  founded  in  1G40,  which  is  doubtless  an  ernu'. 
He  also  notes  the  foundation  of  Santa  Maria  de  la 
Natividad  in  IGGO,  San  Pedro  Namiquipa  in  IGGo, 
Santiago  liabonovaba  in  1GG5,  Santa  Isabel  Tani- 
mares  in  1GG8,  and  San  Andres  in  IGO-l.''^  From  an 
cxjH'dientc  in  the  archives,  the  documents  of  which  i\v>i 
dated  from  1GG7  to  IGGO,'*"  it  ai)pears  that  in  the  sec- 
ond ^car  of  Governor  Beaumont's  rule,  probal)ly  in 
1GG3,  he  heard  that  the  people  called  Sumas  of  Casas 
Grandes,  Torreon,  and  Carretas,  desired  padres  and 
that  the  country  was  in  every  way  adapted  to  the 
requirements  of  a  mission  and  settlement.  He  tlierc- 
forc  commanded  Captain  Andres  Garcia  to  [)ass  o\  rr 
from  the  Rio  del  Norte  and  settle  there,  and  obtained 
for  the  mission  a  missionary,  Padre  xVndres  Ra^/, 
Pacz,  or  Perez,  by  paying  the  expense  out  of  his  own 
])()cket.  Two  years  later,  in  IGGo,  when  Antonio 
Valdes  became  provincial,  Pedro  Aparicio  and  Xico- 
h'ls  Hidalgo  were  sent  to  replace  Raez,  Beaumont  still 
paying  their  salary  of  three  hundred  pesos  each,  since 
the  new  governor  would  not  a.^sume  the  responsibility. 
Aparicio  soon  died,  and  in  1GG7  ex-Governor  ]^eau- 
mont  and  Governor  Oca  petitioned  the  viceroy  to 
regulai'ly  establish  or  assume  the  expense  of  tlio 
three  doctrinas,  clainiin<j:  that  such  a  course  would  not 
only  promote  the  spread  of  Christianity,  but  was 
essential  to  the  protection  of  the  country  and  of  coni- 

*T  Arlojiii,  CIn-uii.  Zac,  97-8,  103-0,  2.-)0-l.  V.  Antonio  Vald.^s,  wiitiiiL; 
April 'J! (,  MitiT,  A'.  Vhaii/a,  /)oi\,  iii.  '2'.)S,  Bpo.iks  of  iircparatiuii.s  Ijoiiij;  iiiailo 
to  resettle  Sim  I'Vuuuisco  witli  'JOO  Indians  and  au  escort  of  "20  soldiers  from 
isinuloa. 

«(7/rriH.  Z'lc,  103-J>. 

*^ X.  Vhctujft,  Doc,  iii.  SUl-Hfi.  Tlui  rxpcdientc  contains  2.")  docuiiiints, 
only  u  few  uf  which  contuin  any  iufomnutiou. 


FRANCISCAXS  IN  CHinU^mUA. 


3C5 


riiercc  with  tlio  coast  provinces  and  New  ^lexico. 
T^e  district  also  contained  a  valuable  salina.'"^  The 
iiKtiiey  and  padre?;  were  probably  supplied  at  an  eai'ly 
date  as  asked  for;  but  we  know  nothing  of  subsequent 
( \onts  in  the  north-west,  except  that  Santa  Ana  del 
Torreon  with  four  pueblos  and  Santa  Maria  do  las 
Carretas  with  three  were  destroyed  by  Apaches  before 
1700." 

In  1G97  Padre  Geronimo  JSIartinoz,  while  makinir 
a  general  visita  of  the  Franciscan  missions  in  coni- 
]iany  with  Padre  Alonso  Briones,  found  a  large  body 
(if  natives  favorably  disposed  for  salvation,  founded 
with  them  a  new  pueblo,  and  left  IBriones  in  charge. 
;^'  Tlie  new  mission  was  called  Nonibrc  de  Dios,  and  was 

distant  about  a  leajjuc  from  the  site  of  the  modern 
city  of  Chihuahua,  founded  early  in  the  next  century 
as  a  real  de  niinas  under  the  name  of  San  Felipe.''^ 
In  the  north-east  the  settlement  of  El  Paso  del  Norto 
was  founded  in  connection  with  the  Now  Mexican 
cstal)lishments  before  the  great  revolt  of  1G80.''^  In 
1G84,  or  more  likely  a  few  years  earlier,  three  Francis- 

'"'  Oca's  repoit  of  Sept.  22(1,  and  Beaumont's  of  Oct.  23d,  in  N.  Vizcayn, 
hoc.,  iii.  2:^2-15.  Padre  Kiia,  coinniissary-gcncral,  certifies  to  the  desii'a- 
iiillty  of  tlie  three  doctrinas  and  makes  a  formal  demand  for  900  pesos  to  pay 
tlini'  padres.  Oct.  11th,  Valdes,  tlic  provincial,  corroliorates  15cauniont'.s 
s'ltcMini'^.s.  Aug.  lOth,  Capt.  tiareia  (or  (Jracia)  certifies  to  liaving  jnst 
wnV  ,'i  trip  to  C'asas  (Irandes,  to  its  pro.fperity  and  zeal  for  conversion,  and 
'^ys  V  Jnaii  Balhoa  has  pronused  to  go  there.  Tiic  same  persons  repeat 
titCHi  >i|.nt(  inents  in  substance  in  other  communications.  1'lic  rest  of  ti^c  ducii- 
1  ■  ',r  jie  routine  'red  tape'  retercnces  of  the  matter  to  various  oliicials,  eacli 
(•:  \'  '  iiu  n  ports  that  he  knows  notliingof  the  subject,  but  tliat  MrSo-and-So 
1  um     .dl  I"  M'lt  it. 

"' ...  ,,;yH(,  Cbrdi}.  Z'tc,  10.1  Tadro  Valdes  writes  in  April  10(17  that  lie 
lias  three  padres  and  is  about  to  start  for  new  conversions.  Jn  .Tune  he  hail 
establislied  four  and  selecteil  sites  for  eight  more.  Tiiousands  of  souls  wen; 
jioiishing  between  I'arral  and  Siiwdoa.  It  is  not  likely  tliat  he  refers  in  these 
letters  to  the  Casas  (irandes  missions.   N.   Vizrayn,  Jjix'.,  iii.  2!ir)-IiU0 

'•'.Vota-Pailil/fi,  Cumi.  N.  (.'((/.,  .114-1.");  Arlfjiii,  r/iron.  Xac,  107-8.  I 
li.ivi'  idreaily  noticed  AlcL're's  error  in  confounding  the  southern  San  Felipe 
«itli  San  Felipe  de  L'hiliualiua. 

•H'apt.  Garcia  was  forming  a  settlement  on  the  Rio  del  Norte  when 
onlercil  to  Casas  Grandes  in  l(i(i;i,  and  it  is  not  uidikily  tliat  tliis  settlement 
n/is  tl  at  of  El  Paso.  X.  Vhrnija,  Doc,  iii.  234.  l>avis,  L'l  (Irimjii,  ."SO,  says 
■liie  iiJime  was  derived  from  tiie  fact  tliat  the  river  hero  jiasses  the  iiioun- 
'■'•■.  I'ike,  L'.r/ihir.  Trar.,  .'(4."),  says  it  was  because  tlie  Spanianls  passed 
:lnr  ;'.i  the  revolt.  Not  from  its  being  the  passage  of  tlie  river,  which 
i-  fnrdable  anywhere.    UartUd'n  Atir.,  i.    1S4.     Of  course  ull   this  is  cou- 


866  NUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTOPY. 

cans  wore  sent  down  the  river  from  El  Paso  by  Gov- 
ernor Jironza;  and  as  at  Junta  dc  los  Rios,  or  the 
junction  of  the  Conchos  and  Rio  del  Norte,  the 
natives,  Conchos,  JuHmes,  and  Cliocolonies,  seemed 
docile  and  convertible  into  Christians;  Padre  Antonio 
Acebedo  remained  there  to  teach,  while  the  others, 
with  the  escort  of  soldiers,  made  a  tour  in  Texas.  On 
their  return  Padre  Zavaleta  remained  with  Acebedo, 
retaining  also  a  few  northern  Indians;  but  very  soon 
the  natives  revolted,  destroyed  everything,  killed  the 
New  ]V -  ^  icons,  and  turned  out  the  friars  without 
food  and  ',  t  naked,  to  reach  El  Paso  after  mucJi 

suffering."  mission  of  Sumas  was  established  in 

1G83,  eight  leagues  below  El  Paso,  and  named  Gua- 
dalupe; but  the  natives  revolted  next  year,  destroyed 
the  mission  and  joined  the  Janos  natives  who  killed 
Father  Beltran  at  Soledad.^^  Thus  incomplete  and 
unsatisfactory  do  w^e  find  the  seventeenth-century 
annals  of  northern  Chihuahua. 


Returning  to  the  Jesuit  field,  south  and  west  of 
the  line  already  indicated,  we  find  that  at  San  Bernaho 
Padre  Gamboa  was  replaced  in  1G75  by  Tomas  do 
Guadalajara,  who  with  Father  Tarda  traversed  beror(.i 
the  end  of  the  year  the  whole  region  to  Yepomera  and 
Tutuaca,  the  northern  limit  of  Jesuit  work  during  the 
century  as  it  was  the  limit  of  Tarahumara  proper. 
The  details  of  their  wanderings  arc  given  with  con- 
siderable minuteness  in  a  report  signed  by  botli 
padres,""  but  do  not  demand  extended  notice  hero. 

jcctuvc,  and  the  most  probable  origin  of  the  name  is  certainly  from  the  ford- 
ing of  tlic  river  at  this  point  oa  some  particular  occasion.  Still  probabilities 
ia  siuii  casts  are  often  farthest  from  truth,  and  there  is  no  direct  evidence  on 
the  ])oint. 

^^ Ksmhivto,  Curia,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  si'rio  iii.  torn.  iv.  121-2.  Paredos, 
Kot II  hiA  hi  Id.,  213,  speaks  of  an  expedition  of  Mendo/a  and  i.idre  Lopez 
ilown  to  the  Junta  in  1084.  Villa-Seiior,  'J'/iiatro,  ii.  424-r),  says  the  Juntii 
missions  were  founded  in  16G0,  and  were  broken  up  by  a  revolt  two  years 
later.  The  padres,  half-dead  from  exposure,  were  rescued  by  the  governor  at 
I'arral  and  sent  back  to  New  Mexico,  Some  of  the  converts  came  to  S.  IJur- 
tolonii!  to  live  until  1714. 

■"Ksctilaiile,  Carta,  121-2. 

^^Uuailaliijara  and  Tarda,  Teslimonio  de  Carta  eacr'Ua  por  los  padres... 


JESUITS  IN  CHIHUAHUA. 


367 


T^.c  narrative  is  composed  for  the  most  part  of  com- 
iiioiipluce  adventures,  of  puerile  stories  respeetin;^ 
miraculous  cures  and  conversions,  and  of  the  devil's 
]tl()t.s  against  the  society  of  Jesus.  The  writers  con- 
iliule  at  the  date  of  writing  that  cl  demonio  is  nc^w 
(Acrcome,  and  that  with  the  aid  of  additional  niissiou- 
ai  ics  a  grand  Jesuit  triumph  may  be  secured.  IJuring 
the  tour  and  in  the  spring  of  1G7G  the  work  of  baptisrii 
was  begun,  native  teachers  were  left,  and  even  churches 
Id'nun  at  Carichic,  Papigochic,  and  Tutuaca;  and  these 
with  many  other  villages  only  awaited  the  coming  of 
rt'sident  i)adres  'o  start  out  in  earnest  on  their  career 
(»f  C'lu'istianity. 

Of  the  coming  of  these  padres  and  of  their  acts  in 
tlie  north  for  two  years  we  know  nothing,  excejjt  that 
in  1077  there  was  a  slight  misunderstanding  between 
the  rival  orders  respecting  boundaries.  Father  Alonso 
^NFesa  objected  to  the  act  of  the  Jesuits  in  including 
the  Yepomera  district  within  their  field.  The  Jesuits 
claimed  it  as  a  part  of  Tarahumara,  and  the  Francis- 
cans apparently  because  there  were  some  Conclios 
nii.Kod  with  the  population.  The  latter  alleged  an  old 
<iL;i(,'cnient  by  which  the  Rio  Paj)igochic,  or  Ya(pii, 
was  made  the  boundary;  but  no  such  document  could 
l»f  ioimd  when  the  matter  was  submitted  to  su})erior 
auiliority.  The  Franciscan  protest  was  perhaps  a 
liieie  formality:  at  least  it  seems  to  have  Iiad  no 
)iractiral  efl'ect  and  caused  no  serious  ill-feeling.'''  The 
(Kniands  of  the  two  pioneers  for  help  must  have;  re- 
oci\  od  prompt  attention,  for  as  early  as  1G78  wo  fmd 
in  this  new  northern  field — christened  mission  of  Sau 


f'/  U(v.  P.  Francisco  Jimenez  Provincial,  etc.,  in  X.  Vizcaya,  Doc.,  iii.  27-- 
14;  :i!w)  jMS.  Tho  letter  is  dated  Feb.  'J,  l(J7<i,  ini'l  there  arc  auiiextMl  many 
othci'  jsajiei's  of  a  'leil  tape'  older,  ami  of  no  value.  The  vilhii;es  iiaiiieil  as 
liaviii;^'  lieeu  visited  are  as  follows:  (lutnieariehie,  (urtTesiis  Carii.:hiel,  S.  .loso 
Ti  iii,ii(  hie,  rai)ij,'oeliie,  S.  Ivafail  Mataihie,  Sta  t'lU/.  (Midatos),  Trimifo  do 
hv.i  .Viiueles,  Yopoliiera,  S.  (Jabriel,  Napalu'ehicjTiitnaLa,  l'a<|uilieta,  Taiiuiliii', 
TosoliDixaehie,  S.  Jose  Pachera,  Tejareri,  Arisiaehie,  Toseraehie,  .Sacaehie,  and 
Tiiiiiiii'liiu.  Many  of  these  eannot  he  exactly  located,  ))iit  some  will  I'c  l(j\ind 
(111  tlie  map.  Alegrc,  JJitif.  Conij).  Jtmis,  ii.  471-0,  iii.  10-11,  follows  this  re- 
port  very  closely. 

•''  Aktjre,  Hid,  Coinj).  Jesus,  iii.  10-18. 


3'^.'^ 
\i!i 


KUEVA  \1ZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


Joaquin  y  Santa  Ana  and  embracing  thirty-two  pueblos 
in  nine  particlos — seven  missionaries  serving  about  five 
thousand  natives  with  perhaps  one  Imndred  Spaniards. 
The  now  padres  were  Franciseo  Cclada,  Francisco 
Arteaga,  Diego  Contreras,  Antonio  Orena,  and  Xico- 
hls  Ferrer.  In  the  south,  or  Tarahumara  Baja-^ 
thirteen  pueblos  in  five  partidos  constituting  the  mis- 
sion of  Natividad — five  padres  were  serving  over  thn  c 
thousand  natives  and  possibly  three  hundred  Sj)ii:i- 
iards.  The  padres  not  already  named  were  Francisco 
Valdes,  Martin  Prado,  and  Manuel  Gutierrez  Artoana. 
These  facts  are  gathered  from  Zapata's  visita  already 
referred  to  for  regions  farther  south  and  west,  and  tin.' 
statistics  of  whicli  I  reproduce  in  a  note,  since  this 
report,  while  not  altogether  accurate,  is  the  only  c.\- 
istin<»"  source  of  information  respecting  many  of  tliu 
pueblos.  °^ 


II 


^^Mission  of  Xatividad,  or  of  Taralmmarcs  antigiios,  5  partidos,  3, SIS 
persons: 

(1.)  San  Miguel  de  las  Bocas,  l-l  leagues  N.  w.  of  Tizonazo,  near  Rio  Florido, 
pop.  230.  Uniler  P.  Pedro  do  Escalante,  ser\'ing  380  persons.  Ten  cstiiiicius 
of  Spaniards  tended  by  the  padre,  but  really  belonging  to  the  curates  of  Iiul,', 
S.  Bartolomt;,  and  Kl  Oro. 

(•2.)  S:iu  Felipe,  241.  N.  S.  Miguel,  121.  from  Parral,  on  Rio  Contlns, 
pop.  312;  Sta  Cruz,  01.  w.  S.  Felipe,  up  rivfr,  poji.  4d.j;  S.  Josu,  7  1.  n.  w. 
(S.  Felipe?),  called  also  iSalto  del  Agua,  pop.  101.  Under  P.  Fru!ici>io<j  Val- 
des, serving  1,010.  Seven  estanciaa  and  ranclios  of  Spaniards,  who  have  iiu 
curate. 

(3.)  Sau  Pablo,  17  1.  s.  S,  Felipe,  up  river,  pop.  380;  San  Juan  AtotoniU'c\ 
2  1.  up  river  fi'oni  S.  Pablo,  pop.  113;  S.  Mateo,  down  river  (from  S.  PaMnVi, 
pop.  120.  Under  P.  Martin  del  Prado,  serving  033  persons,  mostly  Tepc- 
liuanes. 

(4.)  San  Geruiiimo  Huexotitlan,  7  1.  N.  E.  S.  Pablo,  0  1.  s.  Rio  Conclios, 
1.')  1.  from  Parral,  pop.  320;  S.  Ignacio,  5  1.  n.  S.  Geninimo,  on  Rio  CuiilIu's 
S.  Javier,  1  1.  N.  S.  Ignacio,  on  Rio  Conchos,  pop.  of  the  two,  434.  UiiJir 
PP.  Manuel  (Uiticri'ez  Arteaga  and  Gabriel  del  Villar,  serving  754  pir.'^oiis. 
One  cstaiicia  of  Spaniards. 

(').)  San  Iiaiicisco  Javier  Satcvo,  30  1.  N.  Huexotitlan,  10  1.  N.  S.  Fell;  v, 
pop.  TilO;  C'uevas  and  ranchoria  of  8.  Antonio,  1  1.  K.  S.  Francisco,  near  iJi') 
S.  Pedro,  pop.  242;  S.  Lorenzo,  121.  \v.  San  Francisco,  pop.  280.  Under  1'. 
Juan  Sarmiento,  serving  1,134  persons.     A  few  small  Spanish  estancias. 

Mission  of  San  Joaquin  y  Santa  Ana,  8  partidos: 

(1.)  San  Francisco  de  Borja,  or  S.  Joaquin  y  Sta  Ana,  14  1.  N.  w.  Satevn, 
pop.  370;  Sta  Ana  Yeguiachic,  3  1.  E.  Borja,  pop.  504;  Guadalupe  SagiKU  i- 
chic,  3  1.  \v.  Borja,  pop.  280;  S.  Francisco  Javier  Parnaguichio,  4  1.  s.  v. 
Borja,  pop.  loO.     Under  P.  Francisco  do  Cclada,  serving  1,310  persons. 

(2.)  N».i  Sia  de  Moiiserrate  Nonoavn,  12  1.  s.  \%.  (?)  Borja,  on  Rio  Uiiiii- 
risac,  pop.  200;  Xra  Sra  de  Copucabafla  Paguarichic,  u  1.  N.  Xoiioa\a,  uii 


stati.«;tics. 


369 


For  tlie  rest  of  the  ooiitnry,  twenty  years  and  more, 
our  knowledge  of  Chiluialiua  history,  in  addition  to 
what  lias  ahvady  been  said  of  the  Franciscan  estah- 
hslmients,  is  contined  to  a  few  imperfectly  recorded 
i'acts  respecting  the  liostilities  of  different  Indian 
tiil)es.  The  savages  of  the  eastei'n  and  nortiiern 
frontiers  continued  almost  without  cessation  their 
rai<ls  on  pueblos,  haciendas,  mining  camps,  and  tiav- 
ollers.  Their  system  of  warfare  has  been  suflicientlv 
described,  and  about  these  later  raids  no  paiticulars 
have;  been  preserved.  In  1085  the  king  ordered  tlie 
otaldishment  of  three  new  presidios  at  J'asajc,  ( Jallo, 
and  (Jonchos,  each  with  a  garrison  ol'  lil'ty  men  in 
addition  to  the  force  already  stationed  at  Parral  and 
the  })residio  of  Cerro  (xordo.  A  little  later  there 
were  added  in  the  north  the  presidios  of  Janos  and 

snmi?  river,  pop.  113.     Under  P.  Francisco  de  Artcaga,  serving  352  persons. 
,SiV( ml  ranclien'as  of  gentiles  nanictl. 

(li.)  J'sus  Carieliie,  or  (liiaiiicarieliic,  10  1.  X.  Xoroava,  with  Paqiiilicta, 
Tiiiiiii'ia,  ami  Santiago  '1  1.  dnwn  river,  jiop.  .V)iS;  San  Luis  Cloiizaga.  'Jagira- 
uhio,  4  1.  w.  Carieliie,  ]iop.  41;  Coneepciou  ile  I'apigoeliie,  \\\.  s.  Carieliie, 
iiiip.  77;  S.  Casiniiro  Ijoearinaeliie,  4  1.  s  ((,'oneepeionV),  pop.  ,'!;{.  Under  i'. 
hiego  de  Coutrcras,  .serving  700  persons.  Several  ranelierias  of  gentiles 
iiained. 

(4.)  Maria  Santisima  Sisoguichie,  14  1.  .=<.  w.  Carieliie,  in  sierra,  pop.  17'.'; 
Asiiiieion  l^elioguita,  4  1.  N.  \v.  Sisoguichie,  ]i.i[i.  1).  Under  1'.  Antniii) 
Orena,  serving  182  per.sons.  Two  days'  journey  w.  is  Cuteco,  bonlering  ou 
the  (luaziipares. 

(.").)  San  .Jose  Temalcliic,  14  1.  N.  K.  Sisoguichie,  pop.  l.-iO;  San  Marcos 
ricluieiii,  o  1.  W.  S.  Jose',  pop.  II;  Sta  Kosa  do  .Sta  Maria  i'achera,  .'!  1.  S. 
Jiisi.',  pop.  0;  S.  Juan  Toralioreaeliic,  S  1.  i:.  S.  .lose,  on  road  to  ,S,  iieiiiaiie, 
jKip.  !!_'.     L'n.ler  1*.  .Jose  de  (Juevara  (non-resident),  serving  'JO.'l  persons. 

(fi. )  San  IJernaln''  Cuziguariachie,  11  1.  .s.  i;.  S.  .lose,  poji.  ;i'J7;  San  Ignaeio 
ruy:iciiie,  X.  K.  Cuzig.,  poi).  4(!(i;  S.  Miguel  Xapaheehic,  !>  1.  N.  Ciizig.,  pop. 
'.I-.  Under  I'.  .Jose  Tarda  (rector),  serving  i)]2  jiersoiis.  Includes  the  mining 
eaiiip  of  S.  I'Yanciseo  Saguariehie,  4  1.  from  S.  Miguel. 

(7.)  rurisinia  de  I'apigochie,  l.j  1.  N.  Cuzig.,  on  liio  Yaipii,  pop.  '224;  S. 
(miiclio  I'aguiraehic.  \\  1.  s.  I'np.,  ]i(jp,  IW;  Sto  T(jiii:is  de  \'illaiuiiv.i,  4  1. 
N.  I'ap.,  pop.  GO;  S.  Palilo  IJiisuehi,  5  1.  v..  I'ap.,  pop.  100.  Under  1'.  Nicolas 
IVn  er,  serving  4.")0  persons. 

(S.)  Tiiunt'o  de  Los  -Angeles  Mataehic,  or  San  Itafael,  18  1.  x.  I'ap.,  J'op., 
Ii.'l.">;  S.  Miguel  Teinescliic,  2  1.  x.  Mat.,  down  river,  ]iop.  (!4 ;  S.  (ialniil 
^  t  [onieia,  \\  1.  X.  s.  Mig.,  .")  1.  X.  Mat.,  pop.  1  IS;  S.  I'aliio  Ocoiiioraeliie,  0  1. 
\^.  Mat.,  .">  1.  from  river,  pop.  1)1.  Under  1'.  Touias  de  (Juadalajara,  si'i'ving 
74s  persons. 

(!i.)  .Jesus  del  Monte  Tutunca,  22  1.  x.  av.  Mataehic,  poji.  ISO  fain.;  S. 
KvaiiLielista  Tosonachic,  8  1.  K.  Tntnaca,  po]i.  .'S.'i;  Santiago  Yepaciii,  Id  I.  \v. 
i'i'ut.uic.i?).  pop.  40;  .San  .Juan  liautista  .Maipiina,  4  1.  ( Vi'iiaelii?).  jMip.  ;il». 
I'liiler  1'.  (inadalajara,  serving  22(5  persons.  Two  hundred  and  thirty  Ovas 
Nveie  also  liaptized  in  Son(n'a.  Zaimtd,  Jiilacioii,  iii.  31G-43. 
Hist.  M.  Mes.  States,  Vol.  I.    lil 


870 


NUEVA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY. 


Casas  Grandcs,  with  Froiituras,  or  Corodoguaclii, 
across  the  Hne  in  Soiiora.  Forces  from  tliesu  ])resi- 
dios  were  constantly'  on  the  move  ai^ainst  the  raidcr.s, 
striving  to  protect  Spanish  Hfc  and  property  as  w  rll 
as  the  mission  pueblos,  pursuing  hostile  bands,  recov- 
ering plunder  chiefly  in  the  form  of  live-stoclc,  occa- 
sionally killing  considerable  numbers  of  the  foe,  or 
more  frequently  capturing  women  and  children,  who 
W'ere  for  the  most  part  distributed  among  the  soldiers 
as  servants  or  slaves.  Captain  Juan  Fernandez 
Rctana  particularly  distinguished  himself  in  this  bor- 
der warfare,  and  the  Spaniards  were  nearly  always 
aitlcd  bv  large  bands  of  native  allies. 

The  Jesuit  missions  of  Alta  Tarahumara,  thougli 
somewhat  less  exposed  than  the  Franciscan  esta1)li>)h- 
inents  to  outra<j:es  of  the  savasxes,  were  nevertheless 
in  frcijuent  danger,  because  the  mountains  were  still 
infested  by  unconverted  Tarahamares  who  were  hardly 
less  to  bo  dreaded  than  the  Tobosos  of  the  east  or  the 
Apaches  of  the  north;  in  fact  it  is  not  unlikely  tliat 
they  committed  many  of  the  depredations  attributed 
to  those  tribes.  There  were  also  one  or  two  attem[)ts 
at  general  revolt  among  the  Tarahumares  and  their 
w'estern  neighbors  in  Sonora,  which  are  vamiclv 
alluded  to  rather  than  described.  The  most  seiious 
culminated  in  1G90,  after  having  been  threateneil  and 
})repared  since  1G85.  The  trouble  is  said  to  lunc 
oriu'inated  in  some  dissatisfaction  of  the  Tuban^s 
across  the  mountains,  of  whom  I  shall  have  more  to 
say  in  another  chapter,  but  soon  spread  to  the  Taia- 
humares  and  Conchos,  and  there  assumed  formidaltlc 
]>roporti<^>ns.  The  meetings  of  the  rebels,  whose  rc- 
])uted  leader  was  Corosia,  were  held  in  the  Casas 
Grandes  region,  whence  emissai'ies  were  sent  to  all 
the  missions  on  both  sides  of  the  sierra.  Warnings 
came  to  the  ears  of  the  missionaries,  by  wIk^ui  tin  y 
w'ere  sent  to  the  military  authorities;  but  these  warn- 
ings were  of  so  general  a  nature  and  the  points  where 
danger  was  to  be  apprehended  were  so  vaguely  de- 


REVOLT  OF  1C90. 


371 


^uaclil, 

))rosi- 

•aiilcrs, 

us  wrll 
,  rccnv- 
\,  occa- 
foe,  itr 
en,  ^vllo 
solJirr.s 

his  Vhu- 
aiwuys 

th(»u;4ll 
^tal)li>li- 
.Ttliek'ss 
rerc  still 
•c  hardly 
,st  or  the 
:ely  that 
,tributi.i(l 
ttempts 
11(1  tlujir 
vaguely 
serums 
nod  and 
to  have 
Tubaros 
more  to 
11 10  Tara- 
Iruildaljlo 
I'hoso  rr- 
c   Casus 
it  to  all 
aruin;J,'^ 
<,\n  tluy 
sc  ^var!l- 
ts  wheru 
uely  <-^^-- 


fined,  and  rumors  of  tliis  kind  were  so  common,  tliat 
no  extraordinary  or  offoetual  precautions  wore  taken. 

The  revolt  broke  out  in  April  IGOO.  Alegre  tells 
us  it  was  on  April  2d  when  "the  barbarians  fell  U[)on 
haciendas,  rcales  dc  niinas,  and  missions  witliout  re- 
sistance, <lestroying  crops,  burning  buildings,  and  steal- 
ing all  that  came  within  their  i-eaeh,  as  far  as  tlie 
jurisdiction  of  Ostimuri,  and  even  to  the  northern 
fioutier  of  Nucva  Galieia."  On  April  llth  Padre 
Juan  Ortiz  Foronda,  at  Yepomera,  and  Padi'o  ^Manuel 
Sanchez,  with  Captain  Manned  Clavero,  on  their  way 
to  Tutuaca,  wore  nuirdered  by  the  rebels.  A'illa<ni- 
tieri-e  speaks  of  a  revolt  in  which  the  Indians  ila3X'd 
S[)aniards  alive,  and  used  their  skulls  for  drinking- 
cups,  having  to  be  twice  subdued  by  Governor  Par- 
dinas.  Berrotaran  says  that  the  Tarahumares  re- 
volted, killing  some  padres,  burning  their  churches, 
and  running  awav  to  the  mountains,  two  years  being 
required  to  restore  quiet.  Cavo  calls  it  a  general 
u|irising  of  Tarahumares  and  Tepeh;  ines  in  1089,  who 
killed  the  Franciscans,  three  Jesuits,  and  all  the 
Spaniards  they  could  find,  the  causes  of  the  revolt 
being  the  oppression  of  miners  and  the  exhortations 
of  native  sorcerers.  It  would  seem  that  Alegre's 
statement  must  be  greatlv  exao-gerated,  for  it  would 
hardly  be  possible  for  so  extensive  a  rebellion  to  leave 
so  slight  a  record;  and  this  is  shown  even  by  the  same 
author's  remark  that  only  a  few  Tarahumares  were 
concerned,  the  war  being  waged  mainly  by  Janos,  Jo- 
eonies,  Chinarras,  Sumas,  and  other  savage  bands. 
The  Pimas  of  Kino's  missions  in  Sonora  were  also, 
and  very  absurdly,  accused  by  many  of  being  involved 
in  the  matter.  I  find  no  evidence  that  the  Tepe- 
huanes  were  concerned  in  the  revolt,  or  that  any 
Franciscans  were  killed. 

Captain  Salazar  from  Casas  Grandes,  Captain  Fu- 
ente  from  Janos,  Captain  lietana  from  Conchos,  with 
i'oices  from  Gallo  and  Cerro  Gordo,  under  Ciii)tain 
Cigalde,  and  with   other  companies   under  captains 


1 


872 


NUF.VA  VIZCAYAN  HISTORY 


Mc'dinn,  Salaiscs,  and  ^Ei'iidlvil,  woro  ordered  at  once 
to  the  scene  of  the  outbreak,  and  (jovernor  I'anHnas 
niarclied  in  person  from  Parral  to  Pa^jii^ochie,  jiiid 
thence  to  Yej)oniera,  where  his  heatl-quarters  wci-o 
fixed.  We  know  nothing  of  the  canipai<,nis  hy  wliich 
this  <;rand  combination  of  Vizcayan  forces  proceeded 
to  restore  ])eace  to  the  country;  but  we  are  told  tliat 
Father  Salvatierra,  coming  up  from  the  old  Gua/;i- 
pare  tield,  where  he  had  kept  the  western  Indians  for 
the  most  part  quiet,  did  more  than  all  the  niilitarv 
force  to  bring  back  the  fugitives  to  their  villan'iN. 
There  were  subsequent  disturbances  on  the  Sonera 
frontier  in  which  the  Tarahumares,  like  the  savauo 
tribes  of  Chihuahua,  were  more  or  less  directly  inipli- 
cated,  but  we  have  no  definite  information  on  tlio 
subject.'*'' 

''^Alegrc,  Hi^t.  Comp.  JfS}ts,'\\\.  53-4,  70-.3;  Villafiufierre,  llht.  Conq.  Jfyi, 
210-11;  Ikrroliiraii,  /ii/oriiie  Ufcrca  de  lun  1'reniilion  de  X.  I'/:.,  Ifil-Tl; 
<'(iri>,  Tru  Si:i/ii,i,  ii.  7-1— ">,  91.  Tlio  last  writer  cites  Apciidiri'  at  Crkliiino 
J'lliz  did  Xiirdtori,  rcliicioa  de  Siiinlon,  aud  J^ii'jc,  IlUl.  MiiniiHcritn.  Sec 
also  H'lnra,  Huh.  Mix.,  i,  "JOO-T;  Alcarcz,  Estudton  Jlist.,  iii.  'J'.t.V.'WI;  ami 
Z'iiiiariii.-<,  J/isf.  M'J.,  V.  -l.M-'J,  all  following  Cuvo  or  Alegre;  also  SiijU'irM 
y  Uuii'jora,  Carta  ul  AlinirdiUc,  MS.,  0. 


at  <Mice 
'aviliiKis 
lie,  iuiil 

y  Nvliicli 
■ooc'i'ilnl 
i>l(l  that 
.  Gua/;i- 
Aiaus  t'nr 
military 
villa,L;'i'^- 
3  Sonora 
c  sava;j;o 
tly  iiiU'li- 


,•(■  ((/  I'rintitii") 

:it.v;UH;  :unl 
also  ScjiC-nrM 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

NEW  MEXICO,  COAIIUILA,  AND  TEX^iS. 

lUOO-1700. 

A-NNAis  OK  New  Mexico — PnosrEKiTV,  Revolt,  and  KEooxQrEST — Co.v- 
iirii.A— Kntkies  of  Sai.di'emx)  and  Lauios— The  Eahliest  Missions — 
ForsDiNo  OK  MoNCLovA — l!ri,i:us— Fkanciscans  iuom  (Jckuktako amj 
Jalisco  —  Mission  Ciianoks — Tkxah  —  Kksimi^;   kok  Sixtkkntii   Ci.n- 

ITRY — KXI'EDITIONS  KUOM  XeW  MkXI("0— OSaTE  IN  QlIVlUA— TllE  .IlMA- 

NAS— I\io  NiEOKs— Captain  Va<"a— Mautin  and  Castillo — (.'ointijy 
OK  Tin;  'I'oAs — PeSai.osa's  Pukieniu-.k  I'Intkada— IOkkokth  ok  Lon  z 

AND    MeNDOZA — FaTIIEII     PaUEDEs'    ReI'OKT  —  XoKTII-EASTEUN    (JEO(i- 

RAi'iiv — The  Name  'J'exas — French  Pkojeots — Pe:*alosa  Aisain  — 
La  Salle's  Exi'EDrrios — Fout  St  Loris — Dlsastkoi-s  Fate  ok  the 
Colonv  —  Pestilence  and  MritDEu  — Si-anish  Ekkokts  — IJauuotos 
VoYAOES— Leon's  Expedition— Second  Entkada — Father  M  \si;t 
and  his  Fuiaks  —  Missions  Poinded — Expedition  ok  (i.  .  i.knok 
Tkuax  de  LOS  Rios— XiEVA  MontaSa  de  Santander  y  Santillana — 
Abandonment  ok  Texas. 

In  New  Mexico,  the  liistory  of  whicli  province  is 
iiRjvly  outlined  here  to  be  I'ully  recorded  in  n  later  \o\- 
iiiiie,  prosj)erity  ceased  i'or  ji  time  after  the  conciuest  of 
1  ;V.)9.  Friars  and  colonists  were  content;  but  the  cap- 
tain-general, Onate,  viewing  the  new  province  merely 
as  a  ste[)ping-stone  to  grander  con«[Uests,  sliaju-d  liis 
jKilicy  without  reference  to  the  interests  of  Francis- 
cans, settlers,  or  natives.  A  quarrel  ensued;  di'ougiit 
and  improvidence  brt)Ught  famine;  and  Oilate  returned 
IVom  the  north-eastern  ])lains  in  IGOl  to  tind  tlie 
OMuntrv  deserted,  the  colony  having  retired  to  Chihua- 
liua.  A  war  on  paper  in  ^[exico  and  Spain  resulted 
in  tlie  sending-back  of  the  friars  to  reoccupy  the  mis- 
sions, in  modifying  Onate's  andntious  schemes,  and  in 
the  furnishing  of  roenforconients  by  the  aid  of  which 


nTi 


COAIIUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


?^ 


tiic  ^ovoi'iior  in  1004-5  made  an  exploration  \V(\st\\;iiil 
and  down  t\ut  Colorado  to  its  nioiith.  SnbsivjUciiilv 
and  l)i'foi'('  1().">()  Santa  Vc  was  founded,  to  be  the  ciiii- 
tal  instead  of  San  .luan.  In  1(108  nine  padres  \v«  i(« 
jitwork;  in  1 0'JC)  tlieri' were  foi'tv-tliret;  ehurelies,  ninl 
baptisms  numbered  thirty-four  thousand.  Thirty  in w 
IViai's  eanu!  in  1(521);  and  the  next  year  fifty  mission. 
aries  were  servinj^  sixty  thousand  converts  in  niiirtv 
j)ueblos.  In  these  years  was  New  Mexico's  j^i'catc^t 
pi'ospei-ity,  thouj^h  the  decline  was  not  very  maiknl 
ibr  half  a  century,  a  period  the  annals  of  which  arc 
made  up  of  changes  in  political  and  military  and  uiis- 
sionai'v  oHicials,  of  a  few  expeditions  of  d(>fein'('  or 
exploration  into  the  adjoining  regions,  of  two  or  thrco 
vagui'ly  recorded  and  ])rom[)tly  su[)prossed  atleiiipts 
at  r(;volt  by  the  Pueblo  converts,  and  of  tlie  Usiial 
petty  items  of  local  mission  progress. 

Then  came  upon  the  province  the  greatest  disaster 
that  evi'r  befell  Spain  on  the  northern  frontiei-,  ifn 
indeed  in  any  part  of  America.  In  August  Hi; 
during  the  rule  of  Governor  Otermin,  in  a  general 
and  skilfully  planned  revolt  of  the  neo[)hyti's,  lour 
hundred  Spaniards,  including  twenty-one  Franciscan 
tViars,  were  killed,  and  the  survivors  were  drivcMi  (tut: 
of  t\\o.  province,  which  for  more  than  a  decade  wns 
l(>ft  in  possession  of  its  aboriginal  owners.  The  Si>au- 
iards  established  themselves  at  El  Paso  in  the  soulli, 
in  which  region  they  did  some  missionary  woi'k  as 
alreadv  related  in  this  volume,  while  the  Nev:  jNbxi- 
cans,  after  a  little,  fouirlit  among  themselves,  and  thus 
threw  away  their  chances  for  continued  independeiicr. 
Otermin  and  his  successors  made  several  recomiois- 
sances  and  unsuccessful  attempts  to  reoccupy  tlic 
])Ueblo  towns.  In  1002  Governor  Vargas  retixilc 
Santa  Fe  without  blotnlshed,  and  received  the  sub- 
mission of  many  other  towns,  but  left  no  garrisons. 
The  next  year  he  returned  with  a  large  colonv  aud 
occu[)ied  Santa  Fe  after  a  hard-fought  battle.  Tlio 
recon<j[Uest  was  completed  after  much  fighting  in  Ui'.>  I; 


NEW  MEXICO. 


875 


Iho  friars  ivsumed  tlioir  lalxn's:  uovr  missions  .miuI 
rvm  villas  wrw  cstaiilishcd.  In  I(>(U',  liowcvcr,  iivo 
inis>i()iuirii's  and  twenty  otlicr  S|)aiilanls  lost  their 
lives  in  a  new  revolt,  an<l  many  towns  W(>i"e  ahaii- 
(loiied;  but  all  submitted  and  were  ])ardoniMl  iiel'on? 
the  end  of  the  year,  which  may  he  reLjarded  as  tlu) 
(late  of  New  ^Fexieo's  permanent  submission  to  Si»an- 
i>h  I'ule.  The  I'eeble  renmants  of  once  powerful  na- 
tions made  no  further  organized  resistance.  Tho 
western  jiui'blos  wei'o  yet  indei)endeiit ;  but  with  tJio 
(  xeeption  of  Mo(|ui  they  renewed  their  idlegiunce  be- 
f  )re  the  end  of  the  century. 

Coahuilii  in  the  seventocntb  contury  was  the  region 
nnrdi  of  latitude  2G',  betwei-n  the  IJolson  de  ^lapinii 
(•n  the  west  and  the  llio  (jlrando  did  Norte  on  tho 
east  and  north.  It  did  not  include  tho  southeru 
r{\git)n  of  Parras  and  Saltillo  until  late  in  the  next 
century.  1'he  northern  country  was  visited  as  wo 
]ia\e  seen  in  1003  by  Padre  Antonio  Salduendo,  who 
tiiiled  there  for  two  or  three  years  luitil  Ibrced  to 
ahandon  the  field  by  raids  of  the  wild  ^J'obosos.  Tho 
nr\t  visit  was  by  l*adre  Juan  Larios,  of  the  Jaliseau 
college  of  Franciscans,  about  the  year  KwO.'  Three 
el'  lour  years  later  other  IViars  of  the  same  province 
came,  and  the  mission  of  San  ^Miguel  de  Aguayo  was 
f  iiiii(led  about  K!?."),  the  exact  date  being  unknown, 
tlif  iounding  of  Xadadores  a  few  leagues  distant  beinij: 
a  year  or  two  later." 

V 

'  V'rji,  Dl'ino,  42] ;  Oro-.m  »/  llerrn,  CarlnEliwij..  .Wl ;  F/r;V.9,  IfiKf.  IJrrre, 
'J'Ji  '.'A.  I'l'C'jc's  givrs  lUiiiiy  i)artit'iil;irs  iil.out  Liiiins"  opciatiuns,  imt  ot  ddiilit- 
fill  .'iMtliciitiiity.  lie  .sMNs  i\\t:  ]):iilrL'  \v;i.s  t^tiippcd  on  flio  loail  in  I>iii;iiiil,'0 
mill  loroc'il  liy  straiigi'  natives  to  iiiconiiiiiiiy  tluiii.  'J'licir  lirst  <ty  was  '('mi- 
liiiihi ' — Li'Mcu  the  naliu'.  lie  wasiniraeulolisly  ]ileservcil  IV()iirrcilHisr)attaeiis; 
iiiiil  llii-eo  yciil's  aftir  liis  entry  was  jnincil  jjy  ])ailies  l!stevau  Martinez,  Man- 
iiil  <K'  la  Cm/,,  and  tlnan  Uarrero.  The  lirst  missions  \vt  i-e  then  fimnded  w  itil 
tlie  .'iOD  natives  Hiilidiied  i)y  Jiario.s.  Also  nie.ition  m  .'i/ijini,  Jiij'urmi'  de  Id 
Com.  /'(s(j.,  JS7.'/,  ()•-'. 

-' Arze  y  Torteiia,  Iii/oniir  de  lux  AM'mioiifn  de  Conhiiild,  l^S7,2{)ri,  says 
tlitic  i.s  no  reeurd  of  the  date  either  in  mission  or  government  iirrhivt  s.  In 
J,''  r'J.'a  <ii:irdt),  Ciiila  tie  „,"  JJic.  J7'J.I,  "J.'i-S.  tlu^  date  of  founding,'  S.  Mij,'nel  ia 
IU7.')  or  U)7(i.  The  mission  of  Isadad(jres  is  tailed  \i;i.  Sra.  ile  Viotoriii  and 
Sta  I'losa.    Orozeo  y  ]5erra,  ( 'itrta  Elitoij.,  302,  says  tiiut  Santa  liosa  de  Muda* 


376 


COAIIUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


It  was  about  1G7G  that  Bishop  Santa  Cruz  of  (^ua- 
(lahijara  extended  his  diocesan  visit  to  this  count ly. 
and  estabhshed  four  new  pueblos,  distributin;^  niain 
and  hvc-stock,  and  perhaps  sending  some  Tlascahrc 
faniihes  to  serve  as  models  to  the  natives.*  In  HIsJ 
came  Bishop  Lecui  Garavito,  who  founded  n  cofnidnt 
at  San  Miguel  and  gave  some  live-stock  and  blankets 
for  a  hospital.'* 

Humors  of  French  encroachments,  of  which  I  ^<hall 
have  more  to  say  in  this  chapter,  imj)elled  tiie  vicemy 
in  1G87  to  establish  the  villa  and  presidio  of  Santiago 
de  Monclova,  named  for  himself,  oiid  often  calKd 
Villa  de  Coahuila.  The  site  was  half  a  league  from 
San  MiiXUel,  and  the  colojiv  sent  consisted  of  our 
hundred  and  fifty  families,  including  two  hundrnl 
and  seventy  armed  men."  The  comandante  was  prob- 
ably Captain  Andres  de  Loon,  who  at  least  was  gov- 
ernor of  the  province  a  year  or  two  later.  Leon  madi' 
two  entradas  to  Texas,  to  be  noted  later;  and  was 
succeeded  by  Domingo  Teran  de  los  Ivios,  who  in 
IGDl  was  made  governor  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  but 
retired  to  Mexico  in  1G02.  Wliether  he  returned  to 
Coahuila  is  not  clear;  but  Francisco  Cuervo  y  Valiics 
and  Pedro  Ilabago  de  Teran  are  mentioned  as  <><)v- 
ernors  about  the  end  of  the  century  and  beginning  of 
the  next.^ 


dorcs  was  first  founded  in  1G77,  40  lenguca  x.  w.  of  Coaluiiln,  inf)vcd  to  iitar 
the  livor  Nudadoi'cs  on  account  of  Toboso  raids,  and  tinally  in  Ki'.tl!  with  the 
ndditit.ii  of  I'i^dit  'I'hi.scaltcc  families  on  tiic  site  7  1.  N.  w.  nf  C'oaluiila.  Th'- 
same  antlior  names  San  Francisco  do  <\)alniila  |  1.  X.  of  .Monclova,  no  dalr; 
and  San  lUienavintmii  do  las  C^uatro  C'icnej.'as,  t'jv.n.Ini  'ly  1'.  Mannd  dc  U 
Cruz  in  1(>73  C')  -t)  1.  w.  of  Civ.imili.  niovc'l  ti  1.  ncarei'  to  ('ontotortes,  ahaii 
doned,  ami  reestablished  in  lO!).'*,  l.."»  1.  from  Nadadjres,  wliere  it  remainid 
until  1747. 

'■^Jillcalrix  tfCoirr.,  Iiil.,'2{)^;  Dice.  Un'n!.,'\\\'X!(\;  Ar~.r  1/  Pnr/  ri'(.  Tiiinriih-, 
2!).'-S.  According  to  the  latter  the  natives  soon  abandon"d  Nadadons  to  the 
Tlasciltecs. 

*G(irci<t,  Ii>/hr)iir  acorn  ih  las  ^f'tsin))rD  <]<l  liio  Grnvrle.  21-2;  Arv  // 
Pcrtfriii,  lilt'.,  2!((i-7.  Sei'  also  mere  mention  of  the  Coahuila  missions  iii 
1(174  and  loirs,  in  /Hirni,  Gnh.  M,.r.,  i.  244,  24!). 

^  A'/irm,  anh.  Mc.r.,  i.  2(12;  /(/.,  J/isl.  ,fa/(i/,(i,  i.  101 ;  Zamm-oU,  llht.  M>,'i., 
V.  440;  LiireiKiiiilii n\  Mix:  Giia>.,  227;  Mai/( r's  J/t.f.  Azkc,  i.  217;  L''<jiiiio-(i, 
VrOiiirfi,  40'.t,  407;  Doc.  //^s^  Tec,  MS.,  .Ss. 

'•Garcia,  Iii/ormc,  .S7-S;  F-,>iiii,:a,  Crdn.,  408.  40.1-1;  diro.  Trtx  Sljlo^, 
ii.  73j  Giu-.mn litre  Mcj:.  i/  £■■<(.  i'li.,  S;  Goiizahr.,  Col.  y.  Lioii,  p.  iii. 


v^  ^'ram 


FRANCISCAN  MISSIONS. 


877 


Aftor  clio  foundino;  of  ^Foiu'lova  tbo  Jaliscan  friars 
contiiiucd  thoir  labors;  and  tlic  Qiicn'taro  I'^ranciseans 
jiUo  cntorod  tliis  field.  Padro  Damiaii  Masaiu't  of 
the  latter  had  cstablislied  a  niission  as  early  as  1(588; 
ami  ill  the  same  year  fathers  Francisco  Ilidalij^o,  Fran- 
cisco  Estcvez,  and  Escarav  canio  to  ^[onclova.     Not 


'J 


Cuatro  CI.'iifu-n«' 


tolu;;" 


25 


C'OAIII  Il.A. 


\>('\]\'^  encouroLied  by  either  I'cclesiastical  or  st'cular 
aulhoritie.s,  they  went  eastward  and  fonnded  Dolores 
at  the  place  called  ])oca  d(>  l^eones  in  Xuevo  Jjeon. 
After  two  years  tlu'y  had  to  yive'  up  this  mission  to 
a  curate;  and  Hidalgo  went  to  serve  at  Masanet's 
establishment.     About  the  uaino,  idontity,  and  fato 


378 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


P 


of  this  mission  there  is  much  uncertainty.  !Masanet 
calls  it  San  Salvador  in  SaiitiaLjo  Valley,  and.  stales 
that  it  was  given  up  to  a  curate  in  IG*.)!,  when  In; 
with  Hidalgo  went  to  Texas;''  but  Espinosa  and  Arri- 
civita,  the  standard  chroniclers  of  the  Qucretaro 
province,  call  the  mission  Santiago  in  Candela  Valliy, 
and  say  that  it  was  given  up  to  the  Jaliscan  friar>.' 
]\reanwhile  it  was  in  1G88  that  Padre  Francisco 
Peiiasco  of  the  Jaliscans  founded  Nombre  de  Jesus 
Peyotes,  some  forty  or  fifty  leagues  northward  frum 
jMonclova  at  a  place  called  San  lldefonso.  This  mis- 
sion-was broken  up  aft(?r  two  3'ears  by  hostile  natives; 
but  subsecjuently  had  a  new  lease  of  life  in  tlie  saiin! 
place  for  four  years  under  Father  Agustin  Carrcra.' 
In  IGDO  tlie  mission  of  San  Bernardino  de  Candela  was 
established  with  the  aid  of  some  Tlascaltecs.  Four- 
teen of  these  Tlascaltec  families  were  also  added  ti» 
San  ]Miguel  at  ]\Ionclova;  and  in  1(»94  ten  more  fami- 
lies Were  brought  from  Saltillo  Ibr  San  JJernai'diuo. 
At  this  time  Nueva  Tlascala  seems  to  have  come  into 
existence;  and  before  the  end  of  the  century  the  Tlas- 
caltecs with  a  few  Spanish  settlers  were  the  leading 
element  in  all  the  establishments  about  ]Monel()%a, 
such  as  San  ^liguel,  San  Bernardino,  and  Nadadoies, 
only  a  small  number  of  native  converts  remaining 
under  Fi-anciscan  care.'"  In  IGDi!  San  BuenaNentuia 
was  reestablished  near  Xadadores." 

A  mission  of  San  Antonio  (lalindo  ^tontezuma  wns 
established  in  lODH  by  the  Jaliscans  at  J^-as  Adjunbis 
near  the  junction  of  the  rivers;    but  on  account  of 

'  J/'f^sY^(f r,  Diavto,  MS.,  1'2.").  Orozoo  y  ruM-ra,  Cirr/a  JC/iinii.,  .W2,  calls  it 
Salitiiij,'!)  (le  X'lillailurcs,  jii  Caiiililii  \';ilk'v,  Iciiiiicd  with  natives  from  JJma 
tlu  J.i'iiiiis,  iuul  Mippiissc'd  ill  1717. 

^J:'-yiiiio.-<ii,  Criiiiini.,  !((>-•_',  4I'J;  Arrhh-Uii,  <'niii.  Sin!/.,  'JIO-I.'?.  ."i!)o  1. 
Arricivita.  also  writes  Santiav'o  do  Calcra,  ami  say.s  it  was  joiiieil  to  Calilcia. 
and  liotli  ^'i\<'ii  iqi  to  the  .lalisiaii.s. 

^(iiirria,  Jii/onni',  'M);  Arrjii  /'(irfrria,  IiiJ'ur)iic,SO\;  Morji,  '*/((;/«,  4;!.'!- 1; 
Drir.cii  y  Jii  rra,  Cnrin  KIikhj.,  ;i()'J-.'<. 

"M  ni'  11  J'oii(  nil,  Jii/'iii-.iir,  I'll'J;  (liinin,  lufonnc.  ."i4;  lit  v'llhi  (rxjcihi,  Car'n, 
•Mo.  Tin'  latter  makes  S.  p'raiieisco  'J'laseala  t'oimdiil  in  l(i!H>,  identical  with 
the  older  Nadadoies  of  1(177.  See  altio  Ufilciien  </<  la  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  OU; 
Jluiai.  Ill/,  ('run.  Pisij.  /,s','';,  (!•.'. 

"  Orozvo  1/  Uirra,  Car/a  Etmnj.,  302. 


TLAXS  FOR  THE  FUTURE. 


379 


To])oso  raids  and  tlic  irregular  conduct  of  white  set- 
tlci-s,  it  had  to  be  abandoned.  The  same  year  fat]ll'r^^ 
Ijartolonie  Adan)e  and  Manuel  Borrego  relbundt'd 
Xondjre  de  Jesus  in  a  new  site  near  that  of  the  later 
villa  of  Gigedo,  where  it  remained  permanently.'^  It 
Mas  also  in  1G08  that  the  Queretaro  friars,  Hidalgo 
and  ])iego  de  Salazar,  established  the  mission  of 
])ulores  at  La  l\nita,  or  Lam[»azos,  in  Xuevo  Jjt>on. 
I'lic  next  year  Salazar  crossed  the  liio  Sabinas,  and 
i'liuiided  San  Juan  ]]autista,  of  which  Ifidalgo  pi 
ently  took  charge.  Troubles  with  the  Indians  soon 
ca 


cs- 


used  the  abandonment  of  San  Juan;  but  llidal 


<!() 


was  lome 


d  I 


>y  V 


)aclr(S 


Ant 


onio 


Ol 


ivares  an( 


1  .A  I 


ircos 


(Juirena,  with  whose  aitl  in  January  1700  President 
Salazar  rebuilt  the  mission  on  a  site  farther  east  !U'ar 
llie  liio  rjrande,  whence  Olivares  made  an  entrada  to 
ihe  liio  Frio  in  Texas.  iJishop  Grdindo  cann^  to  this 
legion  in  December,  and  at  a  Christmas  junta  of 
biNliop,  governor,  Iriars,  and  ollifcrs  at  Dolores,  great 
things  were  planned  ibr  the  future.  Olivares  was 
f-'iit  to  ]\Iexico  ibr  aid;  and  the  result  will  a})[)ear  in 
annals  of  the  next  century.^'" 

It  is  my  purpose,  as  elsewhere  explained,  fo  in- 
clude in  these  volumes  on  a  certain  scalf,  the  lii-~lory 
of  Tt'xas,  <lown  to  the  time  when  that  country  coasid 
to  1)0  a  S[)anish  or  ^lexican  ])ro\'ince.  Obviously  the 
rocoi'd  could  not  l)e  omitted  from  a  Il/sfon/  (it  the. 
y<'rlh  ^I'.ci'can  Sfatfs,  ho\ve\Tr  slin'ht  may  seem  to 
some  the  connection  bt'twcen  the  gulf  coast  ]tro\  Iikh; 
and  the  l*acilic  States.  Tho  j)eculiai  ity  of  tirritorial 
I'e-lations,  however,  justilies,  as  my  limits  of  space  ne- 
cessitate, a  more  gi'iieral  treatment  than  is  ai-corded 
to  other  parts  of  the  country.  Minor  tietails  must 
be   lor  the  most  part   omitted;    as  also,  uxce|)t  in   a 

'■'.Vnj;//,  Diiirin,  4'-n-.">,   IW^i-A:  Oroy,,  1/  /l.rnt,  Citrla  K/iin,;..  ;?(VJ-.'V      lie- 

villa  Ciyi'do,  ( 'uild, -H.'t;  MS.,  'JO-.S,  ri'j,'aril.s  this  as  tla-  ()ri;,'iiial  I'limidiii;^'. 

IVyiiti  H  was  tlio  iiaiiie  of  a  i)laiit  f^'i'owin^;  in  tin"  tt'ginii  of  tin' ori,L,'iiial  Hilo. 

''■'y-'.v»//.o.v(f,  CiOiiiai,  4(;(M.  .V_'S;  Anirlril",  ('riiii.  Smi/.,  •il.Vili,  'SM-12; 

Moiji,  Jjiario,  410-1;  Unizco  y  JJvrra,  Caria  Eliiwj.,  .'JU.'J. 


3S0 


COAIIUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


vcrv  jxoncral  senso,  tlie  invest iij'ation  of  tlio^sc  broad 
aiul  fascinating  (jiiestions  of  L;vogra})lii('al  and  liistoii- 
cal  di'vt'loiMnent  bv  whit-li  a  history  of  Texas  niav  bo 
so  plausibly  extcniled  over  all  the  gulf  states,  the  ^[is- 
sissi{)|)i  A'allev,  and  even  Canada — all  of  the  Spani>h 
and  French  north-east.  Yet,  notwithstanding  these 
necessarvliniitations,!  shall  endeavor  to  present  a  satis- 
fiictorvsketch  of  the  eountrv's  annals, and  even  to  throw 
new  light  on  more  than  one  phase  of  the  subject. 

All  that  belongs  to  the  earliest  period  oi'  Texan 
liistoiy,  that  preceding  the  year  IGOO,  I  have  occasion 
to  record  in  (tther  parts  of  this  work;  and  brief  men- 
tion will  suffice  here.  At  this  i)eriod  all  the  north- 
eastern continent  above  IVmueo,  well  nigh  a  tieria 
inc('»gnita,  was  covered  in  a  gent-ral  way  by  the  name 
Florida.  That  portion  since  calleil  Texas  had  no 
name,  boundarits,  or  attention;  yet  it  was  several 
times    visited    durinu"    the    sixteenth    centurv.      The 


vovagcs  o 


f  l\^nce  de  Leon  and  others  to  the  Florida 


jH'ninsula  need  not  be  recapitulated.  In  1319  Alons.i 
Alvarez  Pineda,  in  the  service  of  Garay,  coasted  the 
gulf  and  discovered  the  nioutii  of  the  ^Iississip|ii, 
which  he  called  the  Ksjiiritu  Santo.'*  l?;hitllo  de 
Narvaez,  appointed  to  rule  the  unknown  ])i'ovince  of 
the  wesiern  gulf  coast,  started  in  1528  with  a  large 
company  of  Si)aniards  to  lollow  the  shore  from  l^'lorida. 
They  may  be  regarded  as  the  first  Europeans  to  visit 
Texas.  Indeed  all  perished  in  that  country,  excejtt 
such  as  died  on  the  way  before  reaching  it,  and  except 
also    Cabeza   de   Vaca   wl 


lO    wi 


th    tl 


n-ee  comj~>anions 
crosseil  Texas  from  the  mouth  of  the  San  Antonio, 
regarded  by  this  party  as  iilentical  with  the  Jvspiritu 
Santo,  to  the  ]\io  (Jrande  del  Norte  in  la.jr)  on  his 
way  to  the  ]?ai-itic.  It  is  not  ])ossible  to  fix  exactly 
the  route  followed,  which  was,  however,  n\uch  larther 
south  than  has  generally  been  supposeil/' probably  not 

'*  JVnivnv /'',  Col.  Via;ifr,  iii.  04.  14S.  ainl  map.     Sex  fral  other  rivers  far* 
tlicr  Wist  ;iiul  so\itli  aro  iiotfd  vn  the  ma])  withmit  iiaiuiti, 
'■"Fur  lull  ilctaiU  sec  p.  UU  et  sei^.  ut  this  voluiue. 


COROXADO  AND  SOTO. 


881 


aliovo  latitude  02'  at  any  ])()int.  Xoxt,  l)i><\voru 
IJ 40  and  1")4;>,  Tc>xan  toiritoiv  was  ixvisiti-d  1)\  two 
]iartics  of  S[>aiiiai'ds  Irom  tlic  cast  and  Mrst.  l-'ran- 
ciseo  "\'az(jiu'z  do   CV)ronado  from    the   l\io   (iiande 


Map  of  TiXAs. 

Valley  of  the  later  Xew  Mexico  went  far  out  into  the 
j'lains  eastward  and  noi'th-eastward  to  (^^ui\  iia.  (Knilit- 
luss  i-rossinn'  northern  "I'exas.""'  The  otlu  r  i>ai'ty  was 
that  of  Hernando  de  Si)to,  who  not  only    na\i^ated 

"^'  Soo  \i.  S'J  ot  seq.  of  this  volume;  auil  for  full  details  Hint.  X.  Mt.i .  uml 
Arit,,  this  scries. 


382 


COAIIUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


the  Mississippi,  called  by  liim  the  Rio  Grande  do 
Florida,  from  about  latitude  34°  to  its  mouth,  but 
made,  as  did  his  successor  Moscoso,  a  tour  far  to  the 
>vest\vard.  There  is  little  doubt  that  one  of  these 
toui's  led  the  wanderers  into  Texas. ^'  The  routes  of 
Soto  and  Coronado  were  far  to  the  north  of  tliat 
i'ollowed  by  Cabeza  do  Vaca;  like  the  latter  they 
cannot  be  exactly  traced;  and  it  is  possible  that  they 
crossed  each  other.  In  1540-59  two  unsuccessl'ul 
atteni[)ts  were  made  by  Cancer  and  Luna  y  Arellano 
to  occupy  the  gulf  coast  cast  of  the  Mississippi;  and 
it  is  vaguely  recorded  that  about  the  middle  of  the 
century  a  few  survivors  from  a  Spanish  trcasurc-s]ii[) 
^vrecked  in  Florida  found  their  way  to  Panuco  by 
land.  \Yithout  alluding  even  en  re'sunie  to  the 
successive  efforts  of  Spain,  France,  and  England  on 
the  Atlantic  shores  of  Florida  and  the  Carolinas,  it 
may  be  noted  here  that  the  Spaniards  were  in  actual 
})ossession  of  Florida  I'rom  15G5,  when  St  Augustine 
Avas  ibunded.  Finally  we  have  seen  that  in  the  exijedi- 
tions  to  New  ^Mexico  from  1581  to  1598  the  Spaniards 
repeatedly  trod  the  soil  of  western  Texas  along  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  llio  Grande;  while  two  pai'ties, 
tliose  of  Espejo  and  Sosa,  followed  the  course  of  the 
Rio  Pecos  still  farther  east;  and  one  party  at  least, 
under  Humana,  penetrated  the  buffalo  plains  for 
some  distance  north-eastward. 

Seventeenth-century  annals  may  be  presented  in 
three  periods,  or  topics.  The  first,  one  that  has  iv- 
ccived  no  attention  in  current  histories  of  Texas, 
covei's  more  than  eighty  years  and  relates  wholly  to 
M'hat  was  learned  and  conjectured  aljout  the  C(  uitry 
by  Sjjaniards  from  tlie  interior.  On  the  coast  nothing 
was  done  or  attempted.  Governor  Ohate  of  Xew 
Mexico  marched  with  eighty  men  in  search  of  Qui- 
vira  in  IGOl,  accompanied  b}'  padres  A'elasco  and 
Vergara.     Ai'ter  crossing  the  buffalo  plains — home  of 

*'  See  JJint.  North-wed  Coad,  i.  15,  thia  series. 


OJJATE'S  EXPLORATIONS. 


xndc  (Ic 
itli,  but 
r  to  tliu 
>f  tlies(' 
outc'S  (»r 
of  tliat 
er  tht'V 
lat  they 
icecssl'ul 
VrollaiiD 
)pi;  and 
)  of  the 
urc-.slii[) 
[luco  liy 
to  tlio 
flaiul  oil 
»linas,  it 
11  actual 
.liXUstino 
:  expedi- 
laiiiards 
oiisji;  the 
pai'tR's, 
i  of  the 
it  least, 
tins    for 


ntcd  in 
las  re- 
Joxas, 
ollv  to 

(  lutry 
(jtliinu' 
Xew 
f  Qui- 
co  and 
oinc  of 


(]k'  roaiiiiucif  vaqucro  bands — ho  was  joined  bv  a  lai'p^o 
force  of  Escanjaquos,  who  when  the  friars  tried  to 
pii'veiit  their  outrages  on  the  Quiviras,  turned  a^-ainst 
the  S[)aniards  and  hwt  a  thousand  of  their  iiuinl)er  in 
hattle.  Onate  reached  the  borders  of  Quivii-a,  and 
the  people  after  the  slaughter  of  the  Ivscanjaques 
hccanie  friendly,  desired  an  alliance,  and  proposed  a 
laid  into  the  territory  of  the  Aijaos,  not  far  away, 
where  gold  was  said  to  be  abundant;  but  the  gov- 
(  rnor  deemed  his  force  too  small  for  further  advance. 
His  route  is  represented  as  having  been  in  a  winding 
course  north-eastward  for  over  two  hundred  leagues, 
to  a  latitude  of  39°  or  40^  corresponding  in  a  general 
way  with  that  of  Coronado.  There  is,  however,  no 
agreement  in  details,  and  no  possibility  of  determining 
iven  approximately  where  he  went.  I  have  no  doubt 
that  the  northern  trend  and  latitude  are  exaggerated.^^ 
In  IGOG  the  Quiviras  are  said  to  have  come  to  Xew 
]\rexico  to  ask  Ohate  for  aid  against  the  Aijaos;  and 
in  1011  the  governor  made  another  exj)e(lition  to  the 
east,  discovering  a  river  called  the   Colorado. ^^     In 

^^Xuevo  M<x!'-n,  McmorkiK  PUi.?,  lOS-9,  200-2.");  /./.,  Di^riirso  ]/  Prf<p., 
W.\-S\  Saliiiercn,  I'l 'iiri->iii<,  •Jll-oO;  Xirl,  A/iiin/.,  ltl-4;  Pit  re  I  rn,  Sulii^'ms, 
•Jlti  17;  Tonini'innibi,  i.  (iTl-.'J;  Lmhinrus  TiihalihK,  in  Purrhm,  His  Pil- 
;/"»'■■',  iv.  l.">(!.Vtj;  /htris  Sjiiiii.  I'luni.,  27.{-">;  Sin  ii.t  Kj-pul.  I'ti'in'o.^i,  !)I-'J. 
Tlu' (hito  is  given  liy  most  as  l."i|l!l;  .suviTal  say  Ofiiito  startcil  from  St;i  !■'.■, 
imt  yit  foundril;  raroiks  niakfs  tiio  year  KilMi,  sulistitiitos  tin;  Aijao.s  (writ- 
trn  also  Aijailds,  AKijados,  Aixaos,  and  Aixas)  for  the  Ksianjacnn  s,  and 
makes  the  ruiito  nearly  300  lea^nes  eastwai'd.  lie  perhajis  partially  cunfoinids 
this  uitJi  a  later  ueeurrenee.  Salineiun  .says  the  Aijans  have  ai;d  work  niurli 
j.i'M,  which  they  call  itjii.<.  Two  of  the  tribe  were  taken  anil  sent  to  Mexieo 
i.nd  Spain,  where  their  knowledge  fif  gold  ealiscd  mueh  wnmlei'.  Xiel  says 
the  l'',s(anja(|ues  lived  100  leagues  N.  K.  of  New  Mexieo.  'J'he  (Juiviras,  ae- 
enrding  to  Stilnieron,  saiil  that  the  shortest  route  to  their  country  was  to  the 
north  ri'i  Taos. 

'^  On  the  visit  of  the  Quiviras,  Slica,  Ex-pcd.  Perifiln>:fi,  0"2.  cites  a  J!-  I'lrlmi 
iiii'rri-la  ,1,1  Stii  ro  J/c.  /V(i,  testimony  taken  liy  the  governor  in  lliJO.  Ot  tie 
eastern  ex]iedition  it  is  said  that  Onate  (prohaMy  his  sueeessor)  disi'overed 
the  C'aniliaros  lakes  of  unknown  identity,  and  also  ji  i.'io  Colorado,  whieh 
seems  to  l<e  that  of  the  Cadauiaihos,  or  the  I'ali/ada.  JJurriiin,  (ijudhi,  "\ 
J'ii">,  XoHriu.i,  t").  The  re])ort  is  not  of  nnieh  inijvirtanee,  tiie  original  author- 
i:y  lieing  nnknown.  Davis,  A7  ii'riii'jo,  7.>-4;  S/iim.  I'lnni.,  270-7.  ehangea 
the  Caniharos  to  '  Caninlial,-,"  and  thinks  the  stream  was  the  (  anadian. 
Shi'a,  p.  0,'},  says  the  ri\er,  ideiititied  iiy  some  with  the  l':dizada,  or  Missis- 
sijipi,  was  apjiarelitly  the  lied  lliver.  He  mentions  also  wi'hout  date  ur 
authority  an  cntrada  of  I'l".  Ortega  and  Yanis,  who  went  in:)  ].  into  the 
Aiiaeho  country,  tlicii  50  1.  cast  am-  50  1.  uorth  to  a  large  river  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. 


I 


\  w 


384 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXA?. 


later  years  Fatlior  Juan  do  Salas  visited  the  Jiimanas 
about  one  hundred  and  twelve  leagues  castwiird  ot' 
Santii  Fe,  gainini;  tlu'ir  good  will,  so  that  when  tlic 
new  iViars  eanie  in  1029  lathers  JCstevan  I*eiva  and 
Di'daco  Lopez  were  ahle  to  acconijtlisli  niueh    toward 


leu'  conversion, 


tl 

tiations  witli  tl 


hesid 


es  entering  into  i'riondlv  n 


10 


Liiaos  aiK 


.1  Ou 


iviras  some 


thirt 


fortv  leagues  I'arther  cast.  But  tlie  Iriars  did  iint 
remain  l(»iig  in  tlu-ir  new  field.-*'  In  Klo'J  the  friais 
.Juan  do  Salas  and  Diego  Ortega  with  a  small  guard 
again  visited  the  .luinanas,  and  named  the  river  i>\\ 
which  they  lived  Kio  do  Nueces  i'rom  the  nuts  giuw- 
ing  there.  The  natives  were  still  IVieiidlv  and  ( )rte^a 
remained  with  them  for  six  months.  Again  in  HV.W, 
the  date  heing  ])ossihly  a  misprint,  Cajitain  Aloiiso 
A'aca  and  l>arty  went  out  some  three  hundrid  leagues 
ea.stward  to  the  great  river  across  which  was  (^)uiviia. 
In  1G50  captains  Ifernan  ^Martin  and  Diego  del  ( 'as- 
tillowent  two  hundreel  leagues  to  the  Jumanas  on  tht^ 
l\io  Nueces.  They  remained  in  the  country  six 
months,  and  went  down  the  river  soutli-eastward  I'm' 
lit'ty  leagues  through  the  countries  ot'  the  Cuitoas, 
Escanjaques,  and  Aijaos,  until  they  reached  the  home 
of  the  Tejas.  This  }>arty  found  some  pearls  which 
were  sent  to  the  vicerov.  In  U).")4,  hv  the  viceroy's 
ortler,  the  governor  sent  Diego  do  Guadalajara  with 
thirty  soldiers  and  two  hundred  allies  to  the  Jumanas 


^'^  Briiciridr.i,  Ii(i]irti/i'  liiinoiiM.,  (1'2-10;?.  The  nuthcii-Mas  custodi.in  of  tlio 
Now  MoxioMii  missions.  The  luuh'is  wcie  invtuleil  ;iiul  aiihd  Ijv  a  lady 
IMeacher,  whom  llt'iiaA  ides  at  lirst  .sii]iposcd  to  lie  Sor  Maria  do  la  Asecii^inii, 
iiii  old  mm  of  C'anion,  Sjiaiii;  imt  v  hom  he  later  idintiliiil  with  Mana  do 
.losiisof  the  Aureda  eonvoiit,  who  ha<l  often  siiieo  1(1_'0  lieeu  oaiiiod  liy  the 
heavenly  hosts  to  iiveaih  in  New  Mcxioo.  Slu-  mentioned  the  (hilkstas, 
Camlmjos,  auel  Titlas  oast  of  Qiiivira.  She  eoidd  speak  all  tlu-ir  (lialorts  du 
the  groniul,  but  not  in  S]iain.  Jli  Hur'ilis,  in  I'dlmi,  I'hid  dc  Sirni,  V>'M—i\. 
Tiie  friar  mentions  the  .Tapiesand  Xabatoasin  the  t^iiiiviniioiiion.  Snoaeilis 
the  Sjtanish  original  of  lli'navides'  Jlimoriiil.  and  another  traet,  Tcnlo  i/ui  ,<(' 
n<iid,  JiJlH,  but  omits  the  distanee  and  iliroelion  of  the  Jimianas  from  Santa 
]'\'.  lie  notes  that  on  l>e  I'lslo's  map  of  I'Oi)  the  .Tumanas  and  Jiiues  are 
put  north  of  the  Missouri,  with  the  Xabotnos  between  tliom  and  the  (^>uiviras. 
Aeoordinj;  to  JJ'irriu,  L'liiiiii/o  Cnni.,  'JOCi,  1'.  Nieohis  Lnpoz,  jierhaps  the  friar 
montione<l  by  llenavides,  tried  later  to  get  permission  to  uni'.ertaUo  the  eon- 
versiou  of  tiie  eastern  tribes,  visiting  Mexico  and  sendiiii;  ii  memorial  to 
Spain. 


rE!?ALOSA'S  STORY. 


r>8j 


limn  lias! 
.■ar«l  of 
It'll  til'' 
vii  ainl 
towaiil 
y  iu'l;'"- 

lil'tV   IT 
tlid    lint 
e  iViais 
1  i;-uaiil 
river  'Ui 
■s  grow- 
l  ( )rtr-a 
in  1  (■>:'.  I. 
AU»ii>«t» 
lenguts 
(^)iii\  ira. 
i\A  Cas- 
is  on  till! 
itry    six 
^vai'tl  till- 
,('uitoa>5, 
K'  lioino 
s  \vliicli 
•i('(.'r(.>y  s 
iia  uitli 
imuinas 

liiliiin  (if  till.' 
l,y  a  laily 
Ascciii^ii'ii, 
h  MaiKi  ilo 
lii'il  liy  tlio 
('liilli'sca.s, 
ilialo-ts  oil 

ini,  ;!:ii-4i. 

r,'((/(i '/'"  •■"' 

llVoui  Santa 
Ijijiirs  ani 
le  l^Uiiviras. 
lis  iho  iVi.ir 
l;o  the  I'l'ii- 
leinoiial  tu 


en  tlio  Xuocc><.  It  was  loarnod  tliat  ilio  rultoas, 
]]scaiija(HR's,  aiul  Aijao.s  wore  at  war.  Andres  Lo[)«.'Z 
was  .-lilt  to  invostinato,  and  after  advaneiiiL;"  thirty 
Iran'iHs  I'Hstwai'd  defeated  the  Cuitoas  in  a  hattle  that 
];isti'd  all  day,  took  some  jirisoners  and  some  liides, 
and  returned  to  the  Xiieees;  after  whii-li  the  whole 
(•(iiiijiaiiy  retiinu'il  to  Santa  ]'\'.'-^  .Vs  will  l»e  sie'U 
thi'  ii\i'r  thus  visited  and  nain^'il  Xueees  was  not  the 
one  which  bore  that  name  later,  but  one  much  farther 
iiortli. 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  there  were  other  expeditions 

to  tlie   eastern   plains,   hut   none   such    are    recorded 

until    1  ()(')•_'.     ]']arly  in  ^Farch  of  that  year,  W  wo  may 

■rcdit   the  nari'ative,  (Jo\ernor  ])ii\n'»>  de  IV-nalosa  of 


Xcw  ]\ie\i 


CO  m 


nrclied  from  Santa  Fe  "to  di^ 


cover  the 


lands  of  the  east,"  in  command  of  I'ighty  soldiers  and 
I  llioiisaiid  native  allies,  aceom])anied  by  padres  ^[i- 
L;iiel  lie  Cliievara  and  Nicolas  de  Freitas,  the  latter 
of  whom  wrote  the  rec  »rd.  The  route  until  larly  in 
.lime  was  to  the  ea,st  lor  two  hundred  leagues,  over 
tlie  most  fertile  and  deliglitful  jilains.  Then  tliey 
(ame  to  a  great  I'iver  calli'il  the  !Mischipi,  where  were 
i'ound  the  Jvscanjaques  three  thousand  strong  oii  thi'ir 


w 


av  to  attack  their  iocs,  the  Ouivira? 


^\• 


ith   th"so 


iiiw  allies,  turning  northward,  the  Spaniards  fojli.wi'd 
the  liver  for  a  lew  days  until  they  .saw  a  great  sirr.a 
in  the  north-east  and  the  great  city  of  (.^^iii\ii'a  >n 
another  fine  river  at  or  near  its  junction  with  tli;  one 
that  Jiad  been  followed.  The  Quiviras  were  iVieiidly, 
hut  ran  awav  when  their  city   was  attacki'l  by  the 

Id  not  be  controlled.      l*enalosa 


]•: 


>caiii 


:ique! 


wl 


lO  cou 


inti-red  the  city  and  extinguished  the  flames  kindle  1 
by  his  allies  but  could  iind  no  peopli>;  and  he  started 
111  return  on  June  1  Ith,  being  ];resi'ntly  attacki'd  by 
seven  thousand  unu'ratei'ul  ]'],--caiii. nines  and  haviuLT  to 


/' 


■'h:i.  Xot!, 


'2 14- IS.     A 


(.■I'orUmcr 


to   J->,.hnife,  C'  ■■t't.  \: 


iliollt 


this  time  fdine  faniilies  of  liailislidt-rs  Irmii  'i'acs  wont  ()!■ .  ::!(i)  tJK  Imlialu 
I'laiiis,  loititit'il  a  jdaie  lallcd  Cnaitali  jo,  ami  niiiaijii d  until  tin  ;rovirnor 
.-•  iLt  a  force  tuidiT  Anliuli'ta  to  I'linj^  llitiii  bui-k.  'J  luy  luul  .soUiU  eu^i|icr 
iiiililonfiit.s  iVoin  tiic  Qv.'.\[:v.  iril'cs. 

illsT.  N.  Mlx.  SxAlts,  \\n..  I.    2i 


II 


3S0 


COAIIUILA  AND  TKXAS. 


Icill  <»m'  tliousaiid  of  thoiii  in  buttlo.  Four  inoiiilis 
after  liis  return,  a  Quivira  caci(|uu  with  S(;vi'ii  huiidn  il 
followers  came  to  Santa  Fe  with  gifts  to  ren<ler  thanks 
lor  the  ]tunishnient  of  tlu'ir  foes,  and  ^f'wc  new  inftu- 
niation  about  the  threat  cities  of  the  intei'ior 


23 


The  events  just  noted  till  but  a  small  ])art  of  tlir 
nai'rative,  which  is  chiefly  made  uj)  of  the  most  extra\  a- 
^ant  praises  of  the  fertility  and  natural  resources  (»f  this 
north-eastern  paradise;  of  falsohootls  about  the  city 
of  (Quivira,  the  streets  of  which,  lined  with  buihlin^s 
of  three  or  four  stories,  extended  for  leaji'ues  in  every 
direction,  farther  than  the  S[)aniards  had  time  to  ex- 
plore, thou_!^h  they  counted  thousands  of  houses;  with 
I'eports  from  the  Quiviras  of  still  jjjreater  wonders 
beyond,  notably  in  the  land  of  the  Aijaos,  called  al> 


eguayo,   ueyomi   tlie   sierra, 


I   th 


w 


her 


o   were  ricli   iid 


l.l 


mini's  known  also  to  the  Fniiflish  in  Yiruinia  and  the 
French  in  Canada;  and  with  various  interpolated  ex- 
pressions of  geograj)hic  thooiy  or  opinion  respectiii;^' 
the  interests  of  Spain.  It  is  not  necessary  to  present 
these  vagaries  in  detail;  for  I  am  convinced  that  the 
whole  narrative  is  a  mere  I'abrication  by  IV-halosa,  and 
ch  expedition  was  made  bvhim.     Thesteiv 


that  no  su( 

was  founded  on  Ohate's  expedition  of  1(501,  supitle- 
mented  by  rumors  current  in  New  Mexico,  eketl  out 
with  a  fertile  imajj^ination;  though  the  governor  may 
j)ossibly  have  made  some  slight  explorations  in  the 
east.  The  close  resemblance  of  this  cntrada  in  sev- 
eral Icadinnf  features  to  that  of  Onate  must  have  been 


licen  sent  to  tlic  kiiit;  of  Spain  in  KMi.S,  with  .1  jiriiitfil  iiieniurial  liy  1 '■  1 
l"'ic'go  liiinself,  not  known  to  tic  extant.  TIrtc  is  no  question  of  the  geuuiiii.- 
ucsa  uf  tlic  doeunient  us  published  by  tShea. 


(fthr 


ir  inn!iiln 
\  hinidn  'I 
lor  thill ilv^ 
\\v\\  intnr- 

art  of  tlu; 
stexti-ava- 
rcosol'tlii-^ 
it  tlie  fity 
I  lmil<lii>'-i'^ 
D9  in  eviiv 
time  to  *\- 
>uses,-  NvitU 
,.r  \vou(l*'i> 
,  called  alx' 
i  rich 
nia  and 
i-jH)late(l  r\- 
i  respect  11 1'j; 
y  to  present 
'•cd  that  thi' 
cualosa,  and 
The  story 
l(')Ol,  suppl'- 
•(),  eked  out 
)vernor  may 
ions  in  the 
rada  in  sev- 
it  have  been 

lie  Qiiirira,  c-'io 
i,r  /•'«•.  yi-cto-''  <!■■ 
lotes  on  rcnaln-ii, 

[;,.„•  Mi.-<,lui'i  ""■ 
istiutorcsUliJ,':""' 
t  hollow   1   caiiiK't 
ItlDii.     A   0(.l>y  "I 
livos  in   IT'.'l   !""' 
ill   U1S4  to  Sci  ;■ 
[■  riU;ilot;ii  to  iiiivc 
im'iuon:;!  l>y  T' ■> 
La  of  1Ul>  gcuuiu'-- 


A  FICTION. 


3S7 


imffd  hv  the  reader.  Penalosa  was  a  rcel^L^s.s  ndveii- 
tuiTr  IVoni  South  America,  whose  name  it  will  he 
!(  nu'Uihered  was  connected  with  Admiral  l-'onte's 
t'anious  and  fictitious  voyage  to  the  north-west  coast 
ill  1(540.  There  are  many  petty  items  of  circumstan- 
clal  evidence  l)carin<^  on  this  subject,  for  which  I  ha\o 
no  space;  but  es])ecially  is  it  to  be  noted  that  leather 
I'aredes,  custodian  of  New  ^lexico  duiini^  IV'iialosa's 
ti  rni  of  office,  in  a  special  report  on  eastern  exploia- 
liiiii  drawn  out  by  IVnalosa's  own  projects,  tloes  not 
iiiciitit)!!  any  expedition  whatever  by  that  ofllcer.    This 


i->  ti>  me  conclusive 


he  liovernor  desirea  to  eniraLft 


lt< 


in  north-eastern  conrpiest,  and  iloubtless  exajjj.Li^e rated 
the  rumored  wealth  of  those  re'dons  in  nuMiiorials  to 
viceroy  and  kinjjj;  but  that  he  sent  the  fictitious  nar- 
rative in  ((uestion  to  Spanish  authorities  may  bo 
(ioiibted.  It  is  more  prohable  that  ho  wrote  it  later 
t'nr  use  in  France,  in  connection  with  jirojects  of  which 
I  >hall  have  more  to  say  presently;  and  that  ho  falsely 
stated  it  to  be  a  c'o[)y  of  Freitas'  relation  previously 
sent  to  Spain. 

We  hear  no  more  of  matters  on  the  eastern  ]»laiiis 
until  \C)Xo,  after  the  Spaniards  had  been  driven  from 
New  ^Mexico  and  were  at  Kl  Paso  in  the  soutli 
awating  an  o])portunity  for  a  new  coiujuest  of  the 
iiui-th.  A  native  of  the  .Tumana  tribe  came  to  FA 
I'aso  with  a  I'etpiest  for  friai-s  to  convert  his  p(>oj)le, 
1)1  ini;incjf  also  a  repoi't  about  the  province  of  the 'J'ejas, 
njiresented  as  one  of  the  .nost  fertile  and  rich  in 
America.  Iridic  Nicolas  Lo[>ez,  the  vice-custodian, 
lesolved  to   visit  the   coimtiy   in   HSS-l,   with   j)adre 


.1 


nan  dc  Zavaleta  and  Antonio  Acebedo.      (Joveiiior 


-Jironza  orn'ani/x'd  a  volunteer  i^uan 


d  und 


er  Juan 


]) 


o- 


niin^'o  de  ]\[endoza.  The  party  went  down  the  IJio 
d(  1  Norte  to  the  Conchos  junction,  where  Acel)edo 
remained,  and  thenci!  out  into  the  j>lains  a(M'oss  tlio 


];io  1 


ecos, 


called  the  Salado,  and  after  manv  davs 


reached  a  rancherfa  of  mixed  Jmnanas  and  lledio- 
dundos.      Then   they  returned   to   the  Junta  de    loa 


38S 


COAHUILA  AND  TKXAS. 


]?ios,  and  on  tlir  way  occurrod  trouldc  Ix'twocn  ^r(  n- 
(lozii  and  tli(!  voluiitt'ors,  causin<f  scandal  aiuoinr  tin' 
j^tiituis  and  iiioi'titicatioii  to  the  friai's.  l^idrc  L<iji(v, 
siilisiMjiiLMitly  visited  Mtsxict)  and  sent  iiioiiioi'ials  t.> 
Spain,  witli  a  vi«'\v  to  iindcrtako  tlio  convt'i'sion  nl' 
till!  castt'i'n  ti'ihcs;  and  Mcndoza  also  beeanio  rntliii- 
siastic  in  tliu  jn'oject,  avoninj:^  that  he  had  vi>it(  d 
C^)nivii'a  in  1(184  and  penetrated  within  twenty  leaj^ucs 
(»t'  the  Tcias.'-'^ 

JMeanwhile  l^enalosa  had  left  New  Mexico  in  I  (KM, 
and  had  made  earnest  efforts  to  interest  the  govern- 
ment in  his  projeets  of  north-eastern  conquest.  Dut 
lie  became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with  the  inquisitinn, 
hv  which  Ixnly  he  was  accused  of  talkiuLf  a^-ainst  tht; 
chui'ch  and  the  santo  officio,  and  of  saviiiii"  thinns  hoi- 
d(>ring  t>n  hlasphemy.  He  was  sentenced  in  J*'ehiii- 
ary  to  march  throuijjh  the  streets  bareheaded,  carryiii;^ 
a  sj^reen  candh;  in  his  liand.  This  he  di<l,  attractin.;' 
much  attention  by  his  handsome  person,  ]>roud  beat- 
inL,^  and  lasjiionajjle  attire."  It  is  also  said  that  Ins 
])roperty  had  been  confiscated  a. id  that  he  had  bicii 
left  nearly  three  years  in  prison.  However  this  may 
liavo  been,  he  sailed  in  1GG9,  went  to  the  Canaries, 
visited  London,  and  finally  turned  up  in  Paris,  as  we 
shall  si'c.-^  In  the  mean  time  his  proposition  to  coii- 
(|Uer  the  rich  realms  of  Quivira  and  Ttguayo  haii 
attracted  some  attention  at  court,  and  by  a  royal 
cedula  of  December  1G78  an  investioation  was  ordcixd 
with  no  recorded  lesults.  In  1085  the  order  wa>, 
repeated  in  connection  with  rumors  of  French  jirn- 
jects.  Viceroy  Laj^una  called  on  Padre  Alonso  l\i- 
redts,  for  many  years  a  missionary  in  Xew  Mi'xice, 
for  a  report,  which  was  rendered  apparently  in  1G8(!, 
and  which  is  the  best  statement  extant  respecting;' 

^^  Escaliditc,  Carta  dc  177S,  121-2;  Barcia,  Ensayo  CronoUgico  para  'i 
Jlixtorhi,  0(11.  (le  la  Fliirhia,  20(5. 

'■"  lioJili's,  Diar'io,  5(i-7;  Alaiuan,  Dixvrtacioncs,  iii.  app.,  3j-C;  Zaitiacoi.-', 
HU.  M,j.,  V.  412-13. 

'"'^  Biographical  sketch  of  IVfialosa  quoted  from  Margrj",  in  Shea's  Exp"!., 
8-12. 


TAIlKDIvS'  IIKrOHT. 


"89 


(<• 


llic  currciit  idcMs  of*  Jiortli-cistcni  ,t,'(H>i^n'n|iliy  niiiMi) 
iiitcr/iLTtnt  iiu'ii   not   iHTsoiiallv  intiiTsttd   in  aii\'  ;al- 
VclltUI'xlls  .sclirlMC  i»t' colKjUf 


I'itrt'dcs  Lfivt's  .•iclij'oiiolooic  iiccuiuif,  iilllizcd  in  tlio 
|ii'tc»'(lii)M-  j)iiL;is,  nl"  (lie  suct'essiv('  t'XjK'ditioiis  ti>  the 
i;i>l.  il(j  pronounced  tlif  cuiit  id  imports  of  cMstrtn 
wiidtli.    ninLi'niliccncc.    ;ind    civilization    to    ]ia\c    no 


i'lundation   in  actual  discover! 


cs. 


JJut 


dniit  t' 


the  ixisti'uce  of  ttihes  li\ini;  l»v  iiirricultun."  and   I'ar 
■ilor  to  the  I'oamino"  savairi's.     J  lis  idea  was  that 


SlIlH 


tiioc  savM^jfes  occupied  a  .strij)  alon^'  the  .i^ndf  coast 
al)oiit  til'ty  leaLTUes  in  \vi<hh  ;  that  the  roaming'  Ajiaclie 
hands  iidiahiled  the  territory  in  the  west  adjoIniuL;' 
New  Mexico  t(y  th(!  extent  (tf  one  hun(h'i'(l  lea'^iles 
and  more;  and  that  hetween  the  two  were  tlie  supt  rior 
tiihcs  wliose  counti'V  wa.s  also  ahout  ono  hundi'od 
]( allies  ^vide.  These  trihes  were  the  Ti;jas  in  the 
south  extendini,^  a  hundi'ed  leagues  from  the  Jlio  (hi 
Xorti;  to  the  Nueces;  and  the  Quiviias  from  the 
Xueces  northward  to  an  unknown  distance,  'j'here 
aic  indications,  however,  in  his  own  narrative,  that 
liis  liio  Xueces  was  not  the  .sti'eam  now  heaiiuL;"  tliat 
name,  ]>ut  the  Colorado  ox  even  ]jra/os,  fartiier  north  ; 
and  that  such  was  the  case  is  shown  hy  the  i'act  tliat 
the  'iV'jas  were  found  in  later  years  hetween  the 
('oh>ra(l(j  an<l  Trinidad;  though  the  .fumanas  wri'e 
nd  as  far  south  as  the  (lundalupe.     Jn  the  mattn* 


oU 


of  rivers,  however,  there  is  hopeless  confusion,  as  is 
natuial  enouLfh  in  descrihin<_c  a  sliiihtlv  exiilored 
country  wli(;r(j  the  streams  are  .so  numei'ous.  Tin- 
author  gives  an  accurate  idea  of  the  liio  del  Xorti', 
Vccos,  or  Salado,  and  of  the  Colorado  of  the  wc>t: 
1  lit  he  descril)es  the  Xueces  as  risinix  north-cast  <if 
the  ])Uel)lo  of  IV'Cos,  tlowint,'"  enst  and  south,  and 
liccuming  equal  to  the  liio  del  Xorte  in  size;  and  he 

-'' /Vovr/c-',    Ut\h»  II  Ciiriomn  Nol'icUt^  rhl  Xi'<  vo-Me.iiro,  ('i/nJn,  )iolr'(n 


'( s-  loiijliiaii/in. . .  ( 'ojiid  lie.  itii  iiij'i  rnie  /tec/io  a  S.  M .  nolire  la^  t' 
Meriri)  (li'iSG).  \\\  JJur.  Hint.    Mi\r.,  st'ric  iii.  toni.  iv.  'Jll- 


T 


1 


iilliorat  the  time  of  writing  was  deiiiiidor  and  iiiOfiinidoi'-ijCnfiul  of  tlio 
Viinciticans  in  Mexico. 


390 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


describes  only  one  other  river,  a  very  large  one  flow- 
ing through  the  middle  of  Quivira,  probably  into 
Espiritu  Santo  Bay,  and  formed  of  two  branches  from 
the  east  and  north.  I  have  deemed  it  best  to  present 
some  details  in  a  note.  It  is  probable  that  the  con- 
fusion is  increased  by  typographical  defects.^'^ 

'^  Sta  F(S  is  in  37.°  Farther  n.  in  38°  or  39"  are  siernw  from  which  on  one 
side  livers  run  to  the  western  ocean,  as  the  Rio  Grande  (Colorado  of  the 
West),  and  on  the  other  to  the  east.  The  Rio  del  Norte  rises  in  those  Mts 
and  Hows  s.,  and  later  somewhat  E.,  entering  the  sea  in  20",  The  Salado 
(Pecos)  rises  in  the  same  Mts,  flowing  s.  to  join  the  Norte.  The  Rio  Nueces 
I'ises  in  the  same  region,  N.  E.  of  Pecos,  flows  between  e.  and  s.,  anil  after 
t-'OO  1.  is  equal  to  the  Norte  and  80  1.  distant  from  it  at  the  Conchos  junction. 
(This  distance  would  point  to  the  Colorado,  and  the  source  to  the  Canadian.) 
On  this  river  lived  the  Jumanas,  Cuitoas,  Escanjaques,  and  Aijaos,  licfcirc 
reaching  the  Tejas.  The  Tejus  live  in  28°,  2oO  1.  from  Sta  V6;  their  country 
e.xtending  100  1.  from  the  Norte  to  the  Nueces  (tlie  lat.  favors  the  modiru 
Nueces,  the  extent  from  the  Norte  points  to  the  Brazos),  and  adjoinin:^  tlio 
Quiviras  in  the  N.  The  Aijados  join  the  Quiviraa  in  the  n.,  and  the  Tejas  in 
tlie  E. 

North  of  Sta  ¥6  and  perhaps  30  or  40  1.  n.  of  the  Mts  already  mentioned 
is  the  lofty  Sierra  Blanca;  and  in  the  same  direction  in  54"  are  very  high  and 
inaccessible  sierras,  covered  with  snow,  extending  far  x.  and  E.  Beyonil  tliese 
]Mts  is  the  Strait  of  Anian.  From  the  eastern  slopes  of  these  Sierras  Nc- 
vadas  run  the  rivers  that  water  the  country  N.  E.  of  Florida,  wh're  the 
foreigners  are,  such  as  the  Pohuatan,  Chuare,  S.  Lorenzo,  and  Jordan  from 
38°  to  34.°  From  the  s.  E.  slopes  run  rivers  to  Florida;  from  the  southern 
slopes  to  Quivira.  From  tlie  Sierra  Bhinca  a  river  runs  E.;  joins  another 
coming  s.  from  the  Sierra  Nevada;  the  two  form  the  Rio  Grantlo  which  flows 
250  1.  a  little  s.  of  E. ;  then  turns  s.  for  30  1. ;  then  makes  a  new  turn  to  the 
right,  flows  through  the  middle  of  Quivira,  and  is  apparently  the  river  that 
tnterstlie  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo.  (It  is  evident  that  several  rivers  are  in 
some  way  united  in  one  to  form  tlie  extraordinary  course  hero  describeil; 
Mhich  they  are  I  do  not  venture  to  decide.  That  portion  running  throir_'h 
Quivira  wouhl  seem  to  be  the  Tiinidad,  Red,  or  Arkansas.  It  is  elsowliero 
stated  tliat  this  stream  is  100  1.  above  the  Nueces,  the  boundary  between  tiio 
Tejas  and  Quiviras.  Shea,  p.  21,  cites  a  map  of  Minet,  La  Salle's  engineer, 
in  which  the  Mississippi  flows  s.  E.,  then  w.,  then  s.  E.  to  the  gulf,  the  Av- 
kansas  having  three  mouths,  ivnd  Quivira  being  s.  of  its  head-waters.)  \  aea, 
is  s.iid  to  have  reached  this  Rio  Grande  by  going  nearly  .300 1.  E.  from  Sta  I'e. 
Quivira  extends  about  50  1.  (?)  N.  from  this  river,  widening  much  towaid  s. 
(west?)  and  bounded  (on  east?)  by  the  great  river  from  the  Sierras  Nevadas. 

The  Apache  territory  extends  400  1.  (?)  e.  and  w.,  rnd  over  200  1.  from  n. 
to  ,s. ,  bounilcd  on  the  v..  by  Quivira  and  Tejas,  and  having  the  plains  of  Cibula 
in  the  centre.  The  Aijados,  Cuitoas,  Escanjaques,  and  Jumanas  arc  vlriveii 
fs.  from  tlieir  river  of  Nueces  toward  the  Norte.  North-eastward  from  Sta 
F<?,  across  the  Rio  Grande  (Colorado)  is  the  country  of  the  Yutas;  and  beyond 
them  is  Teguayo,  or  Copala,  only  known  by  report.  In  the  far  north  Teguayo 
may  r\iilen  eastward  and  Quivira  westward  so  as  to  join,  or  nearly  so. 

From  Sta  Fi'i  as  a  centre,  s.  e.  J  s.  200  1.  is  Junta  de  los  Rios;  s.  E.  20C  1., 
country  of  the  Ai'ios  on  the  Nueces,  and  70  1.  farther  through  the  Tejas,  the 
bay  of  the  Rio  Bi  vo  in  25°  30';  S.  E.  ^  E.  280  1.,  over  the  plains  of  Ciliola,  is 
Quivira,  and  1.50  1.  farther  on  the  coast,  the  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo  in  ''".)  ;;ti'; 
E.  H.  E.  200  1.,  end  of  the  buflalo  plains,  and  .%0  1.  farther,  S,  Agustin,  Floriihi; 
E.  :}  s.  E.  l.")0  1. ,  the  Rio  Grande  from  the  Sierra  Nevadaand  Quivira,  and  -ll.'0 1. 
farther,  the  Enscnada  de  Todos  Santos  in  the  middle  of  New  Franco  in  34  j 


THE  NAME  TEXAS. 


391 


From  what  has  been  thus  presented  it  will  be  evi- 
dent I  think  to  the  reader,  that  while  it  is  impossible 
to  so  separate  fact  from  theory  in  the  records  as  to 
definitely  locate  routes,  streams,  and  tribes  mentioned, 
it  is  to  the  east  and  south-east  of  Santa  Fe,  to  the 
Indian  Territory  and  Texas  of  modern  maps,  that  we 
nmst  look  for  the  scene  of  Spanish  explorations  in  this 
centur}';  and  that  there  is  no  need  of  placing  Quivira 
ill  the  far  north -east  or  beyond  the  Missouri  as  many 
writers  are  fond  of  doini^. 

We  have  seen  that  Tejas  was  the  name  of  one  of 
the  tribes  in  the  south,  as  the  Spaniards  understood 
it  from  their  neighbors  rather  than  from  the  people 
themsclveo.  This  word,  or  another  of  similar  sound, 
was  probably  not  the  aboriginal  name  of  the  tribe,  or 
group  of  tribes,  but  a  descriptive  term  in  their  lan- 
guage or  that  of  their  neighbors.  Indeed,  there  is 
some  evidence  that  the  word  meant  *  friends.'  The 
name  was  retained  by  the  Spaniards  and  applied  to 
the  province.  It  was  sometimes  written  in  old-style 
Span  is]  1,  Texas,  and  this  form  has  been  adopted  in 
English  with  a  corresponding  change  in  pronuncia- 
tion.^^ 

The  second  period  of  Texan  annals  includes  events 
connected  with  attempts  of  France  to  occupy  the 
country  from  1G82  to  1G87.  Hobert  Cavelier,  Sieur 
do  la  Salle,  being  commissioned  by  Louis  XIV.  in 

E.  100  1.  and  a  little  more,  Quivira,  and  200  I.  farther,  the  country  of  the 
C'cipucliies,  and  400  1.  fartli'jr,  tlie  llio  I'olniatan  (I'owliattan),  or  Kio  Nevada, 
and  liay  of  Espiritu  Santo  in  37';  N.  K.  ^  E. . .  .the  Sierras  Xuvadas  in  "i.'r. 
'  Qucrcr  dccir  o  rcferir  todoa  loa  rios  y  arroyoa  que  hay  por  una  parte  y  otra, 
era  ].roccdcr  in  iuiinito.' 

'^''Tejaa  and  Texas  arc  pronounced  in  Spanish,  #rt7/-/if/.<.i.  Tlic  Spanisli 
Word  fcjas  means  'tiles.'  It  will  be  remembered  that  Salnieron  .says  tlio 
Aijaos  called  their  gold  d/ds.  On  the  origin  of  the  word  as  applied  to  tiie 
tribe,  sec  Mo7-ji,  Mem.  jlisf.  'J'cxa^,  ]SIS.,  1;  Solis,  Diario.  M.S.,  34(i;  Fili- 
w/ff,  Jlcm.  JJlst.  iimrra,  i.  '29-30;  Hxpinosa,  Vhron.,  'Ili);  Cuvo,  Tns  .S/;//o-i, 
ii.  78;  Komubfii  Tcxai^,  i.  '217;  S)nUh''<  Ilemin.,  2(),  etc.  The  eonnnon  version 
is  tliat  Loon  in  l(iS8  applied  tlie  term  tiwhi,  or  '  friends,'  wliiili  elung  to  tiio 
triljo  as  a  name;  but  the  name,  as  wo  have  seen,  originated  earlier.  'J'here 
W('rc  several  dillerent  triijal  names  used  in  tlie  vicinity  later.  Tiie  ( 'enis  of  tliu 
French  and  the  Asinais  were  the  same  or  kindred  ]iooplc.  'i'rran,  jJi(iri<i,  MS., 
74,  writes  in  1(J91  of  'the  kingdom  of  the  Te::as,  or  Tei.sa,  which  nation  is 
called  by  the  natives  .jVsinay,  or  Teixa,  which  in  theii'  language  means  friend.  • 


' 


I 


COAHUILxV  AND  TEXAS. 

lors  to  discover  the  "western  part  of  Xew  Franco," 
"tlirouLJch  wliicli  it  is  probable  a  road  may  be  found  to 
penetrate  to  ]\rexico,"  descended  the  Missis.sij>pi,  callc  i 
Colbert  in  honor  of  the  French  minister,  and  in  A\n\\ 
1G82  took  formal  possession  at  the  mouths  of  the 
j^Tcat  river,  naming  the  country  Louisiane  in  honoi'  of 
Ids  king.-*  The  explorer  then  went  to  France  to  lit 
out  an  expedition  by  sea  with  a  view  to  the  perma- 
nent occuj)ation  of  the  regions  explored,  and  the  rxtcii- 
sion  of  French  rule  from  Canada  to  the  gulf.  In  \m 
memorials  to  the  crown  ho  dwelt  with  enthusiasm  on 
the  value  of  hi.s  own  services,  on  the  wealth  and  ex- 
tent of  the  countries  discovered,  on  the  damper  of 
encroachments  from  other  nations  if  action  were 
delayed;  and  he  also  declareil  that  the  occupation  of 
Louisiane  being  accomplished,  "  we  can  eflect  thei-j 
for  the  glor}'  of  our  king  very  important  conquests, 
both  by  sea  and  land;  or,  if  peace  should  oblige  us  to 
di'lay  the  execution  of  them,  we  might,  without  giv- 
ing any  cause  of  complaint,  make  preparations  to  ren- 
der US  certain  of  success  whenever  it  shall  please  the 
king  to  connnand  it."  The  provinces  to  be  seizecl 
were  rejjresented  as  rich  in  silver  mines;  tlieir  defend- 
ers as  few,  etlominate,  and  indolent.  Thus  is  out- 
lined the  ])ro|)osed  encroachment  on  the  Spanish  ter- 
ritory of  Nueva  A'izcaya;  but  there  is  much  more  to 
be  noted  on  that  ])liase  of  the  subject. 

]  )on  Diego  de  Penalosa.  disappointed  in  his  liopes 
of  obt;vning  redress  for  alleged  wrongs  at  the  hands 
of  the  Spanish  government,  was  n(.»w  in  France  seek- 
ing; t(>  rcnair  hi.s  fortunes  and  avenijc  his  wroncjs  by 
foreign  aid.  It  was  under  these  circumstances  doubt- 
less that  he  fabricated  the  narrative  of  his  own  (Explo- 
ration   of    lOGi]    as    already    noted.      Seve'ral    of   his 

I.' 

memori;ils  to   the   French   government  aic   oxtant.''' 

-" 'I'lit^  (locninoiits  connected  with  La  Salle's  exnetlitioiis  liavc  liccn  pnli- 
lislicil  i'.i  iii.'iiy  (liH'ci'i'iit  I'oiiiis,  wliich  1  do  ii>)t  jn'ojuisc  to  cataloirtU'  ui'  iudrx. 
O'.jo  lit  the  l>ost  Homvca  of  original  inforiiKitioii  on  tlie  siiKjcct  is  Fn  iirh\i  Jli<- 
tor'tC'il  ( '<il/i'</iaii^oj'  l.c.uisiamt  (tint  b'.oridn. 

^'Tiie^o  are  j,'iveu  in  ixtracts  \n  Shia'a  Exiwd.  vj  Penalosa,  Vl~'l'i,  Ijuiii;^ 
cited  for  the  nioyt  part  from  Margry. 


LA  SALLE  AXD  TE^'ALOSA. 


393 


Tlis  project  was  not  in  1G82  as  formerly  one  of  cxjtlo- 
lation  and  aboriginal  conquest  in  the  regions  north- 
east of  New  jMexico;  but  it  was  to  settle  at  tlio  mouth 
(if  the  Kio  Bravo  del  Norte  a  colony  of  French 
jlibusticrs  from  Santo  Domingo,  and  from  that  point, 
ill  the  first  war  with  Spain,  or  whenever  Louis  might 
permit  it,  to  effect  the  conquest  of  Nueva  A'i/caya 
with  its  rich  mines  from  Sombrcrete  to  Parral.  The 
great  value  of  t  he  j)iize  to  be  seized  and  the  ease  with 
which  it  could  be  secured  under  the  leadership  of  ;i 
man  so  well  acquainted  with  the  country  weic  set 
l;)rth  in  much  detail.  After  the  arrival  of  J^a  Salle  in 
J()8u,  fidl  (jf  enthusiasm  for  a  similar  project,  except 
that  the  centre  of  operations  was  to  be  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  lately  explored  Mississipjti,  Peualosa 
iiiodified  his  scheme  somewhat,  and  urged  that  it  and 
that  of  ]^a  Salle  would  serve  to  sup|)ort  each  other, 
gaining  for  France  not  only  Nueva  Vizcaya  but  tiio 
I  (load  tract  between  that  province  and  the  Mississippi, 
lie  now  proposed  to  land  with  a  filibuster  army  a 
thousand  strong,  under  the  connnand  of  liimself  and 
the  buccaneer  chief  Grannnont,  at  IVmuco  as  a  base 
of  operations  instead  of  the  mouth  of  the  li'io  del 
Xorte. 

No  documentary  evidence  so  far  as  I  know  has 
been  produced  to  show  that  Fehalosa's  scIumho  was 
a|tproved  by  the  government  (U-  acted  upon.  Nothing 
more  is  known  of  Don  Diego  except  that  he  died  at 
Paris  in  IG87.  There  is  proof  that  he  and  La  Sallo 
niet  and  were  acquainted  with  each  other's  projects; 
iind  there  are  indications  in  the  statements  of  ]ja 
Salle's  associate,  ]jeaujeu,  tiuit  l\'rialosa's  forces  wei'o 
expected  to  follow  and  cooperate  with  the  colony. 
^Ar  Shea  concludes  that  a  double  ex])edition  was  Ibr- 
iiially  planned  l)y  tlu;  government;  that  La  Salle  v.as 
despatched  with  ther.mlerstanchng  tiiat  the  filibusters 
were  to  follow  the  next  year;  but  that,  lor  some  not 
very  clearly  defined  reason,  the  whole  enter[>rise  was 
abandoned  alter  his  departure;  also  that  it  \va;i  uii 


'^ 


304 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


!       ^^ 


ill: 


account  of  Pcfialosa's  expected  cooperation  that  La 
Salle  went  to  Texas  rather  than  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi.  I  think,  however,  there  is  room  for  doubt 
respecting  all  these  conclusions,  especially  the  last. 
However  this  may  have  been,  La  Salle  was  authorized 
by  letters  patent  of  April  14,  1G84,  to  rule  over  "tlic 
country  which  will  be  subject  anew  to  our  dominion 
in  North  America,  from  Fort  St  Louis  on  tho  Illinois 
River  unto  New  Biscay." 

The  expedition  sailed  from  Rochello  in  Auq-ust  1G84 
in  two  frigates,  the  Joli  to  return  and  the  Belle  \)rc- 
scnted  by  the  king  for  the  use  of  the  colony,  with  two 
store-ships,  the  A imable  and  St  Francois.  Including 
the  crews  there  were  nearly  three  hundred  persons  vn 
the  licet.  One  hundred  men,  the  scum  of  the  French 
towns,  were  recruited  as  soldiers;  thirty  were  volun- 
teers, for  the  most  part  gentlemen  by  birth;  there  were 
besides  artisans,  laborers,  and  servants;  many  families 
of  colonists;  a  number  of  girls  seeking  husbands;  four 
liecollet  Franciscans,  and  three  priests,  one  of  whom, 
C'avelier,  was  La  Salle's  brother.'^^  The  fleet  was 
under  the  command  of  Captain  Ueaujeu,  of  tho  navy, 
who  quarrelled  seriously  with  La  Salle  before  leaving 
France  and  throughout  the  voyage,  throwing  every 
possible  obstacle  in  his  way.  Indeed  the  leader,  by 
his  haughty  reserve  and  harsh  enforcement  of  unques- 
tioning obedience  to  his  orders,  made  many  enemies 
and  few  friends.  Late  in  September  the  fleet  reached 
Santo  Domingo,  the  St  Fran<^ois  laden  with  numitions 
and  tools  for  the  colony  having  been  captured  by  tlio 
Spaniards.  For  two  months  La  Salle  at  Petit  Goivo 
was  confined  to  his  bed  by  fever,  Avhile  his  vagabond 
ibllowers,  free  from  all  control,  gave  themselves  up  to 
every  kind  of  dissipation  and  vice.     Finally  the  three 


'•The  Franciscrns  were  Zcnobc  MombrtS  Anastasc  Douay,  and  Maxiiiie 
Le  ('lcrc'(j.  Two  of  the  pricsta  were  (.'avclier,  a  brother  of  La  Sallo,  ;in<l 
("hedeville.  Cavclier  and  Moranget  were  iicphews  of  the  leader.  t)tlit'r 
iiu'inbera  wlioso  names  arc  jironiiiiently  mentioned  are:  Joutel,  Sablonuiive,  l.i> 
CiroH,  Duliaiit,  Liotot,  liarbicr,  lliens  (or  James,  u  Ucrman  buccaneer),  Mario, 
and  Teissier. 


iU 


LA  SALLE'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


305 


vessels  sailed  ap^ain  late  in  November,  the  leader  on 
the  store-ship  Aimahle. 

From  the  time  the  fleet  entered  the  gulf  Maters, 
i'ntirely  unknown  to  all  on  board,  we  have  no  deiinito 
account  of  Beaujcai's  course  in  the  JoU  and  Jh'llc; 
tliough  there  is  some  evidence  that  he  reached  and 
recognized  the  mouth  of  the  Mississip[)i.^"  La  Salle 
was  disposed  to  believe  that  he  was  off  the  moutli  <>f 
his  river  Colbert  the  Gth  of  January  1G85,  but  liis 
]iilot  thought  otherwise;  nothing  was  known  of  the 
longitude  of  the  point  sought,  and  it  was  decided  to 
go  on  westward.  When  he  had  reached  a  point  below 
the  present  Matagorda  Bay  antl  was  sure  he  had 
gone  too  far,  he  was  joined  by  the  other  vessels. 
J  [ere  there  was  trouble  with  Beaujeu  respecting  a 
<()iitinuati(Mi  of  the  search;  but  the  difficidty  was 
s»<>n  removed  to  a  certain  extent  as  they  advanced 
northward  by  land  and  water  until  they  came  to  a 
.stream  that  La  Salle  thought  to  be  one  of  the  outlets 
of  the  Mississippi.  The  Belle  entered  Matagorda  Bay, 
hut  the  Aimahle  was  wrecked  in  crossing  the  bar  on 
February  20th,  a  large  portion  of  her  cargo  being 
lost.  Captain  Beaujeu  was  willing  to  accept  La 
Salle's  theory  that  they  had  reached  their  destina- 
tion, whatever  may  have  been  his  own  opinion;  and 
tlie  header  was  willinej  to  be  rid  of  his  unmanage^ablo 
e-;iptain.  Accordingly  the  latter  sailtMl  for  Franco  in 
tlie  Joll  early  in  March,  taking  with  him  some  of  the 
•  olouists  who  were  discouraixed  by  the  hostile  attitude 
of  the  natives,  and  refusing  to  deliver  some  stores 
claimed  to  have  been  intended  for  the  colon  v. ^^ 


|i 


"'This  evidence  is  in  a  map  in  tlio  French  nrcliivcs  (itod  liy  rMvkiii.in, 
Dltcov.  of  thi'  (li-'dt  11 '(,>■',  ;!;!().  The  author  thinks  that  I'nauji'U  visjttil  I  ho 
Mississippi  after  lie  h'ft  La  Salle  in  Texas;  Imt  Shea,  i^xjnd..  •_'!,  telU  us  tiiat 
Mr  I'arknian  lias  ehan^'ed  his  mind,  now  believing  the  visit  to  iiave  lucn  lic- 
fo!"  the  arrival  in  Texas,  and  that  probably  (jalvestou  Ikiy  was  mistaken  fnr 
till'  river's  muutli. 

^•' IJeaujeii  is  eharaod  with  premed'*''ted  treachery;  and  it  was  believed 
even  that  the  store-ship  wns  wrecked  .iitentionaliy.  My  sspaei"  docs  nut  per- 
r.iit  II  discussion  of  the  eomplicated  details;  but  1  lind  little  evidence  of  such 
wllaiiiy.  'I'he  jealnusy  and  controversy  between  the  two  leaders  from  tho 
Htart  has  been  alluded  to.     IJeaujeu's  position  thruutdnjut  seeivis  lo  iiave  bcca 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


About  one  hundred  and  eiglity  persons  were  flma 
loft  on  the  south-western  shore  of  Mata'j'orda  IJ.iv, 
called  by  the  Frenchmen  St  Louis  and  by  the  Span- 
iards later  San  Bernardo  and  Espiritu  Santo,  wliure  a 
rude  ibrt  was  built.  Exj^loration  soon  showed  that 
the  inlet  was  not  connected  with  the  Mississippi,  a 
discovery  which  changed  entirely  the  aspect  of  af- 
fairs. The  fort,  named  like  the  bay,  St  Louis,  was 
moved  to  a  better  site  a  short  distance  up  the  river, 
named  La  Vaclie  and  still  so  called  under  the  S[)an- 
ish  form  Lavaca.'"'*  Carpenters  and  other  mechanics 
knew  nothing  of  their  pretended  trades;  slight  a(- 
tcm[)ts  at  agricultni'e  were  not  successful;  but  gaim; 
and  iish  were  ])lentiful.  The  va^-abond  soldiers  and 
settler.s  had   no   idea  of  discipline;    many  of    them 


in  spirit:  'This  man  is  not  fit  to  command  such  nn  CNpcdition;  liia  sclunic  i^ 
a  mad  one;  liirf  cmuse  must  end  in  di.-^astur;  hut  he  u(hiiita  no  cuniisicl  or  pro- 
test; op]Mi:;es  every  measure  sngLiestcd;  let  him  i^'O  on;  1  have  hut  to  carry 
liim  to  the  mouth  of  lii.i  famou.i  river  and  have  liim  tiiere.'  This  was  nut  ;i 
connnen(hihk!  spirit,  hut  it  vas  one  hard  to  avoid  unik'r  sui:h  a  hathr;  and 
llierc  seems  to  bo  no  proof  of  anything  more  criminal  on  the  part  of  tiic  naval 
olUecr. 

Nor  can  I  jiL;rcc  with  Mr  Shea's  opinion  that  T.a  Salle  went  intentionally 

K;ist  the  mouth  of  tlic  Mississippi  as  part  of  the  proposed  operations  iig.'.iiisb 
Vw  IJiscay,  intendin;^  to  wait  tlicrc  for  Teualosa.  It  is  true  Iw  inlendcd 
ultimately  to  invade  the  Spanish  provinces,  and  hoped  for  lecut'oreements 
from  France;  hut  it  is  very  doubtful  that  '. jcrc  was  any  dclinito  arran',(  iiuiit 
to  meet  I'ennldsa  at  a  hxed  hUitude  in  the  fouth;  and  on  any  other  hypo- 
thesis his  action  would  have  been  inexplicable,  since  the  Mississi;[ii  was 
much  the  better  base  of  operations.  Moreover  there  was  no  nintive  tor  llio 
suppressio!!  of  the  real  motive  attributed  by  Siiea  to  the  French  govclimieiit, 
Bince  the  laudini;  on  the  Texan  coast  was  in  no  sense  an  inva.-ieu  of  Spanish 
territory;  that  is,  lie  had  as  {^ood  a  ri^'ht  to  land  there  as  anywhere  on  tlio 
coast.  Dettcr  founded  is  Shea's  criticism  that  '  La  Salic  aided  the  dentruc- 
tion  of  his  j>arty  liy  his  utter  unlitness  for  colonization.  It  is  not  easy  to 
onceive  how  intcliiti'iit  writers  have  exalted  a  nsisn  of  such  utter  inc;;i.:!i  ity 
iiito  a  hcio.  Xeitlier  in  Illinois  nor  in  Texas  did  he  attcmp.t  to  clear  j  round 
and  j)Iant  Iiulian  corn  or  whe.it,  to  su]iply  food  or  give  means  for  trade;  iu 
lu'itlier  did  he  attempt  to  p.nrehasc  a  slock  of  fui's  or  oilier  nunclianiii.'^e  to 
tend  back  and  ijurcliase  supplies  for  further  trade;  in  Texas  his  last  vessel 
lay  idle  till  it  was  wrecked,  lie  made  no  attempt  tt)  obtain  a  carj^'o  (o  send 
1>y  her  to  the  AVest  Indies,  to  obtain  relief,  and  nIkjw  what  the  eouniry  would 
produce.  lie  did  not  even  march  with  his  whole  party  to  the  friendly  ('mis' 
(Asinais,  or  'rejas).  'and  form  ii  selthincnt  near 'J  i  nty's  )  nst  on  the  Arh;:u- 
sas.     lie  loitered  idly  around,  waiting  api:arently  for  reiudosa.'  S/uu'uL'j:- 

i„d.,  •-•_•-;{. 

"'  It  is  stated  that  about  40  miles  from  the  foit  were  huuul  the  remains  of 
a  temporary  fortilication,  bearim,'  the  anus  of  Spain  and  the  date  I...SS  <  n  a 
copper  plate,  'i'lure  is  no  other  evidence  that  the  i'jpaniards  had  'ocen  iu 
that  ie"ion  at  sueh  a  date. 


COLONY  OF  ST  LOUIS. 


397 


Avcro  sufTerinsj^  from  deadly  and  loatlisomo  disoasoa 
(•(iiitraftod  in  Santo  Doniinj^-o;  and  the  Icadinj^  mon 
wvw  divided  into  hostile  cliques,  several  niinoi"  con- 
sjiiraciea  being  revealed.  The  leader  showed  unlinute<l 
courai^e,  but  became  more  haughty  and  unjust  as 
difficulties  multiplied,  and  was  hated  by  many  in  his 
coin|iany.  Un<ler  these  circumstances  it  took  all 
summer  to  provide  I'or  the  shelter  and  defense  ol"  the 
colony.  Meanwhile  a  few  men  were  killed  by  the 
natives,  who  were  shy  and  hostile;  a  few  deserted  to 
lead  a  savage  life;  a  few  lost  their  lives  by  drowning; 
(Hie  was  hanged,  another  killed  by  a  rattlesnake;  and 
more  than  thirty  died  of  disease. 

Meanwhile  there  was  apparently  no  thought  of  th(3 
south;  and  very  little  of  a  j)ermanent  settlement  at 
St  Louis.  The  Bcllt'  was  not  sent  down  the  coast  in 
search  of  a  French  expedition,  nor  in  any  direction 
to  carry  reports  or  bring  supplies.  Attention  was 
turned  exclusively  to  the  ^lis.sissippi.  In  November 
]ja  Salle  started  with  thirty  men  to  fin<l  the  great 
liver,  I'eturning  in  ]\[arch  1080  unsuccessful.  In  the 
mean  time  the  BcJlc,  not  far  from  the  bay,  had  lost 
one  boat's  crew  killed  b}^  the  savages,  another  by 
drowning,  and  had  finally  been  wrecked,  only  eight 
men  surviving.  After  a  serious  illness  La  Salle  rt^- 
solved  to  go  by  the  ]\Iississi[)pi  and  Illinois  t(^  Canada 
for  succor;  and  he  started  with  twenty  men  in  April, 
leaving  Joutel  in  command  at  St  Louis.  IL;  returned 
with  only  eight  men  in  October,  the  rest  having  de- 
serted or  ])erished.  He  had  been  hospital)ly  received 
by  the  Cenis  of  the  Trinity  Iviver,^'  and  had  sj)eiit 
two  months  ill  of  fever  on  the  Neches  or  Snbin(!  river 
fiirtlier  on.  Of  one  hundred  and  eighty  ])ersons  left 
by  I^eaujeu  at  St  Ijouis  less  than  fii'ty  now  siu'vlved. 
Canada  seemed  still  the  only  source  of  possible  relief; 

''  Wlicre  he  had  scon  many  articles  of  Spanish  nricrin,  obtnincil  l\v  trade 
from  roviiiji  tril)rs  who  had  vi.sited  New  Mexico.  '\'\w  natives  of  this  reyidii 
ill  ('  said  to  liave  been  willin;^  to  join  the  l''renelimeu  iii  au  uttiicli  on  the  S[)an- 
iurds.     lluraus  were  obtained  troiu  the  C'eitia. 


>"  » 


*♦ 


398 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


and  early  in  January  1G87  La  Salle  started  again  for 
the  north  with  twenty  companions. 

In  March,  when  the  travellers  had  reached  tlio 
Trinity  River,  Duhaut  and  Liotot,  men  who  had  sworn 
vengeance  for  wrongs  real  and  fancied,  gained  half  a 
dozen  adherents  and  murdered  La  Salle,  with  his 
nephew  Moranget  and  two  followers.  The  consi)iiii- 
tors  soon  quarrelled  among  themselves,  and  the  two 
leaders  were  killed.  About  half  of  the  survivors  re- 
mained among  the  natives,  and  most  of  them  were 
never  heard  of  again;  the  other  half  under  Joutel  went 
on  to  the  Arkansas,  where  they  met  some  Frenchmen, 
left  thei'e  by  Tonty,  who  from  Canada  had  visited  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  succor  La  Salle's  party.  The  next  year  Tonty 
made  another  visit  to  the  region  where  Jontel's  com- 
panions had  been  left,  but  could  find  no  trace  of  them 
alive,  and  was  un.ible  to  continue  his  march  to  the 
colony  at  St  Louis. 

This  colony  of  about  twenty  persons,  left  on  the 
Texan  coast  at  the  beginning  of  1G87,  was  under  tlie 
command  of  Barbier.  The  little  that  is  known  of 
their  fate  was  learned  by  the  Spaniards  on  their  ar- 
rival to  be  noted  later.  Tiiese  unfortunates  could  do 
nothing  but  wait.  Small-pox  was  added  to  other 
sources  of  suffering;  and  finally  about  the  end  of  1088 
the  survivors  were  attacked  by  the  savages  and  killed, 
except  four  or  five  who  were  made  captives,  and  were 
subsequently  given  up  to  the  Spaniards.  There  were 
at  this  time  perhaps  twenty  or  more  Frenchmen  liv- 
ing among  the  natives,  having  left  La  Salle's  company 
at  different  times.  Of  these,  two  or  three,  besides  the 
coptives,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards;  a  few 
were  known  to  have  been  killed;  but  of  most  nothing 
was  ever  known.  Much  has  been  written  and  printed 
about  La  Salle  and  his  enterprise;^"  and  the  subject, 
thus  outlined  for  my  purpose,  has  received  most  satis- 

'"  Parkmivi's  Discov.  of  the  (jrrnt  West. ,  302-402.    Tliis  writer  made  a  study 
not  only  of  printed  material  but  of  many  original  manuscripts  from  the  French 


THE  SPANIARDS  ALARMED. 


399 


facuoiy  troatmont  at  the  liaiuls  of  Parkman,  tlie  hU- 
tDiiaii  of  French  colonization  in  America. 


The  third  and  final  topic  of  scventoonth-century 
amials  is  that  relating  to  what  was  done  hy  the  Span- 
iards in  consequence  of  the  French  oj)(?rations  just 
recorded.  Information  of  La  Salle's  projects  was 
obtained  in  1G84,  probably  from  the  crew  of  the 
captured  St  Fran(jois,  though  slie  is  mentioned  as  a 
French  corsair  taken  on  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  Not 
nuich  alarm  was  felt,  if  wc  mav  iudLTc  from  the  fact 
that  nothing  was  done,  except  with  the  j)en,  for  two 
years.  I  have  already  noted  the  report  obtain(>d  from 
Father  Paredes.  In  1G8G-7,  however,  two  or  three 
ex})editions  were  sent  under  Juan  Emi(|ue  Barroto 
and  Andres  Perez  to  search  for  Frenchmen  on  tlie 
gulf  coasts.  They  found  at  last  the  wreck  of  tlio 
J)('lle  or  Aimahle,  but  nothing  more.  The  colonists 
are  said  to  have  once  seen  a  .sail  in  the  distance  and 
to  have  been  in  great  fear;  Ijut,  whether  fortunately 
Mr  unfortunately  it  is  hard  to  say,  the  vessel  passed 
on.^^  Meanwliile  a  Frenchman  known  as  Juan  Enri- 
(|ue,  an  early  deserter  from  the  colony  knowing  noth- 
ing of  La  Salle's  fate  or  that  of  those  left  at  St  Louis, 
found  Ills  way  to  Coahuila,  told  his  story,  and  was 
sent  to  Mexico. 

The  viceroy  now  ordered  Governor  Alonso  do  Lc(m 
of  Coahuila  to  march  with  a  force  to  Espiritu  Santo 


I  a  stuily 
;  French 


archives,  and  fri'in  private  sources.  In  matters  of  detail,  far  beyond  the 
scdjic  of  my  treatment,  tliere  are  many  tnjiioM  nlTordinn  j-Tound  fordiscnssion. 
I  also  refer  the  reader  toJonld,  Jounnd  f/ixlurii/di ;  J,/'  ('(crri/,  lliaf.  Culniiiva 
I'raiirti'ixfn;  I'rivoxt,  IJixHlcn.  Voji.;  Unssii,  yniinfiii.r  l'oi/ii;iff>;  Mnr/i,  Mem. 
tlUl.  7'(U'.,MS.;  Y(iakinn\^  Hist.  Trr,,  i.;  hountil,  Coiiii  il'd'/il,  "---;  I'ul- 
f'lirr^s  Dixcov.  Mi-<n.,  l(!etse([.;  Mniicllr'n  />i.iioi:  Mii.-i,,  \.  llS-").'!;  Kiinnilifii 
7'(  .(•«,<.  i.  '212  et  se().;  Smitlix  A<Ulr<st;  Aiiirr.  Aiil'iij.  Snr.  Tniiin.,  i.  U'.\  ct 
S('i|.;  Lonil,  Gt'oij.  Soi\,  Joi(i:,  xiii.  22.");  Ihimi  ui rh'x  .loin:,  20-1;  VoitnijiK, 
World  DUphiijcd,  v.  (Hi;  Onix,  Miiiwri'i,  4II-.'>7;  Aimnlf  o/'  ('nni/ns-i,  lS/:i, 
ii.  aiiji. ;  Mexico  in  IS.'/',  l.">.'<-4,  etc.,  also  many  of  the  Sjiani.sli  authorities 
cited  ill  later  notes  of  this  chapter. 

"A'.-/>/<'.-,  Diario,  4i]Q,  4()3,  4()(»-7,  47"),  480,  484;  ^fovfi.  Mr.m.  IIIM.  Tix., 
Ms.,  (((),  Sr>-7;  Tcxax,  JJirtdiiicu  Fixcal,  17H),  MS.;  lioulUt,  Bri'rc  Cnnip., 
MS.;  liarcin,  Kiixaiio  C'loii.,  240-87;  /'(irki)iaii''i<  Disrov.,  .^.'{l.  Morii  says 
Barroto  went  to  Spain  for  instructions,  and  implies  that  nothing  was  done 


\i\ 


I 


HI, 
'I 


I'' 


K.;,  ;Jl 


400 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


Bay;  and  accordingly  with  over  one  liundrod  men, 
guided  Ijy  the  Frenchman  and  accompanied  hy  Padn; 
J)anruin  Masanetas  cliaplain,  Leon  started  from  ^Foii- 
olova  on  March  2.3,  IGSD.  Crossing  the  llio  del  Norte 
ahove  the  Salado  junction,  he  crossed  and  named  oii 
his  way  north-eastward  the  rivers  Nueces,  llondu, 
Medina,  and  Guadalupe,  still  so  called;"''^  and  on  Ai)ril 
22d  arrived  at  the  site  of  the  French  fort.  He  had 
learned  fiom  natives  a  little  before  the  fate  of  tins 
colonv:  and  he  had  visitec'  a  ranchcrfa  on  the  Guada- 
lupe,  where  four  of  the  captives  had  lived,  hut  tiny 
had  recently  departed  for  the  country  of  the  Tejas"'^ 
in  the  north.  At  the  fort  were  found  brolcen  nuis- 
kets,  dismounted  cannon,  many  V(dumes  of  Freucli 
works  scattered  and  torn,  and  the  remains  of  thrro 
colonists,  which  were  buried  with  reliixious  services. 
Many  relics  were  also  found  among  the  natives,  and 
traces  of  the  wrecks  on  the  bay  shores.  The  Spaniards 
also  went  farther  north  to  a  great  river,  wliich  tlu'V 
named  San  Marcos,  since  called  the  Colorado,  wliich 
they  followed  nearly  to  its  mouth.  A  letter  had  been 
sent  to  tJie  Frenchmen  and  an  answer  was  received 
from  L'Archevequc,  who  with  Grollet  soon  made  his 
appearance.^"  Both  were  subsequently  sent  to  Spain 
and  imprisoned.  Leon  returned  by  the  same  route 
he  had  come,  and  dated  his  diarv,  or  report,  the  13th 
of  May." 

l)eforc  the  l.nnd  expedition  w.ns  clcapatclied.  There  nro  several  (lifTereiicci 
l)i't«t'cn  the  authorities,  on  dctailj  of  little  importaneo.  llohlea  states  that 
the  oxpi'ilitiuu  of  l(iS7  rescued  a  Spanish  boy,  one  of  the  crew  of  Castro'.s  ship 
MTCcked  at  llspiritu  Santo,  the  others  having  been  killed  by  tlio  nativc.i. 
Xothiiiy  ni'ic  is  known  of  this  wreck. 

''"i'hu  Nueces  was  not,  however,  the  stream  vaguely  known  by  that  name 
before.     Tlio  San  Antonio  was  called  Leon. 

""  It  i.i  noticeable  that  Leon  did  not  at  first,  as  many  wi'itcrs  state,  visit  a 
tribe  which  he  named  Tejas  from  their  word  for  '  friends;'  l)ut  that  lie  her.ril 
of  the  Tejas  aa  a  people  said  to  live  sevci'al  days'  journey  beyond  the  (luada- 
lupe.  Later,  however,  he  says  he  met  the  Frenchmen  in  a  Tejas  rancheria  on 
or  near  the  Itio  Colorado. 

^"  These  were  not  of  the  captives,  who  were,  however,  given  up  to  the 
Spaniard }  later.  L'Archeverjue  w  as  one  of  the  party  that  murdered  La  Salle, 
and  (Irollet  had  deserted  and  gone  to  live  with  the  Tejas  or  Cenis  still  earlier. 
These  men  claimed  to  have  buried  14  of  the  victims  i'.fter  the  mai-sarre. 

■"  Lcoii,  IJerroUro  de  la  Jornada  que  hizo  el  General  Aloaxo  de  Leon  para 


LEON'S  ENTHADAS. 


401 


Ijiion  had  broiijjjlit  very  favonil)lc  reports  Jiboiit  tho 
cnuntry;  Padre  Masaiiet  went  to  Mexico  with  rose- 
colored  tales  of  friendly  and  snperioi-  natives  ready 
lor  conversion;  and  some  additional  rnniors  wero 
received  respecting  new  attempts  hy  the  French. 
Therefore,  besides  sendinj^  Admiral  ]\'Z  with  the  two 
Fi-enchmcn  to  agitate  the  matter  at  conrt,  Viceroy 
CJalvc  resolved  to  send  Leon  on  a  second  i!\pcdition 
and  to  make  a  hei^inninj;  of  misslonarv  occui)ation. 
Masanet  o])tained  from  the  Santa  Crnz  colKgc  of 
(^neretaro  three  Franciscans:  !Mignel  Foncnhit'rta, 
Francisco  Casauas  do  Jesus  ^lari'a,  and  Antonio 
Bordoy. 

The  company  of  about  one  hundred  men  left  !Mon- 
clova  late  in  jNIarch  JG90,  followed  the  i'ormer  route, 
and  arrived  without  difliculty  at  the  region  of  Espfritu 
Santo  VyiiX.  In  ]May  the  chief  of  the  Tejas  came  to 
ijreet  tho  strani>ers,  and  jj^uided  them  to  his  town  on 
or  near  the  river  later  known  as  Tiinidad.  Tho 
settlement  was  called  by  the  Si)aniards  San  I'ran- 
cisco  do  los  Tejaa.  Mass  was  said  in  a  newly  erected 
wooden  chapel  on  the  25th  of  ^Slay;  and  the  mission 
of  San  Francisco  seeuisto  have  boon  formally  foun<led 
the  1st  of  June.  Padre  Foncuberta  was  left  by 
!Masanet  as  president;  a  few  soldici's  remained  to  pro- 
tect tho  mission,  though  no  danger  was  apprehended; 
and  Leon's  company  returned  to  Coahuila.  They  had 
K'ft  l)reeding  cattle  and  horses  at  difl'erent  points; 
and  had  rescued  live  French  captives,  one  of  them  a 

(/  Dr.'tdihrinii'oito  <lc  la  B<ihiaihi  ExpfrifiiSmilo  y  Pohhicion  <lo  Frmirr'^fii,  Ai'io 
ill'  liii-'J,  \i.ii.;  Leon,  Cut  In  en  fjitc  .ie  da  tiolnia  <li-  an  vinjr  hcho  i'<  In  Jlali'i 
(li-  K^iiirilii  Sinilo.  Ill  I'lnfiild,  Col.  JJoi'.,  2').  A  littor  of  M;iy  Istli,  imt 
siLrmd,  but  evidently  written  by  l^oon.  riukinan,  JJis'oi\,  'M)<J—U)0,  cites  a 
^bS..  iiiaj)  showing'  tlie  route,  in  Margry's  collectinn.  Sue  also  Murji,  Mini. 
Jli-'t.  'I'i.c,  MS.,  t>7-9l.  Jniii-  7tli,  six  nicii  of  lliu  iiartv  liavo  ariivcil  \\  itli 
the  news.  Hollies,  Diario,  iii.  l.">.  See  als(y  on  this  expe.iition,  wiili  mention 
of  La  Salk"s  enterprise  as  revealed  by  it,  K.<iiiiios(i,  CnJii.,  4'J7-tl;  ('(iro,  Tnt 
S'iili}.<,  ii.  7--.'?;  L'!vij-(i,  d'oh.  M1.1:,  i.  -(il  7;  llnn'iHu,  Jircrr  Comp.,  MS.; 
Vill/iSi-iiif  y  Saiicficz,  J'/uutro,  ii.  ;U1-.'!;  I'lAa,  iJiurio,  MS.;  Trjas,  JJlt. 
F'isi-al,  iri(},  MS.,  2-J9-;)0;  Mixko,  Inf.  Cow.  I'l-'/.,  1S7.U  110;  Alrnrz, 
K^tiiil.  ///,<<.,  iii.  2'Jl-4;  Jaiciiii-.h,  JJ!><iitr.fos(sx\v.  ,'tU'>);  Tu.iid.  TiJ'in,  17-H*; 
J!iihi  r/soii'n  Hint.  Amir.,  ii.  101!);  Zamarol-i,  li'i-:!.  Mij.,  v.  440-jl;  liuixia, 
Lii.'unjo  Cro/t.,  •J!)4;  Lcnlo  <lc  TiJHiht,  Aiinuka  JI'i-^l.,  -6d-'M. 
Hist.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  I.    26 


I 


409 


COAnUTLA  AND  TEXAS. 


Avonmn,  licarinj^  of  several  otlier  companions  of  La 
Salle  still  liviniLf  ainonj^  the  natives." 

The  vicefoy's  acts  wereconlirnied  hy  the  kinjjf;  and 
it  was  (irdiTctl  in  September  1G90  that  more  extensi\(! 
operations  should  be  undertaken  by  land  and  sc.i. 
(jialve  then  appointed  Domingo  Teran  do  los  Kios 
governor  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  to  undertake  the 
enter[)rise  with  fifty  soldiers,  forty  nu'ii  being  sent  by 
st>a  to  aid  in  the  work.  Governor  Teran's  instructions 
were  dated  Jaiuiary  23,  I  GDI.  They  required  a  thor- 
ougli  exploration  of  the  country,  a  reduction  of  the 
natives  by  kindness  without  the  use  of  I'orce,  and  the 
establishment  of  eight  missions."  Nine  Franciscans 
chii'ily  brought  from  Mexico  for  tliis  pur[)ose  accompa- 
nied Father  jMasanet  on  this  expedition.^*  Teran  hit 
!Monclova  May  IGth  and  joined  the  I'riars  on  the 
Sabinas  live  days  later.  Of  the  march  to  the  Kio 
San  ^larcos,  or  Colorado,  where  they  arrived  on  June 
2Gtli,  there  is  nothing  to  be  said  exce[)t  tliat  both  the 
connnandi'r  and  the  padres  ap])lied  new  names  to  most 
of  the  streams  crossed,  and  that  some  ranchei'ias  of 
the  Jumanas  were  visited  on  the  Ilio  Guadalupe.'''^ 

]''rom  the  camp  on  the  Colorado,  Captain  Francisco 
ISIartine/,  was  sent  Avith  twenty  men  to  Es[)iritu  Uay 
on  July  od  to  meet  the  sea  expedition,      lie  returned 

«  T'Jfi.",  Dh-t.  Fisrnf,  MS.,  2.30-1;  E->i>hw>,>i,  Crdii.,  400-10;  Morfu  ^fi m. 
Hint.  7'('-..  Mi..  01  -J;  Jioiti//(i,  Jin  re  ('oiiijk,  MS.  Aug.  1."),  KJ!),),  "iiows  ic- 
ccivt'il  jit  McxiLi).  Itohlis,  JJintio,  iii.  41.  ^Miiy 'J.ltli  causidurod  an  tliu  iliit'i 
of  S|i;iiiis!i  lU'ijui-iition  of  Tex;is.   Cdtirchi'la,  Ituiint  de  la  jV.  JC^/t.,  4."!. 

*^  'J'i'raii.  (/'■  /(;.'  Jiion,  Ijistrurrioiir.i  ileal  i a  por  d  S:ip<'i:'or  Gohicnio  jKirn  i/ne 
HP  ohsrrrt'ii  cii  l(t  f'litrada  de  la  prucincia  de  Tcjwi.  In  Tixns,  Doc.  Ill-it.,  MS., 
57  et  !u'q. 

*'  Francisco  Hidalgo,  Nicohls  Prcvo,  Miguel  Estcla,  Pedro  Fortuiii,  rcdro 
CJarcfa,  lldcfoii.so  Moiige,  Josti  Saldana,  Antonio  Miranda,  Juan  de  (Jaraicuu- 
clica,  tJM'cu  '  dunados,' and  a  l)oy.  Jfasiiiicf,  JJli'ri),  MS.,  I'Jo. 

*' 'J\nni  de  lox  Hiog,  JJi »'r!pcioii  .//  IXmriu  JMmdiracion  crcrntcidn  jioril 
Giwral,  JO;)l-.\  MS.  In  Ti.ra-i,  One.  1114.,  Olctacq.  lOxtendsi  from  May 
l(i,  l()i)l,  to  Ajiril  lo,  KiO'J.  MdMimt,  Diario  <juc  hiricroii  lui  I'atlnit  Misinin'- 
ro.f,  lO'Jl.  MS.  In  Id.,  124  ct  seq. ;  ends  August  '2d.  The  Xuoccs  van 
callc.l  San  Xorbcrto  and  San  Picgo;  the  llio  Frio,  S.  Fclici.mo;  Ifio  Ilondi', 
S.  Bartoloino  and  S.  rodro;  Medina,  S.  IJasdio  and  S.  Li'is  Bcltran;  S:in 
Antonio,  ko  called  by  Teran  and  Masanot;  Guadalupe,  S.  Agutitin  and  Stii 
Kosa,  with  a  Itraneh  called  by  both  S.  Juan;  S.  Marcos  (Colorado  of  tin' 
French),  S.  I'edro  y  San  I'abloandllosario;  TriniiUul,  Kncarnacion:  (Iha;:!':  i, 
K.s])iritu  Santo  and  S.  Francisco  Solano  (perhaps  also  on  return  S.  Carlos  and 
Colorado).     The  diaries  contain  a  large  amount  of  detail. 


NUEVA  MONTAJJA. 


4on 


on  th(!  I7tli,  havinjir  fouml  no  trac((  of  tlu^  vcssd,  l)ut 
l)iiiii^lii<^  two  Fic'n('Iioa[)tives  whom  lie  liad  raiisonifd.*" 
Four  days  later  the  company  nu)VO(l  on,  crossed  the 
]lio  Trinidad  on  the  31st,  and  on  August  4tl)  arrived 
iit  the  mission  of  San  Francisco  de  los  Tejas.  I  Fere 
llicre  had  heen  much  sickness  amouL?  the  natives  sinc(! 
Leon's  departure,  and  Padre  F\)ncuhierta  had  died; 
hut  Casahas  and  liordoy  were  still  at  work  at  8an 
I'^rancisco  and  another  mission  near  by  called  Jesus 
Maria  y  Jose.  Teran  named  the  province  "el  nuevo 
icino  de  la  Nueva  ^[ontana  de  Santander  y  Santil- 
hiiia."  Late  in  August  the  governor  returned  to  the 
old  FVcnch  fort  of  St  Louis,  and  on  September  8th 
met  the  sea  expedition  under  Cai)tain  Gregorio  Salinas 
Varona,  who  had  come  from  Vera  Cruz  in  a  schooner 
and  had  landed  the  2d  of  July,  though  jSIartinez  had 
not  been  able  to  find  him.  On  account  of  floods  the 
unitc(l  expeditions  did  not  reach  the  missions  on  their 
return  till  the  20th  of  (3ctober. 

From  November  Gth  to  the  end  of  December  Teran 
was  engaged  in  an  ex])loration  northward,  hindered 
nuich  by  snow  and  high  water,  to  the  province  of 
the  Cadodachos  on  a  deep  river,  which  was  explored 
to  a  slight  extent  in  a  canoe,  ])resumably  the  Red 
lliver.  From  the  starting-point  of  Santa  Maria  mis- 
sion, in  the  country  of  the  Asinais,  on  the  Rio  San 
Miguel — ])eTha]is  the  Xeches — the  distance  traversed 
was  about  fifty  leaofucs;  and  two  intermediate  rivers 
are  named,  the  San  Diesjfo  and  Rio  Grande  de  Santa 
Cecilia.  The  Cadodachos  were  finmd  to  be  friendly 
and  willing  to  receive  missionaries.*''  Early  in  Jan- 
uary 1092 — though  it  had  orii>iiially  been  intended 
that  a  large  part  of  the  force  should  remain  as  citi- 

^'^Mrtrfuiez,  Diario  dil  Vlajr,  IGOl.  MS.  In  Texan,  Doc.  Ilht.,  1 19  ot. 
Ri'i|.  Mrtniwliilt'  reports  came  to  camp  from  the  Cadodaclios  that  10  Frcneli- 
iiieii  li;:il  cdimc  among  them.  'J'he  natives  also  s]ioke  of  u  vessel  that  had  l)eeii 
wrecked  in  the  liay  live  months  before.  It  seems,  'I'lxn^,  ])hf.  Fisral,  tiiat  a 
vessel  luul  heen  sent  to  explore  the  bay  in  1(11)0,  .sailiny  from  Vera  Cruz  in 
Octolier. 

*''  T'  mil,  Drrrota  y  Tnnteo  en  la  ticrra  qnc  like  al  nuevo  de-'^cithrimiento  de 
1(1  Xitrinji  lie  /i).i  Cailoflar/ios,  etc.,  MS.,  in  T<xus,  Doc.  Jlist.,  87,  etc.  A  sub- 
division of  the  general  diary. 


i 


404 


COAHUILA  AXD  TEXAS. 


zens  and  settlers — the  army  a^-ain  loft  the  missions 
for  the  south,  leaving  ten  or  fifteen  men  as  a  giiai-d, 
hut  accompanied  hy  six  of  the  friars,  who  were  mi- 
willing  to  remain,  reaching  the  camp  of  Santa  ]\[ar- 
garita  on  the  Rio  Colorado,  where  a  few  men  liad 
remained  since  September,  on  March  5th.  All  sailed 
on  the  schooner  Santo  Crista  March  24th  fi'om 
Es])iritu  Santo  Bay,  arriving  at  Vera  Cruz  a  month 
kit 


er 


4S 


Father  Masanet's  diary  ending  on  the  arrival  in 
August  1G91,  we  have  no  continuous  njirrative  of 
later  events  from  a  missionary  j)oint  of  view.  It 
does  not  clearly  appear  that  any  new  n.issions  \\ere 
founded  in  addition  to  San  Francisco  c.ud  Si  nta 
Maria,*''  which  were  between  the  Trinidad  and  Neches, 
perhaps  on  bniuches  of  those  streams,  in  the  coumty 
of  the  Tejas  and  Asinais,  or  Cenis.  There  had  been, 
.IS  T  have  said,  nuich  sickness  before  the  new  padres 
arrived.  There  were  slijilit  trouldes  with  the  natiws 
during  Teran's  presence,  including  depredations  by 
wild  tribes  from  a  distance,  and  the  mysterious  disaj)- 
nearance  on  man v  occasions  of  live-stock  belonijinix  to 
the  Spaniards;  and  there  were  disagreements  l)c- 
tween  the  friars  and  the  c^overnor  on  several  noints 
not  fully  recorded.  Six  of  the  friars  became  dis- 
couraged and  returned  with  Teran,  while  others  are 
said  to  have  renuiinod  unwillingly."''" 

Alter  the  governor's  departuie,  leaving  five  or  six 
friars  and  a  small  guard,  missionaiy  work  was  con 
tinned,  but  m  the  face  of  great  obstacles.  Two  har- 
vests were  lost  by  drought  and  Hood,  resulting  in 
famine  and  pestilence.  The  natives  lost  something 
of  their  Cliristian  ardor  under  these  clrcumstaneis. 
being  persuaded  that  their  niisf(.)rtunes  resulted  i'roiu 

*^  At  tlin  end  of  Toran'.-t  diary,  ]>.  lll-Ifi,  Ih  nniiw,  Di-rmfcro  ipie  hizo  el 
AljVrcz. .  ./liloto  </'  /'(  I'lCKjnld  'Saiilii  t'rUlo.' li','J2,  MS.,  and  this  ia  foilc'vod  liy 
Bonic  Ntati'Munts  of  ililicvi  iit  olliccrs  and  friaiH  in  councils  held  on  divi  's  u^-v-u- 
sionn,  chiclly  i(  sjicctini;  routine  niattt'is,  p.  IKJ-.'l. 

^^  Also  caiU'ii  .Icsiis  Maria  y  Johc,  and  Santisin.o  Nombre  do  Maria. 

■•"Swoni  statement  of  A<1  jutant  ( !en.  lii\ira  made  at  Sta  Margarita,  oil 
March  LSth,  just  before  sailing.    Tcxcin,  JJov.  Jii^l.,  MS.,  llli,  ct  scii. 


E    -,.a 


THE  MISSIONS  ABANDONED. 


405 


l)aj)tisni,  and  ivrusini:^  to  live  iu  t'oiinuunlties.  Live- 
stock was  Ibr  the  most  part  lost,  stolm,  or  drowiuxl. 
I'lic  s(^kliers  were  not  altogether  inanaoeabk',  coui- 
iiiittiiisjj  iiuiiiy  excc'S.ses.  Captaii  Salinas  came  up 
iVoiii  C'oahuila  M'ith  sin)[)lies  iu  June  IGOT),  but  some 
of  tlie  Iriars  returned  \vith  him,  and  l\uh'e  ^Masanet 
scut  a  letter  describiuL,^  the  .Mtuatiou  and  prnposiui^ 
rclorms  necessary  to  prevent  an  ;iband()innent  of  the 
missions.  The  friar.s  had  now  oouic  to  their  senses, 
and  declared  that  a  8tron<jj  militarv  Lruard  was  needed, 
and  that  the  natives  must  be  reduced  to  regular 
])Uel>los.  On  receipt  of  this  letter  the  j,'overnment 
decided  on  August  21st  that  tlie  Texas  estabhsli- 
]aents  nmst  be  gi\en  up  un^'l  the  natives  should  sliow 
a  better  disposition,  and  insti'ucted  the  friars  to  re- 
tire. ]\Iean\vhile  tlie  Indians  became  more  and  more 
liostile  and  the  soldiers  more  insubordinate.  In  the 
night  of  October  2.5th  the  friars  left  the  missions, 
huiTing  the  bells  and  such  other  })roperty  as  could 
not  l)e  transported,  and  went  to  Coahuila.^^ 

'I'liere  was  a  slight  controversy  about  the  causes 
which  had  led  to  the  failure  of  this  enterprise  between 
the  missionary  and  militar}^  authorities,  each  throw- 
ing the'  blame  on  the  other.  Particulars  are  not  im- 
portant, and  ther.    was  ikj  credit  due  to  eitlier  j»arty. 


.h 


d  th 


dit 


plannc'Ll  the  exj  odition  was  a  very  weak  expe( 


llent 


he  Si 


pa. iisli  occupation  or  lexas;  and  ieran  seems 
to  jiave  pro\ed  himself  an  incompetent  leader.  The 
I'^ranciscans  made  some  further  efforts;  but  the  \  iceroy 
and  his  council  formally  decided  ^larch  11,  l(i'.»-l,  in 
la-. or  ef  delay. '"'"     F(n-  twenty  years  and  more  neither 


D!rf' 


OIICII  J'lsrri 


/,  17/0,  MS.,  '2:;!t-41,  inJudiii''  littoi-M  from  T:iilro 


M.i.siitiot.     Ik'  wijs  tliiit  foul'  soldiers  tiiniol  l>;ulv  to  livo 


ll 


11'  native;- 


(liL'Uili''  11 


p  iiiiil  (listrilnitiiiij;  tlie  liuiird  jn'oiK'ity.      In  iidditioii  tu  tin- 


oM'-lIlii 


iliaiies  already  eitetl,   see  on  Teian's  exjieditioii;   Mor/i,   Mm.  Jll'-I.    'I'lr 


MS.,  !),-.-!);  7'. 


J)n-t,: 


l."i;    ViUii-Scnor,  ti  S(inrlii'~,  Thi(ilro,\\.',\'.Vl-'.\:   lli 


J'isrrtl,  MS.,  li.Vi;  EsphKj-iil,   Cronlcd,   'JSO,  .Jll- 


llnvf  Coiniii  Diiin,  MS. 


Zaniuco'iK,  llisl.  M'j.,  v.  4ri.')-(i;  Arririri^n,  Crdii.  iS'i-i!/.,  LM.'(-14;  (.'I'l''),  Tic-i 


Siijlo 


7(i-S'  A' 


dull.  M,.r.,  i.  '_*(;<);  Ksriiihru,  Not.  S( 


V.VA. 


Murji,  Moil,  lli.'it.  'J'l.ra.i,   MS.,   1  r_';  iSi'jiwiiza  ij  tliiiiijorn,  Vurln  ii 


I  At- 


Vilffiiifi'    MS.,  !>   Id;   An- 


//./.  r 


S>ni/.,  ISO-I.     It  api 


tiiat 


Estevez  went  to  Spain  in  lU'J-l  witli  ii  view  to  promote  the  measure.    Eiipinosa, 


f. 


'i 


If 


u 


40G 


COAHUILA  AND  TEXAS. 


Spain  nor  Franco  attempted  the  conquest  of  Texas; 
but  the  former  was  now  in  possession  of  Pensacola; 
and  in  1G98  the  French  under  Iberville  settled  Louisi- 
ana at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  Nothing  had 
been  done  before  1700  to  determine  the  national 
ownership  of  Texas. 

Crdnicn,  403,  saya  that  Padre  01i^'a^ea  in  1700  went  to  the  Rio  Frio  and 
promised  nnssiouaries  at  au  early  date. 


CHAPTER   XV. 

ANNALS  OF  L0WP:R  CALIFORNIA. 
1701-1717. 

Sai.vatieura's  RETrRN — Coming  of  LViARxr —Change  ofCm'Tains — Pro- 
gress AT  San  Javier — Hard  Times  at  Lo  ,i-.to — Piccolo's  Iuforts  in 
Mexico — Padres  Basaldua  and  Minutili — Minor  Kxi'loraiihns — 
Revolt— Basaedca  in  Mexico — Royal  Promises— Xo  Pksilts— 
Pedko  Ugarti; — Living  on  Roots — Salvatierra  Called  to  Mexico — 
And  Made  Provincial— No  Government  Atd — Troi'rles  with  the 
Garrison — The  Provincial  in  California — Jaime  Bravo— Foinding 
OF  San  JrAN  Bautista  de  Ligci — Santa  Rosalia  de  Mi:lege--Kxi'lo- 
ATioNs — A  Miracle — Salvatierp.a  Retlrns — A  Ladv  at  Loreto— 
Padre  Mavorga — Founding  of  San  Jose  de  Comondu— Padre  Pe- 
RALTA— Ravages  of  Small-fox — Maritime  Disasters— Drowning  of 
Padre  Guisi — Arrival  of  Padiie  Gi'illen — Favors  from  the  New 
\iCEROY — Piccolo 's  Tour— Padre  Tamaral — Salvatierra  Summoned 
TO  Mexico — IIis  Death  at  Guadalajara — The  Jesuit  Missio>i  Sys- 
tem— The  Pious  Fund. 

Father  Salvatierra's  experience  on  tlie  mainland 
is  narrated  elsewhere  in  this  volume/  Startint^  in 
-lanuary  1701  for  the  north,  with  a  view  of  obtainiiii,' 
ahiis  on  the  way,  and  of  ap[)roachin,!L^  (jruaymas  from 
tlie  interior,  he  became  interested  in  the  mysteries  of 
(he  far  north,  and  joining  Kino  made  an  exploring 
tour  up  the  gulf  coast,  where  in  !March  the  two 
jiadrcs,  as  Kino  had  done  before,  convinced  them- 
selves that  California  was  a  pimiiisula  joined  to  the 
main  not  far  above  their  standpoint.  A.  letter  was 
sent  by  land  to  Piccolo,  but  never  reached  its  destina- 
tion. An  overland  tri})  from  Califoi'iiia  in  October 
was  talked  of;  and  then  Salvatierra  returned  to  (iuay- 

'  See  chap,  xvii.,  giving  also  Kino'a  map,  which  shows  Califnriii:i  ii.s  w  ell  orn 
Souora, 

(107  J 


' 


408 


ANXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


mas,  wlicrc  lie  found  the  San  Jusc,  "ralhev  by  a  luli-- 
aclc  f)l' the  ]Ma(l()iiiui  Scuora  than  naturally,  since  sIio 
liad  no  keel."  The  padre  seems  to  have  i'or_L»'()tten  i'or 
the  most  part  his  commission  to  rej)ort  on  the  Guay- 
mas  region,  but  mentions  incidentally  that  a  beginning' 
of  mission  wijrk  had  been  made  there.  He  sailed 
!May  'Jtli  and  crossed  the  oulf  iu  one  dav,  landiii'"- 
live-stock  at  San  liruno,  and  arriving  on  tlu;  '2od  ;it, 
]^oreto.''  ]}esides  the  material  suj)j)lies  brought  from 
the  main  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  Father  Juan 
jMari'a  hail  derived  much  comibrt  and  strength  iVom 
bis  int(.'rcourse  with  Kino.  Each  of  tlu;  t\\()  had 
jiourcd  his  tale  of  triumphs  and  troul)les  into  a  sym- 
])athi/'.ing  ear,  and  exhorted  his  brother  to  uniiinching 
persoN'erance.  And  they  looked  forward  in  joyful 
expectation  to  the  time — never  to  come  i'or  them — 
when  they  shoidd  unite  their  forces  at  the  head  of 
the  gulf  and  [»ress  on  to  northern  conquests. 

Best  of  all,  on  his  return  to  Loreto  Salvalierra  found 
Father  Juan  de  Ugarte^  hard  at  work  with  Piccolo. 
The  indefatigable  procurador,  hearing  of  the  critical 
condition  of  the  C'alil'ornia  missions,  antl  seeing  no 
prospect  of  aid  i'rom  the  government,  had  promptly  re- 
signed his  comhirtable  rectorshi[)  and  started  in  jierson 
for  the  held  in  JJecendjer  1700.*  Leaving  Alejandro 
Iloniano  as  procurador  iu  jMexico,  interviewing  Osio 
and  ]\liranda  at  Queretaro  and  (Jiuadalajara  en  route, 
maldng  hastv  arranu'ements  in  Sinaloa  for  later  sup- 

^ Snlnitirrra,  Jti liici(inr-<,  1  L't-.-irt,  iKiiij,'  tlio  lotter  of  May  to  tlio  provin- 
cial. \  I'licyas,  (IS  wi!  liavu  nci  ii,  makes  tliis  merely  a  triji  in  sc  aivli  of  anl;  and 
iM  Apcsf(J!i-o.-t  A/'nii.<,  '2'.M-~i,  it  is  iiiiplieil  tliat  Salvatiena  erosweil  tlio  gulf 
exiu'cssly  to  en.i;aL'o  iu  nortluTu  I'xiiloration. 

^.Iiiau  do  I'g.iito  was  linrii  iu  'l\gm'i,L;al])a,  llouduras,  almut  lOfiO,  of  well- 
to-do  ]>areu(s.  After  titndyinj,'  for  hhiiio  time  in  (luatemala.  lie  liej;aii  his 
liiivitiate  iu  l('i7l>at  Tepo/otlan,  takiuL,' the  vows  of  his  order  in  KIT!'.  His 
Zial  and  iiliilitios  rajiidly  advaneed  him  to  iiositions  of  trust  and  iniiiortauoo 
ill  Mexieo;  and  at  the  time  of  enteiiuj,'  the  missionary  Held  he  was  reetor  <if 
the  eollej;(^  of  Sau  (Ire^orio.  He  was  a  man  noted  for  his  ener^iry.  administra- 
tive ahility,  and  tenaeity  of  purpose.  Auaiu  and  a;::aiu,  as  v<;  shall  see, 
Calil'ornia  would  have  been  aliaudoued  lint  for  him.  Added  to  his  mental 
ndvautaues  In;  had  the  iihysique  of  a  ghidiatoi';  and  the  old  writera  iiexer  tire 
of  iiairatiufj  his  ileeds  of  prowess. 

'  Aceordini,' to  Vilhiiin  iirio,  V'nln  dc  r^j/rf/Vc,  ul-S,  his  baggage  cousistcd 
of  a  pair  of  sheets,  a  eoverlet,  and  a  few  reals. 


UG.VJRTE  IX  THE  FIELD. 


409 


jilics,  and  fiiulini^  nt  Yaqiii  tlio  old  laiidia  patdud  up 
and  si'nt  over  1)}'  the  garrison  in  tlicir  grrat  need,  lie 
rnil)arked  on  the  worn-out  old  cockle-^^lu'l!  with  what 
stoi'cs  he  could  find  and  arrived  at  I^oreto  in  Mareh.'' 


11 


e  loun( 


It] 


10  mission  in  Lrrea 


t  dist 


ress,  no  .' iiiiiui 


i'l' 


or 


iii'ws  having  arrived  since  Salvatierra's  depart uif; 
liut  the  S(Ni  Javier  soon  came  with  a  small  car«>:o,  and 
Salvatierra  arrived  early  in  Ma}',  as  we  havesrcn. 

Immediate  wants  ])eing  thus  su[)plied,  it  ^vas  resolved 
to  send  IMeeolo  to  jNlexifM)  to  inaicc;  a  linal  cH'ort  to 
]tlaee  tliesu[)port  of  the  missions  on  a  peiniaiAiit  loot- 
ing; hut  in  several  attempts  to  cross  he  was  batlled  hy 
l).id  weather,  and  returned  to  San  Ja\  in-  to  await  a 
more  favorable  season.  ^Meanwliile  Ca[)tain  ]Meiidoza 
lircame  more  and  more  i'ra<:ti(>us  and  r.iicnduraido. 
SaKatierra  had  jiower  to  remove  him,  Init  deeiiu'd  it 
imjjiudent  to  irritate  the  soldiers  at  such  a  critical 


r 


IO( 


1.     At  lenii'th,  however,  !^[endoza  tendered  hi;- 


lesignation,  which  was  gladly  acce[)ted,  and  Isiih-o  do 
]''igueroa  was  put  in  command.  About  tliis  time  the 
natives  of  IJiaundo  plotted  the  nnirder  of  I'ieeolo, 
almost  without  a  guard  sinc(3  the  reduction  of  tlie  pre- 
sidial  foive.  The  padre  was  warned  and  escaped  to 
.lioreto,  leaving  the  rebels  to  wreak  their  veiigeanee 
ell  till'  mission  buildings.  I'igueroa  started  to  punisli 
the  oHendeis,  but  failed  to  pursue  wlien  the'V  reti'eated, 
c;iusin<)-  much  dissatisfiction  amonL>'  the  soldiei-s,  who 


(It 


■posed  their  lialf-hearted  header,  and  elected  Estinaii 


]:odi 


] 


riiiuez  Jjorenzo  in 


his  pi 


ace. 


l^garte  now  took  charge  of  San  Javier,  wliieh 
could  not  have  fallen  into  better  hands.  Vtv  a  fear- 
It  ss  and  Jcind  demeanor  he  soon  persuaded  th<'  iiati\('s 
1o  return,  though  not  until  he  had  sent  his  few  soldiers 
hack  to  Loreto.  ]Uit  the  old  routine  of  cati'chism  and 
jio/.ole  did  not  satisfy  this  missionary's  ivli'as  of  pi'og- 

■'M>wh  2;»(1,  »ccor.ling  to(S((?a(/;-m7,  /,V/.,  \r>:>;  >rar.li  istli,  Ca/.,  j:.4,ih. 
V  Pro.,.,  10"». 

"I  . ,  <'«/««,  yotirim^  ii.  100-10,  Cliivigcri),  21.V1J,  iii,ikc><  I'uxlvic'uc/  siicccod 
M<ii(l,./ii;  wSiito  iu  ('(tl.,  Kytalj.  y  I'roij.,  U)r>,  ir>(J-7,  imt  only  l''igiiLiii,i'.s  Imt 


I 


410 


AXXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


w 


ress.  He  aiinctl  to  make  the  establishment  sclf-siis- 
tainiiij^,  and  liopecl  its  fertile  fields  miirlit  one  day 
pi-oduee  enough  for  Loreto  as  well;  but  there  were 
o-rcat  oljstaeles  to  overcome.  The  savafves  did  not 
take  kindly  to  labor  as  an  element  of  mission  life,  ])ro- 
ferring  to  earn  their  porridge  by  prayer  and  doctriua. 
The  language  also  presented  diflieultics;  and  Ugartc's 
bhindeis  so  anmsed  the  adults  that  tliey  purposely 
misled  him,  and  the  padre  had  to  rely  on  the  ehilchvn, 
as  Salvatierra  liad  done.  The  native  priests  caused 
him  more  trouble  than  anything  else.  These  con- 
servative worthies  exerted  all  their  power  to  undo 
what  the  padre  had  done,  and  enticed  the  jieoplc 
away,  so  that  Ugarte  was  sometimes  almost  alone 
for   weeks. 

Thus  isolated,  destitute,  surrounded  by  beings  more 
brute  than  human,  jeered  at,  tlireatened,  or  deserted 
by  those  for  whose  beneiit  he  had  made  such  sacri- 
fices— wlio  si  Kill  imagine  the  struggles  and  emotions 
of  this  man;'  But  his  will  was  indomitable,  and  by 
degrees  his  patient  meekness  overcame  the  malice  of 
his  enemies.  They  grew  more  regular  in  attendance, 
less  scornful  of  labor,  more  respectful  in  demeanoi'; 
building  Avas  begun  in  earnest,  grain  was  planted, 
flocks  and  herds  under  native  shepherds  fattenid 
upon  the  fertile  pastures,  and  San  Javier  entered 
upon  the  era  of  prosperity  that  was  to  distinguish  it 
from  other  peninsula  cstaldishments.  The  change  was 
not  of  course  effected  suddenly,  and  Ugarte  had  need 
of  all  the  address  and  skill  in  the  management  of  nun 
and  aflairs  for  which  he  was  so  famous.  His  grown- 
up pupils  not  only  misund(  rstood  his  teachings"  and 
lauLihed  at  his  blunders,  but  thev  iested  at  the  most 
solemn  ceremonies.  ScMnetimes  Ugarte  lost  his  tem- 
per, and  being  a  giant  in  strength  he  hantUed  tln3 


"  Once,  according  to  Voicjas,  Noliciu,  ii.  117,  after  eloquently  discoursing 
on  the  terrors  of  the  infernal  regions,  the  padre  was  dijiinayid  at  iiis  heari'is 
reaehiii!,'  the  eonclusion  tliat  hell  must  be  a  very  desirable  place,  with  no  lack 
of  liic  to  keep  them  warm! 


STARVATION  IMrEXDINO. 


411 


savaijos  rather  rou'jjlily  on   several  occasions,  as  the 
chroniclers  are  fond  of  relatini'.'* 

At  Lorcto  affairs  were  not  prosperous.  Provisions 
wci'e  running  short;  contributions  i'roin  jiious  benc- 
I'actors  were  few  and  for  between,  and  it  was  not 
known  that  Felipe  V.  was  now  giving  some  attention 
to  California.  SalvatieiTa  himself  l)ecame  discour- 
ag(.'d.  Calling  his  followers  about  liim,  the  l)iavc'  old 
man,  with  tears,  declared  tliat  tlie  field  must  be  aban- 
doned. But  Ugarte  was  present  at  the  council,  and 
he  declared  his  unalterable  purpose  never  to  quit  the 
country  until  ordered  to  do  so  Ijy  his  superiors,  and 
jirocccding  to  the  church  he  sealed  his  declaration 
with  a  soleuni  vow.  The  others  yielded  to  his  enthu- 
siasm, and  announced  their  intention  to  stay  until  the 
end.'''  Piccolo  at  last  started  on  his  mission  at  the 
end  of  Decendjcr  1701.  How  he  succeeded  will  be 
told  on  his  return. 

For  some  weeks  starvation  brooded  over  the  little 
garrison.  Late  in  January  1702,  the  lancha  brought 
a  small  supply  of  food;  Ijut  it  was  soon  exhausted — 
tlie  sooner  because  Salvatic^'ra  coul<l  never  resist  the 
tem[)tation  to  give  a  share  tij  his  hungry-looking  Ind- 
ian liiends — and  both  padres  and  soldiers  ibi-  several 
months  were  oblin'cd  to  diu"  for  roots  and  live  like  the 
savages.  As  if  this  were  not  enough,  a  revolt  broke 
out.  A  st)ldier  set  out  in  search  of  his  native  v.ife 
v.ho  liad  left  him  to  attend  some  festivities  of  the 
jiitahaya  season;  h.)  killed  an  Indian  who  attempted 
to  interfei'e  with  his  plans,  and  was  in  turn  killeil  by 
iViends  of  the  murdered  man.  This  led  to  a  general 
rising.  The  padres  were  at  Ijondo,  and  escapt'd  to 
Loreto;    but    Ugartes    gia infields    were    devastated, 

^T\w  storv  of  his  swinpiiiL'  ii  Imily  joker  l)y  tlie  li.iir  in  ilnircli  lias  been 
I'l]-  u-il  so  (.•'till  tliat  !i  liaif  iTtiT'iici'  siitliccs  licrc.  On  nnoilaT  (n  nisiim  lio 
i<ri/,>..  iiy  (lie  liiiir  t  Wo  iiiitnt'S  wliu  \Mi  •' lij;lii  ini.'.  littod  tiiciii  uno  in  each  liMiiil, 
and  ilaKluil  them  ti)  tiie  gromi'l.  lie  in  ^aill  to  iiave  killeil  a  'linn'  with  a 
.si(jiie,  and  ni.'iiiy  other  deeds  of  iirowiss  aie  attrihiued  to  him. 

^Al'ijir,  Uitit.  Cviiip.  Jctsu'',  ill.  Ivl7 -^;  i'iliuciceucio,   \'ulude  i'lj  'rte,  01-8. 


i. 


412 


ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


and  some  of  liis  i^oiits  were  cnilcd  off.  Sovcijil 
natives  uiTc  killed  iu  .skiniiislies  with  tlu' soldiers,  l)ut 
tlu'V  l)ecaMie  boKler  every  day  and  even  threatened  t.) 
attack  the  presidio,"^ 

This  state  of  thinj^s  lasted  till  Jul)'  2"Jd,  Avlicn  tlir 
laiicha  very  ()|>])()rtunely  ariived  with  a  earL;'o  of  pKi- 
^  isions  and  cM'^ht  new  soldit'rs.  Fear  of  the  lalttr 
and  a  desire  to  share  in  the  i'ornier  soon  brought  tlu; 
sa\a<j^eH  to  terms.  Piccolo's  return  now  becanK;  i1h' 
subjot't  of  current  anxiety;  for  the  very  existtiicc  of 
the  missions  seemed  to  depend  on  his  success."  ( )!! 
the  28th  of  October  a  sail  was  descried.  Slov.ly  llie. 
frail  ci'aftmade  her  way  through  the  turbulent  bil'nws 
that  threatened  to  engulf  her  at  ever}'  jilunge.  ]"];iriit>l 
M'cre  the  ])r;iyers  oU'ei'ed  for  her  safety,  for  was  sjic 
not  to  decide  the  destinies  of  (hi'  country?  A(  I;i>t 
the  vessel  anchored  in  the  bay,  a  boat  jMit  off  coniain- 
ing  three  men  who  by  tla'ir  dress  were  evideiilly 
])riests.  Soon  the  familiar  form  of  Fatiier  Piccolo 
uas  lecognized;  but  who  were  his  companions?  8al- 
vati(jrra  was  not  long  wo  may  be  sure  in  making  his 
a|»[)earanc(>,  and  what  he  learned  in  the  ensuing  intei- 
view  was  brieily  as  follows: 

At  Guadalajara  in  January  Piccolo  had  heard  the 
good  news  that  the  young  King  Pelij)e  \.  had  iiitei'- 
ostcd  himself  in  the  California  enterjirise,  to  wliidi 
Ids  attention  had  been  called  rather  by  a  |iri\atf 
letter  than  by  oilicial  documents,  and  that  he  had 
already  issued  orders  for  governnn'ut  encouragement, 
ibr  a  detailed  re[)ort  on  the  subject,  and  best  of  alt 
for  an  annual  payment  of  six  thousand  pesos  in  su])- 
l)ort    of    the    missions.'''      Full    of   gratitude   to   his 


^^Safmtwrni,  Hd,  l.")7-S;  Vcncjn.'i,  ii.  1'J()~(;  cldrh/rm,  2-2o-C>;  Alcjrc, 
Ti.  l.T!. 

"  Soj,t.  l,"i,  17<''-',  S;ilv;ituTi-;i  v.-i'ii' s  to  Mir;iiitl;i  tluit  if  I'iccnl.i  i-i  not  src- 
ccssfiil,  !tU  till'  ^oliiiui's  will  he  ■ILsuliMi'^'cil,  .iinl  tlu'  iKuhv.s  will  ii'iiiiiiii  iiliui '. 
Jtilariiiiii.i,  K"iiS. 

'-'lluco  ci'ilulaa  of  July  17,  1701,  iiildrcssctl  to  vicomy,  hisliop  of  (Iiiiida- 
l;ij;ii'!i,  iind  til' !in<lit'iiri;i.  Tvo  missions  foiaul'd  in  Siiidoa  l)y 'I'orio  wcru 
if  jiossilik'  to  lio  traiisiVi  red  to  (lie  jK'uiiisula.  A  conliiiiiatoiy  cOdiila  of  tlio 
(^iiOLii  ic'Ljciit  was  dated  Dec.  II,  1702.    Iciin/df:,  ii.  0:2-4;  A/njrr,  iii,  i;j;i. 


PICrOLO'S  RET'OnT. 


413 


CatlKilic  '^^njl'stv  i'oi-  llirsc  uiu'X|)('('h'<l  IxMn-fits,  l*ic- 
rolo  iL;'l;ully  innU-i'took  llit;  task  of  luakiii^'  out  a  I'lill 
ivjiorl  oil  Califoi'iiia  with  tlio  conditioiis  and  needs  of 
llic  missions  in  response  to  a  request  IVoni  llie  audi- 
I  iicia.'''  In  this  report  the  writer  hiielly  sketelies 
the  early  eiVoi-ts  of  Salvaiieri'a  and  liiinself,  I'ather 
sti-auLjfely  not  implying'  that  liis  associate  liad  preceded 
hint  in  the  worlc.  Still  more  straui^ely  lu;  mentions 
a  third  mission  of  Dolores,  ahout  which  there  is  no 
olher  iidormation,  and  which  cei'tainly  had  not.  heeu 
Inunded,"  and  it  must  ]>e  conl'essed  that  Hie  reverend 
advocate  went  far  l)e3()nd  the  limits  of  truth  in  jtraiso 
(if  ( 'alifornia  as  a  most  fei'tilti  land,  well  wooded  and 
watered,  offeriu!^  every  indueement  for  settlement. 
That  the  iroverument  should  estal)hsh  a  line  of  vessels 
inakiuL,^  at  least  two  tri[)s  each  year,assume  the  expiMiso 


(if  a  militarv  estahlishm 


■nt, 


con 


troll 


mil'  I 


iiionv  wi 


th  th 


t  al 
tl. 


so  m  hai'- 


d 


le  jiadres,  and  eiicouram'  .u^t'iitlenuMi  an< 
tHcers  to  settle  with  their  families  in  California  were 


le  measures  c 


hietl 


y  I'cconnnenc 


led. 


This  duty  ])e)'forme(l  1/iccolo  hastened  to  !M(^xic() 
ill  Afarch.  The  jU'ocurador  had  not  yet  been  ahle  to 
ohtaiii  anything  iVom  the  <4'(»vernment  notwithstandiiiL^ 
the  king's  onlers;  hut  l*ieeolo  bogged  with  such  ]K'r- 
sistency  that  after  manv  rt'bulfs  he  obtained  the  six; 
thousand  dollars  late  in  A]tril.  The  granting  of  the 
ship  and  soldiers  asked  for  was  jiostponed:  but  he  at 
last  obtained  jiermissiou  to  take  back  with  him  two 
iiiissionarics.      The  men  assiurned  to  this  service  wero 


I 


13  pifcnlo,  Mrmor'in  Inrantc  ril  cMiulo  ilelns  Mi'tionr.'i  inornmoitc  c^fithli  rltlnn 
(II  In  C'alij'iiiiiia  jior  lun  I'dihrt  tie  Id  Coiii/ku'iki  tie  Jmiiii,  (ti\,  in  i/r  JMinr", 
J7ii.'.  A  l^'rcncli  tnmsl;itioii  is  tlu^  form  in  whicli  I  liiivo  cnnsitltcil  tlii.-iilocu- 
iiipiit,  Pircoln,  Ml  nidirr  tiiiiiliinit  I'ltiit  d'.i  ■jiiis.iian,  flc,  in  Litlren  Kilij'iuntiK, 
V.  ii!t-44.  Vfisidiis  t'i<iin  tin;  Fii  iiili  iimrc  or  less  al>i'i(l;,'Lil  nrc  fiumd  in 
Mi'ifiiiiiifi  Gi'oiirdjiliiijiii ■'>,  I'aiis,  IT'iT,  ii.  -'Mi  it  scq. ;  Vij'iivii.<  mi  Xonf.  lt<- 
riiiil,  iii.  27S-S7;  J.nrl.inaii'.i  'J'l-nV' U  nf  llw  JcKiiils,  i.  ;!!(.V40S,  ;iii(l  }t\  UislK.p 
Kipiii  Orcrliniil  Monthhi,  x.  l."rJ-()0. 

"  'La  tvoisionic,  cello  tie  VndivinpfrKt''  on  ilo  Xotro  P.-une  ilcs  l)(iiiliMirs;' 
mill  the  4tli,  wliicli  is  not  yi  t  fonmliMl  nor  quite  so  well  estjihlished  as  tlio 
llirre  others,  is  tiiat  of  S.  Juan  l-ondo.  The  mission  of  Dolores  iiichule.s 
I'uulile,  T\ium([ni  or  St  Joseph,  ami  YoilivineL;i,'i'',  or  Our  Lady;  it  was 
fnundetl  liy  tlie  O()n>:!ref;ation  of  St  I'eler  and  St  I'aul  in  Mexii;o.  J>ou!>tle83 
I'ieidlo  purposely  luiifouiuls  plans  with  ueliievenients. 


414 


ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CAHFORNLV. 


I 


Juan  ManiU!l  BasaMua  and  rn-nniiino  ^limitili.  Vvr- 
liaps  tlio  kini^'s  I'xaiiii)!*-  slinmlatcd  the  lilxM'alitv  <>!' 
tlu;  pious;  at  all  t'VL'iits  llicy  hIidwciI  themselves  iiiuih 
more  ij^enerous  than  had  l)oen  their  custom  of  late 
The  marrjuis  of  Yilhipuente  gave  an  estate  of  thirty 
thousand  pesos  i'or  i\\o  sujiport  of  throe  missions. 
Nicolas  de  Oi'teijja  and  his  wife  Josefa  A'^allejo  •Ji'axc 
ten  thousand  foi-  another;'''  and  other  iriends  of  tln' 
cause  j^^avo  consiilerahle  sums,  with  which  I'iccolo 
houn'ht  a  vessel  named  the  Jiosfirio  at  Acapulco, 
whither  ho  went  fiom  IMexico.  The  kin,iL,'''s  money 
was  invested  in  supplies,  laden  with  which  and  hcaiin'.;' 
one  of  the  ])adres  the  vessel  was  sent  to  Alataiiclicl, 
while  Piccolo  ajid  the  other  padre  went  up  by  land. 
Hero  all  embarked,  and  after  a  stormy  passage  reached 
Loreto  the  28  th  of  October. 

Father  ^Mimitili  remained  at  Loreto  as  an  associate 
of  Salvatieri'a,  Basaldua  went  with  Piccolo  to  S;in 
Javier,  and  Uixarte  went  to  the  main  in  search  of 
cattle  and  horses.  It  seemed  well  to  the  ])adres  ;it 
this  time  of  financial  prosperity  to  s(?cure  tlieii'  I'utuic 
by  eilbrts  to  promote  a^'riculture  and  stock-raisiuLic. 
Having  made  some  excellent  bargains, UgartereturiK'd 
in  January  1703,  and  the  horses  ho  brought  enabled 
the  padres  to  make  several  e\[)lorations  during  tlu; 
year.  Salvaticrra  in  the  early  spring  crossed  nortli- 
Mestward  to  the  Pacific  and  for  a  short  distance  north 
and  south  along  the  coast  without  finding  a  |)ort; 
neither  did  he  hnd  well-watered  lands  or  many  natives 
in  that  directicni.  Then  Piccolo  penetrated  northwaid 
along  the  gulf  to  Concepcion  Bay,  tinding  there  many 
nati\(  s,  but  unable  to  reach  a  rcjiorted  rivei- beyond.'" 
In  July  a  revolt  broke  out  at  San  Javier,  and  several 


'''Tlio  missions  were  to  be  S.  Joa6  Comondii,  Purisima,  Guiulaliipc,  aii'l 
Santa  Rosalia  JMulogr. 

'"'I'lie  cntradas  were  in  .Tanuarj'  and  !Mnrcl)  according  to  Salniticrrn,  Helu- 
cidiii-'-,  1.")!),  letter  of  April  .'Ul,  in  wliieli  the  writer  is  in  liigli  spirits  at  genf^nd 
liro!;|K'cts.  Venegas,  Soltcla,  ii.  l"28-30,  dates  the  expeditions  in  March 
and  .May  respeotivily. 


rKARL-FISIIINT,  AND  KXI'LOIIATIOX. 


415 


faitlifiil  coiivcits  WL'i'u  killed  by  tlnii-  jiiinaii  Itrctliii'ii; 
lull  a  rmcc!  from  tlio  jtivnidio  soctii  restored  ordei", 
lloM-niiiM'  soiiK!  of  the  liiinieaders,  and  jtutliii;,'  one 
(lilef  to  death  after  Ids  l)a[itisin.  iVhout  the  saiiio 
lime  a  t;;de  wrecked  two  jieai  1-lisliIlin-  eial't,  and  the 
jiadres  showed  their  cliarity  lor  a  elass  of  men  who 
wii'e  regarded  as  most  harmful  to  tluir  caiist^  liy 
caring'  for  (Ik;  shi[)wreeked  crew  and  sending,'  them 
()\i'r  to  the  main. 


r.    "\t^'?    ^^         ^  y^  \     Vf' 


/'    I 


r     I     I     I    r         \ 


<?%. 


"M=l,.g.'^^^>V</^ai;;^■•'''^• 'I-'"" 


^7 


()     i       /        I      -V 


„     ,    . .  ,        .     '.*..Iu:inlco  Y    ^  S.,l.iKin    \  „  ..  ,. 

■'Sln.Kosiil'a''  .-.        \     ;} 


1'r.NiNsrr.A  Missions. 

Padres  Piccolo  and  Basaldua  set  out  in  Aut^ust  in 
the  la)telia,  and  this  time  they  found  the  stream  t\\i» 
leaLitK-;  noith  ofConcejicion  iJay,  called  hy  the  natives 
]\Lule!«e.  A  leaciue  up  the  stream  a  i'avorahle  mission 
site  was  found;  but  as  the  countrv  heyond  was  too 
riiL;o'ed  to  be  penetrated  without  animals,  all  sailed 
for  Vaqui  where  hoi'ses  were  (tbtuined.  Piccolo  re- 
mained for  a  time  in  Sonera  collecting  alms,  and  Pa- 


i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


U    11.6 


Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)872-4303 


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4>. 


^*i^ 

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c^ 


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410 


ANNALS  OF  LOWKR  CALIFORNIA. 


saldua  roturncd  to  ]\Iuloge;  but  he  tried  in  vain  to 
find  a  road  to  Lorcto  by  land, and  ))roeeoded  by  watir 
to  ConcojK'ion  Bay,  wlioncu  the  lancha  was  sent  to 
Guaynias,  and  the  padre  returned  to  San  Juan  Lon(l(>, 
now  a  regular  jmchlo  <fe  risita  of  Lorcto.  At  the  end 
of  the  year  Father  Minutili  was  compelled  by  the 
state  of  his  health  to  seek  a  new  field  of  labor,  going 
to  Tubutania  in  Pinicria  Alta. 


In  February  1704  Salvatierra  sent  Basaldua  in  tlio 
llosan'o  to  the  main.  He  was  to  leave  the  vessel  for 
repairs  and  proceed  to  Mexico,  there  to  collect  tlie 
king's  annual  subsidy  and  what  alms  he  could  obtain.'' 
On  reaching  the  capital  the  envoy  found  that  gooil 
fortune  still  followed  the  cause,  for  the  king  had  been 
induced  l)y  favorable  niemorials  to  make  some  very 
imj)ortant  additions  to  his  benevolent  orders  concern- 
ing California.'^  It  was  now  provided  that  missiona- 
ries in  California  should  receive  as  elsewhere  a  stipend 
from  the  treasury,  besides  being  provided  with  the 
usual  church  paraphern.i^'  that  a  seminary  shouM 
be  established  in  Califoi  a  presidial  force  of  thirty 
men  stationed  on  the  l\iciiic  shore  to  protect  the  gal- 
leon, a  vessel  furnished  for  the  mission  service,  and 
seven  thousand  pesos  per  3'ear  paid  In  addition  to  tlie 
former  allowance.  Pearl-lishing  was  to  be  encour- 
aged, without  detriment  to  the  missions;  and  like- 
wise the  innnigration  of  families. 

Father  Basaldua  was  naturally  in  high  spirits;  but 
ho  soon  learned  the  dift'erence  between  an  order  and 
its  fuHIhiicnt.  Between  treasurer  and  viceroy  thcii' 
was  a  (lilference  of  opinion;  and  what  little  money  tlie 

"  Vtih.  8tli,  Snlvfitierra,  Jielnrinvfx,  101,  writes  to  Miranda  tluit  lie  lunl 
intendi'il  to  i-oiiii!  Iiiiiiself,  hut  is  kept  ut  home  hy  reports  of  hostile  ships  iii 
these  viiters. 

'"'] "he  reports  hy  which  the  king  wns  influenced  weto  made  hy  Kemiirdo 
Rohindegiii  and  Nieohis  do  Vera,  ajrenta  for  Mexico  in  Ma<ln(l  and  Koine. 
There  were  four  or  live  ei^'dulas  on  tiio  subject  issued  in  170.'),  and  reaehinj,' 
Mexico  in  April  1704.  (■uli/ornla,  L't-tah.  y  I'roij.,  ]ii'2-'.\;  I'liifjnx,  Xot.,  ii. 
l.'18-4.'l;  Aliijif,  Hist.  Colli]).  JfSUH,  iii.  138;  VtavUjfro,  Storki,  \. 'IW'l-'i;  Hut- 
gart,  Nuihrichlm,  '207-8. 


^1 


GLOOMY   PROSPKCTS. 


417 


treasury  contained  was  needed  for  the  wars  in  Sj)ain. 
With  all  liis  ideudinir  tlie  imdre  could  not  obtain  even 


1' 


I 


the  oii<i^inal  six  thousand  pesos;  and  he  ohtained  little 
Ironi  private  hcnefactors.  So,  takini^  with  him  Father 
IVdi'o  Ugarte,  a  brother  of  Padre  Juan,  ho  set  out 
i'or  the  port  where  he  had  left  the  Ji(isari(f,  and,  in- 
vesting in  jtrovisions  the  small  surplus  after  ])aying 
loi"  her  rej)aii's,  he  sailed  for  Loreto,  arriving  in  the 
middle  of  June. 

(ireat  was  the  disappointment  .it  this  unfortunate 
turn  of  ati'airs.  The  })eoplo  of  Loreto  were  on  the 
verge  of  starvation,  a  condition  a|>pai('ntly  leached 
Ity  them  with  marvellous  faeility,  if  we  consider  the 
iiatuial  advantages  of  the  eounti'v  as  lately  pictured 
liy  l*iccolo.  The  garrison,  now  ahout  sixty  strong, 
including  sailors  and  Indians,  had  expected  JJasaldua 
to  bring  their  pay,  and  could  not  conceal  th<  ir  discon- 
tent. The  future  a'jfain  looked  dark.  Salvatierra, 
feeling  that  the  complaints  were  well  i'ounded,  as- 
sembled them  all,  and  aiter  announcing  his  own  deter- 
mination to  remain,  pro{)osed  to  send  them  to  the 
main  to  await  a  fullilment  of  the  king's  orders.  I'lien 
H|»oke  Ugarte  in  oi)[)osition  to  this  scheme:  "  Let 
those  who  W(»uld  leave  us  take  their  dis(harg(%  and 
certilicates  for  their  pay.  We  want  no  faint  hearts 
lier(\  We  have  lived  u[)on  ])itahayas  and  wild  bi'iries 
before;  will  they  not  sustain  us  now?"  The  pride  of 
the  soldiers  was  touched,  and  they  declan-d  one  and 
all  tlu'ir  ])urj)ose  to  perish  rather  than  i\cv  fiom  perils 
which  Driests  were  not  alraid  to  fac(>  alone.  T-'arte 
was  as  good  as  his  woid,  going  about  the  woods  ;uid 
lields  with  a  small  but  increasing  band  oi' companions 
ill  search  of  fruits  and  roots.  Thus  lor  a  time  the 
Wolf  was  kept  from  the  door. 

Nothing  could  divert  Salvatierra  from  his  schemes 
of  conversion;  and  even  in  these  hard  times  he  made 
a  tour  to  Liuui.^"  or  Malibat,  a  few  le.-'Lau's  south  of 


sliotcs. 


Alogre,  Ilinf.  Comp.  Jcyim,  iii.   1;19,  siiys  tliis  trip  waa  to  tlic  Puuiiiu 


UUT.  N.  5lKX.  BiATM,  Vol.  I.    '11 


418 


ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNLi. 


Lorcto,  in  search  of  a  mission  site,  since  as  yet  ^fii- 
lege  was  not  accessible  by  land.  Pedro  U^arte  and 
one  soldier  were  his  companions,  besides  two  interpret- 
ers. They  were  attacked  the  rjthof  July  by  a  ])arty 
of  Indians,  who  rushed  out  of  an  an)bush  and  let  ily 
a  volley  of  arrows.  The  reader  will  imaj^^inc  tlie 
father's  desired  martvrdoni  now  at  hand;  but  he  will 
rechon  without  the  solitary  trooper  who  is  a  host  in 
himself.  He  lired  his  arquebuse  in  the  air,  and  blan- 
dished his  sword  with  ludicrous  but  satisfactory  etfect. 
Th(!  saxaj^es  cast  themselves  n])on  the  j^rouiul,  and 
sittiiiL;'  bolt  upri<(ht  stolidly  awaited  their  late.  Sal- 
vatierra  then  distributed  some  [)resents,  baptized  some 
children,  and  havinj^  found  the  spot  favorable  tonk 
his  dej)arture  with  a  promise  to  return.  During  his 
absence  Piccolo  had  gone  to  the  main  for  alms,  and 
in  August  he  returned  with  plenty  of  i'ood  and  a 
promise  of  more. 

Salvatiena's  appointment  and  instructions  as  visi- 
tador  of  Sinaloa  and  Sonora  came  about  this  time, 
])erha[)s  brought  over  by  IMccolo;  but  bis  dejiaitnre 
was  delayed,  and  the  8th  of  Se])tember  he  dedicated 
the  ]joreto  church,  which  as  will  be  renieiidjered  bad 
been  begun  in  l(»i)9,  baj)tizing  in  connection  with  the 
ceremonies  a  larue  nundu'r  of  adult  converts.  Then 
he  received  imperative  orders  summoning  him  to 
^It'xico.  With  all  possible  haste  he  obeyed,  and 
having  left  Ui^arte  in  charw  of  the  missions  he  sailed 
the  1st  of  October  on  a  pearl-fishing  craft  for  Matan- 
chel,  accompanied  by  Ijorenzo  who  had  resigned  the 
military  command  and  had  been  rej)laccd  temporarily 
by  Allerez  Isidro  (;!rnme(jue,  until  Alferez  Juan  Ihn- 
tista  Escalante  should  arrive  from  Sonora.  Afdi' 
repeated  conferences  with  the  audiencia  and  with  his 
old  friend  Miranda  at  G  uadalajara,  the  padre  went  ok 
to  ]\rexico. 

At  the  national  cajiital  Salvatierra  learned  with 
dismay  that  with  the  latest  despatches  from  Ponie 
had  come  his  promotion  to  the  post  of  provincial.     It 


RALVATlhltRA  AS  PRO    T^:"  I  AT., 


41!) 


v.asa  most  ilattcrin^  lionor,ono  tliat  would  have  It-vn 
L,da(lly  accoptod — of  coiirso  with  loiitiius  cxpi'ossions 
(tt' humility  and  unwortirmess — hy  most  Jesuits;  but 
to  J'^ather  Juan  Maria  it  meant  simply  st'[)ai*ation  from 
liis  beloved  California.  In  vain  he  tried  to  exeusc 
himself  frou)  assumin;^  the  office;  his  biethren  |)ointod 
out  to  him  that  ho  could  do  iuuch  more  I'or  California 
iis  pi-ovincial  than  as  missionary;  and  at  lenj^th  In; 
ciitcM'ed  upon  his  new  duties,  writing  to  the  general 
of  his  order  areijuest  to  be  relii'Ved  as  soon  as  possible. 
The  provincial  at  once  applied  to  the  viceroy  for 
llu!  moneys  granted.  The  king  had  been  told  that 
]iiiymentwas  merely  deferred  until  Salvatierra  siiould 
;irrive.  This  ilimsv  excuse  could  serve  no  lonwr,  but 
tliere  were  no  funds  in  the  treasury.  However  the 
viciToy,  duke  of  Alburquenjue,  f>ut  a  good  face  on 
the  matter,  ])romised  everything,  and  did   notiiiiig. 


Salvatierra's  duties  ca 


dle.l  1 


um  awav  m 


toth 


le  i))-ovm' 


jiiid  he  did  not  return  until  the  s|>ring  of  170;').  /\. 
Junta  wast(>  beheld  for  a  consideration  of  Cidifornian 
.illjiirs,  and  the  provincial  ]>repared  a  (let.iiled  icporl, 
cr  i(vi<>w,  of  (he  royal  cedulas  of  1703,  which  were  to 
Inriii  the  basis  of  the  junta's  action.  He  cotdd  not, 
liov/ever,  be  content  to  let  wel!-en(Migh  alone,  and  t<t 
uigc  merely  the  I'uhllnient  of  <he  king's  promises,  as 
Ills  experience  should  have  taught  him  to  do.  One 
slii]),  he  said,  could  not  adecpuitely  perform  the  service 
i((;uired,  norwns  tlie  liberal  allowance  of  115,000  pesos 
su!.i(ient  to  make  ends  meet,  lie  did  not  wish  penrl- 
lis!:ii)g  to  be  enc(»n;ig(>d,  as  it  led  to  trouble  with  the 
natives.  X(;r  did  the  Jesuits  desire  the  j»reseiice  of 
S]  ;ini>h  se'ttlers  to  breed  dissensions.  As  to  a  presidio 
on  t!ie  western  coast,  it  would  be  an  unnecessary  ex- 
pense, as  the  missions  would  so<»n  \)v  extendi'd  there. 
Tlie  Miggestiou  that  the  gai'rison  olliceis  should  bo 
;ip[iointed  by  the  government  was  very  ill-advised, 
siiice  only  by  this  jiowcr  of  a|)pointment  coidd  the 
jiadies  restrain  the  natives  and  soldiers.-"    Sonu'  strong 

'*■' Sii/rut.'rrri),  Iiij\.ni.i nolnr  jnnilomli'  /«<  L'ldulas  lludis,  iHodc  Jluffo,  I7UJ, 


t 

i 


420 


ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


reasons  were  adduced  in  support  of  tlieso  views;  lint, 
the  writer  was  a  better  missionary  than  diplomatist, 
atul  in  this  report  were  marks  of  that  jealousy  of  all 
secular  interference  which,  whether  justified  l>y  cir- 
cumstances or  not,  has  brought  odium  on  the  Jesuits 
wherever  they  have  acquired  power.  But  the  provin 
cial  went  much  further  in  his  claims,  demanding  pay- 
ment of  all  arrears  due  to  members  of  the  society  in 
Xew  Spain.  The  viceroy  was  annoyed  and  alarmed 
at  the  padre's  persistence  and  boldness;  and  though 
the  matter  was  referred  to  the  fiscal,  it  soon  became 
doubtful  if  the  junta  would  meet  at  all.^' 

About  this  time  Salvatierra  received  from  Ugartt^ 
despatches  informing  him  that  affairs  were  not  run- 
ning smoothly  in  California.  As  usual  there  was  son; 
need  of  provisions  despite  Piccolo's  efforts  as  vijiitador 
in  Sinaloa  and  Sonora;  but  the  chief  trouble  ains«» 
from  the  new  captain,  Escalante,  who  by  his  ovei- 
btaring  disposition  had  brought  himself  into  disfavor 
with  his  troojis  as  well  as  with  the  })adres,  to  whoso 
authority  he  refused  to  submit.  The  management  »it' 
the  military  branch  at  this  time  presente«l  many  difh- 
culties.  The  missionaries  attached  much  value  to 
their  supreme  authority,  and  were  inclined  at  times 
to  treat  the  soldiers  more  like  neophytes  than  was 
j)leasing  to  the  troojis,  who  chafed  under  restraint. 
That  they  were  not  allowed  to  engage  in  pearl-fishing, 
were;  sometimes  burdened  with  menial  offices  such  as 
cot)king  and  gathering  wood,  were  often  prevented 

In  ViiifiifiK,  ii.  15.1-00;  Cfdnijero,  i.  241-4.  Tlic  expense  of  the  conquest  is 
rcpi-ivsciitcil  us  .?J'J.'»,()()().  lifsiiics  ^.")8,0C0  conti  ilmtcd  tor  six  nii«»ions<,  of  w  liiili 
the  governiiu'iit  lias  jmiil  only  81H,(KK).  Alhisioii  is  also  niiidc  to  tlio  hir::e 
niiiountH  fxpi'iiiliMl  ii>  ciirlier  times  iu  ■niisiicci'ssful  uttcniiitH  at  ocouiiatinii 
lM't'o)-c  the  .Jesuits  un<lerto<ik  the  task.  It  will  he  noted  that  in  several  iioiiii.s 
Salvatierni's  ideas  did  not  a^;ree  with  those  fonncrly  cxpreBscd  hy  I'iceolo. 

'■"  Nor  shouhl  we  too  hastily  hlanie  the  vieerej^al  government.  It  was  easy 
for  the  jiions  king  to  issue;  orders  for  the  payment  of  large  sums  of  ineney  for 
distant  ndssions,  hut  it  was  another  matter  to  ohey,  with  the  trea.sury  <ie- 
phted  hy  exactions  of  the  Spanish  court.  His  Majesty  must  have  money, 
and  (.'alifornia  must  go  without.  The  viceroy  and  his  counciUors  were  ofieii 
at  their  wits' en<ls  to  rai..»e  funds  for  more  urgent  demands.  The  king's orilei.s 
could  not  he  disobeyeil;  there  was  notliing  for  it  hut  to  postpone  their  fuUil- 
nunt  on  every  pobsible  excuse. 


TROUBLE  WITn  THE  SOLDIERS. 


491 


from  what  ihvy  iv^ardcd  as  fair  retaliation  for  ofil'iisos 
coiiiniittod  l>y  llic  natives,  were  all  grievances  ti'iidinijj 
to  discoi'd.  The  leaders  were  not  men  skilled  in  the 
art  of  mana<;ement,  the  soldiers  flit  that  the  lives  of 
the  |)adresand  the  [lossession  of  the  eonntry  depended 
on  them,  and  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  j)adres, 
eaptains,  soldiers,  and  natives  eould  not  live  in  entire 
harmony. 

Salvaticrra  now  resf)lved  to  revisit  California  in 
jierson;  and  he  indneed  the  ex-eaptain,  liorenzo,  to 
return  Avith  him  and  resume  the  conwnand.  ]Io 
started  in  June,  and  on  the  *27th  of  that  month,  the 
loULC  deferred  junta  was  held,  and  it  was  lesolved  that 
as  the  father  provineial  was  absent  nothinu^  eould  bo 
done!"'^  At  Guatlalajara  Salvatiei'ra  was  detained  till 
Au^jfust,  then  embarkini'  at  ]\Iatanehel  he  landed  oneo 
more  at  Loreto  t)n  the  30th,  being  received  by  all 
with  a  iov  that  can  be  better  imai;ined  than  described. 
The  change  of  captains  was  effected  with  such  tact 
that,  as  we  arc  told,  Escalante  was  content  to  servo 
in  the  ranks  until  lecalled  to  Sonora. 

Nothing  had  been  done  toward  extending  the  mis- 
sions. Ugarte,  though  acting  as  rector,  oi"  superioi-, 
had  remained  at  San  Javier,  leaving  his  brother  Pedro 
in  char<^e  at  Loreto,  while  Basaldua  served  mainlv  at 
Jjondo,  and  Piccolo  was  absent  as  visitador  on  the 
main.  Salvatierra  insisted  on  the  founding  of  two 
iiew  establishments  at  Mulege  and  Ligui.  The  lack 
of  [)adres  was  a  sei'ious  obstacle;  but  .laime  ]Jravo,  a 
lay  brother  who  luul  come  witii  the  j)rovincial  iVom 
Mexico,  announci'd  his  [)urpose  to  remain,  and  it  was 
resolved  to  put  him  in  charge  of  temporal  afl'airs  at 
Jjoreto."^  The  provincial  remained  two  months  and 
then  went  back  to  Mexico.     Ugarte  was  left  to  act 


S 


^'In  Jhijit  Cnf..  Ci'iMns,  MS.,  79-80,  is  the  king's  cc-dula  of  Aiip.  I.'l, 
ITfi.'i,  III  proving  V hut  hud  been  done,  but  ordering  proniiit  payinent  of  tlio 

■■■•'ISravo,  nccnrdinp  to  ChxrUjrro,  ii.  l'2i,  was  a  native  of  Arajron.  After 
14  years  of  ethcient  senice  at  Loreto  he  bccaiiie  a  priLst,  and  he  dieil  ut  .Sau 
Jux  ier  in  1744. 


422 


ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


as  ho  thou^rht  best,  but  witli  general  instructions  to 
found  the  two  missions  ns  soon  as  possible,  besides 
yearehing  for  new  sites  and  a  port  for  the  galleon. 

Pedro  Ugarte  went  ininiodiatcly  down  to  liigui, 
or  Malibat,  as  the  Lainioncs  called  it,  and  founded 
the  mission  of  San  Juan  Bautista.'*  The  natives 
tliere,  not  more  fickle  and  treacherous  than  elsewhere, 
were  induced  to  aid  in  building  a  house  and  chureli, 
the  nucleus  about  which  every  establishment  of  tlie 
kind  grew  up.  The  padre's  life,  it  is  true,  was  oiuo 
])lotted  against,  but  the  man  of  peace  brandished  a 
rusty  firelock  which  filled  the  conspirators  with  timely 
terror.  With  this  exception  life  at  San  Juan  was 
monotonously  uneventful. 

Basaldua  meanwhile  succeeded  with  great  labor 
and  difficulty  in  opening  a  road  northward  to  Mulegc 
where  a  site  had  already  been  selected;  and  no  time 
was  lost  in  erecting  the  necessary  buildings.  T\u) 
mission  was  named  Santa  Rosalia,  b}'^  the  desire  of 
Ortega  and  wife,  who  had  given  ten  thousand  pesos 
for  its  maintenance.  The  land  was  covered  witli 
inezquitos  and  had  little  water.  It  furnished  good  pas- 
turage, but  was  not  tilled  for  many  years." 

It  seemed  a  somewhat  superfluous  labor  to  searcli 
for  new  mission  sites  when  there  was  not  one  padre 
for  each  of  the  old  establishments;  yet  in  the  begin- 
ning of  170G  Bravo  with  the  captain  and  ten  soldiers 
followed  the  shore  lor  a  day  and  a  half's  journey 
southward  from  San  Juan  Bautista,  until  obliged  to 
return  by  the  death  of  two  men  and  illness  of  others, 
caused  by  eating  the  poisonous  liver  of  a  fish  called 
the  hvtate.-^     While  the  others  were    thus    ei'<xa<»'ed 


'*  So  iinmcd  for  Juan  11.  Lojiot;,  wlio  gave  10,000  pesos  for  its  end  iwincnt. 
II<!  fiiilod  ill  business  ami  tliu  inoiii'y  m\:s  not  foitlii-oiiiiiig;  hut  tiio  uiissimi 
•was  not  aliandoiied.  Ugnrto  served  liere  till  ITOH,  Francisco  IVralta  uiiid 
17 IH,  and  later  Father  (juillcn  \intil  the  mission  was  reduced  to  a  j)Ue  ilo. 

'^•'•liasaldua  served  hero  until  ITOi';  I'iccolo  untd  171S;  and  then  Sebastiiin 
do  Sistiaga  achninistered  its  aft'airs  with  great  success  for  nianj'  yours. 

""For  events  in  these  years  all  that  is  known  is  found  in  Val.,  Kstali.  y 
Proij.  and  Vcuojas,  Xulicki. 


TO  TIIR  PACT  Fir. 


4'J3 


:ions  to 
besides 
Don. 
^  liij^ui, 
ouiidcd 
natives 
cnvlurc, 
clmn'li, 
i  of  the 
as  once 
lislicd  a 
1  timely 
lan  was 

it  labor 
Muloi,'e 
no  tiint! 
s.  The 
osire  of 
id  pesos 
d  with 
lood  pas- 


scaroh 
ic  pa<lre 
bciLj;iii- 
I  soldiers 
[journey 
lijLjed  t<» 
f  otliers, 

1  railed 


jl<l  lUllU'Ilt. 

llie  iiiis^iixi 
I'ralta  until 
lull'  ilo. 
|i  SoUiisti.'in 
|irs. 
.,  Entail,  y 


Padre  Uj^arte  devoted  his  atti-ntion  mainly  to  aftairs 
;it  San  .lavier,  where  the  results  of  his  efforts  and 
of  natural  advantai^es  began  to  be  apparent.  Tlie 
natives  were  submissive,  and  their  industry  was 
shown  in  good  roads,  well  tilled  grainfields,  an<l  the 
increased  mnidjer  of  mission  buihhngs.'"'  IJesides 
biing  si'lf-sup[)orting  San  Javier  eould  now  spare  a 
small  surj)lus  of  foo<l  for  Loreto. 

Towiirds  the  cud  of  170G  Ugartc  undertook  a  new 
e\ploiati(Hi  to  the  west  coast  in  seareh  of  the  mueli 
desiied  port  and  in  obedience  to  the  provineiid's  in- 
structions. He  left  Lorctt)  the  'JOth  of  November, 
witli  ]]rother  ]^ravo,  Captain  Lorenzo,  twelve  sol- 
diers, and  lorty  Yacjuis  who  had  come  over  exjiressly 
foi- this  expedition.  Passing  San  Javier  and  its  r/.svVa 
of  Santa  llosalia,  the  explorers  found  a  stream  ol'  San 
Andres  and  numerous  friendly  Indians.  As  they 
a|»proache(i  the  sea  they  were  threatened  but  not 
attacked  by  two  hundred  warlike  Cuaicuris.  For 
several  days  they  ex[)lored  the  coast  northwaid,  lind- 
ing  several  raneherias,  but  a  scarcity  (»f  water.  On 
J)eeenjber  7th,  encamped  on  the  <lry  bed  of  a  stream, 
they  were  in  danger  of  perishing  by  thirst;  but  pray- 
in-^  fervently  ni<;lit  and  morninii",  they  found  an  abund- 
ant  sui)ply  of  pure  cold  water  where  n(tne  had  bei'U 
at  lirst.  An  atlvance  i)arty  found  a  larije  bav,"*  but 
no  sui)))ly  of  water;  and  with  vessels  tilled  IVom  the 
miraculous  spring  the  explorers  turned  back  to 
]joreto. 

!^^eanwhile  Salvatierra  was  relieved  of  liis  f)ffiee  in 
Se])teLnber,  and  was  again  free  to  devote'  liis  wlmk' 
attention  to  California.  I'hough  without  funds  iVom 
the  government,  he  })roceed»Ml  Im  ]\ratanchel,  whence 
supplies  were  to  be  forwarded  by  Father  .Julian 
!Mayorga,  *i  new  arrival  from  Spain  just  a|)pointed  to 

•'  llosidcs  the  church  nml  padre's  house,  there  were  now  Htoreliouaes,  n 
h(>s])ital,  iiiid  u  nchoolhousc  for  girls  'wiio  were  kept  isepurutu  uudir  care  of  a 
matron. 

''^  rcrhups  at  the  present  Sun  Juunico  just  above  2C^ 


424 


AXXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


CaliPoniia.  Tlicti  ho  went  l>y  hind  u\\  to  Alionu', 
colhctiiiLj  certuiii  proinisccl  hinosiias  hy  tlie  way;  and 
took  >!iii»  thu  30th  of  January  1707  lor  Loruto,  with 
five  ( 'alitoriiiaii  natives  whom  ho  had  taken  with  liini 
to  Mexico.  1M;o  soeond  nii^lit  out  a  tonihlo  stoiiii 
ai'osc;  one  of  tlio  natives  died;  tlie  crew  <.;ave  thtni- 
selves  up  for  h)st,  an<l  Salvatierra  afterward  di'.scrihcd 
the  night  as  tlio  most  awful  ho  liud  ever  passed. 
Thoy  were  (h'iven  to  San  Josd  Ishmd,  hut  linally 
anchored  at  San  Dionisio  the  3d  of  February.'' 


ai) 


The  year  1707  was  a  had  one  all  over  Xow  S[)ain; 
and  of  course  it  was  a  littlo  worse  in  poor,  harreii, 
neglected  California  than  anywhere  else.  Now 
I'iraite's  foresisjfht  and  indu.strv  Ixn-o  fruit;  for  had  it 
not  hoen  for  the  produce  of  fields  and  gardens  of 
])iaundo,  the  country  must  have  been  abandoned. 
])es|)ite  the  dryness  of  the  season  Uufarto  manaLred  to 
spar(>  enough  for  all  to  keep  body  and  soul  together. 
]*adre  ^Iayt)rga  came  to  join  the  band  a  lew  montlis 
aftir  Salvatiorra's  return;  and  with  him  came  Cap- 
tain Lorenzo,  who  had  gone  to  the  main  for  a  wile. 
She  was  a  lady  of  distinction  and  beauty;  and  we 
may  imagine  how  her  j)resence  must  have  brightoned 
life  at  the  [)i'esidio,  and  what  nuist  have  been  the 
gallant  captain's  fascinations  to  make  her  contont 
with  such  a  life.'^'^  ]\Iayor<xa  was  not  litted  i)hvsicallv 
for  n»issi(»nary  toil,  and  his  health  soon  became  im- 
jiaired,  but  he  insisted  on  remaining,  against  Salva- 
tiorra's advice,  and  soon  regained  his  health. 

In  1708  ISIayorga  founded  a  new  mission  at  Co- 
mondi'i,  some  twenty  loajj'uos  north-west  of  l^oroto, 
and  miilway  between  gulf  and  ocean,  named  San 
Jo.se.  He  was  accompanied  to  his  new  homo  by  Sal- 
yatierra  and  Ugarte,  who  aided  him  to  build  a  church 

'■"Sitlrnficrrii,  I'clwioiicii,  171-2.  Letter  of  March  '2,  1707.  to  Mir.iinlii; 
I>//r7«.<,  ii.  l!t!)-'JOi';  Aliijir,  iii.  148.  Clavigero,  Storia,  i.  *J."i()-7,  inaki'S  the 
dati' "of  arrival  l>ec.  H. 

•'"Tlie  lady  was  Dcfia  Marfa  do  la  Ken.  A  daughter  of  tiiis  eoujile  was 
nmrried  at  Lorcto  iu  17-4.  Loixto,  Lib.  Mkion,  MS. 


TKirS  TO  TIIK  MAIX. 


425 


and  (Iwcllin^jf.  There  was  a  small  sstroam  \\\\\\  several 
laiieliei  I'as  of  Well  «lisj)(>si'«l  natives;  and  in  a  lew 
years  Sr.n  .lose  became  ijuite  a  llouiisliin;^"  e»il()ny 
with  two  [)ueblus  do  visita,  Sun  Juan  and  San  Jgnu- 


eio 


])uiin<jf  the  first  months  of  1700  there  was  ji^reat 
sullerinLj  from  want  of  food.     In  ^Taich  IMeeolo  ar- 

hut  they  weie  hadly 


rivet 


I  witl 


f 


I  a  earffo  oi  provisions 


(iamai^ed  hy  a  lonif  detention  at  Tejtio.  A  little  later 
thi!  enw  of  a  peail  vessel  from  C'olima  were  kilK-d  l>y 
the  natives,  though  as  in  two  years  on  the  roast  they 
had  not  once  ('(ime  to  ask  a  hlessiiiLf  of  Our  Lady 
their  misi'rahle  fate  did  not  surprise  the  jiious  Salva- 
tierra.''"  Tlie  *S'((//  Jacivr  on  a  tiii>  to  Vaijui  for  sup- 
])lies  in  AuiLjust  was  stranded  on  tlai  coast  ahovu 
(luaymas.  The  crew,  havinjjf  buried  on  the  bea«*h 
three  tiiousand  pesos  with  which  provisions  were  to 
have  been  purchased,  escaped  in  a  boit.  On  learn- 
in<4'  this  disaster  Salvatierra  at  once  started  in  the 
Jiosan'o.  He  found  the  savaj^e  Seris  eiiLjaged  in  pull- 
ux'^  the  vessel  to  pieces  for  the  nails;  but  he  succeeded 
in  pacifyinj^  them,  in  recovering,'  the  money  which 
they  had  dug  up,  and  even  in  repairing  the  cral't.  It 
took  two  months  to  complete  the  repaiis,  and  I"'ather 
-luan  ^faria  sj)ent  a  part  of  the  time  in  exploring  the 
coast  and  making  friends  of  the  natives.  About  the 
(Juaymas  mission  and  its  connection  with  the  penin- 
sula establishment  in  these  times  there  are  no  records. 
Wliile  the /iWnv'o  went  back  to  Loreto  direct,  Salva- 
tieira  on  the  rescued  San  t/nvicr  crossed  ovei-  to  ( 'on- 
cTpcion  ]ja\'and  paid  a  visit  to  Mulcge  wheic  I'ieiolo 
had  succeeded  Basaldua,  the  latter's  ill  health  forcin<j: 


lim  to  retire 


3U 


1' 


•"  Mayovu'!!  survod  here  till  liia  death  in  I7.%,  ami  his  siieocssor,  riaiieisco 
.T:i\  ier  AVaj-'iiir,  till  1744.  Tiiis  was  one  of  the  missions  enil.iwid  l)y  N'illa- 
I'liente.  I'aldii,  yalicids,  u,  \'tO,  says  the  site  was  elianj.'e(l  t^on.e  years  utter 
till'  foiimlatiiin.  See  also  I'dnjns,  ii.  '_'u;i-4;  L'Uir'njii-o,  i.  •J.'iT-y;  Ali'jic,  iii. 
1.");!;  <V//,,  Ksinh.  i/  I'n>;i.,  172. 

^-Sttlrn'ii iTd.  I'l'livioiifn.  ]~^.     Letter  of  1700  to  Miranda. 

■'''  It  !<t^(  nis  that  the  strandinL,'  of  thi'  San  Jnvii  r  savitl  the  l!onai!o,  for  an 
order  came  from  the  viceroy  louend  the  luttcr  on  a  cruise  to  warn  the  j^ullcoa 


AXXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


The  l().s.s<»f  ]3asal(Iua  wan  folloWiul  liy  that  of  Pedro 
U',mi'to,  whoMo  hoaltli  ln'oku  tlowii  uihKt  incessant 
lalxn'.  lie  was  relieved  at  San  Juan  l»v  Francisco 
]'eralta,  and  went  to  Mexico,  lie  returneil  a  little 
later  only  to  fall  ill  ai;ain;  and  linallv  retired  to  tlie 
Yaqui,  where  he  still  served  his  heloved  Calirornia  as 
a  supply  aL,'ent.  Toward  the  end  of  this  uidiuppy 
year,  a  I'oe  more  to  be  (headed  than  any  that  had  yet 
assailed  the  missionaries  made  its  appearance  in  tlie 
i'oi'ui  of  the  small-pox,  that  terrible  destroyer  ol'  the 
native  races  in  the  Xi;w  WorM.  In  spite  of  all  that 
<'ould  he  done  hy  the  padres,  the  nativi's  wert;  cariied 
off  hy  hundre»ls;  and  as  the  neophytes  were  the  first 
to  he  affected,  the  native  jniests  declared  that  their 
i-ods  Wert!  aveni^inix  themselves.  IJut  their  triumph 
uas  l»rier,  lor  the  pestilence  was  no  ri'specter  of  creeds, 
and  soon  the  heathen  were  attacked  in  all  directions. 
In  their  efforts  to  impart  medical  aid  or  relij^nous  con- 
solation the  [»adres  not  oidy  exjiosed  themselv(>s  to 
j^reat  har(lshii)s,  hut  to  the  contajj;^ion,  which — several 
times,  if  we  may  credit  the  chroniclers — brought  Pic- 
colo, Salvatiei-ra,  ami  Ugartc  to  the  very  gates  of 
death.  DuriiiiX  the  ihree  years  of  the  plague,  down 
to  1712,  mission  progress  was  paralyzed  in  mostdiiec- 
tions.  Nevertheless  the  padres  found  time  to  make 
several  exploring  tours,  converting  many  rancherias 
into  pueblos  de  visitacion.  Ugartc  explored  the 
country  south  of  San  Javier,  and  Piccolo  that  north 
of  Santa  Rosalia,  and  southward  to  the  site  of  the 
later  Purisima. 

This  period  is  remarkable  for  the  bad  fortune  attend- 
ing the  mission  vessels.  In  November  1711  the  lio- 
sai'io  was  sent  to  ^latanchel  for  repairs  under  the 
supervision  of  Padre  Peralta;  but  after  an  expense  of 
several  thousands  of  pesos  the  craft  was  in  no  bettir 
condition  than  before;  and  when  she  put  to  sea,  the 

of  tianjicr  from  jticltiJhfjw^,  or  hnccancors.  The  govornmpnt  diil  not  licsitaii^ 
thus  to  employ  the  one  poor  little  rickety  craft  which  the  fathers  hud;  but  in 
Iter  absence  the  order  could  not  be  obeyed. 


A  PADRE  PROWXED 


407 


crow,  tired  of  risklni;  tlicir  lives,  pcrmitfod  lier  to  nm 
iislKtrc  niul  <;o  to  piiccs.  A  uvw  sliip  must  \tv  l>nilt, 
iiiiil  foolish!;-  Ili(»  same  l)uil«l»'is  wt-ri'  intrusted  with 
thf  work.  ^ 'tey  must  have  heeii  aeeoniplished  swin- 
dlers. Thev  w  *•;;  eiij^iiteeii  inotjths  in  puttin;^  tlie 
vessel  toj^ether,  it  ft  eost  of  2'J,000  pesos,  and  after  all 
]»ro«hi(ed  latt?  in  1713  a  eraft  which  \'«'neu^as  contjiai 


to  a 


tloat 


ni<r  eottin 


ttii 


Yet  there  Were  two  impatient 
.lesnits  and  a  carufo  of  spollinj^  pi.  \  sions  awaitini^ 
transportation,  and  they  end)arked  on  tin-  vessel,  which 
leakiMl  ba<lly,  refused  to  ohey  her  helm,  ami  was 
diiven  first  to  (^ipe  San  Li'icas  a'  <  then  toth  Afa/a- 
tlan  Islands  near  Matanchel,  wheie  so'ne  wei'e  wis; 
•  )U<^di  to  land.  Tiierest  slighted  the  Leu  to  coast,  hut 
wen;  <lriven  across  to  the  main,  and  wore  wrecked  at 
an  estuary  called  l^arva-C'hivatu,  six  jvrsons  l)ein;jf 
<lrowned,  includinjjf  one  of  the  padres,  JJenito  (Jiiisi. 
Th»>  survivors  alter  nmch  sufferini^  wen'  I'elieved  hy 
natives  an<l  i^uided  to  Sinaloa,  whence  the  other  padre, 


Clemente  (Juillen,  found  his  way  to  Ya<[ui, 

Father  (luillon  emharked  aij^ain  in  January  1714  on 
the  San  Jun'cr,  and  thouj^h  he  narrowly  escaped  with 
hi>;  life,  the  vessel  eominuj  to  i;rit'f  at  tlu>  moment  of 
ai  rival,  he  at  last  reached  l^ort'to.  ]  le  was  put  in 
cliarjie  of  San  Juan  Bautista,  l*(>i'alta  haviuLT  been 
ohli^iMl  to  retire  to  the  main  for  ehauLje  of  air."^"  I 
have  hel'oi'o  me  an  autojjfraph  letter  of  l''ather  Piccolo, 
dated  at  Santa  Kosalia  on  .January  2^!th  of  this  veai-. 
]t  ticats  of  minor  routine  details  only,  and  has  on  the 
hack  half  a  page  of  Salvatierra's  almost  illegible  serib- 

The  little  *SVm  J<ivier  was  not  yet  (juite  useless; 

"  CaK,  Ettnh,  y  Prn;i.,  174-.");  Vi  nnjan,  ii.  "JlO-'il.  Vt'iicgas  says  the  nis- 
p;illy  Imililcrs  More  punislu'd  Hli;litl\  'ly  tlu-  iunliiiici;!.  Jii  '  <il.,  IH^t.  ('fin'- 
t)'iiiii\  we  read  that  the  now  ve-*sol  liscotl  a  year  .-.lul  was  then  wroekeil  at 
L'i\\n'  San  Lucas — ni)t  the  only  iastaneo  ot'  inaei-niiuy  in  that  umk. 


'"'( 'lenionte  (iuillen  was  lx)rn  at  Zacato 


>.>m  ;()Si». 


Hi 


aj'poii 


ill  the  Li  nlo,  L'liromle  M'n!oii,  MS.,  oeoasionally  fmin  Mareh  17l(>  to  May 
ITiS.  He  served  at  San  .Tuan  nnlii  tliat  mis- ion  bocanie  u  visita  .'iud  tiicit 
foumleil  l>()h)ro9.     Ifo  dii'il  at  Lorolo  A]  ril  S,  17-4S. 

"'/'('//( /('■!(/''. A ,s«,'/a.i,  Ms.,  no.  .'I'J.     I'iccoloa  »ignuturv  appears  oftcu  in 
Lortio,  Lib.  iliaiun,  MS.,  from  171S  to  17-8. 


428 


ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


but  Caliloriiia  had  now  a  friend  in  the  jjcrson  of  tliu 
new  viceroy,  the  duquc  de  Linares.  A  ])redilecti()ii 
for  the  Jesuits  is  said  to  liave  been  hereditary  in  lii.s 
family;  and  though  as  viceroy  he  could  do  little  or 
nothing  for  the  missions,  in  his  private  capacity  he 
(lid  much  before  his  final  legacy  of  5,000  pesos.  Ho 
now  ordered  a  condemned  Peruvian  i)rize  to  be  sold 
to  the  missions  for  4,000  pesos,  on  condition  that  she 
should  be  used  to  seek  a  port  on  the  west  const.  True 
the  Guadalupe  proved  to  be  worthless,  and  after  costly 
rejjairs  was  lost  on  her  second  tri[);  but  the  [)adr(s 
did  not  apparently  suspect  that  the  government  h.id 
known  the  worthlessness  of  the  crai't.  The  list  (4' 
wrecks  is  not  yet  complete,  however,  for  the  San  Jose, 
a  bad  bargain  from  the  first,  had  been  lost  shortly 
before  at  Aca})ulco,  and  another  Peruvian  vessel 
bought  to  fill  her  place  was  lost  almost  as  soon  as  the 
purchase  money  had  been  paid.  The  okl  San  Jacicr 
still  hung  together,  perhaps  because  she  was  moiij 
absolutely  worthless  than  any  of  the  others;  but  this 
crazy  little  craft  could  bring  but  a  small  portion  of 
necessary  sup[>lies,  and  the  suri)lus  had  to  be  trans- 
ported on  private  pearl-vessels  at  an  extortionate  late 
of  freightage;  another  heavy  burden  being  thus  im- 
posed on  the  missions. 

A  result  of  these  maritime  disasters  was  the  im- 
possibility of  navigating  the  gulf  to  its  northern  limit, 
a  ])roject  in  which  Salvatierra  had  always  been  inter- 
ested. As  in  the  earlier  part  of  this  season  of  dis- 
tress, however,  exploration  of  the  interior  was  not 
Avholly  neglected.  Indeed  in  1710,  while  the  Guada- 
lupe was  yet  afloat,  Salvatierra  made  in  her  a  tri|)  to 
La  Paz  for  the  purpose  of  pacifying  the  Guaicuris, 
who  were  ill-disposed  toward  the  Christians  owing 
largely  to  Otondo's  Ibrmer  operations  and  to  outrages 
connnitted  by  the  pearl-fishers.  His  attempt  was  a 
failure,  for  he  could  not  restrain  his  escort  of  Loreto 
Indians  from  maletreatin<j:  the  Guaicuri  women  and 


DEATH  OF  SALVATIERRA. 


489 


el  I  i  1(1  roll. ''^  In  November  of  tbc  same  year  Piccolo 
V;ith  three  soldiers  and  six  mules  made  a  tour  from 
!Muk'<jj(5  to  the  north-west,  visiting  the  valley  of  the 
Kada-kaaman,  or  Reedgrass  Stream,  named  San  Vi- 
ct nte  Ferrer,  where  the  mission  of  San  I<jfnacio  was 
itftcrward  established.  He  was  hospitably  receivetl 
by  the  natives,  at  whose  request  he  had  come;  and 
he  remained  among  them  eleven  dajs,  baptizing  many 
children  and  instructing  adults.^^ 

In  March  1717  Father  Nicolds  Tamaral  came  to 
join  the  missionary  band,  having  been  appointed  to 
the  projected  mission  of  Purisima.^''  He  brought  let- 
ters from  Provincial  Ilodero  to  Salvatierra,  informing 
him  that  the  new  viceroy,  duquc  do  Valero,  wished 
to  soe  him  without  delay,  having  arrived  from  Spain 
Avitli  definite  instructions  concerning  California.  Al- 
thougli  suffering  from  a  painful  disorder  of  the  bladder, 
as  well  as  from  the  infirmity  of  old  aj^e.  Father  Juan 
^NFaria  put  everything  under  the  care  of  Ugarto,  and 
accompanied  by  Brother  Bravo  set  out  for  IMexico  at 
the  end  of  March.  A  voyage  of  nine  days  carried  them 
to  !Matanchel,  whence  they  proceeded  to  Topic.  The 
fatigues  of  the  journey  had  so  aggravated  the  superior's 
complaint  that  he  was  unable  to  proceed  farther  by  the 
ordinary  modes  of  travel;  but  his  zeal  was  stronger 
than  his  prudence,  and  lie  insisted  on  being  carried  on 
a  litter  to  Guadalajara.  It  was  thus  that  the  a])ostle  of 
("alitbrnia  made  his  last  earthly  journey.  For  two 
long  months  he  tossed  upon  his  death-bed,  suffering 

■■■  C((l.,  Estfilt.  y  Pro;/.,  IT.").  It  was  after  Ids  return  from  this  trij)  tlmt  liu 
Koiit  the  Oiitidaliijie  to  Miitaiicliil,  ami  she  was  lost  with  her  eargo  and  erew 
of  nine  men. 

■^^  I'irrolo,  Ci  rfa  (le  10  (hi  Eiicro  1717,  ilir!<ihln  nl  Pndre  Prorurna  r  J>i(in 
Miniiiil  lie  Bnxa/'litd,  MS.  In  Jlnja  Culij'uniiit,  ('nluUoi,  cS!l-!IS.  See  al;>o 
Veiii-ijax,  ii.  '2i'4-ri;  (V(/.,  L's/iih.  1/  I'lvj.,  17.">.  In  tin.'  nds.sion  registers  of  Sun 
liinaiio,  whicli  was  not  founded  until  17-8,  these  early  liaptisii'H  l>y  i'ioe  ilo 
lire  mentioned,  20  on  one  oeea^ion  and  3H  on  nnotiier,  at  Kahanagala,  or 
Kaclaa,  in  San  Vicente  Ferrer  Valley.  Father  Sistiaga  snl).se«|iiently  visited 
tlie  jtliiee  aevcrnl  times.     ,S'//i  IjiKi'io,  Lihrumlc,  Minion,  l}li!-  il,  MS. 

"'■'Nicolii.'*  Tamaral  was  linrn  at  Seville  in  KJST,  eoming  to  Mexieo  in  ITI'2. 
I'ldi-lijero,  Storin,  ii.  O.'l.  He  baptized  a  ehild  at  Loreto  on  Xov.  '21,  1717. 
I.nriin,  L'lhroK  (Ic  Misioii,  MS.  Ho  founded  San  Jo8»5  del  Cubo  iu  IT.'IO,  and 
Was  nnirderud  there  in  17114. 


430 


ANXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


extreme  agony.  Then,  feeling  that  his  end  war,  near, 
he  summoned  the  faithful  Bravo  to  his  side,  confided 
to  1dm  the  particulars  of  udssion  affairs,  and  empowered 
Inm  to  represent  California  at  the  capital.  On  the  17th 
of  July  he  died,  as  he  had  lived,  full  of  hope  and 
courage.  The  whole  city  assembled  at  his  funeral, 
and  his  remains  were  deposited  amidst  ceremonies 
rarely  seen  at  the  burial  of  a  Jesuit  missionary,  in 
the  chapel  which  in  former  years  he  had  erected  to 
the  Lady  of  Loreto.  Salvatierra's  memory  needs  n(j 
])anegyric;  his  deeds  speak  for  themselves;  and  in  the 
li<;ht  of  these  the  bitterest  ejiemies  of  his  relifjion,  or 
of  his  order,  cannot  deny  the  beauty  of  his  character 
and  the  disinterestedness  of  his  devotion  to  California. 


Before  his  death  Salvaticrra  liad  succeeded  in  reducing  the  government 
of  the  missions  to  a  regular  system,  which  was  niaintahied  witliout  niateiial 
change  during  tlie  entire  .Jesuit  era.  Tliis  system  was  so  similar  to  tliat  suh- 
serjuently  adopted  by  the  Franciscans  in  Alta  (,'alifomia,  described  in  another 
volume,  that  a  bi-icf  account  of  it  will  suflice  here. 

The  chief  autliority  on  tlic  peninsula  was,  as  we  have  seen,  the  father 
superior,  to  wiiom  priests,  soldiers,  and  natives  were  subject.  At  first  Salvu- 
tiorra  was  the  only  superior,  or  rector,  but  subsecpicntly  wlicn  the  missions 
had  spread  over  a  great  part  of  tliu  country  they  were  divided  into  tiine  di.s- 
tricts,  each  of  whicli  had  its  rector  to  whom  the  other  padres  of  the  ilisti'ict 
were  subordinate,  and  who  was  himself  responsilde  to  a  visitador  appoiiitid 
by  the  ju'ovincial  every  three  j'ears  from  among  the  missionaries.  The  visi- 
tador had  his  coiisitltaoi  old  and  experienced  priests,  and  was  expected  to 
visit  all  the  missions  during  his  term  of  olliee.  To  him  tlio  rectors  made  their 
reports,  while  lie  iiimself  Iiad  to  render  an  account  of  cvei'ything  to  the  visi- 
tiulor-general,  wlio  visited  the  missions  every  third  year.  Thus  tiie  Jesuit 
mission  liierarehj'  consisted  of  missionai'y,  rector,  visitador,  visitador-genend, 
piovineial,  and  general.  The  soldiers,  in  like  manner,  were  suliject  to  their 
captain,  who,  under  the  visitador,  was  supreme  in  all  civil,  judicial,  and  mil- 
itary matters.  In  later  years  ho  was  also  commander  of  the  mission  llotilhi, 
iuid  had  control  of  all  marine  matters  on  tlio  California  coast.  Peail-llblRrs 
liad  to  show  their  license  to  him  and  he  collected  from  them  the  royal  due.;. 
Wist  of  the  soldiers  were  kept  at  the  presidio,  where  the  discipline  and 
I'outine  common  to  all  such  establishments  in  New  Spain  were  preserved, 
llacii  mission  had  one  soldier,  who,  in  his  o'-n  sphere,  exercised  to  some  ex- 
tent the  privileges  of  the  captain  at  Loreto.  Under  tlic  direction  or  with  the 
consent  of  tiie  padre  he  punished  minor  ofTences  with  the  lasli  or  impiison- 
meiit,  but  sentences  of  banishment  or  death  were  not  carried  out  until  tliu 
ca  j^)taiu"8  decision  was  known.     It  frequently  happened  that  the  padre's  duties 


THE  MISSION  SYSTEM. 


431 


\illotl  liiin  nwny  from  the  mission  for  a  time,  and  dunn;,'  Iii-i  fibsenee  tlie  soli- 
Miy  guard  distrilmted  tlio  daily  rations  and  otherwise  acted  as  the  father's 
suhstitute  ill  all  matters  not  strictly  ecclesiastical.  ]'Vir  such  services  he  re- 
ceived jiay  from  the  padre,  in  addition  to  the  regular  sum  jiaid  to  him  by  the 
Ling.  For  the  soldiers  in  California  were  allowed  the  same  privileges  as 
those  in  the  royal  army,  and  their  service  was  reckoned  as  canipai.irn  service. 
'I'lieir  pay  was  about  the  snmc  as  in  Nueva  Vizcaya,  being  4,')0  pesos  for  those 
serving  in  the  northern  missions  and  a  few  pesos  less  for  those  serving  in  the 
south.  This  at  (irst  sight  appears  liberal  pay,  but  it  must  be  reniembered 
tliat  it  alway.s  came  to  the  soldiers,  if  it  came  at  all,  in  the  shape  of  gooda 
Worth  much  less  than  their  reputed  value. 

The  plan  upon  wliich  each  mission  was  formed  and  conducted,  though  it 
difl'ired  in  a  few  particulars,  according  to  the  resources,  prosperity,  and  other 
(.ircumstances  of  the  establishment,  was  generally  as  follows:  When  a  new 
mission  was  to  be  founded  care  was  taken  that  it  should  not  be  isolated  or 
cut  oil' from  communication  with  its  nearest  ncighbur  liy  an  iinpas.salile  coun- 
try or  by  intervening  hostile  tribes;  the  people  of  the  cho.sen  district  were, 
indeed,  generally  visited,  propitiated,  and  prepared  for  conversion  before- 
liand.  The  father  who  was  to  make  the  foundation  was  usually  accompanied 
to  his  new  field  by  several  soldiers  and  a  number  of  neophytes  belonging  to 
another  mission,  who,  with  the  assistance  of  the  people  of  the  vicinity,  soon 
put  up  the  few  rough  buildings  necessary,  and  then  left  tlie  padre  and  his 
.solitarj'  yuan!  to  their  own  devices.  Meanwhile  the  missionary  drew  his 
new  converts  togetlier,  and  these  were  instructed  and  maintained  till  the  es- 
tabli.shment  was  iji  good  working  order.  A  nucleus  being  thus  foniied  the 
padre  turned  his  attention  to  the  neighlx>ring  rancherias,  and  as  fast  as  ho 
i;ioU{,-ht  these  to  a  proper  state  of  subjection  incorporated  them  into  iniehiua 
ilr  rititaoi  a  manageable  size  and  at  a  co!ivenieut  distance  from  the  mission 
])ropcr,  which  thus  became  the  capital  of  a  little  coiniiiunity  of  Christian  vil- 
l;i:cs.  Each  pueblo  had  its  Indian  governor,  appointed  by  the  padre,  whoso 
duty  it  was  to  maintain  order  and  report  to  the  father  antl  the  sohlicr  dis- 
tail)aiicc3  which  he  could  not  remedy.  There  wasal.so  a  native  vianlro  dc  /a 
doiiriiiu  iu  each  pueblo  who  superintended  the  simple  rcliginus  observances 
wliicli  were  expected  of  his  people,  such  as  the  repetition  of  prayers,  litany, 
and  cutechism.  The  inhabitants  of  the  pueidos  came  in  to  the  mission  at 
rcu'ular  intervals  and  in  stated  numbers  to  iiear  mass,  receive  instniclion,  and 
celebrate  feasts,  and  were  in  tuiu  frcnuently  visited  by  the  niissiduaiyj  but 
these  arrangements,  as  well  as  the  amount  (jf  food  and  clothing  they  olitainecl 
fi'om  tlie  [ladre,  varied  acconling  to  the  condition  and  I'esouii-cs  of  the  mis- 
sion to  which  they  were  attached.  In  niost  ca.ses  they  were  expected  t<j  iiml 
their  own  subsistence,  which  they  did  after  the  |)rinii'ave  la-hion  if  tiicir 
tatheis  in  the  plains  and  mountain.s,  though  at  regular  hours  and  under  tlio 
Mi[icivi.sion  of  an  elder.  The  e.Mict  status  of  the  jmeblo  Indians  of  Lower 
California  is,  in  fact,  not  very  clear.  Though  reipiircd  to  observe  a  certain 
degree  of  order  and  discipline,  they  ilid  not  enjoy  all  the  advantages  of  their 
brethren  at  the  mission,  but  we  must  suppose  that  comparative  liberty  of 
action  and  exemption  from  labor  comiiensated  for  this  distinction.  It  ap- 
pears, besides,  that  iu  some  instances  the  missiou  hud  no  pcrniuueut  Indian 


432 


ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORl^IA. 


population,  but  wns  occnpicil  in  routine  l)y  the  people  of  one  or  two  pueblos, 
■who  nfter  partaking  of  tlio  jiadrc's  lx)unty  and  instruction  for  a  wet:k  or  so 
returned  to  tlieir  village  and  made  room  fur  an  equal  number  of  their  breth- 
ren. It  waa  sometimes  the  custom,  too,  for  tiie  padre  to  personally  inHtnict 
and  maintain  all  new  converts  until  they  were  fit  to  join  a  pui'blo  comnui- 
nity,  in  wiiich  cases  the  mission  was  little  more  than  a  religions  nursery,  m  to 
speak,  and  could  have  afforded  room  for  but  very  few  stationary  neophytes. 
It  is  certain  tliat  in  the  mission  itself  the  daily  routine  was  mui.ii  nioie 
elaborate  and  regular,  and  the  discipline  more  strict  than  in  the  dcpciideiit 
villages.  Karly  every  morning,  mass,  at  which  all  the  neophytes  .assisted,  w  :is 
celebrated  by  tlie  padix>;  the  doctrina  was  recited,  and  a  song  of  praise  w  us 
chanted  by  all  present.  Then  a  breakfast  of  niai/.e  gruel,  or  jiorridgc,  was 
distributed,  and  as  soon  as  this  simple  meal  was  concluded  tlie  Indians  w(  nt 
into  the  lield  to  work.  The  labor,  however,  was  light,  for  there  was  little  tu  do 
and  there  were  many  to  do  it.  At  noon  all  returned  to  the  mission  for  dinner, 
which  consisted  of  maize  porridge,  with  meat  and  vegetables  when  such  lux- 
uries could  lie  aflbrded.  After  a  hmg  rest  the  field  work  was  resumed  luitil 
a  little  before  sunset,  when  the  chnrch  bell  tolleil  for  more  religious  services, 
after  which  eanie  a  supper  of  pozolc,  an  hour  or  two  of  recreation,  and  beij- 
time.  Kvery  Sunday  the  padre  preached,  and  every  feast-day  was  a  holiday. 
The  boys  and  girls  were  kept  apart  in  separate  houses,  the  former  under  tlie 
eye  of  an  oxptrieneed  mule  supeiintendent,  the  latter  mider  a  native  niatiin. 
These  young  people  did  not  labor,  but  were  instructed  l)y  the  padre  in  per^(  ii 
i  religious  matters  and  in  various  little  arts,  particularly  those  of  shearing, 
preparing,  and  weaving  wool.  Father  Ugarte  even  went  so  far  as  to  send  to 
Nueva  tialicia  for  an  experienced  weaver  named  Antonio  Mtiran,  who  Mas 
engaged  at  a  yearly  salary  of  500  pesos,  and  ^^■ho  lived  for  many  years  in  Cal- 
ifornia instructing  the  natives  in  his  trade.  With  the  coarse  stufT  thus  \vov(  n 
at  home,  ami  various  kinds  of  very  indiirerent  cloth  imported  from  Me.xieo, 
the  neophytes  were  clotiied.  These  particulars  of  the  mission  system  are 
gathered  chiefly  from  Veiitijas,  Xufidtt,  ii.  '24'2-GG;  Vlarhjvro,  Storin  di-lla 
CiiL,  ii.  l<S(>-'20_';  Uncfji'rt,  Nnchnchlcii,  I'l'H-'i;  Arrilluija,  Tcytimoiilo  de  Jhli- 
i/fiiciax,  11SD,  M.S.;  Turavnl,  Carta  diri'iida  al  Vmtador  Ginercd  suhre  ili4- 
ones  de  la  California  17i!0,  in  Co/.,  EMah.  y  Prwj.  dc  lax  MlsioncH,  18G-90. 


The  expense  of  maintaining  missions  in  such  a  poor  and  isolated  country 
as  Lower  California  was  verj*  considerable,  notwithstanding  the  ccononiieal 
plan  upon  wliieli  they  Mere  conducted.  The  king,  it  is  true,  contributed 
something  toward  their  maintenance,  but  the  roj-al  aid  never  amounted  to 
more  tlian  ;W,0(K)  pesos  per  annum,  and  the  peninsula  had  been  occupied 
nearly  half  a  century  before  even  this  degree  of  liberality  was  reached,  'i  lie 
sum  granted  by  government  was,  besides,  barely  suilicient  to  pay,  clothe,  and 
feed  the  s<ildiers  and  sailors,  so  that  nothing  «  as  left  of  it  for  orilinary  mis- 
sion purposes.  It  may,  therefore,  be  fairly  stated  that  the  missions  of  Cali- 
fornia were  from  first  to  last  founded  and  supported  by  private  perFoll^^, 
whoso  condiined  gifts  formed  what  has  been  known  as  the  pious  fund.  We 
have  seen  how  Salvatiernv  and  Ugarte  collected  the  eypenses  of  their  first 
entry  into  California  from  various  pious  persons  in  Mexico;  this  was  the  nu- 


THE  PIOUS  FUND. 


433 


cleus  of  tlie  pious  fund,  wliich  liy  means  of  similar  contrilmtioiis  from  others 
rapidly  iiicroased  to  a  very  considerable  sum.    At  lirst  tlie  iiiniinf.'eiiient  '•(  the 
fund  •was  a  simple  matter.     Ten  tliuusaiid  pesos  was  tlie  umoniit  ro  ,'arded 
as  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  each  mission,  and  this  sum  was  left  in 
the  hands  of  the  donor,  who  regularly  paid  the  annual  interest,  aliout  500 
pesos,  to  the  fathers  or  to  the  proeurador  in  Mexico,  who  purcliascd  and  for- 
warded tlie  needed  supplies.    Hut  the  Iwnkrujjtcy  of  the  founder  of  San  Juan 
IJuutista  ^Mission,  and  the  consequent  loss  of  the  capital  in  his  hands,  admon- 
ished the  piidres  to  seek  investments  which  should  he  heyoiid  the  risk  of  com- 
mercial fluctuations.     Accordingly  Salvaticrra  in  ITKi  ohtained  permission 
from  tlie  general  to  invest  the  principal  of  the  fund  in  haciendas  and  farms  in 
Mexico,  and  the  jtrocurador,  Koniano,  was  ordered  to  collect  the  funds  and 
luirclwse  estates  therewith.    Other  property  was  hought  as  the  fund  increased, 
wiiich  it  did  rapidly  in  later  years,  when  several  benefactors  made  the  most 
munificent  gifts  and  bequests  of  money  and  land.    For  example,  the  marquis  of 
Villapuente,  not  content  with  having  founded  niorc  missions  in  California  than 
.any  one  else,  gave  to  the  fund  in  173o  an  estate  of  several  hundred  thousand 
acres  of  lan<l  in  Tamaulipas,  together  with  all  the  flocks  and  herds,  farm- 
buildings,  and  appuiteuances  thereon.    This  the  greatest  of  California's  bene- 
factors died  Feb.  13,  1739,  at  the  Jesuit  college  at  Madrid,  where  he  had 
shortly  before  become  a  member  of  the  society.     He  was  a  man  of  enormous 
possessions,  and  after  bestowing  his  charity  in  all  parts  of  the  world  during 
his  life,  he  bequeathed  it  for  the  same  noble  purpose  at  his  death.     Again,  in 
1747,  Doiia  Maria  do  liorja.  Duchess  of  Gandia,  left  the  missions  some  (i'2,0fH> 
pesos,  and  in  170.")  Dona  Josefa  Paula  de  Arguelles  be(iueathed  nearly  "JOO.OOO 
pesos  to  the  fund,  though  this  latter  sum  was  not  received  until  after  the 
expulsion  of  the  Jesuits.     Other  large  sums  and  estates  were  also  given  at 
various  times  in  addition  to  the  regular  donation  of  10,(K)0  pesos  which  was 
nuide  by  the  founder  of  each  mission.     It  is  difiicult  to  tell,  even  approxi- 
mately, what  was  the  amount  of  the  pioua  fund  at  the  time  of  the  expulsion 
of  tlie  Jesuits.     It  is  generally  spoken  of  by  modern  writers  in   round  num- 
bers as  a  million  pesos,  from  which  an  annual  income  of  .^.jO.WX)  was  derived; 
but  this  is  probably  an  over-estimate.     Palou,  in  his  report  of  Feb.  12,  1772, 
quotes  an  anonymous  document  which  shows  it  to  have  been  about  500,000 
pesos,  .-nd  afterwards  compares  with  this  the  report  of  Mangino,  director  of 
^  ondidaiku,  on  the  condition  of  the  fuml,  finding  the  accounts  subsUin- 
tiaily  the  same.    Xollrla,  vi.  17ri-9,  5S0-(),  .507-001.     Kevilla  Oigedo,  in  his 
report  to  '.he  court  of  Spain  of  Dec.  30,  1793,  declares  it  to  iiavc  amounted  to 
over  800,000  pesos   at   the   time  of  the   expulsion.     Air/i.   CaL,  St.  I'ii/>., 
Mla.^.  and  Colon.,  i.  18.     Perhaps  the  viceroy's  figures  are  as  near  the  truth 
as  any. 

The  fund  was  administered,  like  all  other  mission  afTairs,  according  to  a 
regular  system.  The  investment  and  use  of  it  were  intnistf'd  to  a  proeurador 
wlio  'ived  in  Mexico;  the  first  of  these  was  Ugarte,  who  had  four  successors 
during  the  Jesuit  era.  IJesidea  seeing  that  the  estates  were  properly  cared 
for  V)y  subordinate  superintendents,  the  chief  proeurador  attended  to  the 
purchase  of  goods  needed  by  the  missions  and  forwarded  them  to  ( 'alifornia. 

The  bales  were  carried  on  pack-mules  to  Matanchcl  and  there  shipped.     The 
UlBT.  N.  Mex,  Statbb.  Vol.  I.    28 


4:i( 


AWALS  or  LOWKR  rALIFOIiXfA. 


irariKportntidii  liy  liiiul  wns  cxpriinivc,  Imt  the  kwi  journey  rost  little,  .t) 
till'  |iii(li'cH  used  tln'ir  iiwii  vi'hmi'Is.  On  their  iirrival  at  l^truto  tliir  Mi|i|iiii'.) 
were  roecived  l>y  the  local  jtroenrador  there,  wiio  Htoreil  them  away  for  ili^- 
tiil)iition  as  rec|uireil.  No  ^'ooils  were  <lis|>u.seil  of  Ka\e  to  tlie  niis.sionH  nihi 
Koliliers.  If  tlie  few  iniiierH  who  in  later  ytuirs  worked  in  the  southi^rn  eciiui- 
try  wanted  any  article,  tluy  could  olitain  it  only  tiiroii>{h  a  soldier  or  ollicrr. 
While  the  San  .lose  jireHidio  exist«'d,  there  wus  a  sort  of  branch  warelmuM' 
there,  which  waH  HUpplied  from  Loreto, 

in  varioiiH  partH  of  Mexico,  but  CHi>ecially  at  fiuatlalajara  and  at  scveial 
jiorts  on  tlie  I'arilic  coast,  there  were  other  agents,  j^enerally  t'alled  ]inii'uiM- 
dores;  but  these  were  not  regularly  attacheil  to  tht!  adiiiinistrativu  systt  ni  cf 
the  niixHions.  'J'liey  actud  only  in  ajx-cial  cases  where  they  (uiuld  assist  in  'I'l- 
lecting  liniosnas,  or  in  faciliUiting  the  purchase  or  transportation  of  sup|ilic-i. 
( 'onceiiiiuL,'  the  adiniiiistraf  ion  of  tliese  linancial  matters,  see  \'t'ii((ja'<,  XuIIi'ki, 
ii.  1  !!•_'(!;  ('Idri'jcro,  Stvriit  (hlla  ('(tl.,  ii.  llhJ-(i;  Ikieijtrt,  Nmhrkhttii,  L'-JO-II; 
(\il.,  L'ltiili.  11  I'ni'j.  ik  hut  JJijiviKK,  1)8-100;  Airh.  VuL,  I'rov.  St.  Pop.,  M'^., 
ix.  U-4o. 


CHAPTER  XYI. 

JESUIT  ANNAL,<1  OF  LOWER  CALTTORXTA. 
1717-17^. 

InTF.RKST  AT  CorRT — A  Jt'NTA  IN  MEXICO — BuAVO's  EfFOKTS — UOAKTK  RkC- 

Ton — A  Stoiim — FocNLiNf}  of  I'ridsiMA — 'Tuicnfo  hi-:  i.a  Cnrz '— 

<iriLLEN's    Exi'LOIiATlO.N  —  FoUNDINO    OF    I'lLAIl    DK    La     1'AZ  —  lIl.LK.V 

Founds  Guadalupe — Ugaktk's  VuyAOE  to  Head  of  the  Oii.f— Sis- 
TiAfiA  OX  THE  West  Coast— Gni.LFN'  ForNns  Doi.oues — Xat'im  Foimis 
Santiaoo — Locusts  and  Epidemic — LrvANDO  Founds  San  I«;nac'Io — 
Death  of  Piccolo — Visit  of  EcheverrIa — Foundino  of  San  Jose  del 
Cado — Death  of  U(!arte — Taraval  Explohes  the  Xokth-west — 
FoiNDiNo  OF  Santa  Rosa — Touciiino  of  the  Manila  Ship— PiEyolt 
in  the  South — ^Lmityrdom  of  Fathers  Carranco  and  Tamaral — 
YA(jn  Reenforcements — Governor  Huidroro's  Campaii;n— A  1'i:e- 

SIDIO    AT    THE   CaPE — ReOCCUPATION     OF   THE    JIlSSION.S— A    DeCADE  oF 

Troubles — Epidemic — Death  of  Captain  Estevan  Lorenzo— Cuancjes 
IN  Padres — Consag's  Exploration  of  the  Gulf — Map — Ruval 
OuDEUs — No  Results — End  of  Venegas'  Record. 


The  kinuj's  interest  in  California  had  ccasccl  so  far 
as  the  missionaries  knew;  at  least  it  had  [irodueed  no 
ivsults  sinee  the  return  of  Salvatierra  in  1705.  This 
is  attributed,  however,  by  the  Jesuits  to  the  wiles  of 
AUnirquerque,  who  concealed  the  purport  of  the  i-oyal 

•  irder's  received.  Viceroy  Valero  brouo'ht  a  cedula  of 
•lanuary  20,  171G,  beinj^  in  substance  a  repetition  of 
lliat  of  July  2(5,  1708,  and  of  similar  fjurjiort  to  the 

•  'lij^inal  orders  of  earlier  date.  The  kiny-'s  interest  at 
this  time  was  prompted  largely  by  ^Minister  Alberoni, 
who  had  long  appreciated  the  importance  of  the  j)enin- 
Mila,  and  whose  attention  had  been  sjiecially  aroused 
ly  the  oH'crof  a  rich  man  to  pay  80,000  pesos  for  the 
ahsolute  rule  over  California  with  the  aleak/ I'a  mayor 
of  Acaponeta  and  Centipac  on  the  main.     This  sum 


436 


JESUIT  ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


>  I 


of  money  was  a  tempting  bait,  but  Alberoni  reflected 
that  cither  tlie  purchaser  must  ruin  the  province,  r 
else  its  resources  must  be  much  greater  than  liad 
been  su})i>ose(l.  The  speculator  was  therefore  told 
his  offer  could  not  be  accepted  unless  he  could  obtain 
certificates  from  ecclesiastical  authorities  that  his  j»in- 
ject  would  not  be  detrimental  to  California.  This  of 
course  ended  the  matter.  But  Alberoni  began  to 
form  the  most  magnificent  designs  for  the  colonization 
not  only  of  California  but  the  great  north-west  Ik- 
yond.  True,  he  was  soon  made  a  cardinal,  and  for  the 
most  part  forgot  his  South  Sea  schemes;  but  it  was 
before  h's  enthusiasm  was  extinguished  by  a  red  iiat 
that  Valero  came  to  Mexico  with  his  instructions. 

The  viceroy  called  a  junta  to  consider  the  matter, 
]>articularly  the  clauses  relating  to  a  colony  and  a 
west-coast  presidio.  These  measures  were  aji|)ro\(d 
by  all  except  llomano,  the  father  procurador  of  Cali- 
fornia, whose  o])position  showed  how  averse  were  the 
.Tesuits  to  all  interference  with  their  monopol}*.  A 
loyal  garrison  would  have  given  them  protection,  and 
have  opened  more  regular  connnunication  with  the 
main;  a  colony  would  have  developed  the  resources 
whose  interests  they  professed  to  have  at  heart;  and 
the  annual  arrival  of  the  Manila  ship  would  have 
created  trade  and  made  California  a  [dace  of  some  ini- 
})ortance.  But  all  this  might  have  lessened  Jesuit 
authority  and  influence.  It  was  Romano's  opposition 
that  caused  the  viceroy  to  summon  Salvatierra  to 
Mexico,  the  discussion  being  meanwhile  postponed; 
and  Bravo,  as  soon  as  the  last  rites  had  been  per- 
formed over  the  body  of  his  dearly  loved  master, 
hastened  to  the  capital  with  full  powers  to  repiescnt 
California  before  the  junta.  His  position  was  similar 
to  that  of  Salvatierra  in  1705.  Instead  of  imniech- 
ately  accepting  the  king's  bounty  and  thinking  him- 
self fortunate  to  get  it,  he  tried  to  amend  tlic 
royal  cedula  by  demanding  additional  favors.  ^^  c 
must  not  stigmatize  this  as  begging,  or  avarice,  Ik- 


BRAVO  IN  MEXICO. 


437 


c.niso  it  is  likely  enough  that  the  kiiii,''s  grants  wore 
Miiall  in  proportion  to  the  necessity;  l>ut  it  puts  one 
;ilin">^t  out  of  patience  to  see  these  fooli.sli  padrtjs  re- 
|M;iti.(lly  losing  the  bird  in  hand  tor  an  imaginary 
l»i;i(Hj  in  the  bush.' 

Ihavo,  however,  managed  to  get  most  of  his  amend- 
incnls  aj)provc'd  by  the  junta;  but  he  soon  learned 
the  It'sson  that  had  been  taught  to  Kino,  Basaldua, 
and  Salvatierra  years  before.  It  suddenly  occurred  to 
the  treasurer  that  the  grant  of  13,000  pesos  would  fall 
tar  sliort  of  paying  the  expenses  to  be  incurred,  and  the 
rt  suit  was  that  the  junta's  liberal  decision  was  materi- 
ally altered,  Brother  Bravo's  amendiuents  being  for  the 
most  part  ignored.'^  By  the  new  arrangement  about 
is,000  pesos  were  allowed  for  soldiers  and  sailors, 
I), 000  for  Salvatierra's  journey  and  debts,  and  4,000 
for  a  vessel,  which,  however,  proved  rotten  and  was 
lost  the  next  year  at  Matanchel. 

AVith  such  ready  money  as  he  could  obtain,  the 
aiiiouut  not  appearing  in  the  records.  Bravo  bought  a 
cargo  of  provisions  and  goods,  with  which  he  sailed  on 
the  new  vessel,  and  arrived  at  Loreto  in  June  1718. 
lie  was  accompanied  by  Father  Sebastian  Sistiaga,^ 

'  Ur.'ivo  prepared  two  mcmorias  after  the  cMnla  was  submitted  to  him. 
The  tirst  doscrilxid  the  condition  of  affairs  in  California.  Tin  second  insistetl 
ipii  tlif  following  measures:  Tiie  presidial  force  to  he  increased  to  .">(»  men;  a 
l,iii.'f  vessel  for  transport  and  discovery,  and  a  smaller  one  for  coast  service; 
ii  tnicc  nf  1,")  men  at  La  I'az  to  keep  Imccanecrs  from  lying  in  wait  for  tiio 
Miiiiilii  ship;  a  .seminary  with  its  maestro  for  the  education  of  children;  and 
the  ri^iit  to  Certain  salt  mines  on  Cdrmen  Isla;.d  to  he  vestcMl  in  the  missions. 
\'ciieL,'us,  ii.  'JS(}-;j()7,  is  the  most  complete  authority  on  these  matters.  It 
VM-:  estimated  tliat  Ijy  tiiis  titne  50(>,(KM)  pesos  had  been  spent  on  the  missions, 
nearly  ;'ll  of  whieii  lia<l  been  supplied  from  private  alms.  It  is  <iitiicult  to 
eeneeive  liow  such  a  sum  could  have  been  expended  in  doing  what  had  been 
(hiiie;  yet  as  We  have  seen  tliey  were  always  complaining  of  poverty,  and  ap- 
iwieiitly  not  without  cause. 

''  The  garrison  was  reduced  to  2.>  men,  the  La  Paz  guard  not  granted,  and 
till'  projcets  of  salt-mines  and  seminary  not  acted  on.  V'enegas,  w  ho  gives  tin; 
lliial  ileeree,  says  the  original  resolution  of  the  junta  was  not  put  on  record, 
hut  wii.s  foimd  some  years  later  in  a  private  house.  He  tells  us  that  l'iccolo"s 
letter  to  ])as;»ldua,  the  Curfn  of  1717  already  cited,  fell  into  tlic  hands  of  tiie 
hi.-hop  (if  Dnrango,  who  sent  it  to  the  king  from  whom  it  brought  out  another 
ei  iliijii  (if  ,bin.  1!»,  1710,  directing  tiie  viceroy  in  the  strongf'st  terms  to  carry 
out  his  instructions.  ]5iit  according  to  a  later  order  of  similar  import,  dated 
Tell.  •-'7,  17-J;5,  in  UaJaCal.,  Ctditloe,  MS.,  98-100,  it  seem.j  that  the  ceduhi 
bnmght  out  by  Piccolo's  letter  was  dated  July  <»,  171!'. 

"  Venegas,  ii.  307,  puts  the  arrival  in  July,  but  in  the  Loreto,  Libros  ile 


438 


.IKSUIT  ANNALS  OF  LOWKR  CALIFORNIA. 


niid  lio  lnouj^flit  also  an  nitpuiiitniont  for  V'^inic  as 
ivctor,  to  succeed  Salvatierra.  ^[eanwliilo  nolliiiii;'  nl' 
iinportance  liad  lieeii  done  at  the  missions.  The  au- 
tumn of  1717  Avas,  however,  a  memoi'ahle  season  hy 
I'cason  of  the  terrible  hurricanes  and  rain  storms  which 
swept  over  the  peninsula,  destroyin^^  the  crojjs,  level- 
ling^ adobe  houses  and  churches,  and  wreckin^^  i)eail- 
\essels  on  the  coast.* 

Taniaral  soon  alter  his  arrival  had  <jfono  to  San 
!Miouel,  a  visita  t)f  San  Javier,  where  he  remained 
some  months  baptizin^uf  and  learninrj  the  lan^ua^c.'' 
Then  he  ^vcIlt  to  a  i)lace  before  exjilored  by  I'ic- 
colo,  and  there  in  1718  he  founded  the  mission  of  La 
l*urisinia  Concepcion,  which  became  one  of  the  be>t 
establishments  in  later  3'ears,  thou_i;h  the  soil  ^vas  not 
the  best.  This  padre  personally  baptized  two  thou- 
sand natives  here,  of  thirty-three  different  ranclu  ri'ns. 
]le  also  opened  a  fifood  road  to  Santa  liosalia.  Thr 
latter  mission  was  intrusted  to  Sistiaga,  Piccolo  bciu!^' 
transferred  to  the  more  responsible  post  of  Loreto. 
Ugarte,  as  superior,  continued  to  reside  at  San  Javier, 
by  far  the  most  flourishing  of  the  missions. 

Ugarte  had  long  desired  to  carry  out  Salvatierra 's 

Nixioii,  MS.,  T  find  a  bnptism  signed  l>y  Sistinga  on  June  5th.  ITo  wns  pro- 
lessor  of  liollc-lcttrt's  at  San  Andic's  colk'j^e  in  Mexico.  The  jirovineial  refiix  il 
to  lot  him  f,'o  at  1ii>t,  hut  he  was  iirgeil  hy  Salvatierra  through  ]5ru\i>  to  take 
tlie  ste]i,  and  tliis  was  regarded  as  evidence  of  divine  vill,  sineo  Sistiiigji'.s 
wisli  had  not  heen  known  to  Salvatierra.  In  1747  he  was  transferred  lo^lix- 
icn,  and  afterward  to  Puebla,  m  here  he  died  Juno  '2li,  17.">ti.  C'lavigoro,  Slunii, 
ii.  l'J7-9,  who  was  present  at  his  death,  says  his  extreme  delicacy  of  couacieiae 
rendered  him  unlit  for  a  missionary. 

*  The  storms  hegan  in  October.  Church  and  house  at  San  Javier  were 
totidly  destroyed,  Ugarte  barely  saving  his  life  l)y  taking  slielter  under  a 
great  rock.  All  the  missions  were  more  or  less  injured.  At  Loreto  a  S|>ani.-h 
lioy  was  carried  away  by  the  wind  and  never  seen  again.  Two  i)earl-ve.s.sils 
were  lost  with  four  sailors.  According  to  Cal.,  KnUih.  y  Proi/.,  177,  one  of 
the  injured  vessels  was  bought  for  the  missions  for  §4,000 — probably  an  error, 
for  Alegre,  iii.  I  Si-.*?,  says  that  after  the  loss  of  the  viceroy's  vessel  the  <j1i1 
Sail  Javier  was  the  only  craft  left.  See  also  on  the  storms,  Voirtja'),  ii.  .'no- 
11;  C'lavi<icro,  ii.  1'2-13.  In  the  Loreto  mission  register  Capt.  Kstevan  Rodri- 
guez and  Don  Francisco  Cortes  de  Monroi  appear  as  witucsscs  at  marriages  in 
August  and  December. 

*  Ugarte  had  used  40,000  loads  of  stone  and  earth  to  make  a  road  to  this 

Iilace,  formed  a  reservoir,  and  made  a  garden  with  160,000  loads  of  earth. 
' illavktiicio,  Vidade  Uyarle,  83-4. 


'THIUXFO  PK  LA  CRVZ." 


480 


favorite  sclioinc  of  cxplorlMLr  flu'  niilf  to  its  hau]  in 
milor  to  loani  if  it  wore  realiv  a  irulf  or  a  strait,  llo 
also  A\  isliod  to  explore  the  outer  coast.  ]^iit  to  make 
llicso  pv-riloiis  voya<jfe.s  a  good  stanch  ship  was  in- 
(lispi'iisahlc,  such  a  one  as  the  inissioiis  had  never 
liad,  and  were  not  likely  to  have  if  they  went  on 
liiiyiiiu"  antl  hciL,^ii'iiiiLj  worn-out  rotten  old  hulks  only 
tit  to  drown  Jesuits  in.  So  thought  ]*adi'e  .luaii,  and 
^ith  characteristic  enei'i^'v  he  determined  to  havi'  a 
^•hip  luiilt  in  California  under  his  own  eyis  and 
accoi'dinu^  to  liis  own  ideas.  ]  fe  hired  some  shiji- 
wrinhts  ti'oni  the  other  side,  Avhere  he  intended  at 
iirst  to  <^et  also  his  tiniher;  but  he  heard  of  some 
lar<4e  trees  some  thirtv  K-a-'Ues  ahove  Muleuc,  and 
went  thither  in  Septend)er  1718. "^  lie  found  the 
tives,  hut  in  such  inaccessible  ravines  that  the  builder 
('eclarcd  it  inijjossible  to  use  tliein.  ])ut  U^'arte,  dis- 
I'egarding  this  opinion,  as  also  the  ridicule  cast  upon 
Ills  scheme  at  l^oreto,  returned  to  the  tind)er  coutdiy 
v.ith  three  mechanics  and  all  the  Indians  he  could 
induce  to  follow  him.  Even  the  n'entiles  of  tho 
iMountains  afibrded  sonic  aid;  and  after  four  months 
of  hard  work  ho  had  not  only  felled  and  jirepared  tho 
timber,  but  had  o})ened  a  road  for  thirty  leagues  over 
tlie  sierra,  and  with  oxen  and  mules  had  hauled  his 
material  to  the  coast  at  Mulege.  The  IGth  of  July 
the  craft  was  blessed  and  christened  the  'Tn'uufo  de 
/('  Cruz,  and  the  14th  of  September  she  was  launched 
amidst  great  rejoicings.' 

Meanwhile  ]3ravo  made  a  trip  to  the  main  for  sup- 
jilies;  for  the  loss  of  the  viceroy's  vessel  and  the 
coming  of  the  new  soldiers  of  the  garrison,  at  a  time 

"  Venegas,  ii.  317,  makes  it  171D,  which  must  he  an  error. 

'Thu  vosscl  cost  less  than  woiilil  have  been  the  ease  (/(  la  nfra  hmula,  and 
v.ns  worth  a  licet  of  tul)s  like  that  thrown  tojjjctlier  at  Matjmehcl  in  ITl.'l.  In 
]"(ll(U-!cfiicio,  Vidade  U(j(trlf,  97-104,  are  the  followini,'  statements,  some  of 
(Inubtful  accuracy:  Only  .3,000  pesos  in  nioncy  were  expendeil  on  tlie  ernft., 
thoufih  debts  were  contracted;  she  was  completed  in  tmir  moiitlis;  I'garte's 
t  iicmies  claimed  that  she  was  built  for  pearl-lisliing,  and  even  the  i>roviiieia' 
^^  as  deceived  by  these  reports,  writing  the  padre  a  sharp  letter.  A  \ery  goo 
incount  oi  tlie  "building  of  this  vessel  and  Ugart( 's  snbseiiuent  voyayes  iu  her 
is  U'utdl'i  El  Triuvfo  ilv  la  Cruz.    Iu  The  t'ulijhntiaii,  i.  li5-l'J. 


JESUIT  ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


wlion  SO  inucli  wns  ln-iiin-  sptMit  on  tlic  ih'W  sliip,  li.ul 
(•iiuso<l  ji  srarcity  of  I'otxl  at  the  missions.  'i"o  Ins 
(lt'lijL,'lit  lio  found  on  landinjjf  a  \vtUv  from  Fatlicr 
Komano,  now  jH'ovincial,\sunmionin}^  liim  to  (luadal.i- 
jara  to  bo  ordainod  as  n  prit'st  an«l  to  .servo  in  fnturo 
as  a  r('<;ular  njissionarv.  After  his  consecration  lie 
w(!nt  to  AFitxit'o  to  report  to  the  viceroy  and  to  he;^ 
for  a  new  vesst'l,  wliich  was  promised  in  March  17'J<), 
hut  for  whi<h  he  liad  to  wait  till  June.  ISreanwhilt- 
he  saw  the  henefaetor  A'illapuente  and  obtaine<l  fidiii 
him  an  endowment  of  10,000  pesos  for  a  mission  at 
La  l*a/,  of  which  Bravo  himself  was  to  take  char'Li:>'. 
lie  .sailed  from  Acapulco  in  July,  touched  at  !Mataii- 
chel,  and  with  a  lartro  car£ro  of  needed  effects  arrived 


at  Loroto  in  Aujjfust.     Here  1 


ic 


need 
found 


UiTJii'tc's  7 


II- 


vnfo  tie  la  Cruz  ridinjnr  proudly  at  anchor  and  fully 
eciuipped,  and  he  foimd  his  itlace  as  manager  well  filled 
by  Brother  ^NEuufazabal." 

Under  «late  of  1711)  I  find  a  royal  order  on  tlio 
iniportance  of  the  Californian  eon(jUcst,  partieulaily 
with  a  view  to  the  occupation  of  ports  on  tlie  west 
coast  up  to  San  Diejjfo  and  Monterey.^"  And  durint,^ 
Bravo's  absence  Guillen  with  a  party  of  soldieis  and 
Indians  had  made  an  exploring  expedition  by  land  to 


"  Siiccoctlt'd  as  procurndor  by  Padre  Jos<5  de  Echcvcri'i'a.  This  pailro  was 
horn  in  San  Sebastian,  Spain,  in  KISS,  and  came  to  America  in  I7I-.  He  did 
g(jod  service  as  proonrador,  and  was  later  visitador-geiieriii.  His  life  is  nar- 
rated in  a  letter  of  I'.  Juan  Antonio  Jialtusur  mentioning  his  death  in  ITritl. 
P((/M'l(n  (If  hitiiild^,  MS.,  no.  13. 

*  IJurin  his  absence  Alfi'Tcz  .Tuan  Bantista  Mugazabal  of  the  garrison  wiio 
had  been  s  .tioneil  at  Mulege  had  been  so  influenced  by  constant  association 
with  tiie  \  dres  that  he  demanded  permission  to  serve  as  lay  brother;  and 
though  RU  1  course  was  not  strictly  in  accord.mce  uitli  the  rules,  the  re(iiiest 
was  granti  ami  he  was  transferred  to  Loretototake  IJravo's  place  which  lie 
tilled  most  thfiilly  for  40  years.  He  was  a  Spaniard  who  came  to  California 
as  a  soldier  17(>4.  He  was  wont  to  pray  so  constantly  that  the  tlaystones 
were  worn  1  his  knees.  He  died  at  his  post  in  1701,  over  80  years  of  a;.'e. 
Ctuviijcro,  i.   via,  ii.  105-6. 

^''liajn  '  .'ll/oniia,  Ci'diilas,  M.S.,  82-9,  including  copies  and  references  to 
earlier  documents  on  the  s.amc  topic.  ]5y  documents  cited  in  Tmn<iro>i,  Visita 
lie  Diiraiiifo,  MS.,  01-'2,  it  appears  that  there  was  in  1710-*21  a  kind  of  con- 
troversy between  the  episcopal  authoritieB  of  Durango  and  (iuadalajara.  as  to 
which  bishopric  California,  or  'las  Islas  Califoniias,'  belonged  to.  It  was  .set- 
tled in  favor  of  Guatlalajara,  though  as  late  as  1731  there  woa  a  disposition 
to  question  the  decision. 


THE  CONTRA  COSTA. 


441 


!>raL,'<lal('iia  Bay,  known  Kinco  Vizcaino's  tin»r.  Tlio 
countrv  m-ar  (iio  I)ay  was,  liowcver,  found  to  \>v  l)arr('n, 
(k'stituto  of  water,  and  unfit  for  a  colony;  »<>  that  tho 


Califounia  Missions. 

padre  had  the  satisfaction  of  reporting  on  his  return 
that   ncj   royal   garrison    could  exist  on   the  contra 


442 


JESUIT  AXXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


P  ,'^ii 


oosta."  Ti^e  liostility  of  the  southern  Tiulians  made  it 
iniportaiit  that  the  La  Paz  iiiissioii  shoukl  be  founded 
as  soon  as  possible;  and  in  November  J720  Bravo 
and  Ugarte  sailed  in  the  Triuiifo  for  that  port,  (jiiilltii 
Avas  to  open  a  road  from  San  Juau  and  join  tho 
others.  The  natives  were  better  disj)osed  than  had 
been  cxpeeted,  even  assistin^f  in  the  work  of  cleariii;^ 
a  site  and  ereetin;^  huts.  Then  the  stores  and  cattle 
M'ore  landed  and  the  mission  of  Nuestra  Senora  del 
Pilar  de  la  Paz  was  ushered  into  existence.  The  land 
party  arrived  later.  Ugarte  and  Guillen  remained 
till  Januarj^  and  the  former  meanwhile  had  great 
success  in  conciliating  southern  rancherias  including 
the  islanders.  Left  to  himself  Father  Bravo  witli 
the  aid  of  his  guard  and  Indians  soon  Iniilt  a  church 
and  put  the  establishment  in  good  Avorking  order.^- 

AVhile  tlie  others  were  absent  at  La  Paz,  Father 
lEvcrard  lEelen,  a  German  Jesuit  and  new-comer  of 
1719,  set  out  in  December  1720  with  the  captain  and 
a  party  of  soldiers  for  Huasina[)i,  the  region  where 
Ugarte  had  obtained  timber  for  his  ship,  and  there, 
to  the  great  satisfaction  of  the  natives,  who  gladly 
assisted  at  putting  up  the  buildings,  he  founded  the 
new  mission  of  Nuestra  Senora  de  Guadalui)e,  some 
sixty  leagues  to  the  north-west  of  Loi-eto.^^  It  was 
apparently  about  this  time  that  the  mission  of  San 

'•  Vciiogas,  ii.  ;?39-4'2,  makes  the  date  of  this  trip  1710;  but  tliere  arc  sonic 
eigns  of  confusion,  and  it  nuiy  have  been  a,  year  or  two  latir;  171!)  is  aiso 
j;ivcn  in  ('al.,  E.flah.  y  l'ro<i.,  178-!). 

'-Bravo  served  at  La  I'az  till  17-S,  increasing  the  ncopliytc  population  to 
800,  at  tiio  mission  and  titc  two  visitas  of  Todos  Santos  and  Ang'd  dc  la 
<!uarda.  lie  was  succeeded  by  William  (iordon.  There  was  fertile  soil  a 
few  leagues  from  La  I'az.  In  later  years,  l'(don,  Xot'iciitu,  i.  14,'l,  the  mission 
vas  traiisferred  to  the  racitio  coast  and  known  as  Todos  Santos. 

'•'According  to\"(Ucgas'  map  Guadalujie  was  fai'thcr  west  than  Ugarte 's 
timber  icgii in,  nearer  the  .San  Hilavio  than  the  (iuadalupc  of  modern  ma]is. 
1'he  climate  was  cold  and  unhealthy,  and  the  soil  barien,  though  stock- 
rr.ising  was  moderately  successful.  In  spite  f)f  locusts-aiul  epidemics  in  tliu 
early  years,  it  became  a  large  establishment,  Avith  IVJ  ramherias  in  17-1,1. 
1'wclve  of  them  were  later  joined  to  Santa  I'osalia  iind  San  Ignacio;  the  re>t 
formed  live  pueblos,  eaci>  Mith  a  church.  Helen  served  until  I7.t"i,  when  hir 
ilbhealth  he  was  transferred  to  the  mainland,  dying  at  Tepozotlan  in  17117. 
Vimijas,  ii.  ;VJ7-;>">;  Claviticro,  ii.  24.  i'ahiu,  Xoliriax,  i.  ].").3,  says  duuda- 
lupo     as  founded  in  April  17'-0,  and  endowed  by  A'illupueute. 


UGARTE  EXPLORES  THE  GULF. 


443 


Javier  was  ti'ansferrcd  with  its  name  to  one  of  its 
^  i^itas  formerly  called  San  Pablo." 

On  his  return  from  La  Paz  Ujjfartc  at  once  bcsfan 
to  prepare  for  his  long  projected  vo^'age  up  the  gulf, 
and  he  finally  sailed  from  Loreto  the  loth  of  May 
1721  on  the  Triitnfo  with  twenty  men,  only  six  of 
whom  were  Europeans.  The  sloop  was  accDinpanit'd 
liy  the  Sdiitct  Bdrhara,  a  large  open  boat  carrying 
iive  Califnrnians,  two  Chinos,  and  a  Yafjui.  At  Con- 
cepcion  ]jay  was  the  first  landing,  whence  a  visit  was 
]iaid  to  Padre  Sistiaga  at  ]Mulege;  then  tlioy  followed 
tlie  coast  northward  to  Salsipuedes,  and  headed  across 
the  gulf  to  Santa  Saljina,  or  San  Juan  Bautista  Ijay, 
on  the  Seri  coast,  where  the  natives  received  the  navi- 
gators most  hospitably  at  sight  of  the  cross  on  the 
Triuiiju's  bowsprit,  taking  also  a  letter  for  the  padi'o 
at  San  Ignacio  mission.  Ugarte  was  urged  by  the 
natives  to  visit  their  kinsmen  on  the  island,  and  with 
(lifHculty  the  vessels  were  carried  through  the  chan- 
nel.^'' Constant  exposure  had  told  terribly  on  the 
patlre's  aged  frame.  He  now  suffered  excruciating 
pains  in  his  legs  and  groin  ;^'^  but  yet  he  landinl,  and 
iaieeling  in  a  hut  prepared  by  tlie  natives,  blessed 
each  of  the  savage  islanders  as  tlu>y  filed  before  him. 
Then  they  ]vi3nd,»arkcd  and  directed  their  course  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  Caborca,  or  Altar,  not  far 
beyond  whicli  they  found  an  indifferent  anchorage. 
The  Santa  Ikii'hara  was  sent  further  up  the  coast, 
M"hile  thre(^  men  set  out  by  land.  The  latter  Ibund  a 
trail  which  led  to  Caborca  mission,  from  the  minister 
of  which  and  of  San  Ignacio,^'  as  well  as  by  jiurchase 
Ironi  the  Pimas,  a  nuich  needed  st(jre  of  food  was  ol)- 
lained.     iMeanwliile  the  Santa  Ikirhara  had  found  in 

^^Barco,  In/orm'i'  dc  J7(j.?.  In  Cm.,  Eduh.  y  Proij.,  '201.  llu  saya  tho 
chaufic  was  about  40  yt'ai.s  k^'o. 

'■'That  lii'twcuii  'J'iliurdii  Jslaiiil  and  tlic  iiuiin. 

"'C'au.st'd  as  wa?  bclifvcd  by  some  ixjisouous  eflfcct  of  the  gulf  water. 

'^Thc  letter  to  S.  li,'iiacio  had  l)een  delivered,  and  the  padres  were  already 
moving'  in  the.  matter.  Earlier  letter.s  IkmI  niisearrieil,  .so  that  the  pudre.s  Blip 
posed  the  trip  to  have  been  postponed.     Seo  chap,  xviii.  of  tins  vuiume. 


444 


JESUIT  ANXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORXIA. 


ite  r 


the  north  a  barren  coast  without  harl)ors,  having  once 
been  stranded  and  in  imminent  peril;  and  it  was  de- 
cided aoain  to  cross  the  gnlF.  They  sailed  on  July 
2d,  and  in  three  days  reached  the  Californian  shore, 
where  the  sloop  anchored  and  the  crew  of  tlio  l)oat 
landed  and  made  some  explorations.  Then  both  ves- 
sels proceeded  northward  and  anchored  in  a  large  bay, 
thout^h  in  a  strouLj  current.-"^  As^ain  the  vessels  stood 
to  the  northward,  and  after  several  davs'  sailin<T;  crossed 
again  to  the  Pimeria  coast,  shortl}'  afterward  anchor- 
ing in  the  eastern  mouth  of  the  Colorado  River, 
wliich  at  the  time  was  hio'h  and  formed  a  vervstron<>' 
current.  From  their  position  they  could  see  a  prom- 
ontory on  the  California  side  separated  by  the  river 
only  from  the  mainland.  There  Avas  some  talk  of 
waiting  for  the  flood  to  subside  to  explore  the  river; 
but  the  weather  was  threatening,  their  position  was  a 
dangerous  one,  and  they  had  really  accomplished  the 
object  of  the  voyage.  Ugarte  had  proved  to  his  own 
.satisfaction,  and  to  that  of  most  others  who  heard  his 
report,  what  had  so  often  been  proved  before,  that 
California  was  not  an  island. 

The  IGth  of  Jul}^  they  started  southward,  keeping 
in  the  middle  of  the  gulf,  the  threatened  storms  soon 
bi'caking  upon  them  with  well  nigh  fatal  effect.  I?i 
the  Salsipuedes  channels  the  scurvy-stricken  naviga- 
tors became  confused,  had  to  anchor  to  avoid  being 
driven  ashore,  and  it  was  net  until  the  fourth  attempt 
— the  tempest  raging  unceasingly  the  while — that 
they  succeeded  in  clearing  the  islands  the  18th  of 
Auu'ust,  well  satisHed  that  the  name  "fjt't  out  if  thou 
canst"  had  not  been  misapplied. ''^  During  the  storm 
St   Elmo's  fire  played  about  the   mast-head,  giving 

""TIic  i)ilot,  an  Eiiglislininn  nnmocl  William  StrafTord  probaMy — Estni- 
fort  ami  Ntrafort  ho  is  i-alk'il  liy  Vciicgaa  and  C'lavigcri) — wont  ashore  in  a 
littli'  .'ikili'.  and  tlio  lioat  being  damaged  by  the  surf  nearly  lost  his  life  in  re- 
gaining tiie  sloop. 

'"  I'garteV  snffcrings  becnmc  so  unendurable  that  he  wished  to  be  set  on 
the  Seri  coast  by  tiie  boat  but  was  prevented  by  the  remonstrances  of  the 
erew.  Villaviceiieio,  \'kl((,  '204-l'2,  says  he  was  most  cruelly  and  unjustly 
l)reveuteil  by  the  pilot  from  lauding  on  Tiburou  Island. 


III 


RETURN  OF  THE  VOYAGERS. 


445 


great  comfort  to  all  as  a  mark  of  divine  protection,  as 
did  a  triple  rainbow  the  day  they  cleared  the  islands. 
Once  the  cross,  made  of  the  first  wood  cut  in  the  for- 
est of  lluasinapi,  fell  from  the  bowsprit,  and  the 
raging-  sea  was  instantly  cahned  till  the  relic  was  re- 
covered. There  were  other  miraculous  happenings 
throughout  the  voyage,  which  it  is  not  necessary  to 
chronicle,  licfore  she  reached  Concepcion  Bay  the 
Tn'iiii/o  was  again  imperilled  by  a  violent  storm;  and 
a  huge  watersi)out  came  like  a  giant  toward  tlie  frail 
craft;  but  the  monster's  course  was  changed  by  dint 
of  nuich  praying,  and  they  soon  anclior-ed  in  safety. 
After  some  days  of  recu])eration  at  Santa  Rosalia,  the 
cxj»loi'ers  proceeded  to  Lt)reto,  wdiere  they  anchored 
about  the  middle  of  September.  Beyond  its  main 
])ur[)ose  of  proving  California  a  ])cninsula — and  not 
all  geogra|)hers  admitted  at  once  that  this  riddle  was 
solved,  tliis  voj'age  was  of  considerable  importance  in 
aftbrding  information  about  the  shores,  ports,  islands, 
and  currents  of  the  upper  gulf ' 


■  20 


During  Ugartc's  absence  Tainaral  had  made  several 
expeditions  to  tlie  west  coast  from  Purisima,  exploring 
the  shore  for  a  long  distance  southward,  but  without 
finding  the  harbor  and  colony -site  so  much  desired  by 
the  government.  After  Ugarte's  return,  Sistiaga  and 
Helen  from  ]Mulege  and  Guadalupe  made  a  new 
exploration  in  November  1721.  Their  search  extendetl 
iVom  about  latitude  28'  down  to  the  region  opposite 
lioreto;  and  they  found  three  tolerable  harbors  with 
wood  and  water,  though  the  soil  was  poor.  The  best 
was  near  San  Miguel,  a  pueblo  of  San  Javier  mission, 


'"The  originul  accf)uiit  of  Uj:arte's  voyage,  with  v.iaiis  and  journal  of  Straf- 
ford, wuro  sent  to  the  viceroy  for  the  king,  hut  nothing  more  is  known  of 
them.  Ill  tlic  dihi'ld  lie  JAc.r/co,  no.  1,  F.nero,  17--,  apiieared  an  item  uiuli  r 
date  of  Sept.  S,  17-1,  to  tlie  eli'ect  that  l';^arte'8  return  was  cxjh  rtecl,  and 
tliat  I'.  Camiios  liad  sent  him  8U)iplies;  uiid  in  /(/.,  no.  4,  Ai>iil  17--,  wa.s 
puhlished  a  general  account  of  thi'  \ Dyage  from  Ugarte's  letters.  These 
Uitrdfi.-'  are  reininted  in  J><ir.  Hist.  .][<  r.,  scrie  ii.  tom.  iv.  "JO,  !tS-  10*2.  The 
fullest  naiiative  cNtant  is  that  iu  Wiujitg,  Xotk'ui,  ii.  ^4.-05.  See  also  Cut., 
Edab.  ij  I'mj.,  lSO-1. 


440 


JESUIT  ANN^VLS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


from  which  establishment  it  was  suggested  that  the 
PhiHppinc  ships  might  be  supphed  with  provision<. 
Accordingly  the  natives  were  instructed  to  light  fires 
on  the  hill-tops  in  the  winter  months  to  attract  the 
galleon;  and  the  plan  was  successful,  for  soon  the 
Manila  ship  entered  the  harbor,  and  some  of  her  men 
landed,  though,  not  understanding  the  Indians,  they 
did  not  come  to  the  mission."^ 

A  new  mission  was  also  founded  in  1721,  and 
another  attempted  without  immediate  success.  Thoy 
were  made  necessary  by  the  constant  quarrels  of  the 
southern  Uchitis,  Guaicuris,  Coras,  and  islanders,  by 
Mliich  turbulent  tribes  the  La  Paz  establishment  was 
surrounded  and  kept  in  danger,  not\\  ithstanding 
Ugarte's  past  efforts  at  conciliation.  Villapuente  had 
oftered  to  endow  two  more  missions,  and  this  enabled 
the  father  superior  to  issue  instructions  before  his 
departure  for  the  north.  The  interest  on  the  endow- 
ment of  San  Juan  Bautista  had  never  been  paid, 
though  by  strict  economy  the  establishment  had 
been  ke[)t  up.  Now  it  was  resolved  to  make  Sau 
Juan  a  visita,  and  that  Guillen  should  move  south- 
ward to  a  site  between  the  lands  of  the  Uchitis  and 
Guaicuris.  He  went  thither  in  August  1721,  soon 
had  the  necessary  buildings  ready,  and  named  the 
new  mission  Nuestra  Sehora  de  los  JJolores.  It  was 
generally  known  os  Dolores  del  Sur.  The  padre 
served  here  for  many  years,  and  notwithstanding  the 
barren  soil  and  the  bad  disposition  of  the  natives  the 
establishment  was  made  a  success,  at  least  as  a  useful 
barrier  between  hostile  tribes." 

The  other  new  mission  was  founded  at  the  same 

^^Garelns  tie  Mexico,  Jan.,  Feb.,  June  17-22,  2()-7,  ">0-l,  ILJ-O.  Tlu! 
oiiginiil  accounts  were  lust  Mith  those  of  U{.'nrte'hi  trip,  and  Venof;;i.s  laments 
his  inability  to  linil  out  the  particulars.  Taylor,  lll^i.  Sum.  L.  Ciil.,  .'i'J, 
evolves  from  his  imagination  tlie  btatenient  that  Ugarte  and  Strafford  niado 
tXuci  exploration  in  per.son. 

■■'-  l)olore8  was  at  llrst  on  the  shore,  40  leagues  south  of  Loreto,  or  70  by 
the  road;  but  was  later  moved  10  leagues  inland.  Its  jiuebloa  were  Conccp- 
eion,  Encarnacion,  Trinidad,  Rcdeneion,  and  Itesureccion.  IJut  the  padre's 
inlluence  extended  nnich  farther,  even  to  Caiic  San  J^iicas.  In  1744  he  sent 
u  very  satisfactory  report  on  the  condition  of  his  mission. 


NEW  ESTABLISHMENTS. 


447 


no 
as 
re 

10 

r'ul 

IMC 

Tho 

Mils 

ailo 

'  '>>' 

'■li- 
re s 

iOllt 


timo  by  Father  Iq'uacio  !Maria  Xapoli,  an  Italian 
]iiiesfc  who  had  arrived  a  few  months  het'ore.  He 
.sailed  from  Loreto  for  La  Paz  the  2 1 ht  of  .July.  Tho 
intended  site  was  on  Las  Pahnas  Pay,  forty  leaj^ues 
to  tho  south.  Napoli  and  Bravo  went  by  land  from 
La  Paz,  while  effects  were  carried  in  boats  borrowed 
from  a  pearl-vessel,  and  tho  vessel  from  Loreto  was 
sent  to  Sinaloa  f(jr  supplies.  The  arrival  was  the  last 
week  in  August;  and  the  Coras  thou<>-h  at  lirst  sus- 
jiicious  were  conciliated  with  gifts.  The  4th  of  Sep- 
tember twenty-nine  of  their  children  were  baptized. 
.V  kind  of  temporary  peace  was  also  patcliod  up 
between  the  Coras  and  their  old  foes  the  (hiaieuris. 
Put  to  do  all  this  supplies  and  even  the  altar  furni- 
ture had  been  exhausted  in  gifts;  and  Xii|)(»li  with 
his  escort  had  to  return  to  La  Paz  f  )r  a  iVe^li  store. 
Durinii'  their  absence  of  two  months,  tho  Cerralvo 
islanders  made  a  raid  on  the  placo,  killing  several 
Coras  and  stealing  all  portable  property.  Tlio  soldiers 
taught  the  islanders  a  bloody  lesson  on  their  return; 
but  Xajtoli  deemed  it  not  prudent  to  remain,  and 
I'omoved  to  a  spot  some  thirty  leagues  from  La  l*az 
and  five  from  the  gulf.  In  1723  he  built  a  church  a 
little  farther  inland,  which  when  nearl}'  conijiloied 
was  destroyed  by  a  hurricane,  falling  uj)on  and  killing 
many  natives,  whose  fiiends  wished  in  tui-n  to  kill 
the  padre,  but  failed.  The  church  was  rebuilt  and 
dedicated  to  Santiago.^^ 

In  1722  the  peninsula  was  visited  l>v  inmienso 
swarms  of  locusts,  hitherto  unknown  in  California.''' 
They  devoured  every  green  thing,  and  were  them- 
selves eaten  in  great  <piantitios  by  the  Indians,  who 
I'or  some  time  could  get  no  other  food.    There  resulted 

^  «  daceta  <le  Mcxko,  Jan.  Fcl).  17l!'2,  '2r>-7,  .72-4;  Cal.,  Kshih.  y  /'m,!.,  1S-2; 
Vciifiiifi/i,  Xo/iciti,  ii,  ,S72-!)0.  Niiimli  iciiiiiiiicd  at  Saiitiii<,'o  until  17-'i,  l)iiiii,' 
(<ucci'tili(l  l)y  J^ort'iizo  Cnnnnco  who  was  iiuinlciod  hy  the  Iiiili.iiis  in  1731. 
'J'hcro  was  pU'iity  nf  water  which  ensiirecl  bettor  crops  than  were  r.iised  at 
iiM)j<t  luitssioiis.  i'alou,  Nolkian,  i.  130,  says  Villapueuto  t'u<lowei.l  tliis  iiiis- 
Kioii  ill  171!). 

-'They  ciuue  again  in  nW-T-S-O,  1753,  1705-G-7.  Clavcrljo,  Storia,  i.  84. 


>^ 


448 


JESUIT  ANN   LS  OF  LOWER  C^VLIFORNIA. 


an  c})i<lciiiic  which  carried  off  many  natives."''  In 
1823  the  captain  of  Loreto  with  a  party  of  soldiers 
made  a  tour  throiigli  the  south  with  a  view  to  ins])ire 
some  deijfree  of  awe  and  respect  among  the  turhuluiit 
tribes  of  that  reijion.  Simikir  tours  were  nuide  in 
later  years.  These  southern  Indians,  bad  as  tliey 
were,  were  made  worse  by  mulattoes  and  mestizos  left 
among  them  from  time  to  time  by  the  pearl-fisliers. 
For  several  3'ears  from  1723  there  is  nothing  requir- 
ing notice  in  the  annals  of  the  peninsula.^'* 

SouK!  excitement  was  caused  in  1727  by  the  arrival 
of  Father  Juan  Bautista  Luyando.  This  pious  J  esuit 
on  joining  the  order  some  years  before  had  devoted  a 
part  of  his  fortune  to  the  endownmeii^  of  a  mission, 
and  he  now  M'ished  to  become  the  founder  in  person. 
It  was  resolved  that  the  new  establishment  should  be 
in  the  region  north  of  Guadaluj)e,  where  Piccolo 
had  long  ago  found  the  natives  well  disposed,  and 
where  Sistiaga  now  went  to  engage  in  preparatory 
work  while  Luyando  wrestled  with  the  idiom  at 
Loreto.  In  January  1728  he  proceeded  to  the  new 
held,  where  many  had  already  been  baptized  and  mar- 
ried: and  he  soon  had  ai»reat  number  of  catechumens 
about  him,  so  many  that  his  large  supply  of  food  was 
exhausted,  and  more  had  to  be  brou'dit  from  Loreto. 
The  Indians,  and  even  soldiers,  aided  in  the  erection 
of  buildings,  and  on  Christmas  the  mission  of  San 
Ignacio  was  formally  founded  by  the  dedication  of  the 
church.-'     In  1728  the  king  issued  several  cedulas, 

2'' At  riuadiihipe  the  pestilence  was  especially  virulent,  '228  Christian 
ailult.s  ily  iuLT.    'i'he  mortality  was  nearly  as  great  at  some  other  estahlisiinieiits. 

-''Ca]it.  Andres  Lopez  appears  in  17-3-4  as  witness  at  niarriajj;cs.  In  Sept. 
17-4  a  (iininliter  of  Capt.  Estevan  Hodrignez  Lorenzo  was  iiiarrii'd  to  Jos.'i 
Antonio  liohlcs.  The  signature  of  Father  Francisco  Ossorio  appears  in  Jidy 
U-'").  J,iii-</(i,  LihroH  dc  Misioii,  M.S. 

'-'  Luyando's  signature  appears  in  the  Lanto,  Lilt.  Mifion.  in  17-7-S.  The 
same  neords  bear  the  signature  of  Father  Lorenzo  Jose  C'arraneo  in  17-7  fur 
the  tii'Ht  time.  Aecordingto  the  original,  iS\u(  /'///((c/o,  Lihrnmk  Minion,  MS., 
bapti.sms  liegan  Oct.  '2'2,  17KI.  Four  hundred  and  nineteen  were  baptized 
before  tlie  foundation  in  I7-S;  100  before  17-0;  and  2,'-'U'2  before  1741.  J>uy- 
ando  is  named  as  founder,  but  nearly  all  the  entries  are  signed  by  Sistiai.'a 
in  the  eaily  years.  There  were  ;}G  marriages  before  the  founding,  the  date 
of  which   may   have  beeu  July   7,    17-S,  instead  of  Christmas.     Deaths  to 


DEATH  OF  PICCOLO. 


443 


Lilas, 


I  tor 

iptizcd 
Luy- 
listiaya 
le  tlato 
iths  to 


ordcriiii^  investigation  of  several  subjects  on  wliieli  lie 
liad  received  memorials.  These  sul)jects  were  the  dis- 
])utetl  episcopal  jurisdiction,  an  increase  of  the  prcsidial 
Inrce  to  til'ty  men,  and  the  cession  of  Carmen  Island 
to  the  missionaries — for  purposes  of  pasturage  I'-' 

Tlic  year  1729  opened  sorrowfully.  The  2i!<l  of 
February  Father  Fi'ancisco  Maria  Piccolo  breathed 
liis  last  at  Loreto,  in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of  his 
life  and  tlic  thirty-second  of  his  labors  in  Califoi'iiia. 
liis  loss  was  irreparable,  and  his  character  receives 
]i('rha])s  but  little  moi'e  than  its  <hie  of  ju-aisc^  from 
Alegri',  who  describes  him  as  indefatigabK>,  zealous, 
gentle,  and  of  marvellous  purity  of  conscicnee,  which 
ill  the  ojiinion  of  his  confessors  he  never  tarnished 
with  any  fault."" 

Pi'ocurador  Echcvcrria  came  to  Sinaloa  this  year 
to  see  about  procuring  a  vessel  for  the  missions,  and 
having  been  appointed  visitador  general  he  resolved 
to  make  California  the  scene  of  his  tirst  labors,""  espe- 
cially as  Villapuente  and  his  sistor-in-law,  Doha  Jlosa 
(le  la  ]?ena,  had  offered  to  endow  two  lu'W  missions. 
]']clieverria  crossed  over  in  the  Triunfo  i'rom  Ahonie, 
and  arrived  at  Loreto  the  27th  of  Octobei'.  Scarcely 
waiting  to  recover  from  a  malignant  fever,  tluj  visita- 
dor with  two  soldiers  and  a  few  Indians  spent  I'orty- 
eight  (hiys  in  a  tour  of  inspection  through  the  north, 
iitiiriiing  surprised  and  delighted  with  the  progress 
iiiade.^^     Then  he  |)re[)ared  i'or  a  tour  in  the  south, 

1710,  i.onc.;  iiiaiTiMgi's  to  1748,  84S.  'J'lic  site  i.siMll.d  Kiulaa  in  San  Vircntu 
I'lii'cr  X'alliy.  See  also  ('«/.,  K  tub.  ij  Pruj.,  ]S_'-4;  Viiiii/dn,  Xolirid,  ii. 
ll'.Ml-l(!!t.  'i'lio  laiul  luiL' liail  alnaily  lui'ii  ciiltivatcit  liy  Sisiiagii  ami  llokii 
f'T  ^laiii  ami  \  r;,fi'tal>U'N;  Luyamlo  soon  ])laiitt(l  tii'is  ainl  vinos.  >i'ot\\ith- 
^tamliiij,'  ni^'iiciiltural  ailvantajics,  ami  tin;  dociU'  disipositioii  ut'  tlio  natives, 
the  jiadrc  had  iniK'h  tronlilu  with  lui^^dilioriiig  tl'ilns,  and,  worn  oat,  liu  \v:;.i 
suriifdcd  after  four  years  liy  SistiaL'a.  'J'araval  sL'r\  td  f roin  17'">-,  and  Imt- 
iiando  ( 'oii.sag  sconis  to  have  liicn  ministei- from  1 7^1)  to  1747,  and  after  him 
IVdro  Maria  Naseimben,  and  later  .Jose  (iasteiger. 

"Order  of  May  lOthand.luly  10,  17-28.  Uitja  CaL,  Caluhis  -MS.,  10-J-  ». 

'■'  ll'isi.  Coin/).  Jfxii",  iii.  'J.'id. 

'"'  lirother  Fruneiseo  Tronipes  succeeded  him  ns  procurador  and  served  till 
his  deatli  in  17-")0. 

="  His  letter  of  Pel).  10,  1730,  is  in  r..»<-y«.v,  ii.  4l'l-4.     Over  0,000  uativcs 
had  been  hajiti/ed  in  the  north. 

llisi.  N.  Mes.  SlAits,  Vol.  I.    23 


4.J0 


JESUIT  AX>;ALS  of  lower  CALIFORNIA. 


i^ 


when'  the  new  missions  were  t<>  l>e.  One  of  tlieiii  at 
Las  l*ahnas,  the  original  site  of  Siintiai^'o,  could  not  he 
begun  yet  for  want  of  a  ujinister;  for  the  other  it  was 
(h'cicK'd  to  transfer  Taniaral  from  Purisima,  M'liere  his 
place  would  be  taken  by  Father  Sigisnuuido  Taraval 
soon  to  arrive,^^  since  an  experienced  missionaiy  would 
be  needed  at  Ca[)e  San  Li'icas.  Eehevcrrfa  and  Tania- 
ral sailed  on  ^larch  10,  1730,  arriving  in  nine  days 
at  La  Paz,  where  they  were  received  b}'  Father  AVill- 
iam  (lordon,  the  successor  of  Bi'avo.  The  southern 
Lidians  w(,'re  now  trancjuil;  and  contimiing  their  jour- 
ney by  way  of  Santiago,  the  padres  found  not  far  from 
the  cape  two  Ihie  lakes  stocked  with  fish  and  sur- 
rounded by  wooded  hills,  about  a  league  from  the 
shore  of  a  spacious  roadstead.  Ilei'e  a  site  was  chosen 
and  temporary  buildings  were  erected.  Few  Indians 
presented  themselves,  saying  that  the  rest  of  their 
tribe  had  perished  in  an  epidemic;  but  no  sooner  had 
Fcheverria  and  two  of  the  soldiers  departed  than  the 
natives  came  in  crowds.  Inviting  as  the  spot  had 
seemed,  life  there  soon  became  intolerable  bv  reason 
of  mosrpiitocs;  and  Tamaral  soon  selected  a  new  site 
six  miles  from  the  coast,  wdiere  another  church  and 
dwelling  were  erected,  and  here  s})rang  up  the  missien 
of  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  where  1,300  nati\es  were  ba[)- 
tized  the  first  year.  INIeanwhile  Father  Taraval 
arrived  in  ^Tay,  and  proceeded  inunediately  to  l^ui- 
sima,  though  disa])pointed  in  not  being  able  to  found 
his  new  mission  at  Las  Falmas.'^^ 

This  same  year  the  missions  had  to  bear  the 
greatest  loss  since  the  death  of  Salvatierra  in  1717. 

'-'  His  inline  appear  (irst  on  May  4,  IT.tO,  .at  S.  lyiiaoio.  L'lh.  M'lshin,  MS, 
Xaiiii's  !ippo;iri:ig  on  tlio  i-orcto  reconla  tliis  year  are  tliosc  nf  ,Mayi>rgii,  (luil- 
leii,  lu'lirvcrn'ii,  aiul  Tamaral.    Lorctu,  Lilims  (!i>  Mi.ii(iii,  MS. 

'■'Sigisiiiiiiitlo  Taiaval  was  Ihhii  at  Lodi  in  17('().  He  wa.s  a  youii^'  man  of 
literary  a))ility,  ami  was  charged  by  tlio  ))roviiRial  to  write  a  liistoiy  nf  the 
California  mii<.sioiis,  ami  he  seems  to  have  done  .,o,  for  Vemg.is  a<hnits  Iwiviiii; 
derived  mo.«t  of  liia  inforniatioii  from  the  work;  and  Cliivigeii)  saw  over  1'2 
vohiiiies  (if  MSS.  in  tlie  Jesuit  college  at  (iiindalajara.  I  iiavi>  liefore  me  T(tr- 
(iriil,  JJIoii'iof  tic  MIsioncros  <!<'  U(ija<'ulij'orma,  AJS.,  being  eulogies  of  piidres 
'I'amaral,  Carranco,  and  !Mayorgii.  He  was  rector  in  1737,  and  died  at  Ciua- 
dalajura  in  17(33,  having  lived  there  since  17ol. 


DEATH  OF  UGARTE. 


4,-1 


Juan  Ugarto  died  the  20t]i  of  DcooinlKT,  at  the  ai^^c 
(»f  seventy  years,  thirty  of  tlieni  spent  in  Calif* »riiia. 
.\i4ain  and  a,L,^ain  had  liis  conrai^^e,  [>ertiiiacitv,  and 
tact  saved  the  missions  from  (Hssohition.  Kncit  crisis 
uf  distress  and  despair  liad  found  him  ready.  ]lis 
lieart  had  been  stronn^  when  all  others  were  weak,  his 
Jiand  active  when  otlnn's  were  listless.  The  natives 
i'eared,  respected,  and  loved  him,  for  he  ever  temj)ei'(,'d 
the  ruler's  authority  with  the  friend's  aft'aljility,  the 
gentleness  t)f  the  priest  with  tlie  diLrnity  of  the  man. 
Jle  possessed  in  an  eminent  degree  the  qualities  in- 
ilispensablc  to  a  leader  of  ])ioneers.  He  died  at  hi.s 
own  mission  of  San  Javier,  or  San  Pablo.''* 

Having  served  a  year  at  Purisima,  and  made  several 
entradas  by  which  he  had  extendeil  the  jurisdiction  of 
that  mission,  Taraval  was  called  in  ITiVI  to  San  Jgna- 
cio  to  take  the  place  of  Sistiaga,  now  made  visitador. 
On  the  west  coast  in  that  latitude  was  a  Christian 
lancheria  of  Walimea,  or  Trinidad,  under  a  pious 
Indian  named  Cristobal.  Through  his  inliuence  the 
natives  of  that  coast  and  islands  farther  north  were 
induced  to  ask  for  a  visit  from  the  })adre;  and  the  ')d 
of  December  Taraval  set  out  for  the  west,  lleachin!^ 
tlic  great  bay  intersected  on  modern  maps  by  the 
jiarallel  of  28°,  he  named  it  San  Javier,  and  crossed 
on  a  raft  to  a  small  island  called  Afegiia,  or  isle  of 
Jjirds,  now  Natividad.  From  this  island  he  went  to 
tlie  larger  one  of  (.'edros,  then  called  Amalgua,  or  isle 
of  Fo<4's.  From  a  hiiih  mountain  <»n  the  island  he  saw 
the  western  islets  now  called  San  IJenito  and  otliers 
in  the  ba}' ;  and  far  to  the  north  he  descried  what  he 
thought  were  other  islands,  ])rol)ably  in  reality  pro- 
jecting points  of  the  main,     lielieving  himself  in  lati- 

*'  ViVnrki'urio  (Juan  Josi'),  Vain  ?/  Virtinl'n  dc  <l  Voicrahlf  y  Ajmii/drico 
Pwh'e  Juan  ih>  fi/riiii- (le  la  f'oJii/xtiiid  Je  Jikkh,  Mlshxiro  th'  ht-i  I.Jiii  ('nli- 
furjiias,  y  two  dr  Kit.i  jiviniro'i  ( 'oiifjtiis(a'/oi<x,  etc.  Mcxici,  1S.")'_'.  Kvo.  7  1. 
•il 4  p.,  K  (jiic  nf  tlic  typical  culojiicH  vi  one  Jesuit  by  iiiiotlicf.  (illcd  l<<v  tlie 
iiKist  part  uitli  lung  (litii|ui.siti()iis  cju  tlic  ('liristiiiu  virtues  (if  tlic  mbjcct,  ;;'iv- 
iiij;  a  brief  tlumgli  tcjkralily  accurato  accoiiiit  of  L'^;nrte".s  life;  but  adding 
noihiiiy  of  iniportaucc  to  vliat  has  been  given  in  my  text. 


452 


JESUIT  AXXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


tiulc  nr  he  was  disposed  to  identify  the  nortliein 
ishinds  with  Vizcaino's  Santa  Catahna  and  others  of 
tlio  Santa  Barbara  Channel.  He  was  a  lon.LJ  way  out 
(jf  his  reckoning  as  arc  those  who  liave  ado[)ted  l)is 
idea.'*'  The  bay  islands  were  named  Dolores  as  a 
j,n-oup.  The  islanders  returned  with  the  j)adre  in  a 
body  to  settle  at  San  li^nacio,  one  sorcerer  who  showed 
reluctance  beintj^  killed  by  a  shark  in  crossing  to  the 
main.  Jacobo  Droet  is  the  name  of  a  new  padre  \\\m 
came  to  Loreto  in  1732."'^ 

Early  in  1733,  still  other  n-ibes  came  to  San  Igna- 
cio  for  baptism  from  dift'erent  directions;  but  Taraval 
was  interrupted  in  his  work  by  the  return  of  Sistiaga, 
who  had  been  succeeded  by  Guillen  as  visitador,"' and 
who  brought  with  him  Father  Fernando  Consag, 
lately  arrived  in  the  country.^^  In  obedience  to  (lui- 
llen's  instructions  Taraval  now  [)repared  to  found  his 
new  mission  at  Las  Palmas  Bay.  He  sailed  liom 
Loj'eto  about  the  middle  of  the  year  and  from  La  l*a/. 
])roeee(led  by  land,  finally  erecting  his  cha[)el  not  far 
from  the  orininal  site  of  Santia<»(),^'  and  dedicating  it 

'''Vcncgas,  ii.  432-43,  gravely  disciisso  the  matter;  and  most  others  ex- 
press no  strong  ilonlit  on  the  subject.  Most  follow  also  the  English  cilitii)n 
of  \'cnegas  with  its  errors  anil  oniissions  of  ilates.  For  instance  all  between 
Taraval's  arriviil  in  May  1730  and  this  journey  is  omitted,  and  tiiU8l73()is 
often  j:iven  as  the  date  of  the  expedition.  Taylor,  llht.  Sum.,  claims  to  have 
consulted  the  original;  but  ho  gives  the  date  as  1730.  Tltc  trip  is  recorded 
also  in  ('«/.,  K.^'fult  y  Proi/.,  \',Ht.  In  his  repoi't  of  this  year  made  before  tiie 
journey,  Carta  ul  Vis'ifitdor  Gi ix'ral  xahrc  Minion  ih'  PurUiinn,  17o0,  Taraval 
gives  a  detailed  description  of  I'urisiina  and  all  its  pueblos  and  raucherias,  as 
well  as  of  the  mi.ssiun  system  and  routine. 

'^'''I.or<to,  Libras  ill  Minion,  MS.  Luyando  and  Mugazabal  also  appear  on 
the  records. 

''  Wo  hear  of  no  rector  or  superior  succeeding  L^garte;  but  tho  visitador 
seems  to  have  exercised  tlie  .same  control. 

3s  Fernando  Consag— so  lie  wrote  his  name,  alsoMTittcn  Konsag  and  Kon- 
schah.  SCO  Ijaclrr,  Jiihliot/iirjuc — was  .1  native  of  Hungary  born  in  1703,  tlie 
son  of  an  oilicer  in  tlie  army.  He  came  to  America  in  1730  and  to  California 
in  1732.  He  served  chielly.it  S.  Ignacio,  but  also  for  a  time  in  the  soutii. 
I  shall  have  occasion  to  notice  several  of  his  northern  explorations.  lie  died 
Sept.  10,  17o0.  ZivalloK  [Fraitri-ro],  Viila  dd  P.  Ftrmiiido  KiniiKtij,  Mexico, 
1704,  12mo,  31  pp.,  is  a  letter  from  the  provincial  on  the  early  life,  missionary 
labors,  and  writings  of  the  padre.  This  writer  implies  what  is  stated  by 
Backer,  llibliothiijiir,  that  Consag  wrote  the  Ajiottolicos  Aj'aiies;  but  I  think 
such  was  not  the  case. 

"  Clavigero,  S/oria,  ii.  7S-0,  diverges  from  his  model  to  say  that  Sta  Rosa 
was  not  founded  here  but  at  Todos  Santos  near  the  west  coast;  but  others 


TROUBLK  IX  THE  SOUXn. 


453 


tf)  Sanfa  Rosa  in  lioiK^r  *)\'  \]\o  rouiidrfss,  Dona  Rosa 
(I(.'  la  JV'iia.  lie  I'dUiul  liis  llock  aliTady  .soint'W  liat 
(lonu'sticatod,  and  in  a  Irw  months  made  j^ivat  l>r<%''- 
icss  in  winning  their  estt-oni,  as  lie  liad  reason  to  know 
in  tJie  troubles  that  weie  to  eonie.  Yet  they  were 
ticklf  and  treacherous,  and  tlu-  [ladre  ke[it  his  ai'uiy 
of  three  troopers  near  him. 

For  some  time  the  southern  savaLjes  had  been  chaf- 
iiii,^  under  restraints  imposed,  l)einiL^  especially  indig- 
nant that  polyuaniy  was  not  })ermitt;ed.  ]Viha[>s  the 
pndi'es  niiL;ht  have  succeeded  in  allaying"  the  hrewiiiLf 
storm,  hut  for  the  ellbrts  of  (,'hi<'ori  and  JJotoii,  the 
iir-st  a  mulatto  and  the  second  the  olfsjiriuL;"  <'i'  a 
mulatto  and  Indian,  I'ormcrly  in  some  authoiily  at 
Santia!,n>,  hut  deposed  and  publicly  whi[»ped  by  I'adro 
Cairanco  for  his  A'icious  conduct.  Uoton  swore  \en- 
i^'cance,  l)ut  C'arianco  was  warned  in  time  to  esc;ij»e, 
iuid  the  conspirator  went  to  join  Chicori,  chief  of  the 
Tencca  ranchen'a  near  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  who  was 
angry  with  Padre  Tamaral  for  a  reprimand.  The  two 
resolved  to  kill  the  fathers.  Tamaral  went  to  aid 
(.'arranco  in  <|uelling  disturbances  at  Santiago;  and 
the  two  plotters  with  a  band  of  villains  lay  in  wait 
I'or  liim  on  his  return,  lieceiving  a  warnini'-  how- 
ever,  irom  friendly  natives,  Tamaral  sent  instructions 
to  his  neophytes  U)  fall  u[)on  the  enemy's  rear  which 
thev  did,  foi'cin<ji:  them  to  flee  for  their  lives,  and 
(lestrovinij:  their  rancheri'as.  The  two  leaders  soon 
tendered  their  submission,  the  padres  too  readily  con- 
sented to  a  peace,  and  there  was  no  further  outbreak 
in  1 7-3:3. 

In  January  1734  the  ]Manila  galleon  for  the  tirst 
tiiue  put  in  at  San  IJt.'rnabe  just  east  of  the  cape;  and 
the  crew,  sorely  afflicted  by  scurvy,  were  restored  to 
health  by  pitaliayas  and  fresh  meat  frf>m  the  mission. 
Three  men  remained,  one  of  whom  died,  and  tho 
others,  Captain  Baytos  and  Fray  Domingo  llorbi- 

i'.'iy  that  it  w.is  La  Paz  tliat  was  transferred  to  Todoa  Santos.  Vencjas,  ii. 
ii'o-o;  Alcijre,  iii.  251;  CuL,  Entab,  y  Proij.,  11)7. 


4S4 


JESUIT  ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNL\. 


■ 


goso,  recovered  to  depart  later.  The  coininander  an- 
nounced that  the  galleon  would  touch  here  on  eviiy 
voyage,  asking  that  a  supply  of  provisions  should  he 
made  ready.  I[e  also  urged  upon  the  government 
the  importance  of  a  presidio  at  the  cape,  but  without 
effect. 

Meanwhile  Boton  and  Chicori  were  secretly  spread- 
ing sedition,  their  main  reliance  being  the  unpopularity 
of  the  law  against  polygamy.  The  military  foitc;  in 
the  south  was  six  men;  three  soldiers  at  Santa  lu^sa 
with  Taraval,  two  invalid  mestizos  with  Carranco  at 
Santiago,  one  n)an,  Romero,  in  charge  of  La  I'az, 
while  Father  Gordon  was  absent  at  Loreto,  and  no 
guard  at  all  with  Taniaral  at  San  Jose.  Yet  the  Ind- 
ians greatly  dreaded  the  fire-arms,  and  the  insurgents 
resorted  to  stratagem.  Early  in  Sej^tc  inber  17G  4  they 
waylaid  and  murdered  one  of  Taraval's  soldiers,  and 
sent  for  the  padre  to  visit  the  man  who  they  said  was 
lying  sick  in  the  woods.  His  suspicions  being  aroused 
he  did  not  go;  but  a  few  days  later  Romero,  the  soli- 
tary guard  at  La  Paz,  was  killed.  About  this  time  a 
soldier  came  to  San  Jose  to  protect  Tamaral,  who  was 
in  bad  health,  and  iinding  signs  of  rebellion  hebeiiufod 
the  padre  to  Hee,  and  on  his  refusal  started  for  La  l*az 
alone.  He  found  a  ruined  mission  with  blood-stained 
walls  and  floors,  n^arks  of  violent  deeds  everywhcio, 
and  he  tied  in  tonoi  to  Dolores.  Visitador  (iuilKii 
had  long  apprehended  this  trouble;  and  he  sent  let- 
ters sununoniiii;  the  padre  to  Dolores,  but  the  roads 
were  already  closed.  Carranco  sent  a  l>arty  of  his 
Clnistian  Indians  to  bring  Tamaral  to  Santiago,  l)ut 
again  he  refused  to  quit  his  post.  The  party  fell  in 
with  a  large  body  of  the  rebels  on  their  way  to  San 
Jose;  but  learning  that  Carranco  suspected  their  de- 
signs they  resolved  to  attack  him,  first  forcing  the 
Christians  to  join  them. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  October  1st  they  reached 
Santiaw.  While  Father  Carranco  was  en<xa<jfcd  in 
conversation  with  the  neophytes  the  others  rushed  in 


MrnnicR  of  carraxco  and  tamaral. 


4U 


iuid  killr<l  him.  His  Ixuly  with  that  of  an  Iiidiaii 
sti'vant,  al'ttT  jjfro.s.s  iiKUgiutics,  was  hiinied.*"  I'ho 
rhuirh  was  thi'ii  destroyed  and  the  oniainetits  were 
hiii'iK'd,  and  the  two  mestizo  jj^uards  ri'turninL,'  (Voni 
llie  lields  shared  th(»  fate  of  1  heir  master,  Ixith  pai^ans 
iind  Cliristians  dancini,' deHriously  the  while  ahoiit  the 
lioloeaust  tliey  liad  made.  The  insin'L,'ents,  lollowed 
hy  a  threat  erowd,  now  bent  their  steps  to  San  Jo<e, 
iiirivinL,^  in  the  mornini^  of  tlie  Jkl.  Tamaral  knew 
jiis  time  had  eome,  but  he  spoke  eahnly  to  the  m»»b, 
nt'usini;  to  quarrel  about  the  impossible  thiiiLCs  they 
nski'd,  and  dying  without  a  sign  of  amioyance.^'  'J'ho 
scenr  at  Santiago  was  then  reenaeted,  but  more  delib- 
i  rately  and  with  niore  abominable  eeremonies.  These 
orgies  gavt'  Father  Taraval  time  to  escape  from  Santa 
liosa  with  the  church  paraphernalia  to  La  Paz,  whene<! 
he  crossed  on  a  boat  sent  by  Guillen  to  Espiritu  Santo 
Island,  and  soon  went  to  Dolores.  The  murderers, 
enraged  at  Taraval's  escape,  wreaked  their  vengeance 
on  his  neopliytes,  killing  twenty-seven  of  them.  Then 
they  began  to  quarrel  among  themselves;  and  soon 
the  southern  part  of  the  peninsula  was  once  more  in 
the  state  of  chaotic  discord  in  which  the  missionaries 
had  oriujinallv  found  it.^- 

At  the  first  alarm  Guillen  had  written  to  the  vice- 
roy and  provincial,  urging  the  Ibunding  of  a  i)residi(j 
in  the  south ;  but  the  viceroy  declined  to  do  more  than 
recomnujnd  an  application  to  the  court  at  ^ladrid." 
This  was  but  poor  comfort,  and  the  revt^lt  tlu-eatened 
to  infect  the  whole  ])i'ovince.  The  captain,  \\\{]\  nine 
men,  went  down  to  Dolores,  but  did  not  deem  it  pru- 

*"  Lorenzo  Carrniioo  ■was  a  native  of  Cliolula,  educated  at  Piu'ljla,  in\il 
jwssed  liis  novitiati;  at  TcjiDzotlan.  Clarii/i  r<i,  Slor'nt,  ii.  !K).  Ali-'.'ii',  iii.  'Jlil, 
hiiys  lii.s  niaityrtloiii  in  California  had  lx;in  f(jretol<l  liy  I'adro  Zurillu  in  Mex- 
ico. See  liiograiiliieal  sketch  in  JJicc.  Uiiir,,  ii.  l'J4-.").  See  also  'J'araml, 
Llu:ih,y,  MS.,  '24,  !t. 

"Sec  Tami-'il,  IJIoifwx,  MS.,  4-8. 

'- JJaegert,  Xn'-hiic/t/en  run  CaL,  277-8,  triumpliantly  tells  lis  tlmt  the 
orij^'iiial  j>i)]iulation  of  4, (HX)  was  in  a  few  yeara  reduced  to  400  l)y  war  and 
diseases  Kent  upon  tliese  people  for  their  sins. 

"  Alet;rc,  iii.  •J.'i(>-7,  says  a  reason  for  failures  was  that  viceroy,  archbishop, 
and  pioviucial  were  not  personally  on  friendly  terms. 


4JG 


JESUIT  ANNALS  OF  LOW  Eli  CALIFORNIA. 


dent  to  advance  on  the  foe.  Even  tlic  warlike  Coclii- 
njis  of  the  nortli  showed  some  «i_t;'ns  of  di.ssalisfaction, 
though  they  had  alwji^'s  been  friendly  to  the  [)adre.s. 
They  saw  their  old  customs  overturned,  their  tfods 
Ijelittled,  their  lands  coolly  appropriated  by  invtid- 
ers  without  strength,  conquerors  without  force,  and 
masters  without  title.  Now  that  the  example  was 
set,  the  temptation  was  strong  to  follow  it.  Guillen 
was  resolved  that  the  southern  tragedies  should  not 
be  re[)eated  in  the  north;  and  early  in  l7o5  he  per- 
emptorily ordered  all  the  padres  to  repair  at  once  to 
Loreto.  They  obeyed  somewhat  deliberately,  each 
bringing  with  him  the  valuables  of  his  mission. 

A  new  n[)peal  of  Father  Guillen  to  the  viceroy  had 
no  effect,  though  the  provincial,  through  Procurador 
General  Kodero,  succeeded  in  arousing  some  interest 
in  Spain.*'  But  at  the  same  time  Father  Bravo  sent  an 
a[)[)eal  to  Governor  lluidrobo  and  the  Sinaloa  mis- 
sionaries, for  soldiers  or  Yaquis.  Five  hundred  Ya- 
quis  at  once  volunteered,  only  sixty  of  whom  could  be 
brought  by  the  vessel.  By  the  time  of  their  univ;;! 
all  need  for  their  services  in  the  nortli  had  ceased; 
for  the  tribes  had  voluntarily  tendered  tlu'ir  submis- 
sion, with  expressions  of  contrition  for  backslidings, 
tind  had  persuaded  the  padres  to  return  to  their  posts. 
The  Yaqui  warriors  were,  therefore,  sent  down  to 
]Jolores  tt)  rei3iifor(^e  the  captain  and  his  little  band. 
Then  an  advance  \\i  i  made  into  the  country  (f  the 
Ibe,  the  army  advancini^  by  land  and  water  to  J^a  l*az 
as  a  base  oi'  operations.  One  party  was  furiously 
attacked  on  arrival,  but  on  the  coming  of  the  others 
the  savages  scattered. 

As  was  generally  the  case  on  such  occasions,  many 
nati\es  now  came  to  the  camp  claiming  to  have  bi'iu 
loyal  I'rom  the  fu'st.  From  these  men  were  leariud 
the  particulars  of  an  ali'air  which  had  made  tlu;  rebels 


**  Two  or  three  orders  of  17;?.")-7.  vaguely  orilci'inj^  tlie  viceroy  to  t;)ko  tlio 
lu'ce^ssary  steps  to  put  down  tlie  revolt  in  Culil'oniia.  JJaJa  CuL,  Cidiidt-',  MS., 
104-7. 


ATTACK  ON  THE  C.ALLEON'S  CREW. 


457 


more  recklessly  aiulaeious  than  before.  The  ^Manila 
galleon,  the  S<(ii  Cristohal,  had  approached  8aii  ]>er- 
nabe  expecting  the  same  hospitable  treatment  that 
had  welcomed  the  ship  of  the  jm-cedinjj^  y*^':""-  Though 
the  preai'ranged  sij^nals  were  not  seen,  the  captain 
sent  a  boat  with  thirteen  nuMi  ashort,all  of  whom 
Avero  massacred.  A  lar<j^er  force  landed,  Ibund  the 
murderers  breaking  up  the  boat  for  her  iron,  killed 
some  of  them  and  carried  olf  four  prisoners  to  Aca- 
pulco.'*'" 

So   far  as   pecuniary   support  was  concerned  the 


had 


b 


now   oeen  tor  some  years  on  a   sccurt 


y 


missions 

footing,  owing  to  the  wise  system  of  investing  the 
(  alifornia  fund  in  real  estate.  In  l7oi>  the;  mai(|uis 
do  Vilia[)uente  and  his  wife  nuule  very  laiL-''  acKli- 
tions  to  the  estates,**'  so  that  the  once  worthless 
pt'iiinsula  was  now  grown  into  a  province  well  worthy 
of  the  crown's  prot(>ction.  Still,  so  long  as  the  re- 
bellion had  brouiiht  disaster  to  missionariis  only 
the  viceroy  had  remained  unmoved;  but  the  murder 
of  the  galleon's  sailors  and  passengers,  some  (»f  the 
latter  perhaps  men  of  distinction,  could  not  be  per- 
mitted to  pass  unavenged.  Governor  lEuiih^obo  was 
tlierefore  ordered  to  invade  the  country  with  a  strong 
force  and  reduce  the  rebels  to  order,  acting  according 
to  his  own  iud<2TMent,  without  beini*-  in  any  way  sub- 
iect  to  the  authority  of  the  pa(hes.  The  i'ONci-nor 
made  known  his  orders  to  the  lathers,  directed  that 
h;)stilities  in  the  La  Paz  district  should  be  suspended, 
and  asked  tbr  a  vessel  to  fetch  him  and  his  troops. 
J; is  commands  wi^ro  obeyed  to  the  letter,  and  he  was 
received  with  great  honors  at  Loreto.  J!e  began 
operations  in  the  most  aj»provt'il  mihtary  style  and 
with  much  eneriry.     The  reduction  of  these  miserable 

^''  Vdiciiait,  ii.  48r)-7;  Chirli/iro,  ii.  101 -'J.  AI:-<,'ro,  iil.  'J."i7  !•■  li:if  .'ni  nc- 
ciitiiit  tiilit'ii  tVoiii  n  letter  of  tlie  eaiitiiiii  of  ;lie  L,;iii.'ipn  tn  tlu'  vieerox ,  «  lii(  !» 
(:iv(  s  ji  version  that  dilleis  in  iletuila  from  that  given  hy  the  utlieiM,  and  is 
(juite  as  likely  to  be  aeenfiito. 

^''liiaiit  of  the  San  Pedro  Tljarra  hiieieni!;i-  i'>  SV/;i  M'njuel,  Ihcumriilon, 
3-1,  10-17.     Sue  also  Doi/lt'u  IJlgt.  Pioim  I'tntd,  4. 


468 


JESUIT  ANXALS  OF  LOWEPw  CALIFCRNIA, 


I  I' 
It 


K:.v{iges  lie  thought  an  easy  matter,  and  lie  paid  no 
heed  to  the  missionaries'  advice  or  experience.  For 
several  months  tliis  self-rehant  and  over-wise  general 
carried  on  a  fruitless  canijiaign.  The  rebels  were  now- 
scattered  all  over  the  country,  and  simply  fled  or  hid 
themselves  at  his  approach.  Wherever  he  went  the 
country  seemed  an  uninhabited  desert,  and  at  last  the 
baflled  governor  was  obliged  to  tuin  to  the  padres  tor 
aid. 

This  change  of  policy  took  ])lace  at  the  end  of  178G. 
The  Jesuits  without  thouglit  of  i)ast  rebuffs  were  glad 
to  devote  all  tlieir  skill  to  the  task;  and  by  their  cor- 
trivance  the  savages  were  wheedled  into  a  gener;*! 
engagement,  in  which  they  were  routed  with  great 
loss.  Once  again  they  rallied  and  met  Huidi(»bo's 
force  in  open  battle  with  the  same  result;  and  tlien 
they  tendered  submission  and  prayed  for  mercy.  The 
governor  insisted  on  a  surrender  of  the  ringleaders, 
but  instead  of  inflicting  the  capitid  jiunishment  their 
crimes  so  I'ichly  deserved,  he  merely  banished  them  to 
the  mainland.*'' 

While  the  war  was  going  on  the  king  had  yielded 
to  importunities  of  Jesuits  and  others,  and  had  issued 
orders  for  an  increase  of  the  presidial  force  and  tlie 
establishment  of  a  new  presidio  in  the  soutji.*"*  The 
execution  was  intrusted  to  Governor  Huidi'obo,  who, 
for  the  greater  convenience  of  the  ^lanila  shij),  decided 
to  found  the  presidio  at  San  Josd  del  Cabo  instead  of 
La  Paz  as  had  been  intended  at  first.  The  command- 
ant was  to  be  entirely  free  from  missionary  control; 


I 

b 


*'The  old  writers  cxultingly  tell  lis  how  God  took  their  punishineiit  into 
Ills  own  hands.  They  attcniptotl  wliilo  crossing  to  seize  the  vessel,  ami  in  t!:c 
eonlliet  most  were  kil'ed.  The  survivors,  jiroliably  Boton  and  Chieoi  i,  somi 
ilied  a  viok'nt  and  misirttblc  deatli  on  tiie  main.  Tlic  cost  of  the  (ii!n]iaiL.n 
was  linally  paid  from  the  royal  treasury  ))y  an  order  of  April 'J,  IT-'-.  Iw/r 
i/a.i,  ii.  4!»!l;  Chiri'i'-ni.  ii.  ll.">:  Ahijrc,  iii.  •1~{\.  The  order  of  Ajiril  ivfernd 
to  is  in  li«ja  ('«/.,'  <  aliilii-'^,  MS.,  110-18,  and  is  of  1S4;{  instead  of  ISl'J.  Tlic 
amount  ^^ranted  from  tlie  treasury  was  ahout  ."lO.dtK)  ]iesoM.  Many  jnevioiis 
iirders  are  alluded  to  and  many  details  given  of  the  olheial  acta  to  Ije  noti'd  iu 
a  general  way  in  my  text. 

*  'lids  order  of  IToi")  is  not  given,  but  is  alluded  to  in  the  onkr  of  April 
174;j  as  u  secri't  one.  • 


A  PRESIDIO  AT  THE  CAPE. 


459 


l)ut  this  innovation  Avas  neutralized  at  first  by  the 
a|)[)ointnicnt  (jf  a  son  of  the  captain  at  Loroto,  Ber- 
nardo Rodriguez  Lorenzo  y  la  liea/'*  who  had  inher- 
ited all  his  lather's  reverence  lor  the  missionaries. 
This  officer,  caring  less  for  the  ccaivenience  of  the  Ma- 
nila shij)  than  for  the  safety  of  the  missions,  divided  his 
for<'e,  placing  ten  men  at  La  Paz,  ten  at  Santiago,  and 
ten  at  the  cape.  This  soon  sealed  his  fate.  He  Avas  dis- 
l)lacL'd  hy  Pedro  Alvarez  de  Acebedo,  against  the  [)ro- 
tcst  of  the  procurador  that  it  was  a  violation  of  the 
origijial  charter.  Disorders  under  Acebedo's  ruh;  came 
near  causing  another  revolt;  the  viceroy  admitted  his 
error,  and  a  lieutenant  was  appointed  subject  to  the  caj)- 
tain  at  Loreto,  who  was  as  before  amenable  to  the 
authority  of  the  padre  sujx'i'ior. 

As  soon  as  order  had  been  restored  steps  were 
taken  for  a  restoration  of  the  destroyed  missions. 
l*a(lre  Mavorna  had  died  in  November  1736,  at  the 
niission  of  Comondu,  which  he  had  founded  in  1708;^" 
and  the  force  had  been  still  further  reduced  by  (he 
rt'iiiovai  of  Father  Helen  to  the  mainland  in  1735.''^ 
Jii  1730,  however,  there  arrivetl  Father  Antonio 
']\'nn)is;'''^  and  the  ni'xt  year  there  appear  on  the 
ieeords  the  names  of  jiadres  Fiancisco  Javier  Wagner, 
wiio  succeeded  IMavorLja  at  Comondu,  and  Andivs 
.1  ivier  Garcia.  In  1740  the  name  of  l-'rancisco  ^Taria 
^.fa^-ariegos  a^jpears.''^    It  was  probably  in  1737,  l>ut 


";•■* 


'■'  He  was  pnilinhly  u  native  of  California.  Veuepns  and  Iiis  followers  fall 
into  M.nu;  confusion  aho.it  the  naiin'  us  hetwccn  Lotcii/.o  anil  La  lUa.  It  i.'. 
)iossil)li,.,  lio\MV('r,  that  lie  Mas  a  sou  of  Lorenzo's  wife  liy  a  fornai'  l.iisliauil, 
thoiiLili  I  lind  no  ovidi  nee  of  the  faet. 

•"'Mulo{.'y  of  I'adre  AiayoiL'a,  in  Taraf<\l,  FJoifion,  MS.,  t()-'_'"2. 
'  liverardo  Helen,   lUllen,   oi-  lijvlun,   liad  eonie  to  Califomia   in   1710. 
Txetpt  that  he  was  a  (icrnian  and  died  at  'J'e|iozotlan  in   IT'iT.  nothin;,'  i.s 
l.iinun  of  him  Ixyond  his  lahois  in  tlie  jieninsnla.  l)',<i\  Univ.,  iv.  "JIT   l^, 
fiiiMi  Clavi^'ero. 

"■'J'(n)jiis  was  a  native  of  Ohnuz.  Moravia,  horn  in  170.'!,  of  noMe  parent- 
!!!_•(•.  He  was  ediieated  in  l'ra;.<iie.  liislinuuishinu  liini.self  tliere  ami  elsiw  liere 
iis  a  seliolar  and  teaehrr.  His  only  mi.ssjonary  si  r\  iee  was  at  SanliaL;o,  ( 'al., 
'>'liei''  he  dird  .Inly  (I,  174(!.  ('iiumui.  \"i<I(i  y  'i'rdlxijun  dil  1'.  Atilnii'in  'J'lmjils 
i.MiNieo.  I71!l),  J'Jnio.  4;i  iia;i(s,  'I  Ids  is  a  letter  of  Oet.  1,  174S,  to  the  supe- 
1  ioiMif  (he  <  rdir  in  Mexico,  in  whieh  the  writer  describes  the  life;  and  virtues 
of  his  countryman. 

"^ Lorttv,  L'Jirvii  i/v  Mishu,  MS.     Some  of  these  may  liuve  been  mere 


460 


JESUIT  AXXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


possibly  in  1708,  tliat  TempiH  went  to  reestablish  tlic 
mission  of  Santiago,  where  ho  spent  the  rest  of  liis 
life.  About  the  same  time  a  new  mission  was  formed 
of  three  pueblos  between  Dolores  del  Sur  and  Saii 
Javier.  It  was  endowed  by  liuis  dc  Velasco,  named 
San  Luis  Gonzaga,  and  its  first  minister  was  either 
one  of  the  two  new  padres  named  above  or  Padro 
Lamberto  Hostell,  who  was  serving  there  in  1745.'* 

Oi.  I  saving  California  Iluidrobo,  who  flattered  him- 
self Li  e  natives  had  been  taught  a  lesson  never 
to  be  fc.  ,  ten,  ordered  all  soldiers  to  be  withdrawn 
fj'om  the  missions  to  the  i)residios,  except  a  guard  of 
eight  or  ten  at  San  Ignacio  and  Dolores,  liut  after 
the  Indians  of  San  Jose  de  Comondii  had  twice  at- 
tempted the  life  of  Father  Wagner,^"  the  captain  of 
Loreto  took  the  responsibility  of  sending  a  soldier  for 
the  protection  of  each  padre."''  And  this  precaution 
proved  a  necessary  one,  for  it  was  not  long  before  tlio 
tribes  from  Santiago  to  the  cape  were  again  in  revolt. 
Murdering  a  goatherd  and  attempting  the  life  of  an- 
other, they  induced  the  neophytes  of  San  Jose  to 
desert  in  a  body.  The  fugitives  were,  however,  in- 
duced to  return;  and  the  captain,  w^itli  an  army  of 
soldiers,  neophytes,  and  pagan  allies,  soon  put  down 
the  revolt,  killing  several  of  the  foe,  executing  three 
and  banishing  four  rinuleaders,  besides  flon^^'ing  maiiv 
inore.^''  Yet  no  lasting  impression  could  be  produced 
on  tliese  fickle  and  treacherous  savages.  Turbulence 
suppressed  in  one  district,  broke  out  in  another;  now 
the  crew  of  a  pearl-craft  were  killed;  now  the  cattle 

visitors,  ns  nothing  more  is  hcanl  of  tho  last  two.  Father  Niipoli's  nnino 
uplK.'ais  in  1730,  showing  that  lie  had  not  ^■Gt  left  the  country. 

^Tlavigevo,  ii.  4i!,  (hjnl)tles3  a  misprint,  makes  the  fonnding  1747. 

^■'On  each  occasion  All'erez  Estevan  had  (luclled  tho  tumult,  puttinc;  <'' 
death  three  ringleaders,  exiling  and  Hogging  others.  Claviijero,  .i'to/vVi,  ii. 
100-11. 

^"Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  X.  Gal.,4(i2,  saj-.s  that  in  tho  California  convetsi"U 
tho  faith  seems  to  have  been  merely  liiniied  on,  jircmHila  con  aljihir^,  tur  it 
was  much  less  diflieult  to  convert  the  natives  tiiau  to  control  them  us 
Christians. 

^'' Clavigcro,  Storia,  ii.  112-14. 


EPIDEMIC. 


401 


of  a  mission  were  stampeded;  now  ,i  tribe  attacked  a 
)it'(>})hyte  community  or  a  rival  ranclieria/'^  For  a 
decade  and  more  after  the  governor's  campaigns  the 
south  was  seldom  free  from  disorders  of  souie  kind. 
At  iirst  the  blame  was  laid  at  the  door  of  the  inde- 
pendent captain;  but  the  records  do  not  show  any 
diminution  of  troubles  after  that  officer  was  subjected 
to  the  padres. 

In  addition  to  these  calamities  an  intermittent  epi- 
demic ma  1e  fearful  havoc  among  the  southern  tribes 
from  1741*  t>  1748.  Some  of  the  missions  were  so 
com] »letely  depopulated  by  this  scourge  that  it  l)ecame 
lleces^^ary  to  incorporate  them  with  others.  In  this 
way  the  surviviu'j:  neophvtes  of  Santa  llosa  and  San 
J  (ISC  were  transferi'ed  to  Santia«>"o,  while  the  remnants 
of  La  Paz  were  removed  to  Todos  Santos.'^" 

It  is  said  that  at  Loreto  a  new  presidio  was  built, 
hut  not  on  the  originnl  site,  in  1742-3.*"'  In  1744 
the  veteran  Captain  Lorenzo  became  blind  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  Bernardo,  dying  two  years 
later. "^^  In  the  same  year  the  missionaries  lost  two 
of  their  number.  Jaime  Bravo  died  at  San  Javier 
tlio  loth  of  May  1744,  after  almost  forty  years  of 


li  a  iiainu 


'^Hrrp-P,  iii.  2SS-9;  CuL,  Estah.  y  Prorj.,  201;  Clavigcro,  ii.  12.1,  says  that 
the  southern  captaiu  was  too  iiroue  to  bloody  rcveugo  for  outrages  of  tho 

BilVil  l:c- S. 

■■''I  lie  epidemic,  prol)al>ly  small-pox,  raged  most  furiously  in  1742,  171 1, 
uiid  1718.  llardly  one  sixth  of  tho  soutlieni  people  were  left  alive.  Tiio 
Uthitia  lost  more  than  any  other  trilic,  only  one  suiviving  in  1707.  Clitv'iijvi'n^ 
ii.  1"J.'?,  All  agree  that  the  plague  was  a  punishment  from  heaven.  Ono 
writer  tells  lis  that  not  only  di>l  the  Indians  of  tiie  north  escape,  but  loyal 
om.'N  in  the  south  were  saved  by  lemon- j\iice  and  sea-bntlis,  a  treatment  that 
jirovecl  fatal  to  malefactors.  At  San  josii  del  Cabo  alono  500  natives  wero 
carried  oil".  Sides,  Nvtinns  Cal.,  i.  9l)-l. 

"""Ill  llnstrachn  Mixhaint,  i.  277-S,  is  a  view  of  the  presidio  in  1850.  It 
U  said  that  on  tho  lintel  of  tiic  chief  door  is  an  inscription  to  the  cH'cct  that 
till'  liiiilding  was  comiileted  in  17-1-'.  Ncgretc,  in  Sue.  Mex.  Geo;/.  UoL,  vii. 
ti.'tJi-!).  says  the  presidio  was  founded  on  its  present  site  in  17t;i;  but  he  is  in 
error  in  supposing  it  had  been  at  San  15runo  iieforc. 

''' Estevan  Rodriguez  Lorenzo  was  a  native  of  Portugal.  In  Mexico  ho 
vas  for  some  years  majordomo  of  an  hacienda  belonging  to  the  Tepozatlan 
college,  lie  came  to  California  with  Salvatierra  in  1(107,  and  was  mailo 
cafitain  by  his  companions  in  1701.  His  marriage  in  1707  has  been  noted. 
He  was  as  pious  as  he  was  brave,  and  nothing  could  shake  his  devotion  to 
t!iv  ]iadres.  He  died  full  of  years  and  honors  Nov.  1st  or  4th,  174(!.  Xot- 
^^idli•landing  his  servicer  no  penuion  could  be  obtaioied  in  his  last  years. 


462 


JESUIT  ANXALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


". 


faithful  service;*'^  and  Francisco  Javier  Wagner  died 
at  vSan  Josd  do  Comondi'i  the  I'ith  of  October,  hohv^ 
succeeded  by  Jacobo  Droct,  who  hjid  come  in  17:JJ. 
But  two  new  padres  arrived  at  the  same  time;  one 
of  them  was  Caspar  do  Trujillo  to  take  charge  of  Lo- 
reto,  which  flourished  exceedingly  under  his  care, 
particularly  in  matters  religious,^  and  the  other  ]Mi- 
guel  del  Barco."  Other  padres  who  came  before 
1745,  some  of  them  perhaps  several  years  earlier,  wore 
Karl  Neumayer,  Lamberto  Hostel),  Pedro  JMari'a 
Nascimben,  and  Josd  Gasteiger.*'^  Father  Antonio 
Tempis  died  in  1746  at  Santiago  as  has  already  been 
noted.  In  1747  Sebastian  Sistiaga  was  transferred 
to  the  mainland  by  reason  of  ill  health,  his  place  at 
San  Tgnucio  being  taken  by  Consag;  and  in  1748  the 
list  of  losses  was  increased  by  the  death  of  Fatlur 
Clemente  Guillen,  the  senior  member  of  the  band/" 
and  in  1750  by  that  of  the  young  comandante  Lorenzo 
y  la  Rea.*^  The  last  accessions  of  the  half  century 
were  padres  Juan  de  Armosto  and  Ducrue,  the  for- 
mer taking  the  place  of  Trujillo  in  1748. 


6S 


Perhaps  the  most  important  event  of  the  period 
was  Father  Consag's  exploration  of  the  npper  gulf 

"'He  was  01  years  of  age,  the  founder  of  La  Paz,  and  died  as  piously  as 
lie  had  hvc'd.  Ho  was  buried  in  the  centre  of  the  prcshytery  1 J  varas  from 
the  last  step  of  the  high  altar.   Lorcto,  L'lhro  de  Minion,  MS. 

"His  name  appears  frequently  down  to  17J2.  Lorcio,  Lib.  Jlfision,  MS. 
He  obtained  'la  apetida  liceneia  do  tener  en  dep(Jsito  al  iSefior  Sacranuu- 
tado. .  .Ningun  otro  niisionero  ha  podido  conscguir  hasta  ahoi'a  ]iara  .'-u 
niisi(jn  6  iglusia  csta  graeia  tan  estimable.'  Untxo,  Jnj'urmc  del  cutado  dc  la 
viifioii  dt>  tjcui  Fiaiicinco  Jitvicr  dc  CaH/oriiia,  /','6'J,  '20,'). 

"'His  name  appears  in  April  and  May  1744  in  Xon-to,  Lib.  Mixion,  MS. 
Clavigero  implies  that  he  came  in  17o7. 

*'  V'enegas,  ii.  540-50,  names  these  padres  not  mentioned  before  in  a  lit 
of  missions  and  their  padres.  Most  of  them  appear  later  on  the  registers  I'f 
Loreto  and  San  Ignacio. 

•'''lie  ilied  at  Loreto  April  8,  1748,  aged  71  years,  52  years  a  .Jesuit,  ni.d 
.14  (,^7?)  in  California,  spending  'JO  years  in  converting  the  Ciuaicuri  nati<ui. 
Came  to  Loreto  for  his  health  in  April  1747,  intending  to  go  later  to  Co- 
ninndii.  Worked  hard  learning  new  languages  within  a  week  of  his  deatii. 
L'irito,  Lib.  J\Ji.iio)i,  MS. 

«^  Loirto,  Lib.  JZ/n/oh,  MS.  He  died  Dec.  10,  1750.  The  death  of  Lieut. 
Juan  Carrillo  on  May  4,  1748,  is  also  recorded.  He  was  husband  of  Eligeniui 
Millan,  whoever  she  may  have  been. 

'^JJiirco,  Iii/ormc,  i?6',.',  p.  '207. 


CONS  AG'S  VOYAGE. 


403 


coasts  In  1 740.  It  was  made  by  order  of  Provincial 
Escobar  who  hoped  by  the  results  to  increase  the 
importance  of  California  in  the  king's  e^es.  Thoui^li 
tlie  padres  were  to  bear  tlie  expense,  and  had  no 
reason  to  believe  that  their  cause  would  be  advanced 
by  results,  they  did  not  liesitate.  The  9th  of  Juno 
Consai^  with  a  party   of  Yaquis,  Californians,  and 


CoNSACi's  Map,  174(5. 


soldiers,  sailed  in  four  open  boats  from  San  Carlos,  a 
shallow  inlet  lyinof  a  little  north  of  east  from  the 
])a(h'o's  mission  of  San  Ignacio.  Slowly  they  worked 
their  way  northward,  as  near  the  shore  as  possibh;, 
landing  often,  finding  the  natives  at  one  point  friendly, 


404 


JESUIT  AXNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORXIA. 


at  another  hostile,  until  they  reached  the  mouth  of 
the  Colorado  in  the  middle  of  July.  An  attcnijjt 
Avas  made  to  explore  tJie  river,  but  was  fi'ustrated  l»y 
the  strontif  current,  one  boat  being  lost.  On  the  2jt  h 
they  started  southward  and  on  the  return  examined 
such  points  as  had  been  omitted  on  the  upward  trip. 
The  results  of  the  expedition  are  shown  on  the  annexed 
copy  of  Consag's  map.*^  The  diary  gives  a  detailed 
descri})tion  of  the  coast,  but  records  nothing  of  note 
in  the  way  of  adventures.  The  voyage  once  more 
proved  California  to  be  a  peninsula. 

After  the  royal  order  of  April  1743,  in  which  ex- 
penses of  the  Californian  revolt  were  assumed  for  the 
treasury,  a  consultation  was  held  by  the  council  of 
the  Indies  through  the  infuence  of  Jesuit  authorities; 
and  the  reconnnendations  of  the  council  were  issued  in 
a  cedula  of  November  13,  1744.  The  document  was 
long,  and  favorable  to  the  Jesuits.  Past  orders  in 
their  behalf  Avere  mentioned,  with  the  admission  that 
those  orders,  particularly  in  the  payment  of  stipends, 
had  not  been  obeyed,  but  with  the  assurance  that 
they  would  now  be  pron)ptly  attended  to.  Settle- 
ments and  presidios  and  vessels  were  to  be  provided, 
and  detailed  reports  were  to  be  called  for  that  the  aid 
might  be  more  efficient.  The  royal  views  went  far 
beyond  the  peninsula,  up  to  Monterey,  and  an  essen- 
tial feature  of  the  new  movement  was  to  be  the  occii- 
])ation  of  Pimeria  Alta,  a  presidio  on  the  Gila,  and  an 
advance  on  California  from  the  north-east.  All  tliis, 
however,  took  the  form  of  general  recommendations 
of  a  Gfrand  scheme  to  be  investigated.  In  1745  the 
provincial  Escobar  prepared  a  report  on  the  condition 
and  needs  of  the  Californian  establishments  with  a 
view  particularly  to  the  projects  of  the  late  cedula. 
He  showed  that  California  was  too  sterile  a  province 

^*  CoD/iari,  Dnrotero  del  Viage  que  en  ilesrvhrimiento  cle  la  rosfa  Orieiiful  <lii 
Cali/oriiia.i  licffn  d  h'io  Colorado.  .hiMcl  Padre.  .  .17.'/G.  In  Vciiiiia.'i,  Aolirin, 
iii.  140-04:  also  in  Villit-Sirmr  y  Sanchez,  Thealro,  ii.  270-94.  And  n.oio 
Ijiiolly  ill  Aposfiiliro.'<  A/'ini<.'>,  SSf)  et  scij.;  ('lar/i/ero,  Sloria,  ii.  120-2;  Alujn, 
Jliat.,  ih.  2S0-7;  Zendlos,  Vidade  Konsu<j,\)-\0. 


END  OF  VENEGAS'  RECORD. 


405 


for  Spanisli  sottlcinents;  tliat  a  new  vessel  and  an 
iiiei'casod  niilitary  iorce  were  essential,  and  that  the 
missionaries  should  have  a  larger  stipend  than  three 
hundred  j)esos.  And  ho  Nvent  somewhat  int«)  details 
iispeeting  the  necessity  and  methods  of  occupying  the 
( liia  region  as  a  step  toward  the  conquest  of  the  coast 
To  the  noi-th.  It  was  by  Escobar's  orders  and  witli  a 
Ai(.'W  to  these  general  projects  tliat  C'onsag's  explora- 
tion was  made  in  1  74G,  as  already  recorded,  'i'lie  new 
king,  December  4,  1747,  reissued  the  fonni'i-  cedula 
with  Escobar's  ]-e|»ort,  and  ordered  the  viceroy  to  take 
such  stejis  as  might  seem  necessary  for  the  cai-rying-out 
of  the  pi-ojects  recommended.  And  that  seems  to  have 
bi'un  the  end  of  the  matter  for  yeai'S  so  far  as  Cali- 
i'ornia  was  concerned.  I  find  no  evidence  even  that  a 
stij)en(l  was  paid  to  any  Jesuit  missionary,  or  that  any 
;i(l(htional  cx[)ensc  was  incurred  by  the  government 
lor  garrison  or  maritime  service.'" 

The  record  of  Eather  \  enegas  ends  ])ractically  with 
I74G,  aiid  so  far  as  details  of  California  liappenings 
kro  concernetl  we  shall  find  nothing  to  take  its  ])lace 
for  the  next  twenty  years.  I  append  his  closing  table 
of  missions,  pueblos,  and  padres/^  adding  such  changes 


■"Orders  of  Nov.  1.%  1744,  ami  Doc.  4,  1747,  in  /?"./«  Cnl.,  Cahiln.^  ]SIS., 
i  17-44:  VcnnjriA,  Not.,  ii.  4!)S-5l'0,  .j;j(>-40;  (.'luvl'jcro,  St'irhi,  ii.  Uo-'JO; 
AUijri,  IlUf.,iu.  '2S(i. 

"  IV/x'/ffs,  Xot.,  ii.  54G-oO;  Calalo'juH  PcrsoiKirum  ct  Domlciliorinii, 
Mcxioi,  17'-")1. 

I.  Xucstra,  Sofiora  do  Lorcto,  2.")°  30';  presidio,  P.  Caspar  dc  Trujillo 
(17.">0,  V,  .JuMii  Ariiu'sto,  ]ir(K'iu;idor). 

IF.  Sim  .Tavioi'.  •-'.">'  .'!()';  I'.  Miumol  del  R'lroo  (visitador  in  17")0).  Piiclilos: 
Sta  ]{()-:!ilia,  7  Icamu'S  w. ;  S.  Miguel,  S  1.  N.;  S.  Agu.stlu,  10  1.  s.  K. ;  Dolores, 
•-'!.  i;.;  S.  I'ablo,  SI.  n.  \v. 

ill.  Dolores  del  Sur,  formerly  S.iii  .Tiiaii  Eaiitista  Malilmt,  i.r  LiLrni;  I'. 
I'leinente  (iuilieii  (17."iO,  1*.  Laiiiberto  Hustell,  su))erii)r).  I'uiMds:  1)  jres, 
•J J   ;{{(';  Coiicepeion,  I'liuanincion,  Trinidad,  JJedeiiipcion,  IJes'irreeeion. 

IV.  San  l.uis  Oonza^'a,  •_V>';  P.  Landjerto  liiistell  (I7"i0,  I',  .laeolt  ]5ae- 
L'lrt).  Pueblos:  S.  Juan  Nepoinuceno;  Sta  Maria  Magdalena,  on  liay  of  sanio 
name. 

\'.  San  .Tos(5  dc  Comondii,  20°;  P.  .Tacobo  Droet  (17.")0,  V.  .To.s.5  l!on- 
(Uro— llotea?).  Pueblos:  three  not  named,  1  1.  w.,  7  1.  N.,  10  1.  k.  on  tho 
sluire. 

VI.  Santa  Rosal fa,  2r>'' 50';  P.  Pedro  Maria  Nascimben.  Pueblos:  Trini- 
•lad,  (i  1.  s.  K. ;  S.  Marcos,  8  1.  N. 

MI.  Puri'simii  Concepcion,  20°;  P.  Jacobo  Droet.  Six  pueblos  within  8 
leagues. 

Uisi.  N.  Mes.  States,  Vol.  I.    30 


4GG 


JESUIT  ANNALS  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


in  the  personnel  as  are  recorded  in  a  Latin  catalogue 
of  tlic  order  for  1750.  Villa-Senor  y  Sanchez  de- 
voted a  chapter  of  his  work,  published  in  1748,  to 
a  somewhat  superficial  description  of  the  Culifornian 
establishments,  besides  devoting  considerable  space  to 
Consag's  exploring  voyage." 

VIII.  Nuestra  Scfiora  do  Guadalupe,  27";  P.  Joa6  Gastcigcr.  Pueblos: 
Conccpcion,  (5  1.  s. ;  S.  Miguel,  0  1.  s.  w. ;  S.  Pedro  y  S.  Pablo,  0  1.  W. ;  SU 
Mariii,  5  1.  .\. 

IX.  San  Ignacio,  iS";  P.  Scb.istian  Sistiaga  (Consng  from  IT  i").  Piu'blos: 
S.  Tiorja,  8  1.;  S.  Joaquin,  .'}  1.;  8.  Sabas,  31.;  S.  Atanasio,  5  1.;  iSta  Monica, 
7  1. ;  Sta  Malta,  11  1. ;  Sta  Lucia,  10  1. ;  Sta  Ninfa,  .')  1. 

X.  Dolores  del  Norte,  'JD';  PP.  Sistiaga  and  Consag,  in  connection  witli 
S.  lunacio;  1,.">4.S  converts.     (Not  in  Cutalo'/us.) 

XI.  Santa  Maria  Magdalena.  Not  yet  founded,  though  the  Indians  had 
been  converted  Ijy  Consag. 

XII.  Santiago  del  Sur,  2.3";  P.  Antonio  Tcmpis  (1750,  Juan  BischofT). 
Anchorages  of  Sta  Maria  do  la  Luz  and  San  Borja. 

XIII.  Nuestra  Scuora  del  Pilar  de  la  Paz.  No  reports.  (17o0,  P.  Fran- 
cisco Inania.) 

XIV.  Santa  Rosa.     No  reports.     (1750,  P.  Jorge  Redo — Retz?) 

XV.  San  Josf'i  del  Cabo.     No  reports.     (1750,  P.  Carlos  Neumayer.) 
XV'I.  San  Juan  Bautista,  in  tlie  north.     Preparations  made  but  not  ytt 

founded. 

'-  Villa-Scnor  y  Sanchez,  Theatro  Americano,  ii.  272-94. 


li 


CHAPTER  X^ai. 


LOWER  CxUJTORNIA-^ESUITS  AND  FR-VXCISC^VXS. 

17')(>-nC9. 

Revival  of  IxnusTniES — Calumnies — Meahue  Records— Coxsao  ox  the 
Pacific — ForNDiNO  of  Santa  Geutkc uis— Rivkiia  y  Moncada  Com- 
ma ntmnt— Coast  Exi'LonATioN — IlrKiiiCANE— VESKnAs'  Mai- — Focnu- 
iNO  OF  San  Francisco  de  Boiua — Changes  in  Missionaries— Link's 
Exi'i-oRATioNS — FoDNiJiNo  OF  Santa  Mauia — Tuoriii.r.s  IN  the  Soctu — 
Demand  for  Women  and  Secitlarization — Exitlsion  of  the  Ji;si:its — 
Ariiival  of  Governor  Portola — AVorks  of  Baeoert  and  Ducrce — 
Map— Parting  Scenes— List  of  Jesuit  Missionaries— C\)Minu  of  tug 
Franciscans— Odservantes  and  Fernandino  N'ames  of  tug  Six- 
teen— Distribution  of  the  Friars — A  >  System — Comino  of 
Visitador  General  Galvez— Reforms  Introdiced — Mission  Chanoes 
— ToNVNS  AND  Colonization — Regulations— Mining — Trade— Pref- 

ARATIONS  FOR  THE  OCCUPATION  OF  AlTA  CALIFORNIA— THG  FoUR  EX- 
PEDITIONS— Secularization  of  Santiago  and  SaN  Jose— Founding  op 
San  Fernaxdo  de  VelicatI — The  Old  must  Support  the  New. 

While  no  statistics  have  been  preserved,  it  appears 
that  in  grain,  fruit,  live-stock  and  like  standard  sup- 
]»lios,tlie  missions  of  Lower  California  were  now  nearly 
SL'lf-supporting,  and  that  revenues  from  the  estates  of 
the  pious  fund  v/ere  amply  sufficient  to  met  all  the 
wants  of  the  missionaries.  The  military  est.M  dnnent 
was  sup[)orted  by  the  government.  Tlierc  are  indica- 
tions that  about  tlie  middle  of  the  century  the  Jesuits 
adopted  a  somewhat  less  exclusive  jiolicy  than  that 
of  earlier  years,  and  even  gave  some  little  encourage- 
ment to  the  legitimate  development  of  the  countrj^'s 
sliglit  resources.  The  Manila  ship  touched  at  the 
cape  each  year,  exchanging  goods  for  produce  and  thus 
creating  quite  a  lively  trade.  Other  vessels  began  to 
arrive  from  time  to  time  and  found  the  padres  ready 

(407) 


408 


JKSUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS. 


i\)V  barter.  Pearl -fi si liiiL,'-  was  no  longer  frowned  down 
us  altogether  detrimental  to  the  oountr}''^  ])ros|ieritv, 
nn<l  a  few  mines  wwo,  opened  on  the  peninsnla.  lender 
this  revival  of  industries  farming  and  stock-raising  on 
a  small  seale  became  profitable.  But  we  have  only 
ver}^  scanty  information  on  the  general  subject.* 

It  was,  however,  im})ossiblc  to  i)lease  everybody — • 
or  even  anvbodv  in  the  case  of  the  Jesuits  as  it  would 
seem.  That  the  i>'eneral  and  y'rowini'  feeling  agamst 
the  society  was  n(jt  well  founded  I  am  not  [trepared 
to  say;  but  it  is  certain  that  no  imaginable  cliange  of 
polic}'  in  California  could  have  lessened  that  leeling. 
In  foiiner  years  the  Jesuit  monopoly  was  believed  to 
conceal  vast  treasures.  Calii'ornia  v^as  an  'el  dorado,' 
and  the   ])adres  were  dragons   guarding  its  wealth." 

And  now  that  communication  was  o[)en  by  other 
than  missionary  cral't,  the  grounds  of  calu-Mny  were 
by  no  means  removed.  Xot  content  wit'  leir  old 
mysterious  wealth  of  gold  and  ])ear]s,  the  /i»  now 

insisted  that  the  galleon,  greatly  to  her  own  disadvan- 
tage, should  touch  at  the  cupe  for  their  profit;  ami 
the  coming  of  other  vessels  was  encouraged  tliat  the 
padres  miiilit  enuaue  in  smuin'iilintf  1^ 

It  is  not  possible  to  form  a  connected  and  complete 
narrative  of  mission  annals  from  year  to  year  for  the 
remainder  of  the  Jesuit  period.  Only  a  few  events 
are  preserved  in  the  records;  but  thoy  are  naturally 
the  most  important,  and  from  them  and  the  details  of 
the  past  the  reader  ma}'  picture  to  himself  the  moncjt- 
ony  (jf  ])eninsula  happenings  and  progress  in  these 
years.  Even  the  Jesuit  eiironiclers  found  nothing 
of  interest  in  the  dr}'  record. 

'The  pciicfiil  industries  fif  the  coimtiy,  especially  the  pearl-fisheries,  will 
receive  iittoiitiuii  in  a  Inter  cliniiter  of  tills  work. 

'  'Tlie  Jesuits  iiei)t  JOuro])e  i;j;norant  about  California  as  long  as  they  couM.' 
says  De  rjunv,  'iind  Anson  in  J 714  was  tliu  first  to  discover  how  dangerously 
poweiful  tliey  were.'   lli-ch<i<h(8  Phil.,  loS. 

**  Venegas,  iii.  12'22-."),  indignantly,  but  needlessly,  denies  these  cliar:.'*:!. 
Alegre,  iii.  'JSO,  mentions  the  circulatiou  of  such  reports  in  connection  witii 
the  visit  of  a  Dutch  vessel  in  17-17-8. 


COXSAG  ON  TRK  COAST. 


•ira 


In  ^Iny  .ind  Juno  17.11  r.'Ulici-  Cons.nnf  orossed 
froiii  San  liL^'nacIo  in  tlu;  l\icili(',  jiiul  cxploi't'd  tlio 
cnast somewhat farvrull}'  hetwecn  latitudes  IJS  ;«'id  .'JO  . 
A  [ilace  called  Kalvalaj^'.'i  was  the  imrthein  limit,  and 
thfi'o  they  hoard  of  |)oo[)lo  in  the  far  iiortli  ih'osscd 
like  themselves,  ol)taiiiin<jf  some  pieces  of  <*lotU  and 
other  articles  which  could  not  have  com(%  as  \v.;:^ 
thought,  from  the  Californian  neophytes  or  peai-1- 
iishers.  The  party  returned  on  July  Stli  to  I'iedad 
rancheria  above  San  Ignaeio.* 

Many  natives  had  heen  converted  in  the  northern 
rcfjions  hy  Consau^  and  Sistia'i'a  in  former  years;  hut 
lack  of  missionaries  and  trouhles  in  tlu;  south  had 
prevented  the  founding  of  a  new  mission.  J^'unds 
wt'ro  not  wanting,  for  Villa[M)  nto  had  suggested  that 
the  revenues  of  San  Jose  del  Cabo  should  be  applied 
to  a  new  northern  establishment,  whenever  the  former 
should  bo  abandoned  or  become  self-supporting.  Con- 
.sng  in  his  late  trip  selected  a  site,  sending  tliither 
some  neophytes  under  a  native  teacher;  and  in  the 
summer  of  1752  Father  Jorge  Retz  went  to  take 
charge  of  the  mission  which  was  nai.ied  Santa  Cer- 
trudis.^  In  the  same  year  Father  Armesto  went  to 
?.LexIco  as  procurador,  and  his  ])lace  at  Loreto  was 
taken  by  Juan  Javier  BischofiV  Father  Jacob  ]>acgert 
may  also  have  come  about  this  time,  though  there  is 
no  deiinite  record  of  the  fact.  It  was  in  1752  also 
that  Don  Fernando  Rivera  y  ^loncada,  a  man  promi- 
nent in  the  later  annals  of  both  Californias,  received 


*('o)imrj,  Dinrio  i!e  "u  Eiifrnila,  <Ir  17,'l.  In  A/io.-'fiir>iun  J/'aiifx,  nOl— I'Jt). 
The  di:iry  iii  full  of  petty  dc  tails,  tlioujj;li  (listiiiiccs  ■■iiid  dii-c'ctions  arc  u'ivpii  in 
tlio  usual  vague  nianncr.     Account  iilso  iu /T' (■'•///ov,   Vidft.  de  Kimsinj.  ll-l'J. 

■*  According  to  Santa  C'r/nidi^,  Ld/rot  dc  Misioii.  MS.,  Pudro  lictz  was 
superior  of  tho  missions  and  from  17'>li  to  ITO'J  conlirnicd  1,71"  iicrsons.  Tlio 
soil  Was  liarrcn,  and  tlic  mission  roo.iired  nuudi  outside  aid  for  yi'ars;  Imt 
grain  and  fruit  were  eventually  raised  >vitli  success.  Clnrhirrn,  ii.  i;{l*-0; 
PaliM,  Kot.,\.  101;  Cal.,  Edah.  1/ Prof/.,  •JOl.  Saks,  Xotiria-i  (h-  Cnl.,  ii. 
39-41,  says  Stci  Gcrtnidia  was  founded  in  1740;  Init  dates  in  that  work  arc 
not  to  be  relied  on. 

"  ( 'ah,  EMah.  1/  Pro;}.,  207-8.  BischofT  is  said  to  have  made  great  improve- 
ments ill  tlio  ostablislimeut.  Itc  was  transferred  to  I'urfsima  in  l7o7.  Tho 
name  of  I'adrc  Francisco  Maria  Badillo  also  appears  on  the  Loreto  books  iu 
I'o'J.  Lordo,  Lib.  Minion,  MS. 


470 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS. 


from  the  king  liis  commission  as  commandant  of  the 
Loreto  garrison.'^ 

In  1753  Consag  made  a  new  exploration  of  the 
western  coast  up  to  latitude  31°,  as  he  believed,  really 
perhaps  not  quite  to  30°,  being  well  received  by  tlie 
natives,  of  whom  he  brought  back  many  to  Santa  Ger- 
trudis.  He  was  accompanied  by  Captain  liivera, 
whose  zeal  is  highly  praised  in  the  diary .^  A  hurri- 
cane nearly  destroyed  several  of  the  northern  missions 
in  1754,  besides  wrecking  the  best  of  the  padres'  ves- 
sels." It  was  in  1757  that  Vene^as'  standard  work 
as  revised  by  Burriel  was  published  at  Madrid. 
Enough  has  been  said  of  the  work  elsewhere;  but  I 
reprochice  the  inap  which  accompanied  it.  From  this 
year  to  the  end  of  the  Jesuit  period  the  name  of 
Father  Liicas  Ventura  appears  on  the  registers  as 
minister  at  Loreto.^'' 

It  was  intended  to  establish  a  new  northern  mission 
in  1759,  and  in  a  sense  it  was  founded,  though  with- 
out a  regular  minister  for  three  years.  The  duchess 
of  Gandia,  Maria  de  Borja,  had  loft  a  large  sum  of 
money  to  endow  the  mission,  whicli  was  to  be  called 
San  Francisco  de  Borja. ^^  Betz  had  found  a  good 
site  three  da3's'  journey  north  of  Santa  Gertru(hs; 
Consag  was  to  superintend  the  founding,  and  Father 
Josd  Botca,  a  new-comer,  was  to  be  +he  minister. 
But  Consag  died  in  September  1759,  and  Botea  had 

'  Sept.  9,  17.'>2.  Bnja  Cal,  Ci'dulas,  MS.,  145-G.  This  is  the  first  that  is 
known  of  Riveni;  but  lie  is  spoken  of  as  a  ni.iii  lumiiir.;-  with  all  parts  of  tho 
province,  where  ho  had  jirobably  served  tor  some  years. 

^Zevaljoii,  ri'/a,  I'i-U;  C'cuhjero,  ii.  139;  C-.?.,  I^'stah.  y  Prop.,  201. 

"  The  ill-luck  of  old  seems  to  have  returned  to  the  niissio'i  flotilla  in  these 
years.  Procuiador  Arrnesti  in  1759  persuaded  the  viceroy  to  build  u  vessel 
ac  a  royal  expense  of  19,000  pesos,  and  the  craft  was  lost  ut  San  Liicas  on  iis 
li^-st  trip.  Then  a  vessel  belonging  to  Dolores  was  broken  up  by  the  nntivo 
crew  aftc  tho  captain  had  hem  niirrdcred.  The  criminals  were  puni.shccl; 
but  thereafter  comnuu'ication  with  Loreto  was  by  land.  Finally  an  excelhut 
vessel  was  built  in  California  by  one  Molina,  at  a  cost  of  18,000  pesos,  of  which 
sum  10,000  was  paid  by  the  treasury;  and  Molina  later  built  a  smaller  vessel 
paid  for  by  the  missions,  though  surrendered  at  the  expulsion  in  1707.  C7((i(- 
yero,  ii.  142-4. 

'"  Loreto,  Lib.  Midon.  MS. 

"  Clavhja-o,  Sloria,  ii.  139-40.  Palou,  Not.,  i.  102-3,  says  this  mission  was 
endowed  by  Antonio  Lauza. 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


471 


missions 


CUT(1»NES  1701       S'  ,-f// 


/^  sp^  ^<^^ X^^Cn^ 


HO»BO  tOMta  ■  »  A/  Y    U    M  A   s 


La  Titinja, 

oI<uD« 
ojigua  Etctiutlid* 


Btisanir  0  c  Atiuimurt 
i*   .  Tiibi.ti.nw_  -"    ' 


S.Bonifacjd  o     .SU-Cataliok 

S.Agustin 
^    ■c8.rr«i«Uc.>  SCusmc-"*'  8.>Iaro«c\     o 

-y      o  Ser>ria. 
h 

S.Lu;s3(w,.i„vi      Si.Mtriaile  Hiiainca 


o  Cwisper* 


Baianurhl 


'<-Cl..m.[»* 


t'     Uitliiucura 


^  '-■•^  I,,nri  ,  ^>-'  AV 


O  V  /Niii'«ri^ 

vov-W'    ■.{■  .-    8.MiB(ltltT-'r?T..nkl 


M>Upt 


-t--'  ZT- 


'Ol'^    ,  -  *^  C.le  S:Mj7R»J8.rORTUGUIT«8 


TORTUGA 


Venegas'  Map  of  the  Peninsula,  17J7. 


ssiou  was 


I  ] 


m 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCAXS. 


to  take  his  place  at  San  Ignacio.  Yet  Hctz  went  on 
with  his  work,  not  only  converting  and  instructing 
natives,  but  opening  a  road  from  Santa  Gertrudis  and 
building  a  church  and  dwelling.  Thus  all  was  ready, 
when  in  17G2  the  Bohemian  Jesuit,  Wenceslao  Link, 
arrived  and  was  appointed  to  San  Francisco.^'  Sev- 
eral years  passed  before  Borja  became  self-supporting, 
supplies  being  meanwhile  brought  by  sea  to  Los 
Angeles  Bay,  some  twenty  miles  from  the  mission. 
It  soon  became  comparatively  a  large  and  prosperous 
establishment;  but  it  also  had  its  troubles,  caused  by 
the  determination  of  certain  medicine-men  that  the 
northern  tribes  should  not  apostatize  from  their  origi- 
nal faith.  It  took  all  of  Padre  Wenceslao's  energy 
to  overcome  the  hostility  excited;  but  he  did  it,  on 
one  occasion  taking  prisoners  a  whole  rancheria  with- 
out strikinjif  a  blow.^^ 

In  170 1  the  name  of  Padre  Manuel  Maria  Sotelo  y 
Figueroa,  appears  on  the  records  of  Loreto  and  Santa 
Gertrudis.^*  At  the  end  of  the  same  year  Brother 
Mugazabal  died  at  his  post  at  the  age  of  seventA'-sevon 
years,  fifty-eight  of  which  had  been  passed  in  CaH- 
fornia,  and  forty-three  as  a  Jesuit.^'  For  1702  we 
have  reports  from  fathers  Barco,  Link,  and  Ilotoa  on 
the  missions  of  San  Javier,  San  Francisco  de  Borja, 
and  San  Ignacio  respectively,  with  items  of  informa- 
tion on  other  establishments,  this  matter  closing  one 

"Link,  or  Linck,  was  a  native  of  Nidcr,  born  in  173(i,  who  liocanip  n  Jt's- 
uit  in  17o4.  Comp.  Jcm)<,  Catdlo(jo,  "24.  la  Dice.  Univ.,  ix.  7.')!t-40,  wo  iimI 
that  aftci"  tlio  cxpnlsiou  he  died  at  Vienna  in  1772;  but  a  better  anthority, 
JJiirritr,  in  Jcsuilcx,  Expulsion,  307,  states  that  in  1773  he  became  catechist  at 
Ohntitz  college;  also  that  he  wrote  a  history  of  the  missions  in  Latin.  Link 
(  Wcnzel ),  Nachrichteii  von  Call/oniicii,  is  a  brief  description  of  tiic  peninsula 
in  Mun;  Xnchrichtfn,  402-1'J,  where  it  is  stated  in  a  note  that  he  wa:i  born  iit 
Joachimthal,  and  was  still  living  at  Olmiltz  in  1790.  I  shall  have  occasion  to 
cite  other  writings  of  his. 

"  Chiviiicro,  Storia,  ii.  139-50;  Link,  Informe  dv  San  Borja,  176.2.  Extracts 
in  Cal.,  Entah.  yPro^j.,  212-15. 

'*Zorc<o,  Lib.  Misioit,  MS.;  Sla  Ocrtrmlis,  Lib.  3Ii»ion,  MS.  Sotelo  in 
1767  was  in  Piiebla.  He  was  a  native  of  Cialicia,  lx)ni  in  17.30,  and  made  a 
Jesuit  in  1752.  Comp.  Jesus,  Cahiloyo,  40,  P.  Lamberto  Hostell  was  visitadur 
in  1701. 

^^ Loreto,  Lih.  Mision,  MS.;  Barco,  Informe  de  1763,  209-10.  His  body 
W08  buried  near  that  of  Padre  Bravo. 


LINK'S  EXPLORATIONS. 


473 


of  the  most  important  records  hitherto  consulted.*' 
Early  in  this  year  the  name  of  Padre  Ignacio  Tiirsch 
appears  on  the  records."  Between  August  17G2  and 
April  of  the  next  year,  the  small-pox  carried  off 
many  neophytes  at  Loreto.  Father  Lucas  Ventura 
began  his  service  in  17G4,  and  fathers  Victoriano 
Arnes  and  Javier  Franco  arrived,  the  latter  taking 
charge  of  Todos  Santos  on  the  death  of  Fatlier  Neu- 
niayer  in  August.  The  name  of  Juan  Josd  Diez  first 
appears  in  1766.*^  There  were  three  other  Jesuits  in 
the  country  in  1767,  respecting  whose  coming  I  have 
ft)und  no  record." 

In  17 Gd  Father  Link  made  an  exploration  of  Angel 
de  la  Guarda  Island,  finding  it  destitute  of  water  and 
not  inhabited  by  either  men  or  animals,  though  the 
natives  had  led  liim  to  expect  a  different  state  of 
things.^"  In  February  17G6  the  same  padre  set  out 
with  a  large  party  from  Borja  with  the  intention  of 
reaching  the  Colorado  River  by  land.  He  came 
within  some  twenty  or  thirty  leagues  of  the  river,  as 
he  believed;  but  difficulties  of  the  way  and  the  ex- 
liaustion  of  the  animals  forced  liim  to  turn  back. 
His  diary  is  full  of  details,  but  has  no  gen(n'al  inter- 
est except  in  the  fact  that  it  records  the  tirst  explora- 
tion of  the  northern  peninsula."* 

There  Avas  money  from  the  duchess  of  Gandia's 
bequest  for  a  new  mission  in  the  north;  and,  Link 
liavi'.ig  failed  to  find  a  better  site,  Arnes  and  Diez 
Avent  in  October  to  found  it  at  a  spot  called  Calagnu- 
juet,  eighty  miles  above  Borja,  where  Consag  liad  been 


'sra?.,  E-slah.  y  Prorj,,  202-19.  The  Bajn  Cal,  Crdulm,  MS.,  is  eiuled 
by  two  brief  ct'duliiH  of  17tiU-4  of  no  importani'o,  p.  14()-7. 

'^  Lovito,  Lib.  Misioii,  M.S.  His  namo  was  written  Tirs  by  tiic  Sp.mianls. 
Ho  was  a  nati.'u  of  Coiiictzir,  l)orn  in  1733,  and  became  a  Jesuit  in  1754.  He 
W.1S  minister  at  Santiago  at  the  expulsion.   (  oiiip.  Jfsnn,  (\if.,  42. 

^*  Lonfn,  Lib.  Misioii,  MS.;  StaGi  rtnuli'i,  lAh.  Minion,  MS.  Padres  Juan 
Mariano  ]>lanco  and  Julian  Joso  Salazar  otiiciated  at  liaptisuis  in  17015;  but 
they  seem  to  have  been  Siiuiloa  niissiunuries  visiting  the  peuiusula. 

''••These  were  Inanm,  Eseaknte,  and  Villuvieja. 

'^'^  CInrhjrro,  Sforla,  ii.   155-7. 

'■"  L'nik,  Diario,  1700,  MS.;  Clavigero,  Storia,  i.  21;  Daeyrrt,  Xachrkhtcn, 
0-0;  Pulou,  Xot.,  ii.  00. 


474 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS. 


\    i 


in  earlier  j^ears.  The  padres  worked  hard,  and  with 
much  success  in  the  matter  of  conversion,  Arnes  con- 
tinuing his  toil  alone  after  Diez  was  worn  out  and 
transferred  to  Borja  and  then  to  Purisinia;  and  some 
serious  troubles  with  the  natives  were  quelled  by  the 
father's  skilful  application  of  Link's  former  policy,  a 
happy  mingling  of  conquest  and  clemency;  but  by 
reason  of  the  barren  soil  and  alkaline  water  the  estab- 
lishment had  to  be  moved  in  May  17G7  to  a  new  site 
some  fifty  miles  distant,  where  new  buildings  were 
erected,  and  where  under  the  name  of  Santa  j\Iaria 
the  mission  soon  became  somewhat  prosperous.  It 
was  the  last  of  the  Jesuit  establishments."^ 

Since  17G0,  the  scanty  chronicles  of  this  epoch  pay- 
ing little  heed  to  dates,  new  troubles  had  arisen  in  the 
south.  Several  mines  were  now  worked  in  that  re- 
gion, and  tlie  miners  had  considerable  difficulty  in 
obtaining  supplies,  the  missionaries  having  but  little 
to  spare  after  feeding  their  netphytes,  and  demanding 
what  were  regarded  as  extortionate  prices.  In  their 
consequent  hostility  to  the  missions  these  men  shrewdly 
began  to  instil  new  ideas  into  the  minds  of  the  natives, 
telling  them  how  the  aborigines  in  New  Spain  tilled 
their  own  fields,  paid  tribute  to  the  king,  and  sold  the 
produce  as  they  chose.  This  was  a  revelation  to  the 
Californians,  who  soon  becfan  to  demand  from  the 
padres  a  division  of  land  and  of  live-stock;  the  women, 
children,  old,  and  sick  to  be  left  in  care  of  the  mission- 
aries. The  absurdity  of  such  demands  is  obvious 
enough.  It  was  only  by  the  most  unremitting  labors 
that  these  lazy  natives  had  been  induced  to  work  for 
a  living.  Without  the  urging  and  example  and  author- 
ity of  the  padres  they  would  soon  have  returned  to 
their  original  savagism;  but  the  miners  v/oulu  in  the 
mean  time  have  cheated  them  out  of  their  lauds  and 
cattle,  which  was  exactly  what  they  desired. 

"  C7rt>vV/rro,  Slorifi,  ii.  170-83;  Palou,  Xot.,  i.  lQ4r-5,  It  was  on  the 
Btreaiu  called  Carbiijakaamang. 


NATIVE  DIPLOMACY. 


475 


Another  cause  of  dissatisfaction,  especially  in  the 
soutli,  was  the  scarcity  of  women.  Many  natives  at 
Loreto  and  in  the  north  obtained  Yaqiii  wives;  but 
the  turbulent  bachelors  of  the  south  found  no  favor  in 
the  eyes  of  mainland  maidens.  The  padres  did  all 
they  could  to  remedy  the  evil;  and  they  even  applied 
to  the  governor  of  Sinaloa,  engaged  in  campaigns 
against  the  Seris,  to  capture  as  many  girls  of  that 
tribe  as  possible  to  be  made  wives  in  the  peninsula, 
but  none  could  be  caught. 

Such  being  their  chief  grievances,  the  southerners 
resolved  to  send  a  deputation  to  demand  from  the 
government  the  dismissal  of  the  missionaries,  and 
secularization  of  the  missions.  Twenty  men  in  the 
night  seized  one  of  the  padres'  vessels  and  crossed 
to  Ahome.  The  padre  there  succeeded  in  detaining 
them  for  months,  except  three  who  succeeded  in 
leaching  Montesclaros  and  laying  their  complaint 
l)ef()rc  the  alferez  in  command,  who  promised  to  for- 
Mard  it  to  his  superiors,  but  was  induced  by  the 
Jesuits  not  to  meddle  in  what  did  not  concern  him. 
^Meanwhile  a  vessel  came  from  Loveto  to  carry  the 
fugitives  back.  Thev  were  condemned  to  a  severe 
Hogging  but  pardoned  at  the  padres'  intercession. 
]^ut  the  Indians,  at  the  instigation  of  the  miners — as 
the  Jesuits  say,  and  as  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt — 
i-enewed  their  efforts,  and  after  an  unsuccessful  appli- 
tation  to  the  visitador  general,  again  crossed  the  gulf 
in  a  stolen  craft,  part  going  to  Durango  and  the  rest 
to  Tepic.  Three  of  the  latter  reached  Guadalajara, 
whence  the  oidorcs  reported  their  complaints  to  the 
court  at  Madrid.  After  being  reduced  to  great  des- 
titution on  the  main  the  Californians  were  sent  homo 
after  an  absence  of  tvvO  years,  reaching  Loreto  in  a 
very  penitent  frame  of  mind,  thougli  in  their  absence 
their  countrymen  had  made  other  efforts  in  the  same 
direction.  In  17GG  the  Jesuit  provincial  made  a  for- 
mal offer  to  give  up  all  the  society's  missions,  includ- 
ing those  of  California;   and   in    1767    the    Jesuits 


476 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCAXS. 


dcclinctl  to  receive  the  bequest  of  Dona  Josefu  Ar- 
guclles  y  Miranda,  who  by  her  will  left  a  large  fort- 
une for  the  Californian  fund.^' 

At  first  thought  it  may  appear  that  the  Jesuits 
were  wrong  in  making  such  efforts  to  prevent  the 
complaints  of  their  neophytes — especially  if  they  were 
as  absurdly  unfounded  as  is  claimed — from  reaching 
the  government;  but  they  well  knew  the  use  that 
would  be  made  at  this  critical  time  by  their  enemies 
of  such  complaints.  Their  effect  would  be  consum- 
mated long  before  any  explanation  could  be  utilized. 
It  behooved  them  to  keep  their  local  troubles  as  quiet 
as  possible  and  leave  the  great  battle  to  be  fought  out 
in  Europe. 

The  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  from  all  Spanish 
dominions  in  1767  is  a  subject  that  has  received  duo 
attention  in  another  part  of  this  work.'^*  The  compli- 
cated causes  leading  to  that  event  did  not  depend 
very  largely  on  the  doings  and  reputation  of  the  order 
in  America,  and  still  less  of  course  on  developments 
in  any  particular  American  province.  In  each  prov- 
ince the  Jesuits  had  contributed  material  for  the 
charges,  true  and  false,  that  had  stirred  up  such  a 
storm  of  opposition,  but  it  is  obviously  impossible  tt) 
estimate  the  weight  of  any  particular  contribution. 
In  each  case  the  charges,  the  bitterness  of  prejudice 
and  hatred,  were  exaggerated  by  the  missionaries 
themselves.  It  may  be  said,  however,  that  Califor- 
nia by  reason  of  its  isolation,  the  air  of  mystery  always 
enveloping  it,  its  known  wealth  in  pearls,  the  exclu- 
siveness  of  Jesuit  occupation,  and  the  large  sums 
contributed  by  private  benefactors,  played  as  promi- 
nent a  part  in  the  drama  as  any  province  of  the  New 
World.'-^ 

"  Clavhicro,  Sforin,  ii.  157-70. 

'*Scc  J  list.  Mcx.,  vol.  iii.,  this  scries. 

^'  Baegei't,  Xuchrichten,  331-4,  mentions  n  series  of  eight  charges  pro- 
senteil  to  the  viceroy  in  I7CG:  1,  that  the  soldiers  were  slaves  to  the  padres; 
2,  were  forced  to  pay  exorl)itant  prices  for  food;   3,  that  the  Indians  wcro 


AN  UNEXPECTED  CHANGE. 


477 


Late  in  September  17G7  it  was  reported  that  a 
])arty  of  strangers  had  landed  at  Puerto  Escondido 
below  Loreto,  remained  a  few  days,  and  mysteriously 
sailed  away.  They  appeared  later  near  La  Paz, 
departing  after  obtaining  some  jirovisions  and  stating 
that  a  new  governor  was  coming  witli  a  party  of 
Franciscan  friars.""  The  Jesuits  thought  that  perhaps 
their  resignation  had  been  accepted,  but  they  were  far 
from  suspecting  the  truth.  In  fact  Don  Gaspar  do 
Portold  had  been  sent  as  governor  to  execute  the 
decree  of  expulsion,  and  the  mysterious  strangers  were 
a  part  of  his  company  strigtly  enjoined  not  to  divulge 
the  nature  of  their  mission. '^^  They  returned  to  the 
main  because  Portolil  had  been  delayed;  but  on  the 
30th  of  November  the  governor  landed  near  San  Jose 
del  Cabo;  was  welcomed  with  his  company  at  Mission 
Santiago  by  Padre  Tlirsch,  and  soon  had  an  interview 
with  Captain  Rivera  y  Moncada.  JEe  also  visited 
some  mines  in  the  vicinity. ^'^  If  he  had  any  extrava- 
gant expectations  respecting  the  wealth  of  the  country 
and  the  prospect  of  a  forcible  resistance  to  his  meas- 
ures, they  were  promptly  dispelled  by  his  observations 
in  the  south  and  on  the  march  to  Loreto,  as  well  as 
by  the  statements  of  Tlirsch  and  Rivera.     The  Jesuit 

overworked  and  underfed;  4,  that  the  Jesuits  had  silver  mines  concealed;  5, 
that  it  was  their  fault  that  the  mines  of  Sta  Ana  and  S.  Antonio  did  not 
iloiirish;  C,  that  they  ojiposed  colonization;  7,  that  they  traded  with  English- 
men; 8,  that  they  taught  the  Indians  nothing  of  the  king  of  Sjiain.  The 
I'lijitain  of  tlic  garrison  sent  a  eworn  denial  of  the  tnith  of  these  charges. 
I'auw,  Ri'vherchex,  i.  IGl-G,  says  the  Jesuits  at  first  liankered  after  pearls; 
then  they  hoped  to  find  a  rich  and  civilized  country;  and  at  last  found  tradu 
with  the  galleon  very  prolitahlc.  llohertson.  Hist.  Amcr.,  ii.  'i'M),  tells  us 
tlic  Jesuits  studiously  concealed  tlio  great  resources  of  the  peninsula;  and 
this  has  always  been  a  popular  idea,  though  a  very  absurd  one.  Forbes, 
Hut.  (al.,  01-2,  comjihiins  of  the  slavery  that  destroyed  the  nativcb;  and 
Coml)ier,  Voi/noe,  3.'iO-3,  rails  at  some  length  in  the  same  straLii. 

'^^Palou,  Not.,  1.  14. 

"'  It  was  feared  perhaps  that  the  Jesuits  would  ann  for  defence,  or  at  least 
conceal  their  treasure.  At  least  this  is  a  favorite  view  of  the  ]>adres.  ]5ae- 
gart,  Nurhrkhtcn,  30*2,  says  it  was  rumored  that  there  were  8,(H)0  muskets 
concealed  in  their  houses  with  which  to  arm  the  Indians.  The  greatest  care 
had  been  taken  to  prevent  icws  of  what  was  taking  place  on  the  main  from 
crossing  the  gulf. 

'■'^  Some  information  about  these  mines,  which  seem  not  to  have  been  very 
prolitablo  investments,  is  given  in  t'luvitjero,  Storia,  ii.  157-9;  Baeyert, 
AuchridUeii,  77-83;  LasacjM)!,  iiaja  C'al.,  9. 


478 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS. 


* 


chroniclers,  and  especially  Father  Bacgcrt,  a  writer 
of  great  force  and  humor,'*"  are  fond  of  dwelling  on 
and  doubtless  exaggerating  the  disappointment  of 
Portola  and  his  men  at  finding  so  barren  and  poverty- 
stricken  a  country  where  they  had  looked  for  a 
paradise  rich  in  silver  and  pearls. 

Portold  reached  Loreto  the  I7tli  of  December.  He 
at  once  wrote  to  Father  Ducrue,  the  visitador  who 
was  at  Guadalupe,  requesting  him  to  come  to  the 
presidio  and  enclosing  a  letter  from  the  viceroy  which 
contained  the  fatal  decree  of  expulsion.  There  was 
nothing  for  it  but  to  submit,  and  he  sent  notice  to  his 
brother  missionaries  that  by  tlie  governor's  orders 
they  were  all  to  embark  at  Loreto  on  January  25, 
17G8,  at  the  same  time  directing  them  to  pacify  tho 
Indians  and  prepare  them  by  every  possible  means 
for  the  coming  change.  Then  he  bade  adieu  to  his 
weeping  neophytes,  who  followed  him  for  leagues  as 
he  set  out  with  a  heavy  heart  for  Loreto.^     Tlie  sad 

"Jacob  B-iegcrt,  or  Santiago  Begert  as  the  Spaniards  MToto  it,  ■was  bom 
at  Schlcttstadt,  Upper  Ehinc,  in  1717,  became  a  Jesuit  in  H.'IO,  sailed  for  Cali- 
fornia in  17.">1,  was  minister  of  San  Luis  Gonzaga  in  171*7,  and  returning  to 
Europe  died  at  Neiiburg,  Bavaria,  in  Dec.  1772.  liacker,  liibliothi(]ue,\\A\;  v. 
28;  L'onip.  Jcnun,  Cntdlono,  8.  Ducrue,  licUfbcchrtibiinij,  41G,  says  Bacgert died 
Sept.  24, 1772.  This  writer's  work,  which  does  not  bear  his  name,  is  entitled, 
Kachrkhkii  von  ihr  Amerihininchen  llalhinsd  Californkn:  m'tt  einfin  ucr;i- 
j'achcn  Anhaiig  falscher  yachrichlen.  Grgchridin  ro)i  e'niem  Prie-'ter  der 
GcxelUchaft  Jcsu,  icdchcr  lumj  dariiui  d'tpse  Iclztere  Jahn;  gchlt  hat.  Mit  I-Jr- 
litiih)ius.i  der  Uberen.  Mannheim,  1772, 12mo ;  also  edition  of  1773  with  slight 
corrections.  An  extract  was  published  in  the  Bcrlin'tn-he  Litterarische  Wo- 
chenblati,  1777,  ii.  025;  and  Jjargerl^a  Account  of  the  Aboriginal  Inhabitants  of 
the  Catifornian  Peninsula  [Wash.,  1804],  8vo,  352-9[),  is  a  translation  of 
ethnographical  portions  of  the  work  by  Prof.  Charles  Ban.  j)ublished  in  tho 
^mithnoniun  lieports.  Clavigero,  Storia,  1.  15,  mentions  the  work,  which  lie 
did  not  see. 

I  append  a  copy  of  Baegert's  map.  Father  Jacob  was  a  vigorous  and  an 
amusing  writer,  in  stylo  .somewhat  reminding  the  reader  of  Thomas  Gage, 
though  disposed  to  be  fair  and  truthful,  which  is  more  than  can  be  said  of 
Gago  in  all  cases.  Ho  gives  an  unfavorable  picture  of  tho  peninsula  and  its 
people,  finding  something  to  praise  in  its  climate,  and  accusing  Venegas  of 
exaggerating  its  resources  and  charms. 

"Tanz  Benno  Ducrue  was  bom  at  Munich  in  1721,  became  a  Jesuit  in 
1738,  was  sent  to  California  in  1748,  and  died  at  ^lunich  in  1779.  Vomp. 
Jems,  Catdlogo,  10,  where,  however,  his  birthplace  is  given  as  'Monaco, 
Bohemia,'  and  his  death  is  not  recorded.  He  wrote  an  account  of  the  expul- 
sion and  journey  to  Europe,  wliich  must  be  regarded  as  a  standanl  work  on 
the  subject  so  far  as  California  is  concerned.  Ducrue,  I'cinebcschrdbung  n/'< 
C'allJ'ornien  durch  das  Gebiet  von  Mexico  nach  Europe,  1767.    Li  Murr,  jN'a- 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


470 


Bceno  of  parting'  was  repeated  at  each  mission.    From 
Santa  Gertrudis  Father  Retz  had  to  be  carried  on 


and  an 

Gage, 

saiil  of 

ami  its 

iie^as  of 


Baegert's  Map,  1/57. 

the  back  of  his  Indians,  having  recently  broken  his 
leg.     Of  the  parting  at  another  .lace,  says  Baegert, 

chrlchten,  Ilalle,  1809,  413-30.  Also  Dvcnte,  Notes  Hkloriqnox  mir  I'cxpul.^inn 
ilis  Jtmiitis  „':  'r.  province  dtt  Mexique  <t  prindpalemcnt  de  la  i'aUj'ornie  en 
1107;  pai-  le  P.  Bennon-Frnucoi^  Ducrue,  Misnioiinaire  en  cr-tfe  mcme  province 
])eiidiuit  viiKjt  cms.  In  Doct'imena  Im'dits  concernant  la  Compaijnir  de  Jcstia 
(18()0),  pt.  ii'.  doc.  iii.  This  is  said  to  have  been  translated  from  a  Latiu  edi- 
tion of  Murr,  178-4.    It  is  iu  the  library  of  John  T.  Doyle, 


4S0 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS. 


"not  only  did  I  weep  then  but  throughout  the  jour- 
ney, and  even  now  as  I  write  the  tears  stand  in  my 
eyes."  The  grief  of  the  Indians,  if  not  disinterested, 
was  real  enou<di;  their  affection  was  that  of  the  do<r 
for  the  hand  that  feeds  and  protects.  No  human 
beings  could  be  more  hopelessly  dependent  on  others. 
At  this  time  they  remembered  only  that  they  had 
been  fed  and  cared  for,  forgetting  the  prayers  and 
work  and  occasional  llo<jft;inij.  On  the  other  hand  tlio 
padres'  aft'cction  for  their  neophytes  and  desu'e  lor 
their  well-being  must  have  been  disinterested,  other- 
wise they  had  little  reason  to  regret  leaving  the  bar- 
ren peninsula.  Sixteen  Jesuits  left  their  missions  at 
this  timc."^ 

While  the  padres  were  concentrating  at  the  presidio, 
Portolii  busied  himself  with  taking  an  account  of  mis- 
sion and  garrison  property.  The  amount  of  the  in- 
ventory was  about  7,000  pesos  in  money,  and  goods 
to  the  amount  of  G0,000  pesos,  chiefly  for  the  soldiers' 
pay,  which  with  a  little  grain  and  meat  constituted 
the  whole  wealth  of  California,  not  including  I  su[)- 
pose  the  mission  cattle  nor  the  vestments,  plate,  and 
other  church  property,  which  the  Jesuits  state  were 
of  considerable  value,  for  the  missionaries  had  taken 
much  pride  in  decorating  their  temples.^^  The  meagre 
result  as  compared  with  the  extravagant  expectations 

"  These  were  Hostcll,  rector  at  Mision  do  la  Pasion  (Dolores),  born  at  Miin- 
Bter  170G,  Jesuit  175-;  Barco,  San  Javier,  bom  Casas  do  Miln  (?)  1700, 
Jesuit  17.53;  Ducrue,  visitiidor,  Guadalupe;  Dacgert,  San  Luis;  IJischoH',  Siinta 
Rosa,  born  Boiiemia  1710,  Jesuit  1727;  Tiirsch,  Santiago;  Inaauia,  San  Joso, 
born  Vienna  1719,  Jesuit  1735;  Diez,  Purisima,  born  Mexico  1735,  Jesuit 
1752,  died  Fcrrara  1809;  Escalante,  rector  Sta  llosalia,  born  Jacn  1721,  Jesuit 
1744,  died  Jaen  1800;  Rotca,  San  Ignacio,  born  Mexico  1732,  Jesuit  171',i, 
died  Bolonia  17t)t);  Ketz,  Santa  Gcrtrudis,  born  Couflanz  1717,  Jesuit  1733; 
Link,  San  Borja;  Arn(5s,  Santa  Maria,  born  Graus  1730,  Jesuit,  1754;  Ven- 
tura, Loreto,  boi'n  Zaragoza  1727,  Jesuit  1749,  died  Bolonia  1793;  Franco, 
Loreto,  born  Agreda  1738,  Jesuit  1753;  and  Villavieja,  lay  brotlier,  Loreto, 
boni  Villa  do  Sota  1730,  Jesuit  1702.  Of  the  padres  who  had  left  the 
country  before  1707,  Annesto  is  the  only  one  belonging  to  the  Mexican  pro- 
vinco  in  that  year;  he  was  born  at  San  Cristobal,  Spain,  1713,  became  a 
Jesuit  1735,  and  died  Bolonia  1799.  C'omp.  Jesus,  Catdloijo,  passim. 

^^  Due  rue,  Notes,  355-0.  The  writer  saya  that  ho  desired  to  reVisit  his 
mission,  but  found  himself  suspected  of  a  design  to  abstract  ti'easure.  The 
funds  at  Guadalupe  were  13  pesos. 


FAREWELL  TO  CALIFORNIA. 


481 


nttributcd  to  the  government  hy  the  Jesuits,  gives 
]]iiegeit  and  liis  brother  chroniclers  a  now  opportu- 
nity for  sarcastic  reflections. 

January  lOtli  news  came  that  a  party  of  Francis- 
cans and  soldiers  had  arrived  at  the  ca[)e,  but  thero 
were  other  causes  of  delay,  and  the  date  of  «K[)arture 
had  to  be  postponed  from  January  2oth  to  the  3d  of 
February.  The  decree  of  expulsion  had  been  read  to 
the  assend)led  padres.  The  last  day  was  spent  largely 
ill  the  performance  of  religious  duties.  At  the  hour 
of  sailing  the  Jesuits  olfered  a  last  prayer  for  Cali- 
fornia and  for  themselves.  They  marehed  in  a  body 
to  the  shore  at  night  to  avoid  a  crowd;  but  a  nudti- 
tude  of  Indians  thronged  to  the  beach  ])rostrating 
themselves  with  loud  lamentations,  kissing  the  padres' 
hands  and  feet,  and  oftering  to  cany  them  to  the 
boats.  Even  the  governor  shed  tears.  The  exiles 
.standinjTf  in  the  boa.t  loudlv  chanted  the  litany  of  Our 
Lady,  and  so  bade  farewell  to  the  land  of  their  toil. 

Tlie  vessel  that  carried  them  to  !Matancliel  in  four 
days  was  a  little  two-musted  transport  without  accom- 
modations for  passengers,  the  padres  making  their 
bods  on  deck.  At  Matanchel  they  were  despoiled  in 
the  king's  name  of  the  few  trifling  comforts  wliicli  the 
kind-hearted  PortoLl  had  given  them.  Without  rest 
tlic}'  were  reshipped  to  San  Bias,  and  after  four  days 
ill  wretched  lodgings  they  started  on  horses  and  mules 
across  the  continent,  closely  guarded  and  subjected  to 
many  needless  hardships.  They  were  not  allowed 
communication  witli  any  one  on  the  way,  nor  to  acci^pt 
any  assistance.  They  reached  Vera  Cruz  after  forty- 
Ibur  days  on  March  '27th  and  the  IHth  of  April  they 
sailed  for  Europe.'^^  I  append  a  list  of  the  fifty  Jesuit 
missionaries  who  served  in  California  witli  tlie  dates 
of  their  service.  Five  of  the  nundjer,  whose  names 
appear  on  the  mission  books,  may  have  been  merely 
visitors  from   the  mainland  missions.     Of   the   rest 

^^Diirrve,  Notes;  Id.,  lieisehesrhrdhuvfi;  Comp.  Jvsus,  Cafdloijo;  Baer/ert, 
KaJtrichten,  ;j02-12;  Clui-l<iero,  Storia,  ii.  202-0. 
Umt.  N.  Mex.  States,  Vol.  I.    31 


482 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCTSCANS. 


fourtc'en  died  at  their  posts,  nine  were  transferred  to 
the  iiirtin,  sixteen  were  expelled  in  17G7-8,  and  as  to 
what  heeanie  of  the  renuiininj^  six,  Ndpoli,  Gordon, 
Droet,  Trujillo,  Nasciniben,  and  Gusteiyer,  the  reeords 
are  sileiif'' 

In  June  17G7  on  the  enforcement  of  the  expulsion 
decree  in  Mexico  the  California  missfons  were  ten- 
dered hy  Viceroy  Croix  to  the  Franciscan  college  of 
San  Fernando,  and  the  trust  being  accepted  it  was 
arranijed  that  seven  friars  should  set  out  from  tht; 
college  and  be  joined  by  five  others  from  the  Sierra 
Gorda  missions.  Nine,  however,  started  on  July 
10th,  and  not  meeting  the  others  at  Queretaro  or 
Guadalajara  went  on  to  Topic.^'  Here  they  found 
(■rovernor  Portoht  with  his  fifty  men  ready  to  sail, 
Palou  and  Gaston  accompanying  him  on  August  24th, 

**List  of  Jesuits  who  served  in  California,  1C97-17C8. 

<1,  (Ucil;  I,  left  the  couitry  before  1708i  *  cxpelleJ. 


Armrato,  Juan,  1748-,V2,  1. 

Arnos,  N'ictoi'iano,  1704-8.* 
IJfidillo,  Fniiicisco  Miiria,  1752. 
Harco,  iMiu'utl,  1744.-(J8.* 
IJiiCKiM't,  .lauol),  17r)-2-08.* 
IJasiildua,  .luan  M.,  1702-0,  (1. 
Hischolt',  Juan  Javier,  1752-08.* 
llravo,  Jaime,  1705-44,  d. 
Carranco,  Lorenzo  . Jose,  1727-34,  d. 
Consaj,',  Fernando,  1733-51),  d. 
Diez,  Jnan,  (1700)-8.* 
Droet,  Jacolio,  1732-(50).  ? 
Ducruc,  Franz  Uenno,  1748-08.* 
Kscalante,  Franciseo  (1765)-8.* 
Franeo,  Franeisco  J.,  1704-8.* 
Ciarcta,  Andres  Javier,  1737. 
Ciasteiger,  .Jos6,  (1745)-50.  ? 
Gordon,  William,  1730  ct  scq.  T 
Ouillen,  Clemente,  1711-48,  d. 
Guisi,  Benito,  1711,  d. 
Helen,  Evorard,  1719-35.  1. 
Hostcll,  Lambert,  (1745)-G8.* 
Inania,  Francisco  (1750)-G8.* 
Link,  Wenceslao,  1702-8.* 
Luyando,  Juan  B.,  1727-(32),  1. 


Masariegos,  Fran.  M.,  1740. 
Mayorga,  Julian,  1707-30,  d. 
Minutili,  Geronimo,  17()2-(10),  1. 
Mu<;azal)al,  .luan  1$.,  1720  01,  d. 
Ndpoli,  Ignacio  Ma.,  1721  ot  .serj.  ? 
Na8cind)en,  Pedro  ^la.,  1745-(50).  ? 
Neuniayer,  Karl,  1745-04,  d. 
Ossorio,  Franeisco,  1725. 
Peralta,  Franeisco,  1709-11,  1. 
Piccolo,  Francisco  Ma.,  1097-1729,  d. 
Retz,  Jorge,  1751-08.* 
ilotea,  Josii  Mariano,  17.59-08.* 
Salvatierra,  Juan  Ma.,  I(i97-1717,  d. 
Sistiaga,  Sebastian,  1718-47.  1. 
Sotelo,  Manuel  Ma.,  1701. 
T.imaral,  Nicolas,  1717-34,  d. 
Taraval,  Sigismundo,  1730-(50).  1. 
Temjiis,  Antonio,  17.3(}-40.  d. 
Trujillo,  Ga.spar,  1744-(49).  ? 
Tursch,  Ignacio,  1702-8.* 
L^garte,  Juan,  1700-30,  d. 
Ugarte,  Pcdio,  1704-10,  1. 
Ventura,  Lucas,  1757-08.* 
Villavieja.  Juan,  (1700)-O8.* 
W.igner,  Francisco  J.,  1737-44,  d. 


'•'  The  nine  were,  .Inidpero  Serra,  president;  Francisco  Paloii,  .Juan  Moran, 
Antonio  Martinez,  Juan  Ignacio  Gaston,  Fernando  Parron,  Juan  Sanclio  de 
la  Torre,  Francisco  Gomez,  and  Andr<5s  Villunibi-ales.  Palou,  Xoticias,  i.  9-20, 
is  the  authority  for  the  movements  of  the  friars.  At  Tepic  they  were  lodged 
at  the  hospice  of  Sta  Cmz,  and  were  well  treated  by  the  commander  of  the 
expedition  against  Cerro  Prieto  awaiting  transportation  to  Guaymas. 


FERNAXDINOS  AND  OBSKRVAXTES. 


488 


l)ut  all  beliij^  drlvGii  back  to  ^ratanclicl  tlio  r)tli  of 
Scptc'inhcr.'"'  Meanwhile  the  five  friars  from  Sierra 
(jorda  had  arrivi'd,"'  as  had  many  t)th  jrs  for  mainland 
missions;  hut  after  th  '  leverend  party  had  waited  till 
( )etober  for  a  vessel,  there  came  an  order  that  ciianu-cd 
all  the  ])lans.  It  was  that  the  California  missions 
should  be  ^ivcn  to  the  Franciscan  observants  of 
Jalisco,  while  the  friars  of  San  Fernando  and  Quere- 
taro  colleges  should  be  sent  to  Sonora.  It  was  feared 
that  those  of  Jalisco  and  Queretaro  mij^ht  quarrel, 
hut  this  imputation  on  their  brotherly  love  was  in- 
(lig.'antly  lepelled  by  the  padres,  and  Palou  an<l 
Caiiipa  were  sent  in  haste  to  Guanajuato  and  ^NTexico. 
They  obtained  from  the  vicerova  decree  of  November 
1  Itli  revokin*'  the  oi'der  and  restorinjjf  the  original  ar- 
raniL^cment.  The  envoys  sent  the  decree  in  advance, 
and  themselves,  accom))anied  by  jiadres  Dionisio  l>as- 
terra,  and  Juan  de  jSIedina  Veytia,  arrived  atTepic  at 
the  end  of  December.  Meanwhile  Portola  had  sailed 
the  lOtli  of  October  with  twenty-five  dras^oons,  and 
with  fourteen  observant  friars  and  twenty-five  in- 
faMtr3'men  on  another  vessel.  Portola's  arrival  at 
the  end  of  November  has  been  already  noted,  as  also 
that  of  the  padres  observantcs  in  Januar}',  after  many 
mishaps  on  the  gulf 

Father  Junipero's  band  at  Tepic,  about  the  time 
of  I'alou's  return  from  jNIexico,  heard  by  the  gov- 
ernor's returning  vessel  that  the  observants  had  not 
been  heard  of,  and  considerable  anxiety  was  felt  about 
future  prospects.  During  January  17G8  most  of 
Colonel  Elizondo's  troo])S  sailed  for  Guaymas,  and 
the  fiiars  destined  for  Sonora  took  their  departure. 
Tlie  Fernandinos,  however,  did  not  remain  idle,  l)ut 
hell]  mis'ioncs,  or  revival  meetings,  in  the  neighboring 


'"  Palou  relates  that  when  the  tempest  was  at  its  lieight  Padre  Gaston  cast 
on  llio  raging  waters  some  moss  from  liie  famous  Tcjiic  cross,  whoreiijxin  tlio 
wiiiils  instantly  siibsiiled.  15aegert,  Snrlirichteii,  'M',i,  says  tliat  this  was 
I'ortolii's  scconil  iinsucccssfiil  attempt  to  cross. 

■^' Jose  Murguia,  .Juan  Kamos  do  Lora,  Juan  Crespi,  Miguel  Campa  y  Cos., 
anJ  Fcrmin  Francisco  Lasuen. 


4S4 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS. 


districts.  At  length  i'l  February  the  Conccpclon,  with 
the  expelled  Jesuits  on  board,  arrived  with  orders  to 
bring  the  missionaries  across  the  gulf.  They  em- 
barked on  March  14th,®^  and  reached  Loreto  the  1st 
of  April.  Father  Manuel  Zuzdregui  was  in  charge, 
but  an  order  recalling  the  observants  scattered  at  the 
diffi-rent  missions  had  been  issued.  Five  of  them 
sailed  April  10th  on  the  Concepcion,  and  the  rest 
soon  followed.^" 

The  Franciscans  were  at  once  made  acquainted  with 
the  viceroy's  orders  that  they  were  to  be  put  in  charge 
of  church  property  and  spiritual  interests  only,  the 
temporalities  being  intrusted  to  military  comisionados. 
This  was  a  bitter  disappointment,  as  they  had  expected 
to  receive  the  missions  on  the  same  basis  as  the  Jesuits 
had  held  them,  and  they  believed  that  without  con- 
trol of  the  temporalities  no  progress  could  be  made, 
but  the  Gfood-natured  Portold  gave  them  encouraw- 
ment  that  a  chano-e  mi^ht  be  effected  when  the  visi- 
tador  ijeneral  should  con:ke.  After  a  few  davs  of  rest 
and  a  celebration  of  caster  festivities  Padre  Serra  read 
to  the  assembled  friars  his  plan  for  their  distribu- 
tion.*"   The  Gth  of  April  they  went  to  San  Javier, 


^^Palon,  Not.,  20-6.  According  to  Id.,  Vida,  501,  the  date  is  given 
March  12th. 

'■^^Cancio,  Cartas,  253-4. 

*"The  distribution  was:  S.  Jos6  del  Cabo,  Moran;  Santiago  de  los  Corns, 
Murguia;  Nni  Siii  dol  Pihir,  or  Todo?  Santos,  Hanios  do  Lora;  Dolores  or  L;i 
Pasioii,  (loniez;  S.  Luis  Gonzales, ''.''illuinbralcs;  S.  Franrisco  .Javier,  I'alou; 
iS.  Jos6  ("oinoiidii,  Martinez;  Purisima,  Creapi;  Guadahipe,  Sancho  do  ht 
Torre;  Sta  liosalia  Mulej^d,  Gaston;  S.  Ignacio,  Canipa;  Sta  Gcrtrudis,  15as- 
terra;  S.  Francisco  dc  Uorja,  Lasucn;  Sta  Ivlai-ia,  Vcytia;  Loreto,  Sorra  an<l 
I'arron.  I'akni,  Not.,  i.  2();  LI.,  I'iila,  r>7.  In  the  Loreto,  Ltl>ros  de  3fision, 
MS.,  we  find  tlie  following  in  Padre  Junipero's  handwriting:  'Dia  dos  do 
Ahril,  Siihado  dc  gloria  de  este  nno  17fi8  entramos  A  esta  Mision  y  Real  P''»^- 
sidio  do  Loreto,  ealjezeradeesta  Peninsula  dc  California  diez  y  seis  Reiigiosos 
saccrdotcs  Predicadores  Misionerjs  ApostiJlicos  del  Colegio  de  projKdjaiu/d 
Jiilc  de  Mexico,  del  i.rden  scnUico  enviados  de  n^B  Prelados  p»  Ministros  do 
todas  las  Misiones  de  esta  Pro\ "  q.  en  noinhre  de  su  Mau'l  Catliolic.a  ((].  1  )ios 
gdo )  |ior  decrcto  del  Kxcii"  Sr  Marques  de  Croix,  Virroy  y  Capitau  ( k'nl  do 
esta  Nueva  Esimfia,  se  ptisieron  A.  cargo  del  d''o  Apostcilico  colegio  expelidos 
do  esta  Peninsula  y  denias  Donii:.ios  tlel  Catholico  Monarca,  p*"  motivos  d  su 
Ma.i,"'  reservados,  .  i  PP.  de  la  Sagrada  Compania  de  Jesus,  y  habiendo  yo, 
el  infra-escrijito  Pre.sidente  <le  dJi""Hcligiosos,  ]wv  el  expresado  Colcj;'';)  re- 
suelto  (juedarme  A  adniini.strar  por  mi  misnio  esta  Mision  y  Peal  Presidii)  en 
conipaiiia  de  P.  Por  Fr.  Fernando  Parron,  uno  do  los  de  dicho  niinio  y  colegio, 


FRANCISCANS  IN  POSSESSION. 


485 


OS  Coras, 
res  or  La 
',  raloii; 
10  do  la 
lUa,  IJas- 
lorra  ami 

J/ix'tOII, 

a  (los  ili3 
cal  1V,>. 

Kiiiaiiilit, 
stros  i1(! 
(||.  l)ios 
Ck'lil  tlo 
xpeliilos 
vos  4  su 
lido  yo, 
,c«\.  re- 
•>i\d'w  en 
colcgio, 


AvluTC  after  a  solemn  mass  they  separated  ow  the  8tb, 
eight  going  porth  and  five  south.  Brother  Pedro 
Fernandez,  chaplain  of  the  troops,  remained  at  San 
Javier.  On  reaehing  his  mission  eaeli  friar  received 
from  the  comisionauo,  signing  duplicate  receij)ts,  the 
churcli  with  its  paraphernalia,  also  the  dwelling  and 
liousehold  utensils.  They  were  furnished  with  hoard 
by  the  comis'onados,  and  their  functions  did  not  ex- 
tent beyond  matters  [mrely  ecclesiastical. 

The  evils  of  such  a  system  had  been  clearly  fore- 
seen. The  comisionados  could  not  be  ex[)ecte(l  to 
take  a  veiy  dc'?p  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  country, 
the  prosperity  of  the  missions,  or  the  comfort  of  the 
natives.  They  lacked  skill,  interest,  and  conscience 
for  an  economical  administration  of  the  temporalities. 
The  padres  could  no  longer  attract  the  pagans  by  gifts 
of  food  and  clothing;  and  their  loss  of  ))o\\er  caused 
the  neophytes  to  have  less  respect  for  them  than  for 
the  Jesuits.  The  result  justified  the  president's  re- 
monstrances. The  missions  rapidly  declined  under 
the  new  regime,  and  it  soon  became  clear  that  unless 
the  spiritual  authority  and  the  temporal  were  reunited, 
a  few  years  would  sufHce  to  undo  all  that  the  Jesuits 
had  accomj)lished. 

Don  Jose  de  Galvcz,  the  visitador  general,  came  to 
the  north-west  invested  with  the  I'ullest  powers  not 
only  to  settle  Ind^an  troubles  in  Sonora,  and  after 
investigations  to  introduce  at  his  discretion  all  needed 
relbrms  in  peninsula  affairs,  both  secular  antl  ecclesi- 
astical, but  by  des[)atches  receiveil  en  route  he  was 
directed  to  advance  the  Spanish  occupation  up  the 
coast  to  San  13i(\gf)  and  ^lonterey.  He  ariived  at 
C'erndvo  Island  the  Gih  t)f  July,  and  })roceeded  to  (lie 
miniiiix  district  of  Santa  Ana,  where  his  i'amilv  was 
lodued  in  the  house  of  Manuel  Osio,  the  wealthy 
speculator  in  pearls  and  mines.     Soon  the  whole  j)i'ov- 

nssiiriH'  a  las  dciiias  Misionca  los  Miiiisti'os  on  t'sta  foniia. '  TIk'h  follows  tlio 
(li.strilmliiiii  as  already  ^.dvou.  The  signatures  of  Seiia  and  J'aiioii  apjKar 
ofti  11  nil  the  Looks  ill  ITi'S-D;  also  that  of  Chaiilaui  I'edro  Furuiiudez  uml  that 
of  i'adrc  Pulou  in  17<JU-70. 


4£6 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCANS. 


inco  was  in  a  flutter  over  tlio  investigations  anrl  decrees 
of  the  great  man.  He  called  for  and  obtained  exact 
reports  from  the  padre  and  comisionado  of  each  mis- 
sion. Tlien  he  made  a  tour  of  investigation  in  the 
south,  at  once  detecting  the  evils  and  abuses  of  the 
prevalent  system.  The  remedy  was  radical  and 
promptly  applied.  On  August  1 2tli  he  issued  a  decree, 
orderiniT  the  comisionados  to  turn  over  all  mission 
property  to  the  friars,  at  the  same  tune  sendmg  in 
their  accounts  through  the  missionaries,  who  were  to 
examine  and  sign  them.  This  was  carried  out  except 
at  Loreto,  the  friars  feigning:  a  degree  of  reluctance 
for  cfl'ect,  and  not  a  few  instances  of  dishonesty  and 
wastefulness  were  revealed.  Palou  publishes  several 
extracts  of  letters  in  which  Galvez  expressed  his  anger 
at  the  rascalities  of  the  comisionados;  yet  it  appears 
that  all  of  them  escaped  punishment,  at  the  interces- 
sion of  the  padres  it  is  said. 

Next  the  indefatioable  visitador  turned  his  atten- 
tion  to  the  forming  of  settlements  and  ameliorating 
the  condition  of  the  Indians.  If  his  reforms  were  not 
always  successful  it  was  not  owing  to  any  lack  of 
energy  or  sagacity  on  tlie  part  of  the  projector.  It 
was  found  that  lands  and  Indians  Mere  very  unequally 
divided  among  the  missions,  and  to  remedy  the  dis- 
prop(n"tion  many  changes  were  decreed.  Dolores  and 
ISan  Luis  were  abandoned,  their  neophytes  being  trans- 
ferred to  Todos  Santos,  whose  few  people  were  sent 
to  Santiago.  Surplus  families  of  San  Javier  were 
addetl  to  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Mhile  the  sur[)lus  at 
(xuadnlupe  and  Santa  Gertrudis  were  transferred  to 
Comoii'lu  and  Purisima.  These  chancres  were  made 
in  Se}^tcnd>cr  l)y  Adjutant  Juan  Gutierrez  and  Licu- 
tcuant  Jose  Gara/o.  Certain  transfers  of  nortlicru 
families  to  the  south  for  the  relief  of  poor  missions 
like  Borja  antl  Santa  Maria  were  aband(.)ncd  on  account 
of  the  reluctance  of  the  Indians  to  leave  their  homes.^^ 

^'  Coiivsiifimlinco  l)(t\\('('n  Onlvoz  and  T.usuoii  in  Anh.  Sin  Barharn,  ]MS., 
i.  8-14;  viii.  lo'J  4'J.     Tw  o  vtstiels  \\  itli  yraiu  uml  tlutUing  auut  to  thu  iiorlliLru 


EFFORTS  OF  GALVEZ. 


487 


There  was  ample  room  it  appears  for  the  visltador's 
good  offices,  for  he  was  much  disappointed  with  the 
condition  in  which  he  found  the  peninsula  establish- 
ments/^ 

It  was  not  solely  to  the  missions  and  Indians,  how- 
ever, that  Galvez  gave  his  attention.  A  pet  project 
Mas  to  establish  in  the  south  the  nucleus  of  a  coloni- 
zation to  gradually  extend  over  the  country  as  the 
missions  disappeared.  On  August  12tli  he  issued  a 
decree  defining  privileges  oftered  to  colonists  and 
regulations  by  which  they  were  to  be  governed. 
Crown  lands  were  separated  from  those  of  the  nn^ 
sions  and  offered  to  Spaniards  of  good  charafter*^ 
under  easy  conditions,  chiefly  the  obligation  of  mak- 
ing improvements,  and  paying  a  small  annual  tax.  to 


s- 

13 


missions.  Id.,  i.  20-1.     Correspondence  about  furnishing  tlie  Indians  ■with 
tobacco.  Id.,  i.  1-7;  xi.  371. 

*•  It  lias  been  stated,  Lassepas,  Baja  CaL,  IG",  that  Galvez  admired  tho 
Jesuit  nianagenicnt,  but  in  a  letter  to  Lasucn,  Airh.  S.'aB.,  MS.,  i.  2'2,  ho 
alhidcs  to  certain  scandalous  evils  caused  by  tlie  Jesuits;  and  tho  fact  tliut  lie 
restored  the  temporalities  to  tho  Franciscans  only  proves  that  ho  regardeil 
the  original  system  as  less  injurious  to  tho  country  than  tho  I'aseality  of  tlio 
comisionados.  In  a  proclamation  of  Nov.  '2',i,  1708,  /(/.,  i.  17-20,  ho  e\i)resses 
lii.-j  surprise  and  disappointment  ut  the  state  of  all'airs.  After  all  tho  laws 
niado  and  moneys  granted  ho  expected  to  find  thriving  settlements;  but  tinds 
instead  umc  haciendu)!  de  cnmpo,  or  farms,  with  houses  for  padres,  soldieis, 
and  servants  only.  The  natives  go  naked;  have  been  witlnlraw  n  from  tho 
Bcashoi'c,  where  they  lived  by  fishing,  and  arc  forced  to  wander  in  the  moun- 
tains, living  on  roots  and  berries,  often  obliged  to  work  without  recdnipense. 
Hence  they  look  with  dislike  ujion  agriculture,  and  regard  civilizatiiju  as  tho 
greatest  evil.  Missions  with  fertile  lands  need  laborers,  vhilo  many  ran- 
eheii'as  are  collected  in  sterile  spots.  Ko  Indian  is  permitted  to  own  jiroperty. 
Tho  system  has  reduced  the  population  to  7,149  souls.  In  this  prucKimatiDU 
nnd  in  a  letter  to  Lasucn  of  the  same  date,  /(/.,  i.  22-8,  ho  annoumes  his 
determination  to  improve  this  state  of  things  by  settlin.g  tho  Indians  in  lixcd 
donuciles,  where  they  may  till  their  own  soil  and  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their 
labor.  And  ho  appeals  to  the  padres  to  help  him.  lie  ordered  that  no  mis- 
sion shoidd  keep  more  Indians  than  it  could  feed  and  clothe.  To  the  north 
he  sent  t-upplies  of  food  and  clothing.  '  Let  the  northern  Indians  know  that 
I  am  taking  steps  to  relievo  all  their  wants,'  he  wrote,  /(/.,  20;  and  he  mgcd 
the  padres  to  engage  in  otter-catching  and  other  euterpri.ses  to  make  tho  mis- 
sinns  sclt'-suppcirting;  and  it  appears  that  a  little  was  actually  duni^  in  tho 
direction  of  otter-hunting.  /(/.,  xi.  .'171-1;  viii.  1,3!M!).  Moreover,  (lalvez 
attempted  by  the  employment  of  surgeons  to  check  the  progress  of  disease, 
es]H'iMally  of  syphilis,  whii'li  was  making  great  havoc.  I'alon,  Xc/. .  i,  b!!)— (2, 
tells  us  tliat  nearly  all  at  Santiago  and  many  at  Todos  Santos  were  allicted  by 
this  di.-easc. 

"  The  first  colonists  were  discharged  soldiers  and  sailors  from  Loreto,  who 
had  earned  some  means  and  were  favored  by  the  padres.  There  were  very 
few  others  before  1821.  Lcmsqnts,  liajaVaL,  10. 


ri 


4S8 


JESUITS  AXD  FRANCISCANS. 


the  Idnp:."  Within  a  few  months  much  was  done 
toward  perfecting  the  plan.  The  two  mining  (hstricts 
of  San  Antonio  del  Oro  and  Santa  Ana  with  some 
ranchos  were  formed  into  one  settlement  with  its 
capital  at  Santa  Ana.  This  district  became  also  a 
curacy  under  Brother  Isidro  Izarzabal  as  curate,  with 
a  thousand  dollars  besides  alms  for  a  church.  A 
lieutenant-governor  attenrled  to  judicial  matters,  and 
a  royal  connnissary  to  farming  and  mining,  one  mine 
being  worked  to  pay  ex])enses  of  government.  Militia 
companies  were  soon  ibrmed  in  the  young  colony. 
Four  Indian  boys  were  sent  to  the  pueblo  from  each 
mission  to  learn  trades.  Another  settlement  was 
attempted,  with  slight  success  on  account  (jf  the  small 
nundjer  of  colonists,  at  San  Bernabe  to  succor  the 
galleon  and  protect  the  capo;  and  still  another  was 
])lanned  at  La  Paz,  where  a  sergeant  and  eight  sol- 
diers were  stationed.  Captain  Manuel  Garcia  Morales 
was  the  comlsario  appointed  to  superintend  the  found- 
ing of  the  new  towns.*"" 

The  visitador's  efforts  to  promote  mining  were  not 
very  successiul.  The  mines  were  not  so  rich  as  he 
had  been  led  to  believe,  and  iacilities  for  working 
them  were  few.  He  imported  laborers  from  the  main 
and  put  up  houses  I'or  them;  but  the  expense  was 
greater  than  the  retuin,  and  the  mines  were  finally 
rented  to  ])rivate  sj)eculators  or  abandoned.*''  The 
loyalty  of  Don  Jose  was  by  no  moans  less  conspicuous 
than  his  philanthropy;  and  in  all  his  efforts  to  secure 
advantages  i'or  the  new  establishments  of  tiie  country 
he  had  volunteered  to  regenerate,  he  A\as  equally 
careful  to  protect  the  king's  interests.  Thus  in  No- 
vember lie  forbade  all  trade  with  the  Manila  shi})S, 

*'  Giifr.-z,  Dcnoto  <h  Cotonhncioii  en  Baja  California,  17GS,  MS.  In  Arch. 
Ca!.,  J'mr.  SI.  '\i/i.,  iMS.,  i.  Gl-0. 

*■>  I'a'nK,  yot!r!,,y  \.   oT-fiO. 

^"  Falou,  A'vf.,  i.  \4'2-',i,  says  Calvcz  bought  nil  the  Imililinpjs  find  miiiin<; 
effects  at  Santa  Ana  fnnu  Osio;  ami  that  tlio  mines  wore  ordiivd  to  lie  sold 
or  );ivf'ii  away  in  1(!71.  Lasscpas,  Jlaja  ('a/.,  4S,  telk  ns  tin,'  royal  niinin;; 
(listiiit  of  'JVscalania.  cast  of  Sau  Antonio,  was  rented  to  Osio,  Mho  soon 
died,  lea\  ing  his  fortune  much  inipaircd  by  the  speculation. 


ALTA  CALIFORNIA. 


4S9 


wild 
lininj,' 

HOUU 


vrliicli   unclor  existing   regulations   could   disporse   of 
their  goods  only  at  Acapulco.*' 

Though  busy  with  so  many  other  matters  Galvez 
hy  no  means  neglected  the  project  of  extending  Span- 
ish dominion  northward,  but  rather  deemed  it  more 
important  than  all  the  rest.  After  careful  investiga- 
tion he  resolved  to  send  four  expeditions,  two  by  land 
and  two  l)y  water,  to  start  separately,  but  all  to  unite 
at  San  Diego  and  press  on  to  ]\Ionterey.  Details  of 
preparation  belong  to  the  history  of  the  northern 
province,  and  are  fully  presented  in  another  volume 
ot'tliis  work.'"'  Captain  Rivera,  beginning  in  August, 
recruited  men  and  collected  supj)lies  for  the  liuid  ex- 
peditions; while  Galvez  attontlcd  persomdly  to  all 
connected  with  despatching  the  vessels;  and  Serra  to 
])Kp-'i rations  for  mission  extension.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  the  padres  had  come  to  California  with 
.(iiy  definite  hope  or  ])lan  of  an  immediate  advance 
northward,  but  they  had  long  desired  such  a  stc}); 
tliey  were  disappointed  with  the  state  of  things  in 
tli(^  peninsula,  and  they  gave  a  most  enthusiastic  sup- 
port to  the  visitador's  [)roject. 

On  Jaiuiary  9,  17G9,  the  San  CVirlos  sailed  under 
A'icente  Vila  with  sixty-two  persons  on  board,  includ- 
ing I'adre  L*arron,  Lieutenant  Fages  with  twenty-live 
infantrymen  from  the  mainland,  Alferez  Costanso,  and 
Surgeon  Prat.  The  S(An  Antonio,  commanded  by 
•luan  Perez,  sailed  the  lath  of  February,  carrying 
besides  her  crew  fathers  Vizcaino  and  Gomez.  ]\hirch 
■Jftli  tlio  first  land  ex])edition,  commanded  byllivera, 
and  including  Padre  Crespi,  l*ilo  .in  Cahizares,  a  com- 
])any  of  twenty-five  soldiers  from  the  Loreto  [)residio, 
and  a  band  of  forty-two  native  Calilbrnians,  set  cjut 
iVtjm  Velicata  on  tiie  northern  frontier;  and  iinally  (ju 
tlie  loth  of  ]\[ay  Gover';'  r  Portola,  witJi  nine  or  ten 
soldiers  under   Sergeant   Ortega,  Father  Serra,  and 

''  Nov.  -2.  1708.  Jrrh.  C<i!.,  Proi:  Sf.  Pap.,  :\IS.,  i.  (i?. 
**  Sc'u  IlUt   t'n!.,  vol.  i.  chap.  iv.  this  Buriea. 


■      I  i. 


1 


Ml 


490 


JESUITS  AND  FRANCISCAXS. 


another  company  of  natives,  began  his  march  from  the 
same  point.  All  were  reunited  at  San  Diego  at  the 
beginning  of  July.*^ 

In  order  that  there  might  be  missionaries  for  the 
northern  field,  the  college,  at  Scrra's  request,  sent 
])adres  Juan  Escudero,  Juan  Vizcaino,  and  Benito 
Sierra  to  the  peninsula;  and,  also  by  Serra's  advice, 
Santiago  and  San  Jose  del  Cabo  were  converted  into 
curacies,  thus  releasing  two  more  friars.  It  was  fur- 
ther arranged  that  Chaplain  Fernandez  should  take 
charge  of  Loreto,  releasing  Padre  Parron.  Juan 
Antonio  Bacza  from  Guaymas  came  to  Santiago  as 
curate  in  March  17G0,  and  a  clergyman  from  Sonora, 
not  named,  took  charge  of  San  Jose  a  little  later. ^" 
Thus  there  were  six  friars  to  spare,  five  of  whom  as 
we  have  seen  accompanied  the  expeditions,  and  one 
t')ok  charge  of  a  new  mission  on  the  northern  frontier. 
This  mission  was  San  Fernando  do  Velicatil,  where 
Captain  Ilivera  had  established  his  rendezvous  as  a 
better  position  than  Santa  Maria.  Ho  had  built  some 
huts  and  a  chapel,  where  Lasuen  had  celebrated  a  fare- 
well mass  on  the  departure  of  the  party.  The  i)lacc 
was  deemed  well  suited  for  a  mission,  and  Galvez  had 
expressed  his  desire  that  one  should  be  founded  there 
to  facilitate  communication  with  San  Diego.     Accord- 

*" It  is  well  to  preserve  the  nnmes  applied  by  these  first  expeditions  lie- 
twccn  Velicatii  and  San  Diego.  The  names  are  from  CrcKpi,  PrimcraL'.cjxdi- 
cioii,  the  additions  in  parentlicses  being  those  applied  by  the  second  or  i'ortola's 
party.     Tlie  course  is  N.  w.  or  n.  n.  w. 

VelicatA,  S.  Juan  do  Dies  arroyo,  4.5  leagues,  30°  40';  Santos  Mdrtires 
arroyo,  3  1.;  Las  Palnias  arroyo  (2  1.  w.  s.  w.),  and  31. ;  S.  Angelo  do  Fulgino 
nrroyo,  or  Corpus  Cristi,  3.5  1.;  Alamos  arroyo,  3.5  1.;  Cicnuguilla,  4  1.;  30" 
50';  S.  Ricardo(Sta  llumiliana),  3  1.;  S.  Vicente  Ferrer  (Sta  retronila),  3  1.; 
S.  JJioniaio  rio,  .3  1.,  31°  8';  S.  Leon  arroyo  (S.  Andr(!'S  Hispelo),  2  1.;  S.  Angel 
tic  Clavacio  (S.  Pacifico),  01.;  S.  Tchno  pozo  (Stos  Mdrtires),  4  1.,  31°  11';  8. 
Kafiicl  (Sta  Margarita),  3  1.;  S.  Bernab(5,  5  1.;  Sta  Isabel  (8.  Guido),  3  1.,  3'J  ; 
Alisos  arroyo  (S.  Nazario),  51.;  Jacobo  Ilirico  (S.  Antonio),  2  1.,  .32"  8';  S. 
Ansclmo  (S.  Basilio),  31.;  S.  Francisco  Solano  (S.  Antonio),  1.5  1.;  S.  Jorgo 
(S.  Ateuogcnes);  (2  1.)  [near  Todos  Santos  Bay];  Stos  Mdrtires  (S.  (lervasidl, 
3  1.;  S.  Pedro  Mdrtyr  (Sta  Miguelina),  2  1. ;  Santos  Ap6stoles,  3  1.;  Sta  Cruz 
(Visitaeion),  1  1.  (32°  14')  [on  Todos  Santos  Bay];  Sta  ^lonica  (S.  Jiuui), 
(3.5  1.);  S.  Estanislao  valle  (S.  Juan  Bautista),  4  1.,  32°  IS';  S.  Juan  Bautista 
(S.  Juan  Capistrano);  S.  Antonio  valle  (S.  Francisco  Solano),  4  1.;  S.  Pio  (S. 
iUenvenuto),  4  1.;  Stos  Mdrtires  pocita  (Cdrcel  de  S.  Pedi'o),  3  1.  [opposite 
Coronados];  Santi  Spiritu  [on  S.  Diego  Bay]. 

^''Palou,  Nolkius,  i.  30,  00-1. 


THE  MISSIONS  STRIPPED. 


401 


or  I'ortolil'a 


ingly  on  May  14tli,  the  day  before  Portolit  and  Serra 
.started  for  the  north,  the  ceremonies  of  founding  were 
jicrfbrmed,  and  Father  Canipa  was  left  as  minister 
with  a  guard  of  ten  men  and  a  supply  of  food  with 
wliich  to  attract  converts.  San  Fernando  was  the 
only  mission  founded  in  the  jieninsula  by  the  Francis- 
cans, and  became  somewhat  prosperous."'^ 

It  was  decided  that  the  old  missions  must  supply 
the  new  ones  with  church  paraphernalia,  furnisliiug 
also  grain  and  other  food  as  a  gift,  and  live-stock  and 
iui[)lements  as  a  loan.  To  despoil  these  poor  establish- 
ments of  the  property  accumulated  under  the  Jesuit 
regime  seems  an  injustice;  but  Galvez  affirmed  that 
the  friars  were  bound  by  their  vows  to  s[)read  the 
faith,  not  to  accumulate  riches,  and  Serra  found  that 
it  was  in  accordance  with  both  Jesuit  and  Franciscan 
policy  that  old  missions  must  support  new  ones.  Palou, 
the  historian,  defends  the  policy,  and  also  claims  that 
tlie  ])eninsula  missions  were  subsequently  repaid  ibr 
all  that  was  taken  from  them.°^  "VVhatever  may  bo 
^aid  in  defence  of  the  policy,  it  is  certain  tliat  undrr 
different  circumstances  it  would  have  provoked  much 
controversy.  Had  the  authority  of  Galvez  been  less 
complete,  had  President  Serra  not  been  personally 
interested  in  the  northern  enterprise,  had  the  padres 
in  charge  been  of  a  different  order  from  those  bound 
northward,  or  even  attached  by  long  service  to  the 
old  establishments,  the  matter  would  doubtless  have 
assumed  a  different  aspect.  ]^ut  the  friars  were  new- 
comers, disgusted  already  with  prospects  in  the  bar- 
ren peninsula,  hoping  each  to  secure  a  better  position  in 
tlie  early  future.  The  Indians,  the  only  parties  really 
interested,  were  not  consulted;  the  authorities  were 
all  in  accord,  and  there  was  none  to  make  objections. 


■'•  Palon,  Not.,  i.  270-3;  A/.,  Vvla,  7.");  An-h.  CuL,  Prnv.  St.  Pop.,  MS., 
i.  lO.V.");  J'roi:  L'cc,  MS.,  i.  ;W-!I;  An/,.  SliiJt.,  MS.,  i.  ,S.")-7. 

''^  For  instance  llalvoz  gave  8,000  ]xs(j.s  in  cloth;  lie  viceroy  sent  a  coni- 
jilete  outfit  for  the  Loreto  church,  est.-ililisilioil  awiirehouso  for  the  jmrpose  of 
n  [layiuLt  tlie  value  of  articles  taken,  gave  '2M  iiesos  per  year  for  oil  ami  wax, 
iiud  gave  up  5,000  pesos  iu  niouey  left  by  the  Jesuits.    I'aloii,  Sul.,  i.  40-50. 


I 


1 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 


SOXORA  AND  SIN^VLOA. 

1701-1730. 

Kino's  Labors  in  Pimkuia — Exploring  Tour  with  Salvatierra— ^Iap — 
.Sixnr  Trip  to  thk  (.Jila  and  aocos.s  the  i'olorado— Last  Toch  in  tiik 
North — Final  Efforts  and  Disappointjients — Death  ok  Kino — Kx- 

I'LORATIONS    BV    CaMPOS — U(iARTE   ON    THE    CoAST — MoQlI     TROJErTS — 

Seris  AND  Tepooas— Mission  Decline — Statistics — Jesi'its  versi-s 
Settlers — Political  and  Military  Aitairs — IIule  of  SaldaSa  and 
TaiJoN — Sinai  :•'.  1'rovinces — Conquest  of  Xayarit. 

"Wk  left  Fatlicr  Kino  at  the  end  of  ]  700  enga^-ed 
in  vain  efforts  to  obtain  missionaries  for  Pinierfa  Alta. 
A<vain  and  au^ain  ho  had  traversed  the  country  between 
liis  mission  of  Dolores  and  the  Rio  Gila,  finding  the 
natives  filled  with  a  childish  enthusiasm  to  have 
churches  and  padres.  IMore  than  ten  thousand  had 
been  registered,  and  children  had  been  baptized  in  all 
directions,  many  of  the  chieftains  also  holding  their 
ofticc  under  commissions  or  badges  given  by  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Spanish  crown.  In  many  rancheri'as 
liouses  had  been  built,  fields  [)lanted,  and  live-stock 
carefully  tended  in  readiness  for  the  padres  who  were 
so  slow  to  come.  Besides  these  ])reparations  at  home 
the  Pimas  had  repeatedly  fouglit  side  by  side  with 
the  Spanish  soldiers  against  the  savage  hordes  of  the 
north-east,  doing  terrible  execution  Avith  their  jioisoned 
arrows,  and  meriting  fiom  the  highest  oflieials  warm 
commendations.  All  Jesuits  who  ventured  near 
Dolores  were  taken  by  Kino  on  a  northern  tour,  and 
none  ever  returned  with  any  doubt  that  this  people 
was  indeed  ripe  for  salvation — or  at  least  tliey  never 


KINO'S  i:fi'ort.s. 


41)3 


exprcssctl  such  doubts  until  tlioy  liad  l(-ft  the  couutrv. 
Yet  the  Pinias  wore  iiiways  suspected  l)y  sudi  as  liad 
not  been  amonij  them  of  hostile  intc>ntions  and  of 
complicity  in  the  ])lots  of  savages.  No  soontT  \\u 
one  rumor  proved  false  than  another  hecamc  current, 
l-'or  every  one  that  accepted  Kino's  invitations  to  in- 
vostic^ate,  there  were  many  who  had  no  sucli  o]>poi-- 
tunitv  or  desire,  and  who  i)ersisted  in  rejjardinijf  Kino 
and  his  associates  as  reckless  enthusiasts.  Tlie  Jesuit 
authorities  were  timid  about  sen(Hn<jf  missionaries  into 
so  dangerous  a  field,  and  the  secular  powers  were  but 
too  glad  to  avoid  the  expense.  We  shall  see  that  in 
time  the  IMmas  became  nearly  as  bad  as  they  wei'o 
now  unjustly  accused  of  being;  but  not  during  the  life 
of  Kino,  who  kept  on  with  undiminished  zeal,  and  to 
whose  labors  down  to  his  death  in  1711  the  first  part 
of  this  chapter  is  devoted. 

Ir  January  1701  Salvatierra  came  over  from  Cali- 
fon  ,a  by  order  of  his  provincial,  chiefly  for  the  pur- 
p(-  0  of  examining  the  j>ort  of  Guaymas  and  studying 
I  lie  disposition  of  the  natives  in  that  vicinity,  whose 
conversion  had  been  intrusted  to  the  California  estab- 
lislunent.  Ho  seems,  however,  to  have  forgotten  to 
a  certain  extent  his  primary  purpose,  or  at  least  he 
gives  in  his  letter  describing  the  trip  but  little  in- 
formation about  Guaymas  or  its  people.^  Ho  landed 
iVoni  the  San  Jose  at  the  mouth  of  the  llio  del  Fuerte 
in  the  middle  of  January,  and  having  first  visited 
Comandante  Rezabal  at  the  Real  do  los  Frailes  to 
make  some  preparations  for  tlie  protection  of  Loreto, 
lie  started  northward  by  land  intending  to  approacli 
tlie  Guaymas  tribes  from  the  Pima  missions.  High 
water  in  the  streams  prevented  him  from  visiting 
more  than  one  rancheria  called  ]*]catacari,  hut  he  ol)- 
tnined  a  promise  from  the  natives  to  join  Villafahe's 
mission,  and  then  went  on  to  Quatape.  Here  he  was 
shown  by  Padre  Kappus  certain  shells  sent  down  by 
the  Gila  Indians,  but  which  it  was  thought  must  hawi 

^  Scdvaltcrra,  lidacioiies,  125-56. 


404 


SONORA  AND  SINALO.v. 


conic  from  the  shore  of  tlic  Pacific  and  not  from  tlio 
gulf.  After  much  conversation  rcspcctin_<^  K  no's 
recent  explorations  lie  became  strongly  impressed  with 
tlie  idea  that  California  might  after  all  be  attached  to 
the  main;  and  he  soon  concluded  that  in  no  way  could 
he  serve  his  California  projects  so  well  as  by  solving 
the  problem  at  onco.  Leal,  the  visitador,  favored  iha 
scheme,  and  Salvatierra  went  over  to  the  capital,  Saii 
Juan,  where  Comandante  Jironza,  Captain  Antonio 
Ilecalde,  and  Padre  Bastiromo  readily  furnished  at 
tlieir  own  cost  an  escort  of  twelve  men  under  Captain 
Mange,  all  the  regular  troops  being  needed  at  the 
time  for  active  service  ajjainst  the  savaijcs.'' 

On  his  way  to  Dolores  Salvatierra  passed  tlirougli 
the  now  Tepoca  pueblo  of  Magdalena,  while  the 
soldiers  in  two  detachments  under  Mange  and  Adju- 
tant Nicoliis  Bohorqucs  took  different  routes,  and 
during  the  week  from  the  I7th  to  the  24th  of  Februavv 
had  several  successful  encounters  with  savages  wlio 
were  raidinix  in  this  reixion  and  had  attacked  several 
towns  for  plunder.  Sacarachi  was  the  point  most 
threatened,  where  three  hundred  warriors  had  stolen 
two  hundred  head  of  cattle.  Salvatierra's  party 
included  some  Californian  natives.  He  was  welcouiotl 
at  Dolores  by  Kino,  and  by  Campos  at  San  Ignaeio, 
where  he  was  joined  by  the  soldiers  and  was  ready 
for  a  new  start  on  the  27th,  reaching  Caborca,  by  way 
of  Tubutama  on  the  Gth  of  j\rarch.^     On  the  way  lie 

^Up  to  this  point  Salvatierra's  letter  is  the  only  original  authority;  but 
now  Mange's  diary  licirins.  Uisl.  l'im<v{((,  3i'3-:>7.  Ho  says  that  Jircii/a 
furnished  4  regular  soldiers  and  hired  8  vccinos  at  \'l  reals  per  day  to  com- 
plete the  foi'ce.  Vcncgas,  Kot.  L'nL,  ii.  7.")-G,  !)7-I03,  gives  a  confused  versidii 
of  this  expedition  at  its  beginni'ig,  Uiaking  .Salvatierra  arrive  in  October.  The 
autlior  of  Apo!it.  Afaiie.i,  2'JO-.'),  implies  that  Salvatierra  came  over  for  the 
express  purpose  of  northern  exploration,  and  got  an  escort  of  10  men.  Sro 
also  A/cijre,  Jlisf.  Conip.  Jcmoi,  iii.  li!t-0.  None  of  the  writers  add  anytliiiiL,' 
iiccurate  to  the  original  diaries  of  Salvatierra  and  Mange. 

"There  is  some  discrepancy  between  the  diaries  respecting  details  of  the 
march  from  S.  Juan  to  Caborca,  but  it  .seems  tiiat  Salvatierra  went  to  S. 
Iguacio  on  the  '24th,  was  joined  by  the  soldiers  thereon  the  '27th  and  Ijy  Kino 
at  Caborca;  though  Mango  implies  that  Kino  was  with  him  all  the  way. 
According  to  Apont.  A/aiicx,  Kino  left  Dolores  Marcli  1st,  and  went  rid 
Cocospera,  S.  Simon,  and  Busanic.  New  names  arc  Atf,  4  1.  below  Tubu- 
tama, and  Soba,  or  Pitiqui,  at  the  junction,  where  a  pestilence  was  raging. 


SALVATIERRA  AND  KINO. 


495 


lllO 


liad  preached  and  cxliortcd  with  good  apparent  effect, 
and  had  lieard  rumors  of  goods  cast  on  shore  I'roui  tlio 
west,  a  fact  which  seemed  to  bear  directly  on  the 
main  ohject  <»f  his  journey.  Ilemaining  several  days 
at  C'ahorca,  still  under  Padre  Varilla,  he  was  joiiunl 
by  Kino,  started  on  the  lOtli,  and  marched  up  to 
Sonoita,  where  they  arrived  the  14th,  after  having 
had  great  difficulty  in  fmding  water  i\*v  their  baud  of 
a  hundred  horses.* 

From  Sonoita  the  party,  following  at  first  the  course 
of  the  stream  now  known  as  Kio  IVipago,  went  down 
to  the  coast,*^  with  the  intention  of  followimjf  the 
sliore  up  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado,  against  tho 
advi(^e  of  Mange,  who  was  sure  that  want  of  water 
would  prevent  success,  and  favored  the  old  route  of 
H!i)9  to  the  Gila.  On  the  way  they  passed  the  foot 
of  Santa  Clara  Mountain,  from  the  summit  of  whi(.'li 
Kino  had  already  surveyed  the  gulf.  Reaching  tho 
shore  on  JSIarch  21st,  the  last  ten  leagues  over  barren 
sands,  it  seemed  to  the  padres  that  they  were  in  lati- 
that  the  gulf  at  that  point  was  twelve 


tu 


(10 


32'^ 


leagues  wide,  that  it  narrowed  to  at  most  six  league 
in  the  north-west,  and  that  the  coasts  probably  camo 
together  at  a  distance  of  about  thirty-six  leagues.^ 
Tlieir  opportunities  for  observatit)n  here  were  not 
nearly  so  gcjod  as  those  of  Kino  in  his  previous  tri]); 
and  the  result  was  only  a  matter  of  o[iinion,  on  which 
actual  observations  had  less  effect  than  theories  and 
the  reports  of  Iiulians.  Salvatierra  and  Kino  thouglit 
California  to  be  a  peninsula;  but  flange  was  inclined 
to  the  opposite  opinion,  relying  maiidy  on  the  strong 
gulf  currents.     An  ami<jahle  disj^tuta  ensued  in  which 

H'al>nrcn;  S.  Eduardo  Baipia,  16  1.  N.  ^s'. :  S.  Luis  Bacapa,  SO  1.  x.  and  x. 
w.;  Siiiiuitiv,  1!)1. 

•Mioutc:  Sonoita;  Comaqnidatn,  or  Anuiiciata,  101.  on  river;  Sicolmtova- 
lii.i,  or 'J'otoiiat,  10  1.  .s,  \v.  on  river;  Ijasotiitcan,  or.T.  .Josi':  Kaiuos  Ay"d.siulai>, 
Si.  s.  \v.  and  w.  over  a  jilain  at  font  of  St;i  Clara  Mt;  'i'upo,  or  Aibacusi,  H 
1.  \v.  over  volcanic  desert;  Cubo  Guasibavia,  or  Duburcopota,  8  1.  \V.  over 
sand,  2  1.  from  shore. 

'''According  to  Apnst.  A/nnfn,  ,11°. 

'  Salvatierra  mentions  oidy  tlie  width  of  the  gulf  and  the  conclusion  that 


406 


SONORA  AXD  SINALOA. 


all  the  arguments  pro  and  con  wcro  brought  up,  and 
after  which,  as  is  usual  in  all  discussions,  o[)inions  as 
well  as  Itiets  renuiinc<l  unchanged.  It  was  njanifostly 
inipossihlo  for  the  whole  i)arty  to  follow  the  sjiore  up 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado,  for  nine  horses  had 
died  on  the  heach  already;  and  it  was  even  deemed 
too  great  a  risk  for  ]\Iange  to  niake  tlie  attempt  with 
a  small  detachment  as  he  desired.  They  therefore  re- 
turned inland  on  the  23d,  after  Salvatierra  had  sent  a 
letter  overland  to  Piccolo  in  California,  a  letter  which 
the  native  carriers  never  delivered. 

After  returning  to  the  stream,  while  the  soldiers 
and  horses  went  on  t(j  Sonoita,  the  friars  and  ca[)tain 
made  a  day's  trip  to  the  north,  and  on  ^larch  31st 
climbed  a  mountain  some  six  leagues  fartlier  north 
than  Santa  Clara.  The  view,  taken  in  connection 
with  tliat  below  and  Kino's  observations  about  the 
Gila  mouth  and  the  statements  of  a  native  chief  who 
served  as  guide,  confirmed  the  padres  in  tlieir  belief 
that  there  was  no  cstrccho;  but  Mange  says,  "we  weie 
left  in  the  same  doubt  as  on  the  shore."  At  Sonoita 
on  April  Gth  the  company  separated.  Salvatierra, 
receiving  Kino's  promise  to  come  up  in  the  autumn, 
when  water  would  l)c  [Jentiful,  to  clear  up  what  little 
doubt  might  still  remain  on  the  geographical  problem, 
returned  with  the  train  to  Dolores,  and  went  to 
Guaymas,  where  he  found  the  San  Jose  awaiting  him, 
and  also  a  flourishing  [)ueblo  of  incipient  Guaymas 
Christians,  called  San  Jose  de  la  Laguna  and  under 
the  care  of  Padre  Manuel  Diaz.  He  sailed  for  Cali- 
fornia in  May.  Kino  and  Mange  in  the  mean  time 
crossed  the  country  eastward  to  Bac  and  thence 
reached  Dolores  April  IGtli  by  way  of  Cocospera. 
The  warriors  of  Bac  were  absent  on  a  campaign 
against  the  Apaches;  and  the  natives  of  Coc6s2)era 
and  Ilemedios  were  busy  in  building  new  churches, 

the  coasts  came  together.  lie  snys  they  saw  .a  little  island,  cxaniiiiincr  tlic 
beach  and  ii  good  cstrro.  Mange  says  there  vas  no  sign  of  a  port.  Tlu  y 
Mere  eo^lc^\  hat  above  Shoal  I'oint,  and  the  ."G  leagues  -waii  merely  an  estinialo 
of  the  distance  to  where  the  iiiountuiu  ranges  seemed  to  unite. 


KINO  ON  THE  GILA. 


407 


()iio  liun(lri!(l  had  be-on  baptized  during  the  trip  and 
i'our  hundred  now  souIh  h.'id  boon  roL,nstorod.'^ 

Jn  fullihiiLiit  of  his  proniisu  Ivino  set  out  on  Xo- 
vcinbor  .'5,  1701,  and  went  by  a  j»arti;illy  lunv  route  to 
S(Hioita,'' and  iliouce  to  the  ranchiTia  San  IV-ch'o  on 
tilt!  (iila.  ][e  ]iad  asko<l  for  a  ij^nnrd  to  cxjilorc  tlu; 
mouth  oC  tlie  (Jolorado,  but  I'ailed  to  obtain  it  on 
account  it  seems  of  . J ironza'.s  removal  iVom  tlio  niili- 
taiy  connnand.  Neither  could  ;^[anl^o,  his  indeiati- 
u;iltl('  co-ex[)loror  and  carel'ul  chronicler,  <j;<)  with  him 
this  time,  for  he  had  to  undertake  an  entiada  aL;aiiist 
tlie  A})achos;"*  therefore  the  padi'e  went  alone,  or 
v.ith  one  Spaniard  who  subsequently  deserted.  Witli 
two  hundred  Pimas  and  Yunias  ho  went  to  San 
])ionisio,  nnd  thene(>,  recrossinj^  the  tiila,  down  to 
the  last  Yuma  rancheria  named  Santa  Isabel,  ont(  r- 
inj,*'  on  the  IDth  the  lands  of  the  Quiquimas  and  eallii;^- 
the  iirst  rancher/a  San  Felix  do  Valois.  These 
stranL;er  natives  were  hospitable,  and  were  tilled  wifli 
woi':!er  at  the  padre's  sacred  vestments,  and  especially 
iit  the  horses,  that  could  outstrip  their  lleetest  runners. 
One  day  farther  down  the  Colorado  ho  crossed  tlio 
'21st  on  a  raft  pushed  by  the  Qui(iuima  chief  and  his 
followers  swinnning.  The  spot  was  called  Presenta- 
cion,  and  the  river  was  two  hundred  yards  wide  and 
very  deep.  The  horses  could  not  cross,  and  Kino's 
explorations  on  the  western  shore  did  not  extend  over 
three  leagues.  Ho  visited,  h()wev(;r,  the  chieftain's 
hut,  amid  a  groat  concourse  of  Cutganas,  Coanopas, 
and  Giopas,  who  were  eager  to  receive  the  true  I'aitli 

*  A(nyirdiiigtoyl/)osy.  Aj'(iiic>i  and  Vcncgas,  tlic  p.idrcs  fduiulud  a  I'lwipcl  at 
Soiioita  in  honor  of  (Jar  Lady  of  I.ovcto.  Vcncgas  took  Iii.s  account  from 
KIhm'h  diary  and  did  not  sec  that  of  rilanuc  1  have  not  dccnicd  it  ncccs.^^iry 
t^)  note  sli,L;ht  ilitl'tTcnccs  lictwcon  the  diaries.  Alcgre,  Ilisl.  d'ltiip.  Jmiis,  iii. 
]'Jt-(i,  consulted  lioth.     Sec  also  7->(CC.  Univ. 

'  jinlcires,  Keuiedios,  ('(jciisjiera,  S.  L;'i/.aro,  S.  Luis  Eahi  (?),  S.  Simon, 
linsanic,  S.  I'lslani^lao  Ooltan,  Sla  Ana  Ananiic,  LJh;  S.  Martin,  S.  Itafael, 
Soudita.  li)  1.  from  Sta  Ana. 

'"  Maii'if,  ]li.<>.  Pinieriii,  .".".T—IO.  Here  end  this  writer's  invahiahle  diaries. 
Ife  liai  ely  nientioud  the  entrada  of  Kino  and  (.lOnzalez  ia  170-',  and  sny-i  tliero 
Mere  two  (jthers  (one  of  them  tlio  jiresent?)  of  ■\vliich  the  record-!  liad  Ineii  lost. 
i'urinijthe  joint  ex|)lorations  of  Kino  and  Mai);,'o  they  had  travelled  ;{,000 
leagues,  rej^istered  14,000  natives,  and  baptized  700. 
llisr.  N.  Mex.  Siates,  Vol.  I.    aa 


49S 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


and  entertained  their  guests  with  dances.  Here  Kino 
learned  that  the  bhie  shells  came,  as  had  l)een  sup- 
jiosed,  from  the  contra  costa  of  California,  only  eight 
or  ten  days  distant;  and  also  that  a  day's  journty 
M'ould  brinn"  him  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado.  Had 
his  animals  been  available  he  would  have  ])rcssed  on 
and  solved  the  question  of  strait  or  no  strait.  As  it 
was  he  folt  sure  he  was  in  California,  and  sent  a  letter 
addressed  to  Salvatierra  at  Loreto;  but  [)ostal  I'acilities 
A\ere  not  gnod  on  this  route,  an'l  this  letter  like  a 
former  one;  ibr  IMecolo  never  reached  its  destination. 
Iveturning  by  way  of  Sonoita,  where  he  caught  his 
runawav  servant,  and  found  the  churcli  conu)leL'.Ml  and 
whitewasliud,  he  reached  JJolores  the  Tth  of  Deceni- 
I «  r.  This  exploration  strenu'thened  tiio  ufrou  ini"  l^elief 
that  Calirornla  was  a  peninsula,  but  did  not,  as  most 
V\riters  slate,  prove  it  to  be  so.'^  I  give  herewith 
Ivino's  map,  which  mny  be  regarded  as  tb.e  earliest  )nc 
extant  representing'  the  Cila  ]'eL>'ion  from  actual  obs>'i- 
vation.  It  is  }'emarhably  acciu'ate  considering  thv) 
circumstances  under  which  it  was  made — much  supe- 
]ior  to  many  modern  maps,  and  niav  be  supposed  to 
have  been  (h'awn  by  Kino  on  his  return  from  the  trip 
just  described. ■'■^ 

"  The  best  ncotmiit  of  tlii.-i  friji,  mmlo  jiroLaMy  from  Kino's  roporf.  is  in 
t!ie  Aii'i't.  AfuiiiK.  'J9ti-;»0().  Sc'o  also  l'(:iiiyu-<,  Xol.  CuL,  ii.  lOo-o;  Ali'jir, 
Jli-f.  i'diiip.  Jr.'i)!',  iv.  ]'.',i. 

'■-  Tahtdd  Cul'ij'drnia-  Ainw  J7'l?.  Ei'  aiifojitlra  ohftrrratiniic  (hVnnain  a.  7'. 
1\  i'liiiio  c  S.  J.  A  photo^'iaiili  (  f  an  nM  cnjiy  with  ii;inic3  iii  J.:itiii,  ami  iii 
V.  hich  the  portion  l)chjw  '2,y  w;i.s  achU'il  from  utiici-  sonrocs  tlian  J\ino's  oiigi- 
i.al.  I  havo  yivcn  the  names  tlieir  oii^inil  Spanisli  foinifor  the  leatki's con- 
venience. 'J'lie  map  isalso  f^iveii  in  J^cllni  J,''/iji(iiit(^,  v.  lil);  J.orLnian'.s  Triir, 
Jis>ii/<,  i.  ,'W.i;  ,y<irrnK\i  A h/.s,  anil  Hiiitdii'x  IliLiiil-honk  Aii~.  \.o  (Jolm-ii, 
in  a  Utter  translated  liyLueknian,  ]>.  S'ld,  says  tiii.-i  map  was 'lately  drawn  liy 
Fatiur  Kino,  who  is  very  well  skilled  in  the  mathiimaties.'  Aceoulini.;  to 
A/'o.-f.  A/aiirn,  •Jt'J-4,  Kino  sent  several  maps  to  liurope,  Imt  none  <f  tlaiii 
lonld  ha  fonnd.  J_, ;  ( lohien  says  of  Kino's  journeys,  iiom  which  this  map  \va3 
ii  ado:  'He  advanetd,  in  1(108,  northward  along  the  sea  as  far  as  the  mountain 
cf  Santa  Clara,  'i'l.ere,  oljserving  that  llio  sea  ran  from  east  to  west,  instead 
vt  followin .;  its  eoui  se  fartlier,  lie  entered  the  i  oiintry ;  when  travi  Iliii;^  ahv:iya 
from  Soutii-l'Ia-t  to  Xorth-West,  he  discovered  in  l()!l!»,  the  hanks  of  tiie  llio 
Azul,  or  blue  river,  whiidi  after  re(;eivin,i,'  the  waters  of  the  Kivei'  llila,  runs 
and  discharires  its  own  into  the  great  liver  Colorado,  or  of  the  \  "''  'ie 
crossed  the  llhie  river;  and  in  1700  anivetl  near  tl.'o  river  t'ol  rado,  \'.  .leii 
crossing  it,  he  was  greatly  surprised,  in  1701,  to  find  himself  iii  Culifoniia. 
and  to  hear  (liat,  aliout  thirty  or  i'orty  leagues  from  the  place  where  ho  thiu 


PIMERfA  ALTA. 


409 


J 


>soil  to 
ic  trip 


(Oa  (I  11. 
11,  iiml  ill 
lo's  oi  i^i- 
lll■l■"sl•('ll- 
//'.^■  'ii'tn\ 
1  ( lipliicu, 
(lr;i\\ii  liy 
ii(liii.L(  to 
I  i  tin  111 
liiiip  vas 
IllDliiitaill 
t,  ilislcn.l 
i;f  iihvii\s 
if  till'  l;i') 
lila,  runs 

do,  \,  .ivil 
"alifoniia. 
e  ho  tL>-U 


M.r'i 


SIERRA  , GRANDE 


j!'^^'  s  u  J>:  V  o  yjj  3r  i:  \  i  c  o 


CjTGANES   1701 


V 


OmO'JIMAS — ^... 


■  ^    '.(i     ''./S  Ffll(>t'cr^='==»=- "»•— T^" —    N  ■^.  ^  ^^^ 

"    '  '"/,,    *  '   -,  Sl.l.I'lllllllUllA  I,  ^^_    _ 

.'^.        J  l.»  Tinaoct.        C'<,i'.,i?        Mr..il       o  S  Kr«mi«.i)  V^        SiUrtoi 

aJ:.;,,™!*'  ,o       ^U...-,.'i'!"'vy  s.J.>,.rl..-A  S.S.,'..,!.., 

"!M,.l:ui.i«  vy     „  ,-■  ,    „  St.K.H,IU  (\     J      Oulbiiri    n 

■^  JHt.sln.Clnra  X      S.I,in.  llw..,«  ,  Ocn.-i.viv.  K.j..        ,^V 

^  UiKiiulc-)  f         ,  '  Su.Cru! 

i  /  -3  I,,  iimuri\    1  Sti».  Maria 
Tnliutaraa ,/' —  X-  s.  U>«ro 


Sol.:l> 


OjjuitwaV    Tuco    ^ 


-Hviii.'cli.ia 

H  ilar;.ni.,lil 


r-                                        /^\KX^                  '  .Tllin  |Ki™  .li-l        a  IMji.ini                /"-Slmarw     f  ^  j"-'l'l'',',  ,',,„  hi 

SIERRA  NEVAOAl  '  "^,  ,'>'^^^--^'~*'^'^  <" IK^j    „     vS<  niMiiiiiw>      q  J.r.i. 

w»                                        ^    N  „      ,         Ut     -   i.-„Niiiurliii)               'V  I    i;^,'"'"l'"l"      S.JU.1II 

^                               —  ■';>\  *?•        ^-i          C.J*    S..l.»i    ,,i^To.,.ri,..,'     ^)      Ta„i,-i 

-'>,,ni:i^i\  ^  sal's \                        \            ^^^!^..v'      Co-ii.-riiHi)  o,^  -      ^Oih.Im* 

.U.j.nlui  ^           pn„SXav.*-?      (•."■'\U»V-''^  •'1.               'i. 


^/^ 


P.S.  w 


^    "^  VIRGENt.S  f      ^  \      ^ 


GiB..l.lo\ 


l^,.'l 


) 


!.Ji..i.  r    y.Dai.Miil,.-, 
JliauuJu  ^   - 

I'.MaUu/.is'^l, 


.1/  .1    If         1)   i:   L    ^  \  ^ 

s      f       li 


r'.i.Luc.l. 


rATHi;u  Ki.Nii's  -Mai',  1701. 


i 


500 


SOXORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


After  a  brief  sta}^  at  home,  Kino  went  back  in 
February  to  the  Colorado,  iuul  Padre  Francisco  Gon- 
zalez of  0[)0.sura  wont  Avith  him.  Thoy  reached  San 
])ioni.sio  via  Sonoita,  and  proceeded  tlown  to  Santa 
Isabel.  From  thi^:;  point  they  wei'e  in  new  territory. 
(Joing-  down  the  riv(.'r  tlirou^'h  the  Quiquima  ranche- 
ri'as,  called  San  lludesindo  and  San  Casimiro,  tlioy 
reached  tlie  tide-water  on  March  5th,  antl  on  the  7tli 
the  very  mouth  of  the  river.  Nothing  but  land  could 
be  seen  in  the  south,  west,  and  north;  surely  they 
thou<4'ht  there  could  be  no  estrechoand  Calilbrnia  vras 
a  ]>art  of  America;  though  Mang'e  in  noticing'  this 
trip  insists  that  it  still  left  the  matter  in  doubt.  Tlio 
exploiters  were  urged  to  cross  to  the  western  banh', 
but  the  horses  could  not  do  it,  and  the  illness  of  (lon- 
zalez  hastened  the  start  homeward.  Kino  indeed 
attempted  to  take  a  short  cut  to  Sonoita  over  tin; 
sand-})lains;  but  ai't-.M-  advancing  eighteen  leagues  was 
obliged  to  return  and  take  the  (^iia  route,  (jonzalez 
liad  to  be  carried  iVom  San  INIarcelo  and  soon  died 
at  San  Ignacio.  On  April  2d  Kino  wrote  to  bis 
superior  announcing  his  return,  describing  the  jour- 
ney, and  contradicting  a  report  that  both  padres  had 
been  drowned.  He  never  visited  either  the  Gila  or 
the  Colorado  again." 

Kino  Mas  now  old  and  his  career  as  an  explorer 
was  nearly  at  an  end.  Father  Luis  Velarde  came  to 
aid  him  at  Dolores  about  1702.  In  1704  he  opened 
a  new  route  to  Guaymas  by  way  of  Xacameri  and 

WMS,  ilic  Colorado,  after  forining  a  bay  of  a  pretty  long  extent,  emiities  its<lf 
into  tlio  sea,  on  the  eastern  siilo  of  California,  wliicli  thereby  appears  to  bo 
Kcparateil  from  America  only  by  this  river.' 

^•'A]iv<>.  Aj'iiic.'!,  I)(tl-!),  from  Kino's  letter.  The  Inilians  had  reporte  I 
iinother  river,  the  Amarillo  west  of  the  Coloi'ado,  and  said  that  the  Colorado 
separated  into  two  l)ranelies  before  entering  the  gnlf,  thiia  forming  a  large  and 
fertile  island.  'J'lie  author  inilnlges  in  some  speenlationsabonc  the  gnlf  gi'o^- 
ra]ihy  wldeh  have  now  no  interest  or  value,  fceo  also  Al'uri-,  Hist.  Cohi/i. 
Ji. •iii.i,  iii.  l;!4-."i;  Vcii'iidK,  Xot.  Ck/.,  ii.  lO.Vd;  Cali/oniir,  ll'ist.  C/irtt.,  ]((_'- 
3;  Jiiinii  I/'/'  C/iroii.  /ii^!.,  iv.  o.'iS;  'J'/il/iiU's  ll'iKt.  i'aL,  Ti'J.  InAiiuM.  A/ini(  •■, 
I'adre  (Jon.'.alez  is  said  to  have  ditd  at  Tubntama;  bnt  I  have  the  record  nf 
liis  death  on  Aug.  10th  at  San  Ignacio,  Mliere  he  was  buried  by  I'adr';  Cani- 
]i()s.  Sail  /(iii<iri(\  Lili.  Ml,f!iiii.,  AIS.,  ;{().  'J'liere  ai'C  some  iiidications  that 
lioui;alez  had  bccu  appointed  to  servo  at  Sun  Javier  del  Uac. 


KINO'S  LAST  TOURS. 


601 


P()pu](i;  and  in  January  and  ]''rl)i'uaiT  of  1700  ]io  nd- 
A'anccd  south  and  Avcst  IVoni  C'aborca,  over  land  never 
iK'f'orc  explored,  to  the  ,H'ult'  shore,  where  he  (Hscovered 
an  island  named  Santa  Ines,  and  a  more  distant  land 
named  San  Vieente,  whieh  miL^'ht  he  California,  llo 
was  pei'ha})s  half  way  hetween  Lihertad  and  'i'epoca, 
iliou-h  he  ealled  the'  latitude  ?A\''  In  Oetoher  an. I 
Xovendjer  of  the  same  year  he  made  his  last  extended 
and  recorded  tour  in  the  nortli.  He  went  over  to 
Cuquiarachi  for  two  cahos  inililarr's  who  were  to 
accompany  him,  and  broui;ht  them  hac.'k  to  ])ol()i'cs/"' 
whence  they  started  on  ()cto1;"r  il  1st,  and  were  joined 
next  day  at  Ilemedios  by  Maii  lel  Ojuela,  a  l^^raneis- 
can  who  had  come  I'rom  (Juadalajara  to  see'k  alms. 
]'assinf^  through  Cocospei'a  to  Tubutama/"  they  were 
^\■elcomcd  by  the  new  missionary  ]\[inutili,  and  th(Mi 
jiassed  on  to  Caborea  and  Sonoita.  Kino  })reached 
and  baptized  all  alonuf  the  way,  and  wc  may  imagine 
llie  briLrhteninix  of  the  old  man's  eve  as  he  ])ointed 
out  to  the  soldiers  and  the  friar  his  enthusiastic  and 
i\'S|)ectful  audiences,  their  stores  of  grain,  their  herds 
of  live-stock,  and  cs])ecially  their  neatly  whitewaslu'd 
chapels  and  houses;  and  then  we  may  see  the  sad  and 
)icrha])s  bitter  expression  with  which  he  explained  that 
i;o  padres  could  be  induced  to  come  and  oceujn'  these 
] louses  and  chapels.  They  went  on  yet  a  little  fai'ther, 
( hmbing  and  camping  for  the  night  on  Santa  Clara 
Mountain,  from  which  Ivino  tc^ok  his  farewell  look 
•  Hit  over  the  gulf  waters  and  river  mouth  in  the  hazy 
distance,  recapitulating  to  his  companions  the  labors 
and  arguments  bv  which  he  had  satisfied  himself  and 
many  others  that  the  o])|)osite  land  was  not  an  island, 
and  musing  sorrowl'ullv  as  he  descended  the  hill  ou 
tlic  Pimas,  Yumas,  and  Quiquimas,  waiting  at  the 

•'Tiiylor  in  Brotrun''.-^  L.  CaL,  .^4-5,  speaks  of  Kind's  port  of  S.  Juan  I'iiu- 
tista,  now  Liliprtad. 

'-•(.'luniiaraclii;  Real  do  Bacaniidii,  10  1.;  Poloros,  "JO  1. 

""('oui'ispera;  S.  Sir.iou  y  S.  Jiidas,  1.")  1.;  ]iiilias;ii|iu;  Sta  R^'iilmra,  14  1.; 
S.  And)m.sio  Liusauic,  4  1.;  Sta  Goitrudis  Saric,  \i  1.;  S,  Btrnanlo  Anuinuin; 
'iubuUinia. 


■  **  '<■} 


502 


SOXORA  AND  SINALOA. 


liL'ad  of  tlio  o'ulf  for  salvation  that  was  .so  lonq'  in 
coniiiiL!,'.  Father  Ojucla  cHnibcd  a  higher  peak  and 
obtained  a  l)foader  view,  (hseoveriiiuf  as  he  thon-'ht  a 
fine  bay  which  he  named  San  ]\Ianueh  They  returned 
to  Tubutania  by  anotlier  way"  reaching  Dolores  the 
IGth  of  Xoveniber.^^ 

With  the  exception  of  tlie«o  last  tour:',  the  life  of 
Kino  and  the  annals  of  l*inieria  from  1703  to  1710 
iorni  but  a  series  of  failures  and  bitter  disappointments 
for  the  venerable  apostle,  interpersed  witli  and  largely 
caused  by  not  only  the  exasperating  indifference  I>ut 
the  active  opposition  of  the  military  government. 
Cani})os  at  San  Ignacio  and  Velarde  at  Dolores  were 
Kino's  only  permanent  companions  during  this  period, 
thouufh  Piccohj  from  California  visited  him  in  170('). 
Minutili,  who  had  come  to  Tu!)utania  from  California 
for  his  health,  did  not  probably  remain  there  long; 
A'arilla  also  seems  to  have  st)on  left  Caborca;  and 
Contreras  had  never  returned  after  the  burning  of 
Coc6s[)era.  One  authority  mentions  the  arrival  oi' 
four  padres  in  1701,  and  their  distribution  to  Caborca, 
Tubutama,  Dae,  and  Guevavi,  wlieucc  they  soon  re- 
tired on  account  of  sickness  and  otlicr  causes;  but 
this  is  i)robablv  an  error,  and  it  is  not  likelv  that  anv 
padres  besides  those  who  have  been  named  were  actu- 
ally stationed  in  Pimeria  Alta  during  Kino's  life, 
thouLi'h  it  seems  that  on  several  occasions  missionaries 
were  ap[)ointed  for  the  field  by  the  provincial  iu 
]\[exico.  Alegre  notes  that  i'our  [)adres  started  in 
1703,  l)ut  were  frightened  away  by  false  rumors  of 
Pima  hostiHties.  Frontier  missionaries  in  different 
places  were  said  to  have  been  assassinated;  the  Pinias 


"Sonoit-a;  S.  Kafnol  Aetini,  ISl.;  S.  ^riirtiii;  Sta  Biluaim,  0  1.;  S.  Kstnn- 
i«l:io  Oct.vm,  V2  ].;  V>n<nu\c,  .'^  1. 

''■''I'lu'  iwo  cdlidK  ]ki(1  (iiiU'is  ti>  keep  a  diary,  Init  did  not  send  it  toMi'xion. 
Tlic  liost  iicodunt  (>f  tlio  trip  is  in  Ajm.^t.  AjUurs,  o'J,"?-!!,  taken  from  Jvin  >'s 
report.  'J'lio  niithor  .saw  also  a  re]iort  liy  Ojuela,  Imt  did  not  use  it,  boeau'^c' 
as  lie  snys  it  oontaini'd  tIiin,L.'rt  iiard  to  licliuvc  'wliicli  tlio  padro  had  ])rolialily 
recorded  from  hearsay.  Alegre,  J/ist.  ('oinp.  Jcioin,  iii.  140-7,  calls  the  i'laii- 
ciscan  Mannel  do  Ujcda.  See  also  Veinijas,  2\'ot.  Cal.,  ii.  107;  CuL,  lli~t. 
Clin  I.,  103. 


FALSE  CIIAnCE.^. 


503 


■\vcro  trcaclicrons  brutes,  wholly  unfit  for  Cliristiatniy; 
the  Solias  wore  in  league  •with  the  Seris  ti)  iii\n<ie 
Sonera;  the  .S()bai})uris  were  at  the  ))ottoin  of  A[»acho 
raids;  the  Pajtagos  inhabited  a  sterile  waste  of  sand; 
the  tribes  of  the  Gila  and  Coiora(h)  were  myths;  the 
neophytes  of  the  missions  already  tbundcd  had  iust 
killed  their  padres  and  ilcd,  or  were  on  the  poiiil  of 


doHiu'  so. 


It  would  seem  also  that  the  militnry  foree  nnd  tlie 
Spanish  settlers  became  not  only  willing  listeners  to  all 
that  could  be  said  against  the  I'imas,  but  active  (M^- 
ponents  to  ]vino's  plans.  This  state  of  things  began, 
if  we  may  l»elieve  Mange — who  was  very  likely  not 
ahogether  free  from  prejudice  on  the  subject— with 
the  accession  of  General  Jacinto  Fuens  Saldana  to  the 
connnand  of  tiio  compania  volante  \n  place  of  Jii'on/.a 
in  L701.  He  is  said  to  have  behaved  very  badly,  and 
liis  successor  and  nephew,  Gregorio  Alvarez  Tunon, 
still  woi'se.  The  army  was  made  up  largely  of  nuMi 
v\lio  desired  the  spoils  and  glories  of  conquer(*rs  with- 
out great  risks;  long  and  tedious  pursuits  of  Apache 
raiders  did  not  meet  their  requirements,  ^liners  and 
Sk'ttlers  wanted  laborers,  for  which  ]nirpose  Apa- 
ches were  not  available.  It  was  not  ditiicult  to  trunij) 
\\\^  chai'ges  to  servo  as  excuses  for  plundering  the  rich 
IMnia  towns  and  enslaving  the  people.  The  stores  of 
mai/e  and  live-stock  accunudated  by  the  rancherias 
under  Kino's  iniluence  excited  the  avarice  of  the  sol- 
diers no  less  than  of  the  savages.  Xatui'allv  this  was 
not  long  in  bringing  al)out  an  open  (piarrel  wiih  the 
missionaries;  and  a  certain  lieutenani  of  th(>  |U'ovince, 
not  named,  went  so  far  as  to  jU'osent  foi'nial  charges 
of  a  serious  nature,  not  specitied,  against  the  desuits. 
The  charges  were  ]H'oven  false,  if  we  may  acce[)t  the 
.lesuit  version,  and  the  officer  was  removed  from  his 
comnumd.  The  Pimas  of  the  soutii  abnut  Dolores 
son-m  to  have  submitfed  tomueh  abuse  wiihont  resist- 
ance, running  to  Kino  nuich  as  chiUhvn  would  run  to 
a  lather  to  have  their  wrongs  redressed,  and  never 


504 


SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


refusinfjf  aid  acjainst  the  savfiires.  Oiio  officer  is  changed 
■\vitli  liavitiL^  forcibly  carried  away  neophytes  I'roni 
Kino's  own  mission,  and  others  in  tlic  vicinity,  and 
with  liaviiii^  burned  sonic  chapels.  From  the  older 
missi(.»ns  in  the  south  converts  were  enticed  away  to 
Avork  in  the  mines  and  on  ranches,  where  they  were 
i^ivcn  tli'^  utmost  license  in  respect  of  conduct  and 
morals,  of  course  greatly  to  the  prejudice  of  mission 
pi-onivss.  From  the  Sobaii)uris  of  the  noi'th  the 
Sitaniards,  on  attemptiuL!^  intei'ferencc,  met  a  })rom})t 
ivbulf.  Chief  Core,  at  the  head  of  bis  warriors,  made 
some  pretty  loud  threats,  and  the  S])anish  officer  was 
iiot  only  driven  away  from  (.^uiburi  Valley,  but  spread 
such  reports  of  Coro's  hostility  that  all  vSon(jrawas  in 
terror,  and  laished  to  arms  for  si'li'-protectlon,  the 
])adrcs  Ijcini,^  ordered  to  secure  church  property  and 
to  seek  a  [)lace  of  safety.  Kino  was  of  cours(3  ap- 
pealed to,  and  had  no  difficulty  in  (pielling  a  rebellion 
that  was  ourely  imaglnarv,  by  simply  summonhig  Core 
and  otlier  Sobaipuri  chiefs  to  ]Jolores. 

]Meanw]iile  Kino's  chief  occupation  was  to  visit  and 
jtaciiy  his  Hock,  to  pi'otest  against  8[»anish  oppression, 
to  receiv(i  deputations  from  distant  tribes  whom  his 
infirmities  no  longer  allowed  him  to  visit,  anil  to  send 
]>etitions  to  ^lexico  for  padres  who  never  came.  Flis 
only  comfort  was  to  note  the  patience  and  iicK'lity  of 
liis  beloved  IMmas.  In  ITOil-o,  he  had  an  idea  of 
going  personally  to  Mexico;  but  the  war  in  Europe 
made  it  certain  in  his  mind  that  such  a  trip  would 
1)0  unavailing.  In  1704  new  churches  were  completed 
at  liemcdios  and  Cocospera,  equalling  the  hnest  in 
kSonora.  Kino's  ex})loration  south-westward  in  170G 
and  his  fmal  tour  to  the  north  have  been  already 
described.  It  was  also  in  170G  that  he  made  extra- 
ordinary efforts  to  obtain  for  Caborca,  Suamca,  Bac, 
]hisanic,  and  Quiburi,  five  of  the  eight  ])a(lres  allowed 
to  ],Mmeria  by  the  king,  from  a  new  arrival  of  Jesuits 
in  IMexico.  JMange  and  other  officials  made  full  re- 
ports  to  the  viceroy  in  support  of  his  claims,  but  as 


DEATH  OF  KIXO. 


COj 


usual  notliliig  was  accomplished.  In  1707  ho  Is  saitl 
to  liavc  attL'iii[)tc(l  to  secure  tlie  establishment  of  a 
villa  in  nf)rthei'n  Sonora.  In  1710  he  made  his  final 
infonne,  addressed  to  the  king  in  behalf  of  the  Pima 
niissions,  and  then  ho  died,  as  Velarde  and  Alegre 
tell  us,  early  in  1711." 

I  have  thus  narrated  as  fully  as  the  records  permit 
the  afaiics  of  this  famous  missionary,  \vlio  in  fulfil- 
ment of  his  vow  to  St  Francis  Javier  had  l)apti/ed 
over  40,000  gentiles.  Ilis  eulogy  and  the  little  tliat 
is  known  of  his  death  I  quote  literally  from  th(^ 
.Jesuit  historian. -''  "Who  can  tell  the  iimer  acts  of 
virtue  by  which  ho  made  himself  so  wortliy  an  instru- 
ment of  salvation  to  many  souls?  In  all  his  mission- 
ary career  he  was  known  to  have  no  other  bed  tlian 
two  slieep-skins,"-'^  a  coarse  blanket  for  a  cover,  and 
lor  a  jiillow  a  pack-saddle.  Such  was  the  couch  on 
M-hieh,  after  long  and  tiresome  iournevs,  even  in  the 
most  serious  illness,  at  the  ai^c  of  seventy  years, 
lie  took  barely  a  slight  repose,  and  in  which  he  died 
at  la>,t,  not  without  tears  from  his  good  companion, 
Padre  Campos,  witness  of  his  humility,  mortilication, 
and  poverty.  INIost  of  tlie  night  ho  spent  in  prayo-, 
and  when  at  Dolores  it  was  in  the  church,  into  which, 
says  his  companion,  Padre  Luis  Velarde,'"  during  the 
last  eight  years  he  heard  him  enter  every  night,  but 
MJtli  all  his  watching  never  heard  him  come  out.  To 
tliis  nightly  prayer  he  joined  a  bloody  iJ/sc/jiliii<(, 
which  the  Indians  sometimes  saw  and  talked  about  in 
wonder.     He  was  seen  to  enter  the  church  for  prayer 

^^  A  potato!  Ico.'i  Afavrx^  fil.')-"!'.";  Vctnrde,  DcAcrip.  Jfisf.,  .SS.Vfi;  ]'(,ir'j'i!i, 
Xot.  C'nI.,  ii.  10(5-7;  Mai>ii<',  J/ist.  Pimc.rin,  .'UO.  Several  antlinrs  follcjwiiiL; 
the  Ap'iHt.  Afniien,  give  1710  as  the  date  of  Kino's  flcatli.  Kryes,  in  Sonurn, 
Materially,  7'>1,  says  tliat  according;  to  Rilias  and  Flm'eneia  the  .fesuit  i-ediie- 
tiuu  (if  Sonora  l)e;,'a!;  in  I7UU;  l)ut  according  to  the  mission  hooks  of  Cucur|ie, 
ill  l.")ii()!  Herrotarun, //',/b/7»(',  il07,  says  there  were  in  .Sin.  and  Son.  1!0 
im.ssions. 

''".l/fflf)'p,  IliM.  Comji.  JcKtiK,  iii.  154—7,  taken  in  substance  and  nuicli  of  it 
literally  from  \'ihiril'\  /)escri/>.  ll'mf..  ."JSiVO. 

-' .V/i/ri/.s-,  a  provincial  woil  applied  to  tho  skins  used  as  mnlcdi  rO'i,  or 
Buddlc-cloths. 

■■'-  I'liis  and  yel.ird'''s  own  statement  from  which  it  is  taken  is  the  only 
uulicc  \vc  have  that  Vi.kirdu  ciuuc  to  Dolores  before  Kiuo's  death. 


I  \i 


i 


500 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


inoi'o  tlian  a  liimdred  times  in  a  day,  in  imitation  of* 
tlio  gToat  apostle  of  Irolaiul,  thoiv^li  his  whole  li>'e 
Mas  a  continual  prayer.  lie  was  honored  with  the 
j:;'irt  of  tears,  with  wJiich  the  Lord  endowed  him,  not 
only  in  the  holy  sacriticc  of  mass  which  he  never 
omitted,  hut  even  in  divine  service  which  he  always 
said  kneel infj^.  He  had  ever  on  his  lips  the  sweetest 
nanu's  ot"  .Jesus  and  Mary;  so  that  it  is  not  to  he 
wondered  at  that  even  when  insulted  in  his  house  he 
rcjilicd  with  gentle  words,  tenderly  emhracing  the 
ohender.  His  conversation  was  always  of  God,  of 
his  holv  mother,  and  of  the  conversion  of  ijentiles, 
]  [e  suifered  fi'e(|uent  and  acute  fevers,  of  which  ho 
cured  himself  by  total  abstinence  for  four  or  six  day<. 
And  even  besides  such  occasions  his  food  was  very 
meagre  and  coarse,  without  salt  or  other  condiment 
than  some  insi})id  herbs  which  he  pretended  to  take 
as  medicine.  All  this  harshness  and  austerity  toward 
himself  became  suavit3'  and  gentleness  towartl  tlio 
Indians,  among  whom  ho  distributed  all  his  allowance 
and  all  he  could  b}^  industry  obtain.  Finally  Father 
Kino  was  a  perfect  example  for  apostolic  mission- 
aries, of  whom  it  was  a  common  saving:  'To  cHscover 
lands  and  to  convert  souls  arc  the  afan-js  of  Padre 
Kino.  Continuous  praj'er,  life  without  vice,  nor 
smoking,  nor  snuff,  nor  bed,  nor  wines.'"  Campos, 
having  linished  in  his  pueblo  of  Magdalena  a  small 
chapel  in  honor  of  San  Francisco  Javier,"^  invited 
Kino  to  the  dedication  mass,  to  which  ho  oladlv  came. 
The  image  on  the  altar  represented  the  dying  saint. 
Saying  mass  he  felt  himself  attacked  by  his  final  ill- 
ness, the  saint  wishing  that  he  who  had  so  perftx-tly 
imitated  him  in  the  labors  of  the  apostolic  ministry 
should  rest  in  his  chapel.-* 

•' Twiitk'tl:,  Pcr.<.  A^arr.,  i.  4-Jt-7,  rclntoa  a  lopcnd  tlmt  the  site  of  tlio 
Mamliik'iia  church  was  selected  liy  •lu  imago  of  Sau  Fraiici.sco  .favicr,  which 
vaH  carried  on  a  niule'.s  l)ack,  tiio  animal  !>ioppiii;^'  at  a,  ^larlicular  spot  ami 
refusing  to  niovo.  I  helicvc  inuks  \m\c  been  known  to  act  thus  in  oilier  iii- 
Btuuces  and  in  places  where  no  ejiapelii  have  as  yet  been  erected. 

'■"A  writer  in  llidr/iiiija'  JIa;/.,  iv.  50-1-7,  says  that  Kiuo  was  buried  at 


.4. 


AXXALS  OF  riMERlA. 


807 


It  U  most  couvonicnt  to  follow  still  faitlu^r  tlio 
slugu'ish  course  of  i)roLjress  in  Alt;i  I'iiiici'ia  before 
liirniii^^  our  attention  to  the  more  SDutliern  Sonora 
districts.  "With  the  record  before  hlin  of  A\h;)t  Kino 
had  been  al)le  to  acconi[)lish  in  obtainin;j;  [)adres  ft)r 
the  northern  field,  the  reader  niav  readilv  inia'jfino 
that  nothini^  was  done  in  that  direction  for  a  lon;^' 
time  after  his  death,  ^\'larde  still  served  at  ])olore.s 
ior  twenty  years  at  least,  and  Campos  remained  frn* 
twt'iity-tive  years  at  San  I^'nacio;  but  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Luis  ^lari'a  Gallardi,  who  took  charn-e  of 
C'aborca  about  17'20,  and  of  Luis  ]\[aria  ]\laijiano, 
who  served  at  San  lu'nacio  in  17Ll2-r>,  tluriuL''  tho 
absence  of  Cami)os  in  Mexico,-"'  there  was  no  increases 
of  the  force  until  after  1730.  Campos,  Kincj's  com- 
panion almo:;t  from  tho  first,  was  ])erhaps  no  less 
i'aithful  a  seeker  for  i^cntile  souls,  makini>'  such  tours 
anionic  the  [tueblos  as  his  home  duties  would  pcnnit; 
anil  for  a  time  mcssenojers  came  as  l>eforo  from  tho 
far  north  with  urgent  entreaties  for  padres;  but 
(  ampos  had  learned  to  be  somewhat  less  profusi.; 
than  Kino  in  })romiscs,  which  as  cx[)orience  taug'lit 
t-ould  not  bo  kept;  and  consequently  communication 
\\ith  the  more  distant  tribes  became  less  and  less  fre- 
(juent,  so  that  in  many  rancherias  all  that  had  been 
Karned  of  the  new  faith  was  well  niu'h  forgotten."" 

In  January'  171.')  Padre  Campos  was  on  the  coast 
and  found  a  port  which  he  named  Ascension  and 
located  in  30°.     Salvaticriii  had  planned  to  come  over 

S.  Antonio  Oquitoa  in  a  clnircli  Imilt  l)y  liiiiisi'lf,  avIuto  there  is  a  tisMet  to  liis 
uieiiiory.  Ali'gro  tells  us  that  during  the  four  years  preceilin;_'  17 K'  no  nianu- 
tiM'ipt  of  the  period  refers  to  Kino. 

"'t'lio  printed  luithorities  ])laee  Gallardi  at  Cahorca;  hut  in  the  original 
mi<siciTi  registers — .V.  Ljinvin.  L'Jk  Misinn,  .MS,;  ,s'/,(  Murin  Miiij!!ii'i  iiii,  /-'''. 
't:<!(iii,  MS. — 1  liixl  iiini  at  Mag'(hdena  in  ( 7--~."t,  and  at  S.  Iguaeio  in  17-'")-7. 
i'erliaps  Cahorea,  like  Magdalena,  was  considered  at  tins  time  a  visita  of  S. 
l.'uaeio;  hut  prolwhly  he  went  to  Cahorea  lirst.  It  is  in  the  Mngdalena  reg- 
ister that  I  li.ul  ^larjiano's  name.  In  Apost,  A/anrs,  S,"!!!,  another  padro 
li'it  n.'inied  is  said  to  have  cme  to  Tnbutania  about  tho  same  time.  A  visit 
if  I'lislKip  Tapis  is  recorded  at  Magdalena  in  171">. 

'■'' Fur  geneial  remarks  on  ihe  decline  of  J'inieria  Alta  after  Kino's  death 
see  Aj'Ost.  A/ii>if:<,  S.'i7,  etc. ;  Alcifri',  lliM.  Cump.  ,/(■((.<,  iii.  173;  Vmftjn-i, 
-V"'.  Cul.,  ii."l07,  o'_''J-4;  fal.,  IJtst.  Chirt.,  l.'.J2-4;  (.7axo/(\s ///V.  Caf/i.  Ch., 
i.  ;!71-L'. 


COS 


SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


ill  Juno  for  a  voynffo  of  exploration;  Caiupos  {'iid  Vc- 
lai'do  accordliijjjiy  waited  i'or  liiin  at  ('al)or('a,  inakini;* 
i^ii^'nals  of  tiro  and  sinola*  from  tlu?  liillto])s  to  u^uidc;  tlio 
vessel  into  l^)rt  As(^enyion;  Imt  the  voya^-e  was  ])ost- 
])oned  and  finally  given  up,  tlioUL;h  C'ani])os  repeated 
liis  preparations  and  aignals  at  the  end  of  Se})teniber. 
]Jisa])pointe(l  in  not  nioctiniji'  Salvatierra,  he  went  np 
the  coast  in  Oetober  to  a  jtoint  twelve  lea^'Ues  above 
.Vseension,  pcrlia|)s  to  the  same  r(,\L;ion  whore  Kino 
and  Sahatierra  and  !Man^;e  had  Ixkmi  in  1701,-'  a 
]'ei4'ion  whose  inhabitants  now  or  a  little  later  bei^an 
to  be  known,  for  some  unknown  reason,  as  I'apa^os, 
or  sometimes  as  Papabotes.^'*  The  most  important 
circnmstance,  and  indeed  almost  tlie  only  one  re- 
corded in  connectit)n  with  this  trip,  was  that  ('am])os 
from  his  own  observations  and  what  ho  conld  learn 
from  the  natives  felt  himself  justified  in  rejectinjj^  the 
conclusions  of  previous  ox|)lorers,  and  committing;- 
himself  to  the  opinion  that  there  was  a  strait  se])a- 
I'atinL;"  Calilbrnia  from  the  main.  A^elarde  ccjncum.'d 
in  this  opinion  and  recorded  it — fortified  with  learned 
arguments  and  references  to  a  Dutch  map  and  old 
narratives  which  he  had  seen — in  his  historical  rei)ort 
Avritten  in  1716.'-"  This  difference  of  o[)inion  among 
those  who  were  deemed  to  have  the  best  opj)ortuni- 
ties  for  observation  accounts  in  great  measure  for 
the  curious  and  long-continued  discussions  respecting 
Cali fornian  geogra] )hy.^'' 

In  the  middle  of  1721  Padre  Ugartc  in  the  Truinf) 
de  la  Cruz  arrived  at  or  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ilio  San 

■■''  Tlic  Port  Ascension  of  Campos  mny  possibly  have  been  identical  with 
Kino'.s  Sta  Clara  and  the  modern  Adair  liay,  thoUi,'h  ncitlier  this  hypothesis 
nor  any  other  seems  to  agree  with  all  the  stiiteincnts  of  tlie  narrative. 

^*  Stone,  Siiiiom,  20-1,  speaks  of  padres  left  among  tlic  l*;i[)ag(is  at  Kino's 
death;  and  otiier  writers  are  wont  to  speak  of  the  nortliern  iiiieiilos,  particu- 
larly of  P>ac,  as  having  been  abandoned  by  their  jiadres;  Init  in  tact  tliero 
had  never  been  any  resident  missionaries  north  of  Cocospera  and  Tulnitaiua. 

'■''■' I't'lnrile,  Dc-<cr'i]K'ion  llUf6rka  ih  la  Fimeria,  3J3-4.  Tor  notice  of  this 
work  see  chap.  x.  of  this  volume. 

'"'  Velarde's  geographical  ideas  were  vcrj'  accurate  so  far  as  explored  regions 
nrc  concerned,  but  in  the  x.  w.  beyond  tlie  limits  of  actual  exploration  he  loses 
hi.s  iiead  in  the  mazes  of  the  Northern  Mystery.  lie  made  a  map  to  illustrate 
Lis  report,  but  it  does  not  appear  either  in  my  printed  or  MS.  copy. 


I  tt 


MOQui  rnojECT. 


■0!) 


s  find  Vc- 
>,  innkiii'L^ 
Li^ukU;  tliD 
was  post- 
I  rcpi-ated 
I'ptc'inber. 
J  wc'iit  u|) 
ucs  altove 
loro  Iviiio 

17()lr'  a 
iter  Ix'^'aii 
IMpanos, 
important 
y  one  re- 
it  Campos 
)ul<l  learn 
cetinjjf  till! 
Dnnnittini;' 
trait  sepa- 
concurrod 
til  learned 
V  and  old 

al  re])nrt 
on  among 
>pportuni- 
asurc    for 

especting 

ic  Trhinfo 
le  Ilio  San 

lideiiticnl  ■with 

[lis  hypothesis 

Initivo. 

li^cis  at  Kino's 

•iilos,  jiartiou- 

ill  t'jK't  tlicro 

(I  Tubiitaiiia. 

notice  of  this 

nlorcd  regions 
•ation  ho  loses 
Iji  to  illustrate 

-•I'y- 


Tgnaeio,  bonnd  on  an  exploring  voyage  elsewhere  de- 
scrilicd.  TFe  met  with  many  mishajis  (;n  tliis  coast, 
v.lu're  he  Ibund  no  ])orts  whatever,  notuithslanding 
the  diseovei'ies  of  Kino,  Cam[)os,  and  othei's.  Jle  met 
(iallardi  at  Caborca,  and  was  soon  visited  by  Campos, 
who  hastened  down  from  San  Ignacio  with  all  the 
supplies  ho  could  gather  on  short  notice.  Captain 
flange  also  went  down  to  the  coast,  intending,  as  ho 
^ays,  to  sail  with  Ugartc,  but  was  prevented  by  an 
accident.  The  I'everend  explorer  reerosscd  the  gulf 
to  continue  on  the  contra  costa  the  search  M'hose  re- 
sults proved  once  again  that  California  was  not  an 
island,  Velarde  and  Campos  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing.^^ 

In  17"23  the  project  of  reconverting  through  Jesuit 
ngencies,  by  way  of  Pimcria,  the  Mo(piis,  who  had 
hicn  without  instructors  since  they  drove  out  the 
l''raiiciscans  in  the  Now  ^Fexican  revolt  of  1G.80,  was 
mooted  in  Sonora  and  Mexico.  Kino  had  sup])ose(l 
the  Mocjui  province  not  more  than  thirty  or  Ibrty 
leagues  (Hstant  from  the  limit  of  his  own  exploration, 
and  easily  accessible  from  that  direction.  As  early 
;is  1711-12  the  j\Ioquis  arc  said  to  have  sent  word  by 
natives  of  other  tribes  that  they  wanted  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries; but,  as  Alegre  states,  the  society  refused  to 
interfere  in  what  might  be  considered  a  Fianciscaii 
Held.  Again  in  1720,  according  to  the  ^Ijloirx,  a 
nnilatto  boy  brought  to  San  Ignacio  the  re[)ort  that 
the  jMoquis  were  anxious  tor  baptism,  and  Cam])os 
became  as  anxious  to  undertake  their  conversion. 
( 'a})tain  Bccerra  of  Janos  claimed  to  have  learned  in 
Xew  Mexico  that  the  Moquis  w^anted  Jesuits  and  had 
a  horror  of  Franciscans,  and  he  joined  Campos  in  a 
]>etition.  In  response  the  viceroy  was  ordered  to  pi-o- 
iiiote  the  pi'o|)osed  conversion,  and  in  his  perjilexity 
he  consulted  Bishop  Crespo  of  ^Jurango,  who  at  first 
fivored  the  scheme;  but  when  he  understood  the  loca- 

"  Venenas,  Not.  CuL,  ii.  348-50;  Manr]e,  JI'isl.  Pirn.,  340.  Fur  U-arte'a 
explorations  .see  chap.  xvi.  of  this  voliunu. 


« 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


^  m 
'■'  m 


25 
2.2 

1.8 


1.25      U      16 

^ 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


iV 


c\ 


\ 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  M580 

(716)  B72-4S03 


o^ 


t/j 


CIO 


SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


^I^'l 


tion  of  tlio  provinoo,  and  that  the  "scraphi(^  order" 
liad  not  yet  al>aiidoned  their  efforts  in  that  direetion, 
lie  seems  to  liave  ehanufed  his  mind,  and  the  matter 
vas  temporarily  dropped."* 

In  17-;5  Campos,  on  a  visit  to  Mexico,  asked  for 
two  ])a(h'es  for  the  nortluM'n  missions,  and  also  pro- 
]>oscd  tile  founding  of  a  villa  on  the  Gila,  offering,  in 
the  name  of  the  ])r()vineial,  live-stock,  seeds,  and 
implements  for  one  hundred  families  of  pohladores; 
hut  nothing  could  he  effected.''^  In  172;"),  however, 
liishoj)  Crespo  visited  Pimeria,  and  it  hapjiened  that 
V,  hile  he  was  at  San  Ignacio  messengers  ai-rived  from 
Sonoita  and  I3ac — perhaps  not  altogether  hy  accident 
— to  remind  the  padre  of  their  desire  for  instructois 
and  of  the  golden  o^jportunities  the  S})aniards  had 
already  lost  hy  delay.  The  hishop  hecanie  interested, 
and  Mrote  to  the  viceroy,  offering  to  pay  himself,  if 
the  royal  treasuiy  Avould  not,  for  the  8np})ort  of  oiui 
or  two  padres.  I'^ven  on  this  hasis  the  dilliculties 
were  insurmountahle,  and  the  hishoj)  '"'^ied  to  the 
king  in  1728,  foi'warding  a  petition  of  Sohaipuris 
and  a  report  of  General  llivera.  This  had  some  eifcct, 
lor  in  Octohcr  of  tlie  same  vear  the  kin<x  ordered  the 
viceroy  to  take  speedy  steps  to  supply  northern  Sonora 
Avith  missionaries."'  The  order  was  oheyed  hut  imt 
very  promptly;  for  in  1700  the  three  ])adres  wert; 
still  serving  alone  as  heforc,  save  that  Gallardi  had 
changed  his  resi>lence  first  to  San  Ignacio,  and  ngaiii 
after  1727  to  Tuhutama,  hecoming  rector.  Cahorca 
was  now  only  a  risita,  though  it  was  the  largest  of  all 
the  four  missions  and  Iburteen  puehlos.  The  whole 
district  had  now  less  than  twelve  hundred  conwi'ts, 
not  a  very  good  showing,  especially  in  view  of  the 
I'act  that  IJok)res  and  San  I<rnaeio  had  never  lacked 


"'A/iost.  Afancn,  .14.")-7.  Alogrc,  fFint.  Comp.  Jr.^ii.^,  iii.  212-.1,  states  tliat 
Caniijcs'  jii'titiou  wjis  to  llio  viceroy,  ami  tluit  the  iiuittcr  oaiiio  t')  an  end  liy 
tlic  ivt'iisal  <if  the  Jesuit  iiutlioritics  to  fiirniBli  the  pailrus  asked  for  liy  l)i.siiu[i 
C'rcsiKi.     See  also  IVHcf/n.v,  jN'o'.  Cut.,  ii.  520-7. 

"'■^A'c'iir,  nut.  ('oiii)i.  Jrsiix,  iii.  213. 

^^Ali\ir<\  //;.s7.  To//;/).  ./('.sH.1.  iii.  228-32;  FWwro,  5o«orn,  140.  Lishoii';! 
visit  recoiileil  in  S.  Ijiiacio,  Lib.  Jlinion,  MS.,  30,  37. 


14 


TEPOCAS  AND  SERIS. 


311 


missionaries  and  were  now  the  smallest  of  all,  having 
hut  nine  and  thirty-two  families  respectively.  The 
SiKiuish  population  was  apparently  ahout  three  hun- 
dred, Cucurpe  with  its  pueblos  on  the  Kio  San 
]\IiiL,niel  seems  now  to  have  been  included  in  this  dis- 
trict, but  is  not  included  in  the  preceding  figures. 

I  have  already  noticed  the  slight  progress  made  in 
attempts  to  convert  theTepoca^'  and  Seris  of  the  gulf 
coast  above  the  mouth  of  the  Yaqui,  and  the  founda- 
tion of  a  mission  pueblo  of  San  Jose  do  (Juaymas 
with  which  Kino  o[)ened  communication  by  a  new 
route  from  tlie  interior.  This  Guaymas  mi.s>ion  was 
attached  to  tlie  California  establislmiL'nts  under  Sal- 
vatierra,  never  had  any  resilient  padre,  was  visited 
j'Ur[)osely  or  accidentally  at  long  intervals,  pi'obably 
was  merely  a  rancheria  if  not  altoijether  deserted 
excejtt  at  these  irreguhir  visits,  and  naturally  has  left 
no  chronologic  record.  Several  of  the  California 
]iadres  resided  in  Sonora  at  dili'erent  times  to  attend 
to  the  shipment  of  supplies,  which  were  generally 
despatched  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yaqui.  Salvatierra 
had  visited  the  Seris,  and  made  peace  between  them 
and  the  Pimas  in  1G90.  Again  as  we  have  seen  in 
1701  he  was  at  Guaymas  and  met  with  some  success 
i:i  preparing  the  natives  for  conversion.  In  1709  ho 
was  wrecked  on  the  coast  and  improved  the  opportu- 
nity to  work  among  the  Seris,  Tepocas,  and  Guaymas 
i'nr  two  months  with  very  flattering  success.  l*adro 
llasaldua  is  also  named  as  having  taken  charge  of  the 
(Juaymas  mission  about  this  time,  and  Ugarte  being 
cast  on  the  same  shore  baptized  many  natives,  built  a 
chapel,  founded  a  pueblo  do  visita,  and  would,  it  is 
salil,  have  remained  there  had  his  superior  permitted 
it.  lieyond  these  vague  allusions  we  know  nijthing 
whatever  of  the  coast  establishments  down  to  1730 
and  later.^' 


'5  IVnr7r(.i,  Xo(.  Cut.,  ii.  138,  170,  188-0,  20o-8;  Clavhin-o,  Ffor'in  r„I,,  i, 
-o'J-iiO;  Ali'ijir,  JJisl.  Coiiq>.  J(:8U/(,  iii.  1-4;  ]'illurkciic(0,  \'iilu  L'jarte,  IIU-U. 


012 


SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


For  the  first  thirty  years  of  tlic  century  there  is 
no  proper  mission  history  of  the  old  Sonora  and  Os- 
tiniuri  provinces.  The  excitement  of  the  conquista 
espiritual  was  past;  tiierc  were  in  most  mission  juris- 
dictions no  gentiles  if  many  apostates  left  to  convert; 
the  Jesuit  establishments  had  passed  the  period  of 
their  highest  [)rosperity  antl  weie  on  the  decline;  the 
neophytes  had  decreased  and  were  rapidly  decreasing 
in  numbers,  IVom  the  elfects  of  civilization,  fi'om  jiesti- 
lence,  from  desertion,  and  from  the  i;ver-increasing  de- 
mand for  laborers.  The  great  desideratum  of  all  mis- 
sionary friars,  protection  at  first  and  non-interference 
later,  couKl  never  be  realized.  Petty  quarrels  -with 
the  Spanish  population,  and  l)etty  losses  I'rom  raids 
of  savaLjes;  the  dull  routine  of  relii^-ious  service  and 
mission  toil,  an  occasional  runaway  or  Hogging,  now 
and  then  a  change  of  i)adres  or  the  buildiuLT  or  de- 
struction  of  a  church,  j()3'ous  occasions  of  procession 
and  fiesta,  statistics  of  births  and  marriages  and 
deaths — such  were  the  current  annals,  and  no  wonder, 
and  small  pity  perhaps,  that  the  record  has  not  sur- 
vived,^" 

On  February  14,  1730,  the  visitador  general  Pedro 
de  llivera  in  a  report  to  the  viceroy  i)ictures  the  mis- 
sions in  the  brightest  coulciir  de  rose.  They  wen; 
delightfully  located  in  i'ertile  valleys.  The  neophytes 
were  intelligent,  industrious,  well  dressed,  docile,  de- 
vout, and  well  versed  in  Spanish.  The  management 
Mas  all  that  could  be  desired,  the  padres  being  kind  in 
their  treatment  of  the  neophytes,  diligent  as  instruc- 
tors, skilled  in  the  native  iilioms,  and  constantly  ap- 

'"  1'.  M;u-((is  Antonio  K.iiijtus,  visitailDv;  P.  Daniel  .T.-imislco,  rector  if 
StoH  ^liirtircs  district  ill  IT'ii.  Vilanb-,  J>r^crijt.  Ilisl.,  W'i'i  S.  llr.ivo  in  I7i7 
ii-iktil  that  tlie  Aiionii'S  ami  Vai|iiiti  ho  oxcniptcil  tVoni  mit'i.  The  viceroy  <lc- 
len'til  hi.s  decision.  I' //<;/'(.>',  A''./.  <'«'.,  ii.  ;<(>!.  I'ifty  inulilos  in  17-1.  'J  ho 
better  tlio  Indians  aro  trcateil  the  faster  tiiey  die.  liiilustriuns,  have  lino 
churches,  -well  grounded  in  the  mysteries  of  tlio  holy  faith.  Outside  Iu'lian< 
ehanuin;,'  from  hmdis  totij^ers.  J/«/';/<',  llUt.  I'limrid, '^\'^,  ',V.\\.  In  i7-t>  7 
liisiiop  ('resjio  visited  Sonora.  Ai'ikI.  J/>iii(<,  ,'!H.  (It  wa.s  really  in  l7-">  *>■) 
I'atlier  Antonio  I'niniai,  a  iironiineiit  .Jesuit,  who  is  sail  to  ha\e  ."served  in 
tlie  country  over  'M  years,  died  at  San  I'Vlipe  in  1724.  Alejir,  iii.  'J17--'.';  JJur. 
L'liic,  X.  OUG-7. 


MISSION  STATISTICS. 


513 


jtlu'd  to  l>y  gentiles  for  baptism.     It  is  to  l»e  fcarefl 
that  this  report  in  the  politieal  and  slani^y  [)arlane(M)r 


a  later  era  wonhl  be  ela.ssitii'd  as  *  whitewash. 


1' 


or 


the  vtar  1700  also  we  have  a  very  eoinj)lete  repoit  on 
the  state  of  the  missions,"*  by  whifli  it  apprars  that 
tliere  were  in  Sonora — inehidinur  IMmei'Ui  Alta,  but 


OS. 


not  the  Vacjui  and  Mayo  districts — four  i"ectorad 
with  sixty-six  ])ueblos  in  twenty-five  mis-ions,  with 
twenty-four  })adres  servinij  about  ten  thousand  per- 
sons, one  veteran,  ]^\»ther  (jlonzalfz  at  Oposura,  still 
sui'vi\iiii^  fi'om  the  last  list  of  lf'»8S.  'JMiis  docunu'nt 
atfords  no  basis  for  an  estimate  of  the  Sj)anish  popu- 
lation; but  tliat  population  was  estimati'd  a  frw  yi-ars 
latei"  at  one  thousand  men,  besides  the  miiitai'V  Ibree, 
and  intludlni,''  the  southern  pi-ovinee  ol' Oslinmri.  Of 
the  sixtv-si\  pueblos  thirtv  had  <;ood  eluu'chfs  wrll 
adtiiiied  and  eart-d  for;  six  had  small  and  po(»r  <ha[>- 


els;  in  seventeen  tlicv  were  dama'^ed  or  m  rums; 
ei!.(ht  weie  in  [trocess  of  erection;  and  live  had  no 
•hurches  at  all.      I  append  in  a  note  the  substance  of 


the  oitdhtiji 


A 


comitanson  w 


'I 


ith  Zaoata's   ii'imrt 


P 


'  Iiinrn,   In/orme  </il  Sr.   lir'riwl'Kr  Visilwlor   ftcnirftl  ul  Sr.    Virii/  ihi 


■tihh,  ,1,-  /(!.<  Mi 


./'■  /a  C 


t  (  nllljiiuil'l   III    I'lX   /iriil'illiiiin  ilr    ,^iilii/nii    )/  .Si,i<(iy(( 


ill  Sun.,  Mull  riilhn,  X'X\-{\.    Alc./n',  //'■-'■  ''""'/'.  Jisi:.<,  iii.  'J'J<(  .•;(1;  I.'iv.rji  Ik.i1 
iii:ii|i' 11  tiiiir  of  iiis|)C(tii>ii  to  nil  tlic  iin'siiliua  of  tlio  imrtli,  iiK-hiiling  New 

.Mi\ir,..     Mulu.l',l:l,ll,,,    i'nilf].    X.    <.'lll.,   ,")l!». 

•Smitirn,  Ksl'iiln  il,-  hi  jirnrhicUi  </«'  SuKorit  run  il  mliili'ijo  ih-  sin  /nu  '/Aw, 


(;;/i  .iHJ  1,  jxiili'iH  iniii'iiirruM, 


I ro  ill'  uliinin  vitjinii.->  tir  (ii/iiiiiiiKir'ii' 


I, 


i/iiiiM  iHii  r^i'in  ijiii'  en  » 'Vt  m'  /iiih/iiii  i/  li'iiiii/i  i/iii  .v  ililiilii;  ion  una  liri  c'  ili.<rfijt- 
liiiii  ilf  la  Siinora  Jisnilii-n  hi'ijiih  hi'  Inula  /lor  < I  imn  ili'  Julio  ilr  rstr  atio  de 
n.'di.  isrr'ito  poi-  iin  imilri'  inisiniuro,  ilc,  in  i^iniorii,  Mali  rialc^,  (il7  .'i7. 

"  Vt-coia,  iMipuluiiiui,  11)7;  Stii  Ann,  lU.     1'.  IVilru  I'ruto  (ilwnl)  witli  'J.'tl 
Opatiis. 

S.iii   I'ranci.seo  Jiivior  Ariveilii,  IIS;  Itat-unoni,  I !(!.      1'.  Juan  S.    Mailiii 
w  itii  'j:!.")  I'.iiilcvi  s. 

Saliiianpa,  I.M);  S.  Maton,  0.">,     1'.  ('rist(il)nl  Lauria  witli  'Jl.'t  ttpatas. 

CiiiuriH',    17'.';    Saiaraolii,    ',i\ ;    'i'ii.ipi',    l.s7;    OikhIi'Jh',     I.'U.      1'.    Maliin 


Zi 


iliMiia  V  lili  .)| 


I'.il.lr 


San    Miu'inl  Uri's*.  .V.t-J;  S.    I'aiilo  IVsLailuii 


1'.  .Ims,'  Cahlinin  «illi(l.l(M»)  rinia.H. 


S.   l''ran(  iscd  l'iti(juin. 


\ra  Sra  till  I'llpiiln,  l!(."»  Scri'^;  Itusario  Xacanu  ri,  CrJ;  l.ns  An/i'K-^  ranclic- 
ri'a.     r.  Nicolas  rcrcra  with  .(til  Soii.s  anil   I'iiilis. 

Mataiic,  ;{.");  Nauori,  •_'.">;  Aluiiius,  4,');  liobusio  (lU'lioico'r),  S;  1'.  ('ayi'tano 
•  liiiiifni  with  1 1;(  luick'\c8. 

San   I'laiKisco  Javier  Hatueo,  188;  Sta  Muriii  Trpiispc  (?),  •.'IJ.      V.  .Tu.sii 
Aiiiia.s  «  ith  4(M)  KiiiU'\i'.>«. 

'I"ci.n'ii)a,  .")(!;  Suai|iii,  -i'l;  romuriiia,  105;  llociitaii,  1-7.     V.  Luis  Miuiu 
Maiviuinari''',  ri'ctor,  with  401  I'iniaH. 

llMT.  N.  Mi.\.  bXAlKH,  Vol.  I.     M 


CH 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


(if  1078^"  is  snffKient  to  sliow  tlio  rapid  (lecliiio  in 
inissioii  population,  wliich  was  at  least  lifty  per  cent 
in  the  ai^j^ri'j^atc  for  corresponding  nussions,  liaseraca 
beinij  the  only  one  that  could  show  a  ^inn. 

The  author  of  the  EsUulo  expresses  very  freely 
his  ideas  about  the  state  of  the  country,  the  people, 
and  the  padres.  Ho  ^ivos  the  natives — even  the 
()l)atas,  who  were  the  best  of  all — a  bad  eharaftt^, 
j«ronouncing  thcni  "incredulous  respectiiiLj  Catholic 
truths,  of  malicious  spirit,  deceitful,  and  vei  y  reveni^e- 
ful,  particularly  the  women."  They  not  oidy  swore 
falsely,  but  made  use  of  the  confessional  to  bear  false 
testimony,  and  were  ever  ready  to  poison  their  nearest 
relatives,  especially  those  who  w'crc  likely  to  re[)ort 
their  evil  doings  to  the  padre.  Extn'Wiely  inii)i()vi- 
dont,  they  as  a  rule  gambled  away  their  year's  supply 
of  seed  and  clothing  the  next  day  after  i'(>ceiving  it. 
They  connuitted  the  most  beastly  innnoralities  and 

Sail  Ttrn.icio  Onalias,  4.")7;  Toniclii,  379;  Sopopa  ranch.     1'.  Aiiiln's  (jon- 
zulfZ  wiili  !>;!{>  I'iinas. 

('(imc|iciiin  .Mobas,  00;  Xi.i-i,  -ll.     P.  Juan  Avendafio  with  1"J!»  I'inias. 

San  MiniK  1  Oposura,  300;  Ciiiimpas,  140;  1'.  Mumul  (idiizaliz  (as  in  1(kSS) 
with  (l-J7)(')patas. 

San  Fr.inei.sco  Guazava,  191 ;  S.  Ignacio Opotu,  248.  1'.  Ventura  fJuticrrcz 
with  'I4.S  Opatas. 

San  Lni.s  ISacailogunchi,  272;  Gnadalnpc  Nacori,  281;  S.  L^'nafii)  Mochopa, 
24.     P.  NioohiM  (ho  with  ri77  Opatas. 

Sta  ^hl^ia  Piasfraca,  S.'J!);  S.  M iijuel _ Bahispe,  500;  S.  .Juan  Ouachinera, 
285.     P.  I'rncleiicii)  lionii-ro  witli  1,70-  Opatas. 

San  I';ti:a'ii>  ( '\i(|uiaratlii,  70;  (.'ucliuta,  58;  Tcuricaclii,  ."'J;  Presislio  Frontf- 
raa.      I',  l/rnacio  Arce  witii  KM)  Opatas. 

Asinii'ion  Aiizpe,  310;  S.  Jose  (liinapa,  204;  Bacouiz  (l)acuachic?),  51. 
P.  CriUiiliul  do  I 'anas,  visitador,  witli  (!.">{)  (Jpatas. 

San  Porcnzo  Jluopaca,  71;  Panainichi,  127;  San  Ignacio  Sinoipiipo,  91. 
P.  Jose  'i'oral  witli  .SIK)  Opatas. 

CoiKciH'ion  ilahicora,  294;  S.  Pedro  Aconchi,  285.  P.  Juan  Echajoyan 
witli  57!)  (»pata8. 

Sta  Ivu.saliii  Onapa,  70;  .Angolca  Taraiehi,  96;  S.  Ildefonso  Ostiinuri,  57. 
P.  Diego  (liidirio  with  229  Pinias. 

San  .lose  Teo])ari,  2.")9;   holores,  ISO.     P.  .Tosf'  Kscalnna  witli  4.'>9  Jovas. 

San  I'alilo  (I'edro?)  Tuhutania,  131;  Sta  Teresa,  81 ;  Sieie  Prineipes  Ati, 
50;  S.  Antonio  Oijuitoa,  104.  P.  Luis  Muria  (jaliardi,  rector,  witli  3!I5 
Pinia.s. 

Coneppeion  Caborca.  223;  Xatividad  Pitirpii.  313;  Jesus  Maria  liasani, 
178;  (Jineo  Seilores  Pnsanie,  253.     P.  (iallanii  with  723  Pinias. 

San  Ignacio,  94;  S.  Jose  Iniuri,  80;  Magdalena,  03.  P.  Agustiu  Campos 
with  247  Pinias. 

Dolores,  29;  Rcnicdios,  20;  Santiago  Cocisiiera,  74.  P.  Luis  Vclanle 
with  I;i5  i'iinas. 

*"  See  cluiptcr  x.  of  tliis  volume. 


Tr.OUBLES  OF  Tllli  TADRFS. 


r>i.-> 


r.'in  awny  wlicn  reproved.  On  the  other  Imnd  tliero 
wii-c  many  skilled  in  inusie  and  l);\llltinL,^  nwiiiy  I'aith- 
I'ul  and  even  /eal(»ns  in  the  |)e)'lornianei!  <»f  i-elii^ious 
litt's, as  indeed  were  all  when  the  rites  involved  show 
iuid  music  and  fiestas.  They  kejit  thi'ir  houses  neat 
and  clean,  and  were  willinj^  to  sell  anythinLf  they  had 
to  buy  |)icturi's  for  the  walls;  moreover  they  were 
lirni  believers  in  hell  and  purji^atory,  and  in  the  elHeaey 
of  sacred  relics." 

The  troubles  of  the  padres,  liowever,  did  not  all 
conic  from  the  Indians,  who  as  this  writer  claims 
were  cncourai»cd  in  their  evil  ways  by  Spaniards,  ever 
icady  to  weh'ome  complainanis  and  circulate  their 
(ahimnies  a^^iinst  the  missionaries,  so  that  the  posi 
lion    of    the    latter    was    fast    bccomin_i(    intoh-rabl 


ir 


ere 


le   says 


}■ 


we    are 


tl 


h;    mai 


k    t 


e. 


or  calunmv 


finm  dcjuiestics  and  stranwrs.  ]Jowca<hnit  into  our 
houses  some  of  the  most  judicious  and  noble  of  the 
]ii'o\  in  H'? — then  they  say  it  is  to  abuse  an<l  ;j^ive  advice 


a'jain 


St   tl 


K'lr  eni'mies,  smce 


tiu 


e  )»rovmce  <^ocs  ever  m 


•li([nes.     If   w(!  retire   we  are  captious;   if   we  oiler 
n  house  and  table  to  the  meiitorlous,  we  are  pi-odi- 


()  11 


i^al;  if  we  refuse,  miserly.      If  we  cl(>the  tlu;  Indians 
ai-e  lost;   if  not,  tvrants.     If  wo  <dve  alms  it  is 


we 


>i;i  interesti^d  motives;  if  we  ufive  none,  it  is  bee 


uise 


We  are  avaricious.     Adorniii'""  our  churches,  we  ari 


iicli  anc 


)oWel 


ful 


not  (k'coratmjr  them,  we  livc;  on 


li 


ilie  f;weat  and  toil  of  the  Indians.  ]n  fact  so  full  is 
<>\w  ministiy  <tf  thorns,  toils,  and  persecutions,  that 
llie  i)adi'es  assi^na'il  to  missions  may  well  wear  on  (he 
'ii(  asi  iiKujna  faccfv  ct  patl  as  a  motto  of  their  minis- 
tiy. So  much  KulK'rinL,^  would  be  intolerable  did  ii(»t 
ilie  pity  of  (jiod  sow  the  road  with  beautiful  ilowi'rs— 
Hot    only   those   that   by  the   waters   of   l)aptism   j^o 


■"  'I'lio  Iiuli.ina  wore  fond  of  liistorical  and  rcli;,'iinis  ]iuintiiip;s,  lieinj^  cspu- 

<'!:;'!y  [  Ii'ii:o(l  v.  itli  ii  iiielui'c  iif  tlu;  ci'uciiixioii.  Oin'of  tlio  iiativo  lea  Ihts 
iil;,.(  ;\\d  Unit  tlicrii  wcic  in>  linliiins  iiiiioiii,'  tli('_  jwiiiitiil  erucitiiTH,  mid  prii- 
iiii.l  ;.U.l  tlif  lallur  iiiivil  d'lftiiiio  tliiit  tlio  Ojiutiis  « i  ru  Uiricfoi-ii  ii  no 
<ir!.  I  r  1  f  lull.  Aiiollicr  liiili:in  icfusfd  to  do  any  niaiiuul  labor  ul'tci'  iilajing 
llic  lAVt  of  Olio  of  tlif  IJ  iij.usLk'a  in  i\,  Jie-4a. 


CIG 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


Htraiijfht  from  our  hands  to  licavon,  but  also  others 
of  iiion;  advanced  age  who  fill  u.s  witli  jicfuliur  coii- 
Bohition." 

We  liavG  scon  that  General  Jironza  was  succeeded 
as  comandante  oftlie  province,  or  of  the"flylnj^  coiii- 
j)any,"  to  which  its  defence  was  intrusted,  in  the  :ni- 
tunin  of  1701  hy  (ieneral  Jacinto  Fuens  Saldana,  wl><» 
is  ac('US(;d  hy  flange  of  having  ohtained  his  coniniand 
through  unworthy  subterfuges.  Captain  Andres  lieza- 
bal  is  alsonanicd  as  comandante  at  San  Feli|)e  in  1701. 
Saldana  was  followed  in  his  turn  before  1712  by  his 
m^pliew,  (.'aptain  (jJregorio  Alvarez  Tunon  y  Quiros, 
whose  e(>n<luct,  according  to  the  same  authority,  was 
still  more  corrupt.  Retiring  far  from  his  j)residii» 
he  is  said  to  have  engaLired  for  some  nine  years  in 
mining  and  agriculture,  even  em[)loying  some  of  the 
sol(hers  in  his  own  j)rivate  work.  The  company  was 
never  full,  but  pay  for  the  whole  number  was  drawn 
from  the  treasmy  by  Tunon,  who  covered  U[)  his  irregu- 
larities in  this  (hrcction  by  forged  papers,  and  by  till- 
ing the  ranks  with  criminals  or  ircinos  for  the  rare 
inspections.  These  charges  are  perhaps  as  likely  t) 
have  been  true  as  false.  It  is  to  bo  supi)osed  that  all 
this  time  the  jtresidio  forces  were  doing  some  service 
iu  protecting  the  frontier  settlements  i'rom  Ai)ache 
raids;  but  excepting  the  outrages  on  the  l*ima  pueblos, 
alreadv  noticed,  and  the  statement  that  Tunon  made 
thr(>e  entradas  against  the  savages  in  1 724,  we  luivi^ 
no  definite  records  of  campaigns  in  any  direction. ;*- 
The  visitador  ^tiu'uel  Javier  Almanza  wrote  to  the 
viceroy  on  October  ('»,  1724,  that  in  spite  of  Tuhon's 
energetic  efforts  the  Apaches  had   become  so  boM 

^'^Alcgrc,  7/iV.  Comp.  Je^w,  iii.  '211-12,  vaguely  alhulos  to  tlic  rutiior 
tliat  tlio  Tobosos  liail  ajipeaivd  on  tho  frontitT  in  17-3,  a«  having  bctn  I'iriii- 
luted  hy  mulcoontents  with  a  view  to  rebel  and  overthrow  niiMtiion  rulo  dniiiiLj 
the  soldiers' a})seni.'e.  On  Ang.  4,  1704,  a,  jiiiila  ( .rtrannliiKirid  ilc  (jinrra  al 
Mexico  reported  in  favor  of  transferring  tlie  jiresidio  of  S.  Felipe  norliiward 
to  ]>r()teet  tho  (.'liinipaa  frontier  and  the  S'aijui  region;  l)ut  against  tin; 
founding  of  a  new  presidio  in  the  region  of  Tcuricachi.  X,  Vizfiiya,  Doc.,  iv. 
I'J  13. 


IXrHAX  AFFAIRS. 


«7 


;mi<1  tluir  raids  so  fttMiiu'Jit  that  the  wliolo  ]irovIiic(? 


V,MS   t  IllTMtclU'C 


1  with 


1  lUiM  uniosH  sonic  inor; 


•llV'Ct 


ivo 


iiitaiis  of  (krcncc  could  ho  devised;  hut  at  tlic  same 
lime  lie  asked  tliat  the  eomandaiite  he  (H'dered,  when 
not  occupied  with  the  A[)aches,  to  keej)  the  Seiis  iu 
ordei"  and  protect  them  from  the  ravages  of  the 
It  seems  that  ahout  this  time  the  viceroy 


Unas 


•  43 


I 

was  led  to  adopt  a  new  policy  with  the  savaijcs,  and 
Milt  onlers  to  Tunon  to  suspend  his  entrad;is  .-md 
(■online  his  elloits  to  a  jnirely  defensive  waiT;ire;  tliat 
is,  to  wait  until  ihr  Apaches  should  attack  him  with 
iiifciit  to  desti'oy  life,  and  then  an<l  then'  t<»  punish 
theinl  Alman/a  pr<»tested  in  the  name  of  the  mis- 
sionaries aixl  of  the  whole  provinc(>  against  this 
ahsurd  and  suicidal  ordei',  which  l:e  said  had  lillcd 
with  consternation  all  who  knew  anvthin<_r  of  the 
.\|'aches,  since  the  latter  could  never  he  induced  to 
attiick  any  point  where  t her*' were  soldiers.'*  How 
far  this  new  and  hrilliant  policy  was  carried  out  iu 
Soiioia  does  n(»t  appear. 

In  ITJJO  the  Seris,  'I'epooas,  Salincros,  and  Tihuroii 
islanders  ke[>t  the  [irovince  in  ^n-at  excitement,  kill- 
iiiLC  twenty-seven  persons  and  threatenini;  all  the  pue- 
lilos  with  a  i^enei-al  conllaeratioii,  "which,"  says  one 
'Icsuit.  "we  are  expeclinn'   iVoin   hour  to  h(»ur  as  a 


hi 


ow 


from  the  wrath  of  (Jod  deserved   for  our  sin.- 


aiul   neoJr^ence. 


45 


( 'ai)tj 


nil 


'i'ui 


ion  was  in  coinman 


I 


d(twn  to  1724,  and  ])erhaj)s  for  ten  years  longer,  for 


no  o 


ther 


comaiRiante  is  i 


■learl 


V  lianiec 


iii 


*^A/mrinza,  ('urla,  Oct.  Otli,  in  S'oiinrn,  Mfi><  rinlt.i,  S'_>0-2. 

*'.Miii(tir.ii,  Ciirlii  (iKi  iliitc),  'n\  S'liKini  Mtit'  rin/tK,  M.';{  S.  On  Srjit.  IStli 
Vciitni'ii  I'l'i'iianclc/.  (.'iilvo,  ahaldi'  of  Nacosuii,  anil  otlicr  citi/cn«  wintc  to 
'ri.fi  in.  inai.-in;;  liini  fur  lijs  past  ctluit.s  ami  onudi  niiiiiij,'  tlir  new  imliiy  I'f  the 
M(\ii;ui  aillliorilirs.    /(/. ,  S'JS  ,'!•_'. 

^■•Soiioni,  JJ^IikIii,  in  S,,unia  .Unti  riii'i.<,  it]'.),  CM).  .\]n'i\  '2<',,  ]'•».).  viii'i-iiy 
itd'ivi  s  fruni  \\\n:^  iiininiis>i(pn  of  .liuii  11.  .\ii/a  as  ia]itain  nf  tlii'  piisiilio  of 
St.t  ItMsa  CoioiK-uaclii.   X.  Mtr.  Cnlii/fiM,  }]S..  XA  ."). 

''In  my  MS.  lojiy  of  tmn.  xvi.  nf  Uic  An  liirn  (l<  in  ml  \n  Mtxicci.  in  i  (in- 
tiirtinu  witli  llu'  Si  iii>ni,  J'l.scii/i,  (/".^,  i.f  ITti-t,  is  a  map  luating  tlir  ilatc  of 
Apiii  1,'i,  !7.'!;>,  and  tin'  titli':  J'ri'rinri'i  dc  In  Xi'rm  Ainlfi'iiriii  it  i/<  S.  Jifiin 
jittiil<'  ill  Smiii'I'ii,  (Urmcitda  par  it  <'it/ij>>>  tli-  i'iili"»J).  (,\il>riil  ilv  I'ntilliDiu 
lliililir,  lUt:i\>ii  1/  Mitjiiii.  Ihii'dii  ill  //(//'/</■,  (!riir'i-liiii[i  (iolili>Ln  ;  i/nini  /nir 
nil  rail  dii  Jul/  hi  ijohiruO  uchv  uiiof.     A  note  icitrs  to  the  peurl-iishcriLH, 


01S 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


I' 


Tlio  naiuo  Sinaloa  is  added  to  the  title  of  tills  chapter 
as  a  mere  forrnality,  tor  of  the  territory  bearing  that 
name  in  modern  times,  the  southern  coast  y)rovin<'t's 
from  Culiacan  down  to  Chametla,  there  is  absolutely 
nothing  to  be  recorded  at  this  period,  save  that  thu 
settlements  remained  in  existence  as  before.  Here 
may  be  appropriately  noticed,  however,  the  conquest 
of  Nayarit  in  1721-2.  This  province  was  on  the 
frontier  between  New  Galicia  and  Nueva  Viscaya, 
chiefly  in  the  modern  Jalisco,  but  on  the  borders 
of  Zacatecas,  Durango,  and  Sinaloa;  and  it  was  the 
last  stronghold  of  aboriginal  independence  in  all 
this  region,  the  refuge  of  fugitives,  or  so-called 
rebels,  from  the  time  of  Guzman  and  of  the  Mix- 
ton  war. 

As  Nayarit  became  surrounded  by  missions,  several 
minor  and  unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  in  the 
seventeenth  century  to  penetrate  this  mountain  fast- 
ness or  tt)  convert  its  valiant  defenders;  and  naturally 
exaggerated  ideas  became  current  respecting  the 
strength  of  its  defences.  The  natives  were  strong  iii 
the  belief  that  they  could  not  be  conquered;  pennittod 
no  white  man  to  enter  their  domain;  massacred  a 
])arty  under  Bracamonte  who  attempted  the  entry  in 
1701,  and  presently  gave  their  support  to  rebellious 
tribes  on  the  frontiers.  Then  followed  a  new  series 
of  weak  eftbrts,  military  and  Franciscan,  as  before 
without  results.  In  1720  the  tonati,  or  chief,  being 
in  trouble,  was  induced  to  visit  Mexico  and  make 
j)roniises  that  he  could  not  fulHl;  the  Jesuits,  having 
awaited  their  opportunity  as  was  their  custom,  took 
charge  of  the  spiritual  conquest,  now  that  the  govern- 
ment showed  itself  in  earnest;  and  a  strong  military 
force  was  sent  under  Juan  do  la  Torre,  which  with 
much  diplomacy  and  some  fighting  accom})lished  very 
little  in  1721.  Operations  were  continued,  however, 
under  the  command  of  Juan  de  Flores,  and  in  Janu- 

niostly  nl)nn<loned  since  the  Seri  revolt;  nlso  of  the  riclincss  aiul  neglect  uf 
llie  iiiiuei'ul  wealth.     Tliiii  is  the  only  record  of  such  a  ruler. 


NAYAKIT. 


CIO 


ary  1722  tlic  strongest  pofiol  of  El  Gran  Xayar  was 
cjirriid  by  assault.  Tho  subjection  of  the  province 
presented  later  only  such  tlitHculties  as  zealous  mis- 
sionaries with  a  competent  guard  could  overcome;  and 
in  a  few  years  the  bishop  on  his  tour  was  delighted  at 
iiis  reception  by  the  converts  of  Nayarit.*' 

"  For  particulara  see  I/ut,  itex.,  iii.,  this  scries. 


jglcct  of 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 
17ai-17.')l. 

Coast  ruoviNOKS  Dktaciikh  from  Nckva  Vi/caya — Ilritinoni)  as  flov- 
KitNtiu — Rkvolt  ok  Yaijiis  ash  Mayos  —  A  Dicam:  in  I'i.mkiuv 
AiTA  — Kkii-kk  am>  Skipi-i.mair  — T5(ii.as  i>k  Plata,  on  Ai;i/(>nai  — 
Vii.iM)sni..\'s    Ivri.K— Lktti-.ks    am>   (i>r.\iti;Ki.s— (!Ai.i.AitiM>    \s   \'i>ita- 

DOU  OK-NKUAL— I'UOl'OSK.r)  llKKOKMS—  I'AUllir.LA  Al'POINTKl>  ( ioVKIlNOU — 

I'liKsioio  ("iiAMiKs  —  Skui  War— Moyri  Sciikmk  IIivivkii  -Ivm-koi- 

TIONS   TO    TlIK    (Ill.A  — .SkUK.I.MAIRS    Kxi'l.ORATlONS  —  UoV AI,    (IKHKRS  — 
SaIAAOOR'h    CoNSULTAS  —  SEUCLAKIZATION,    I'KNAL    Cdl.oVY,    Col.O.MZA- 

TioN-   ,Ti:sriT  CATAi.nurK   OF   IT'iO  — I'iMA   Kkvoi.tMauiykdom   of 
llm.KN  ANU  Tkllo — Itkms  on  the  Sinaloa  I'rovinci--.. 


In  17r>4  a  eliansj^c  was  made  in  tlio  jTovtn'iiinont. 
l)<)\vu  to  this  time,  siiu'o  l(ji);{,  Sinaloa  and  Sonora 
liad  \n'v\\  lulod  by  military  ooinm  'ulauts  losidint^  at 
San  Fdipo  and  San  Jnan,  and  bodi  Knhjcct  in  civil 
and  political  matters  to  the  governor  of  Nuova  V^iz- 
caya.  Now  all  tlio  coast  provinces  were  united  in 
inwyiihcriutcioii  called  Sinaloa  y  Sonora,  under  Manuel 
]>eiiial  Jluidrobo  as  the  lirst  i^ovcrnor.  It  would 
seem  that  the  I'ank  of  lluidrobo  and  his  successors 
was  e(jual  to  that  of  the  governor  f)f  Nueva  Vizcayji, 
who  no  longer  had  any  jurisdiction  over  the  coast. 
The  cM]»ilal  was  |)erhaps  deemed  to  he  reguhnly  San 
Feli|)e  de  Sinaloa;  but  practically  it  was  in  Sonoi'a, 
at  San  Juan,  Pitic,  or  San  Miguel  lloi'casitas,  wherr 
the  state  of  public  affairs  obliged  tho  governor  t<> 
spend  most  of  jiis  time.  Under  him  as  comandonti 
general  were  the  })residio  capt.-iins;  and  the  civil 
uftairs  of  tho  i>rovinco  were  administered  as  l)efore  b\ 


VAQl'l  nKVOI.T. 


r>2\ 


iilcaldt's  iiiiivorcs.*   HuKlinlM)  ruled  till  17  M,  Ix'iiiLT  •'•>- 
i4;iLft(l  iluriiij^r  the  first  lliiic  or  lour  years  in  (jiulling 


tlistui'ltaiiccs  111 


Calil 


oi'iiia. 


Ti'oiiMi'  was  iiosv  lnvwiiiLf  in  tlie  missions.  In  17r>7 
tii(^  I'inias  (>r  Tccoriiia,  Sn;;  \ii:,  and  )»  rliajis  otlin-s 
ill   (lie   same  district  ran  awa\    to   tlic  ^'crro  I'riilo 


nndcr   nic   commant 


I    of 


a  nativ 


ailed   Arizi\i,  or 


(Jotl.  Captain  Juan  ]iautista  (k- Anza  of  Fionteias 
|i>esidio  liroui4lit  l)ack  the  I'lijifitives  aHei-  Ho^irin.i;'  tlio 
rini;leaders.^  Anza  was  killed  in  a  li^ht  with  the 
Ajtaehes  two  years  later.''  In  1710  a  vei\  seii(»ns 
levolt  liroke  out  ainoiiLC  the  Yatpiis  and  Mayns  who 
jiad  heeii  th«'  most  (ait  hlul  and  suhmi.>si\c  of  .suhjer^<, 
the  former  yMu-o  their  suhniission  to  Iliirdaide,  w.  ai 
they  had  rcpeat'MJ! .  defeated  in  hat  lie,  and  the  latter 
from  their  lirst  ae<juaintanee  with  th<'  S|iaiiiai'ds. 

Tlu!  e.v,  t  cause  of  this  outhreak,  like  ;nnst  ot'  its 
suhse(|Uent  details,  is  wra|)|>e(l  in  mystery;  hut  there 
are  intlieations  that  it  oi'i;L;inated  as  much  in  <|Uai  rels 
hetween  tho  .Fesuits  and  the  Spanish  settlers  as 
in  any  dissatisl'action  on  the  part  of  the  natives, 


Jt 


'  fionnrn,  ItrKihnrn  dc  Knl'iriaj>,  210;  Aloji-f,  ll'isi.  Cnwp.  ./(.ikv,  iii.  'J7">. 

''Soiiorn,  Jt'isiiiiii'ii  tie  XuiiriuM,  '_•!!);  iiIno  MS.  'J'liis  liritf  (locuiiiiiit  I 
!i:i\i!  I'liiuiil  »'Xii'cclii);:ly  viilualiic.  All  tliiit  is  kiii>\Mi  nf  tlio  autlior  is  tun- 
1:iiMt.'il  ill  tiu'  fiillciwiii!,'  Hcntviu'i',  ]i.  •J'J.'i:  'Mil  las  iiotiijas  (pu'  iii|iii  m;  iI.iii  im 
••iilio  1,1  iiifiior  iluilii  iHiri|ii('  il  <iU('  las  iHrriln'  la.s  |iir.sciuiii  y  cs  tan  aiitiuim  fli 
i!  ;^i)l)iiiiio  cciiiiu  HU  oivccioll.'  Si'O  lilsu  on  this  li!\  (jlt,  I'tiiim,  I'iii  i/i  s,  M.S., 
11.".   IC. 

^Ajio::f.  .U'liiir.i,  4^n-4.  .Tii.'in  l^aiitistji  An/ii  who  was  proiiiiiiciit  in  tho 
farly  history  (.1'  Altii  ( 'alil'oniia  \»as  this  man's  .son. 

'Alc^rc,  /li.if.  (.'inn/).  Ji siis,  jii.  I'T.'i-."!,  says  thccoiintry '  wn.sdistuihid  Ky  tho 
si'i'iitions  of  tht:  Vaijiiis  ami  .Mayos,  liacki-il  hysonu'  sctinos  who  iiiiihii  tin  in 
fnr  their  own  [irivate  iiitori'sts.  lIl-iViliiiL;  toward  tlu-  .k'siiitsoii  the  part  of 
one  ^'iitU'inan  in  otliop  (.'ontrilinti'il  not  a  little.  The  niissinnariis  iluiiiiL'  llu! 
«  hole  ie\  i)lt  weru  l)Ut  tlio  mark  for  all  tli','  volleys  and  (•idiininies  «  ilh  \\  iiii  U 
their  rivals  wishi^d  to  hlaekin  them,'  .Veoordinj^  to  the  Siiiinr'i,  /,'< .■•I'nni  ii  il<- 
.\iiiif'iii.-i,  •211)  •_'•_•,  the  Va(|iiis  some  yeais  l.eforc,  while  (iov.  llunirol")  was  ju 
California,  hail  eoni|plaim'd  of  tlu^  cruelty  of  two  majonlomos  and  had  ;i.~kecl 
fi'r  their  removal,  whieli  the  ahvddc!  in;;yor  of  Vai|Mi  and  O^tinuiri,  Miunrl 
<,>iiiic)s  y  Mora.  att('ni|iteil  to  ell'eet,  the  .Jesuits  resisting;,  (^hiiios  was  arrrst(  cl 
and  ])ut  in  irons  liy  Lieut,  (lov.  Manuel  \ieolas  dt;  .Menu,  whom  llni.lrolpo 
iiacl  kft  in  conimaiiil  dininj,'  his  ahscinc.  Tlu'ienpoii  thc!  \:\-  ds  si'iit  two  .it 
their  chiefs  to  Mexico  to  iirj;o  their  complaints  liefoio  Niceioy  \'i/.arrou 
(whose  rule  {'IiiKmI  in  Aug.  174()K  "nd  dnriiiL' their  al<si  nee  of  two  year*  tho 
revolt  liioke  out  ill  I7U).  Salvador,  Co/i.talU,  it  /'i/in n.,  (j:!!)-ll),  slates  thr.; 
the  Yaiiui  Chief  Muni  appliecl  several  times  to  lluidrolio,  complaining'  of  tho 
uiissiun  guveninieut,  uiul  udking  llwt  his  people  ho  allowed  to  pay  trihute  and 


622 


ANXALS  OF  SOInORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


was  in  sonic  i-i'spccts  tlic  same  stru!nci>lo  tliat  we  shall 
see  repeated  in  Alta  Califoinia  nearly  a  centuiv  later. 
Tiie  Spanish  settlers  wanted  the  mission  lands  and  the 
tamed  Indians  for  laborers;  and  they  painted  lor  the 
neophytes  secularization  in  its  bi-ightest  eolors,  prompt- 
ing^ thiir  petitions  ibr  a  chanii^e.  7'he  Yaipii  leaders 
Wore  !Muni,  lialtasar/'  and  Juan  Calixto,  the  latter 
connnandiii!^  at  tirst  in  Muni's  absence.  The  outbreak 
began  in  1740,  and  peace  was  restored  before  the  mid- 
dle of  1741  after  many  lives  had  been  lost,  churches 
burned,  crops  destioyed,  several  hard  battles  fought, 
the  rebel  li'ad(>rs  put  to  death,  and  Goveinor  llui- 
drcjbo  superseded.  Beyond  this  outline  all  is  con- 
I'usion  among  the  authorities,  some  of  whom  would 
si-em  to  have  left  the  record  intentionally  yairue. 
!Many  of  the  irreconcilable  details  seem  nevertheless 
worth  preserving  in  a   note."     This  revolt  with  its 

l)(>  povprnod  like  tlioso  a1)0ut  tlie  city  of  Mexico.  Then  he  went  to  Mexico  to 
jiicsciit  tlic  wiinorc(iiiest  totlic  viceroy,  wlio  did  notc()n)])ly  hut  llalLiit  dliini, 
1111(1  SI  lit  liiiu  hiick  with  tiic  title  of  ciiptaiii-ycneriil  of  liis  nation.  On  his 
i-ftiun  he  cdiisidcrcd  liiniself  kinj;,  and  ix';^'an  to  stir  up  rchellion.  Had  liis 
)-('(|iicst  (secularization)  liccii  ^'ranted  the  trouhle  might  liavc;  Ihi  ii  ]ii'e\  intcd. 
Itiycs,  J>i m-ri/irloii  y  \(,l.,  7-S,  says  the  rising  was  caused  hy  the  iiiijust  ])nn- 
i^:h!lu■nt  inlhctcd  hy  a  '  juc/,  real '  on  the  native  governor  of  a  ]iih1)1ii.  Says 
A'clasco,  iSononi,  7'>-0,  the  Yaijuis  rose  at  the  instigation  of  a  criminal  w  iio 
escaped  from  jirison  and  persuaded  tlio  Indiana  that  tho  plan  was  to  tako 
their  lanils  from  tlieni. 

'Mota-1'adilli!,  ('iinif.  X.  Gal.,  Ij'JO-C?,  pi vcs  the  full  names  Juan  T;.rnacio 
Usacanica  Muni  :>nd  Herniirdo  Felipe  Baeoritemea.  Tho  licsiiincii  calls  tho 
Becond  perhaps  IJernabelillo. 

^  .\ccordiiip  to  Alcgre  hostilities  began  in  the  Mayo  missions  with  the 
murilcr  of  the  native  governor  and  burning  of  the  churches.  Then  tho  rebels 
continued  their  ravages  at  Cedros  and  encamped  at  IJiiyorcca,  the  governor 
retiring  to  .\laino3.  (Tho  I'rsuiiien  says  that  lluidrobo  at  news  of  tlio  revolt 
hastened  to  Cedros  do  Luccnilla  Hacienda,  l)nt  retreated  by  night  to  Alamos, 
nn  act  for  wliich  he  lost  his  otlice  a  little  later.  Mota-I'adilla  tells  us  that 
the  inhabitants  of  the  whole  jjrovincc  were  killed  or  driven  to  S.  I'Vlipo  and 
Alamos  where  they  were  liesieged  until  aid  was  sent  by  the  alcalde  of  Kosa- 
rio  and  tin;  governor  of  N".  Vizcaya.)  Xow,  returning  to  Alcgre,  the  Vaiiuis 
learned  of  the  inij)risonment  of  Muni  whom  Capt.  Mcna  had  arrested  liut 
Boon  released,  whercujion  they  rose  at  IJalium  and  ravaged  the  missions  <jf 
that  district.  (.Vceording  to  the  Ilcsumfu.  Muni  was  at  tliis  time  in  Mexico, 
and  according  to  Mota-1'adilla  this  chief  went  to  Mexico  after  tlic  revolt  be- 
gan, ])crsuade(l  the  viceroy  that  he  had  been  working  to  cluck  the  hostilities, 
and  siicceciled  in  getting  an  order  for  Huidrobo's  recall.)  'J'he  governor  )>aicl 
no  attention  for  a  while  to  the  clamors  of  thoiiroviiice,  but  at  last  sent  a  lieu- 
tenant with  a  small  force  to  Mayo  where  ho  thought  there  was  the  k'ast  dan- 
ger. The  May(js  jiretended  to  receive  them  kinclly  until  they  carelessly  laid 
asiilc  their  arms,  when  tiiey  were  Hogged  and  sent  back.  ((iov.  Yildosola  in 
a  later  letter  also  refers  to  this  occurrence.)    The  governor  scut  GO  niou  to 


riMERlA  ALTA. 


causes  and  results  iniiy  bo  rcgardcil  as  niai-kinuf  tlic 
end  i>F  all  pros[)erity  in  the  iiiissionaiy  hist«>iy  of 
Seiiora. 

In  Pinieria  Alta,  wc  kft  fathers  Velarde,  Cau)pos, 
mid  (Jallartli  toilinLj  at  ])()l()res,  Sau  Iguacio,  and 
Tul)utania,  awaitinL,*-  lielj*  which  had  been  definitely 
])iuniised.  At  last,  late  in  1731,  three  juulres  arrived 
in  the  field  and  tarried  awhile  at  San  lu^nacio  and 
Tuhutania,  both  on  account  of  illness  and  in  oi-dei*  to 
learn  the  lanjj^uaLije.  They  were  Ij^nacio  Javier  Keller, 
Juan  Bautista  (Jrashofl'er,  and  Felij»e  Segesser,  and 

avciiL'o  tliis  insult,  but  they  were  kil  into  a  swauip  find  nearly  iill  liillctl. 
'J'Ik'  n  licls  now  went  to  ]!iisacoi:i  (IJaeaiiora"'),  ravaged  OstiiUHri,  .•iml  dnivo 
le  inlialiitants  to  take  refui,'o  at  Icora  (Veeora?).  wlienee  tliey  apjilied  to  tin 


tl 


pivernor  ( 


f  N.  V 


zea\a  for  aid  to  save  .Sonora.     N'^xt  tlie  Indiiiiis  iiinU  r  l!ul- 


t:i.sar  and  Calixto  attaeked  Ti'eoripa,  \\  liere  tiiey  were  reimlsed  and  llalta.sar 
was  killed  after  a  hard  liglit,  Ity  Vildosola  and  a  few  ]iri;sidio  soldiers  sta- 
tioned (iiere.  (The  Ii'isi'niirii  sa\M  nothini;  of  ihe  aliove  disasters,  hut  sinijily 
that  llnidrolio  retrcatini;  to  Alamos,  sent  Vildosola,  serfreant-nia jor  of  mili- 
tia, to  tiie  Teeoripa  froniicr  where  he  defeated  the  ^J^l|nis  in  two  liattles.) 
(':i]it.  l'sarra;,'a  entereil  tiie  'J'tjiahue  mountains,  f<ie>nd  the  Indians  c  cli'hratini; 


the  death  of  sonv.'S 


;;rds,  defeated  them,  and  left  the  heads  of  ni;in\'  naihil 


to  trees;  hut  rcturidnj,',  he  was  himself  wounded  and  ilifeated  hy  the  foe. 
'i'his  cneonraged  Calixto  to  make  another  uttaek  on  Teeorijia  willi  lX>-0  Ya- 
(|\iis,  but  he  was  again  repulsed  liy  \'ildosola,  and  aceeiiteil  ])ro]iiisitions  for 


1" 


Tl 


10  negotialious  won 


at  tl 


lis  time- 


-tl 


us 


Id 
AK 


l.ei 


I  lis  have  failed  oi 


ily  all. 


toll 


1   aeeoiin 

•  1.: 


t  of  Muni's 


<1 


n<it 


]  [iiididho  gone  ]ii'oni]itly  to  Ya(|ui  and  ainsted  many  of  tiie  leadc  is.  wiiom  ho 
Mas  about  to  jnmish  when  ordired  to  give  uji  the  government  to  Vildosola. 
Tiie  latter  visited  dill'erent  jioints,  learned  the  plans  of  Muni  .'unl  llernab.', 
whom  ho  shot  ill  June  1741,  ( 'alixto  meeting  a  like  fate  -v  little  later.     (.\e- 


Ai^ 


g  to  the  7iV.s- 
d  obt 


uiiieii. 


Ml 


um  and  liis  eomijanioi 


nos  and  obtained  leave  to  vifci 


it  th 


11  eame  b.iek  fn 


M 


exieo  to 


liuy  did,  leleasing  .'iS  eiiptives,  ii 


I'ludi 


1" 


I'.  !• 


promising  to  pacily    them, 
"  o  M(  iidi\  il.  w  ho  were  to 


have  Ik  en  ]iut  to  death  next  day.     The  new  governor  ari'e.-.ted  Miiiii.  Caiixtc 


lieriiabelillo,  and  shot  them  at  l>uenavisla  on  suspieion  of  i  lott 


It.     Mota-l'adilla  tells  us   that  Ml 


■ame  baek  from  Me^ 


1'^  a  new 
to  plot  a 


rising  for  June '24111;  but  that   Viidosoli  diseovereil  his  plans  and  exeeuted 


lith  14  others  after  he  had  eoiitV 


d  I 


us  :;ui 


It.     The   he.'ids   of  t' 


tiiiis  were  sent  round  to  the  luieblos,  and  the  people  eaiiie  in  by  thousands  to 
tliiiiik  tlio  governor;  l."),7C0  oU'ercd  subinission;  tlu'  most  guilty  wire  baii- 
i  Ik  d;  others  ))laeed  under  survi'illanei :  ;iiid  all  depriMtl  of  some  of  their  oM 
tiii\ileges,  siieh  as  living  outside  the  preblos  or  absenting  tluniselves  without 
the  padres'  permission.) 

\'elaseo,  Siiium,  "o-f),  says  th<^  Vdipiis  gatheri  il  7,0(10  to  l().()(!()men  toop- 


]iMse(iov.  Vildosola,  v\  hoinarehed  i 


-.1  them  w  ith  odt)  soldiers.    They  weio 


lied 


Ml  'I'ambei',   where   tliev   lost  'J.tiOl)  men;   am'  ir.'.iiii  on   Mt 


Ol:iii  aliiii,    losing  ,'{.<!()!),  when  they  sued  i'or  pea<(',  and  leinaMnil  (|niet  until 


Kirotaran, 
d 


;,'/; 


in  ]uitiiiig  down  this  rebellion.     Set 


/•)/(!,  1!>7,  s-ajs  ,'».()  nun  Vi  ere  sent   from  Chiluiahua  tn 


mention  in 


/;. 


,1, 


.\.,f.  X.i 


SoiKiffI,    I" 


M< 


V/.  /'■'./. 


VIU. 


:!).S-<,);  .\i.  W)   <I();A'» 


JJi.-yl.  .y<J.,  V.  oob;  A'.  Alcxki),  Culida  ,  Msj.,  lO'J  10. 


524 


AXXALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


tlu'Y  wont  t(»  tlic'ir  stations  in  ^lay  1732 — Keller  to 
Santa  !Miuia  Suanica,  GiashoilV-r  to  (Jucvavi,  and 
ScufOf^scr  to  San  Javier  del  Bac;  all  of  wliidi  puebl 


li^.S 


pui 

were  now  I'or  the  first  time  su|)j)lietl  with  padi'es/ 
( 'a[)tain  J  uan  Bautista  Anza  of  Fronteras  aecoinpanicd 
the  padres,  harangued  the  Sol)aii)i!ri  caciques,  and 
saw  tlijit  the  new-comers  were  everywhere  wtl! 
received,  thoULrh  the  Christian  ardor  of  olden  times 


had  somewhat  ahated  hy  long  waiting.  The  names 
of  Velarde  and  Gallardi  do  not  ap[tear  nfter  17'](). 
Of  (jlrashoft'er  and  Sewsser  we  hear  nolhiriLj  alter 
l7o2  3,  excej)t  that  one  of  them  died  soon  and  tlie 
otlu'r  was  stricken  with  a  malady  caused  liy  the  Mack 
arts  of  a  native  sorcerer.^  In  17;}3  Segesser,  thougli 
still  remaining  in  Pimeria,  was  succeeded  at  ]»ae  hy 
l*atlre  (Jaspar  Steiger,  a  Swiss  hy  hirtli,  who  ser\ed 
there  three  years.  The  sorcerers  tried  on  three  ocea- 
sions  to  kill  liim,  and  the  lesult  was  an  illness  from 
which  he  suffered  all  his  life,  lie  left  Bac  in  \7:U\ 
ajid  wen.t  to  San  Ignacio  to  take  the  place  of  Campos, 
who  retired  or  died  about  1735.  Here  Stciofer  ched 
twenty-six  years  later.'  Also  in  17.'3()  Jacoho  Sedel- 
mair  came  to  Tubutama.  Jose  Javier  j\[(»lina  was  at 
])olores  from    1737,  being   vicar  in   1740;   and  d 


<  )Sl' 


Torres    is    mentioned   at    Caborca   in    174^ 


Other 


'  Simnioa  liad  as  piiclilos  dc  visita  S.  ^Faton.  S.  Podro,  Sta  Cruz  Qnihuri, 
S.  Talilo,  and  many  laiulioi  ias,  with  l,S()(>  souls  in  all.  (Jucvavi  (S.  (Ijilni,  1 
or  S.  Itatiu'lV)  liad  S.  Maroi'lo  Sonoita  (viiv  fai'  west?);  Aiiipiic,  IS  1.  west; 
S.  Cayt'ta)io  (Tuinat-at'oii);  anil  Jamac  with  1,-1(I0  souls.  ISac  hacl  S.  Al;u.<- 
tin,  r»  1.  N.  w.  with  1,.">1'()  souls.  Alujn.  I/it.  Cddi/i.  .fisirn,  in.  'JJ.Vt).  ^■c'nL■• 
gi;s,  Xi'f.  rVj/.,  ii.   .VJ4-."),  says  (iiu'Vavi  had  many  S]iiinish  oanini. 

•*(  liiishnll'(  r"s  sijjnatiiiv  a]>iH'ars  in  Siiaiiicn,  Lih.  j/inii)ii,  .MS,,  in  Deo.  IT"-, 
and  Si  ^cssn's  in 'S';(»  y;/;/«r.(i,  /jih.  ,]/isi()ii,  MS. ,  on  vai'inus  ilati's  of  ITM  ■'!. 
]\illur's  nanio  apjicai's  on  the  Snanioa  books  from  17.">-  to  IT"'!',  and  also  at  S. 
Ignacio.     'Jill'  .sorciriT  is  said  to  have  tiit'd  his  arts  in  vain  upon  Krili  r. 

"N.  Iijiiiirlo,  IJIi.  Miiidii,  MS.,  ;{,'}.  .StciL'cr  was  a  native  of  l.ueeine,  Sw  it- 
zerlaml.  He  si;,'ned  his  name  Stiiier,  and  the  Spaniards  I^sti^'(■I■.  Tluse  MS. 
iiioiils  uf  till'  I'inieiia  niissions  eited  hy  me  are  fia^'nunts  of  the  orii'iial 
mission  ii'uisteis  of  'I'umaearoii,  Tuhae,  I'ltiipii,  Calioi-ca,  I'lisjiniL;,  .\J;.'_:d.i- 
leiia,  San  igna<io,  Si.nta  .Ana,  San  Jldrfonsode  ( 'ienegnita,  Tulmtama,  .\ti, 
Oi|nitoa,  ('(jeosiieia,  and  Suamca.  They  eoviT  the  pi  liod  fii  .a  KiitI!  lo 
I.S4"),  iimler  hoth  .lesuit  and  I'laniisean  rule,  und  I  have  no  need  to  speak  of 
their  j_'rciit  histoiie  value.  'I'he  oiiginals  were  eoUei  ted  hy  M.  .Alphonse  I'in- 
ait  and  from  them  my  copies  ami  e.Ktiactd  vere  made  under  the  title,  I'luart, 
Colecciun  dv  la  I'imtria  Alia,  MS. 


BOLAS  DE  ri.ATA,  OR  AKIZOXA. 


525 


iiiiiTios  appoarinir  on  tlio  niisiioii  hooks,  soiik^  of  tlicin 
])i'ol)al>ly  those  of  iiuTo  vi.sitoi's,  wvro  Jose  "^roral  in 
I  7. ')(*),  Miguel  Capctillo  in   1734,  Alejainh-o  Kajuiaiii 


ill   1740,  and  Lorenzo  Itznacio 


Out 


lenez  m   1740-1 


at   San   Itrnacio,     Also  at   Suainca  Jose   Torr 


es 


I 


erea 


in    1741-0:  Jf 


oaouui 


aq 


Felix  ])iaz.    1744;   J 


ose 


(JaiTueho  in  1744-8,  and  ^liijfuel  de  la  Ve'jfa  in  1741) 


111 


Padre  Keller  is  said  to  have  visited  the  CiilaA^allev 


173G   1. 


)f  ( 


I   ]1 


>V  wav  or  uuevavi  and  Jiae,  and  an'aui  m 
1737.  jNIany  of  the  raneluM-ias  of  Kino's  time  had 
imw  l)een  ))i'oken  U}>  hy  A])aehe  raids.  K«Her  went 
(I'lwn  to  th(>  Casa  Crande,  and  from  a  hii^h  roek 
s.iw  whei'e  the  Salado  and  Verde  united  to  form  the 
llio  de  la  Asuneion,  and  its  junction  with  the  Gila. 
All  had,  liowever,  l)een  discovered  hy  Kino  hefore, 
iiid  named,  exce|)t  perhaps  the  Asuncion.     }lc  found 


the  Coeomar'icojias  at 


war 


aiH 


1  ret 


urne< 


1  1 


iome\var( 


I 


hy  another  way."  In  1737  Sedelmair  also  made  a 
tour  thi'on^h  the  I'ancherias  of  the  lVij)aL;fos,  preaeh- 
in.!4".  haj)tizinn-,  LTainiiiL!^  ))agan  recruits  for  Tuhutama, 
iiiid  possihly  reaching  the  hanks  of  the  Gila."  The 
hi>liop  also  came  in  1737,  and  all  the  mission  hooks 
of  tlie  north  were  hroug'ht  to  San  Ignacio  for  his  in- 
spection,'' 

There  is  one  mininu:  excitement  which  is  worthy 
ol"  s|)ecial  mention  here  in  c(»nnection  with  the  annals 
"I"  IMmeria  Alta  from  173(t  to  1741.  I  allude  to  the 
(li'>covery  of  the  famous  liolas  de  IMata  mines,  called 
iilso  Arizona,  which  I'urnished  the  name  to  a  modern 
state,  thou'j^h  not  witliin  its  liniits.  In  173G  or  a  lit- 
llf  larlier  an  Indian,  said  to  have  heen  a  Yaqui.  dis- 
<"\'e)'ed  and  revealed  to  a  trader  the  existence  of  rich 
tlrposits  of  silver  in  the  mountains  hetween  (fU<'va\i 
and   Saric  at  the  source  of  tiie  arroyo  which  forms 

^' /'iiiart,   C.I.   ,lr  PhiKi-i'i  Alfa,   MS.;  Apnut.  Afaiirs,   X\S,   .342-4,  i^S; 
S.-lf!,,ifiir,  liphiiidii,  S."i(J-7;  VililoKul'i,  Carta,  ii\  iSunora,  Mai. ,  17. 
"^I/'(W.  AjhiiiM,  :!4S-!I. 

'-' .i/iiisf.  Ai'iiiin.  ;{.'ii-4. 

'*-S.  lyiiacw,  Lib.  Miaioii,  MS.,  31,  38. 


1-i 


526 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA, 


tlic  oastorii  braneli  of  tljc  Ivio  Altar,  or  Tiil)U- 
taina."  Tlu;  roj)ort  soon  spread  throughout  northern 
Sonora,  an<l  as  was  usually  the  case  at  each  new- 
rumor  of  lich  (litjj^in'^s,  many  of  the  roving  vaga- 
bonds called  miners  who  were  scattered  in  small  par- 
ties over  the  |)rovince  rushed  to  the  spot.  The  strike 
])roved  to  he  very  rich  and  the  nature  of  the  dc^posit 
])eculiar,  since  the  silver  was  fouNid  on  or  near  the 
surface  in  hokis,  or  nuggets,  of  almost  pure  metal 
weighing  from  twelve  [)ouiids  to  over  a  ton,  and  per- 
haps in  a  few  cases  even  more.^' 

The  hill  containino"  the  treasure  was  called  Cerro 
do  las  liolas;'**  the  mines  were  known  as  l^olas  de 
l^lata  or  IManchas  do  Plata;  and  the  mining  camp 
established  there  was  named  lieal  do  Arizona,  This 
name,  very  likely  Arizonac  in  its  original  i'oiin.  still 
apjtlied  t(»  these  mountains  and  also  to  the  state  whose 
boundary  is  a  litth;  farther  north,  was  })robably  the 
aboriginal  term  aj>[)lied  to  the  hill,  sti'cam,  mountains, 
or  some  other  natural  feature  of  the  region."    It  is 


'MlifTorciit  nutlioritirs  give  tlip  date  vatrncly  from  ITDOto  IT.'ifl,  ami  omi 
i)s  early  as  \~',l'.\;  liiit  aiipai'eiitly  tlie  (iiiirinal  eiprri'spiiiKleiioc  <iii  tlie  suhjeet 
van  (lai.L(l  ill  IT.'i'i,  tlie  disenvery  liaviiiL.'  I>ieii  jxjssiKIy  a  little  earlier.  Stiilie, 
S")i<ir<i,  "Jli,  .says  this  liml,  or  anotlicr  siiiiilar  one  aeeonliuj;  to  Jesuit  reeonls, 
was  in  l''M.  Sedelniair,  Jlilaridii,  S.">()-7,  locates  the  mine  eii.'lit  leagues  from 
<  Iiievaxi.  Aeeonlin;:;  to  Siiimrd,  J)i  "iri/i.  '''""/.,  ."jd'J,  i'tS-2,  it  was  on  the  stream 
two  lea^nies  north  of  A,!,'Uii  Calientc  ami  10  leagues  smith  of  Ouevavi.  A'- 
eorilinn  to  A/iiist.  A/nins,  '2'.i'2-S,  the  treasure  was  in  a  hill  a  league  and  ii  liait 
long  termiiuiting  in  a  eaiiada. 

'■'Ward,  J/i.rico,  ii.  l.'td  8,  saw  the  orii^'inal  correspondence  of  17.^'>  on  the 
sulijeet,  i.ud  had  ii  eertihed  I'opy  of  a  royal  decree  of  .May  '28,  1741,  in  wliiili 
a  nu;.'get  of  •J,7<'()  Ihs.  and  annllirr  of  •_'7.'>  Ihs.  ai-e  iiienlioncd.  Jt  also  statid 
tliat  over  two  tons  of  silvei'  in  lii.ln.t,  /i/diic/iim,  ii  o/nis  pif.it.i  had  lieeu  taken 
from  the  mine.  According  to,l/».,s/.  Ai(iiii.<.  one  nugget  of  ;>,.";()()  Ihs.,  and 
1().()"()  Ihs.  in  all  wi're  taken  out.  Most  of  tin'  Spanisli  autiioritics  nuiiliou 
tUl.dicl'i  of  Mo  arrohas.  \'elasco,  iSonnr'i,  !IS,  makes  the  date  I7(i-,  re  fcrring 
for  the  liig  nugget  to  the  J/iiii<.<  and  to  (he  Munorid  (hi  S<r.  tli  I  (!<-ih',i  nm, 
JS.'H.  Cavo.  '/';•( .s  iS'('(//().s,  ii.  l."iS-<t,  .says  the  minei's  ]iiaced  foigis  against  the 
masses  of  jMlvcr  to  melt  it  into  hars  suital>le  foi'  trans))o!tation.  .Mota-l'adiH:!, 
Cuiiq.  X.  (I'l,  ;!I7,  nu'iitions  a  nu;,'get  of  KlOarrnlias  on  the  authority  of  I'ci- 
inin  tlu-  lin<ler  and  othir  truthful  persons.  Many  of  \H)  and  '2'J  arrolias  were 
foinel.  'liu'  author  of  Si'iiara,  J)isi  r!/i.  Siixriula,  7<'4,  speak.s  of  the  "prodigi" 
(Jill'  pi'odujo  la  Arizona  en  la  I'iuieria  Alta,  di'scidiii  rto  por  un  iiidio  hiaipii 
»jiu'  llauK)  la  atencion  de  otros  ipie  hallarou  diversas  holaa  do  platu,  perfcot.i 
lie  varios  estraordinarios  tamanos.' 

'''.Mota-l'adilla  culls  it  San  Antonio,  as  does  perhaps  the  Soiiora,  Deacrij- 
clou  SiiKi-'nila. 

"A  MS.  ii\u.\)  iu  my  possession  already  referred  to  (sec  note  40  of  cliaptir 


RICH  SILVER  MINES. 


r>27 


said  tliat  the  silver  of  Las  Bolas  was  in  some  instances 
sol't  when  liist  dw^  out,  butbecanu!  liarcl  when  exposi'd 
1()  the  air.  Tliis  peeuliarit}',  doubtless  imaginary  and 
])( iliaps  invented  for  the  pur[)ose,  caused  or  enabled 
tlie  jiri'sidio  ca[)tain,  who  acted  as  niiniiii.^  jnd,u'e  in 
this  district,  to  set  up  the  claim  that  it  was  not  to  Ik; 
( lassed  as  a  mine  ])roper,  but  if  not  as  a  de[)()sit  of 
liidden  treasure,  at  least  as  a  criadcro,  '^nowinj^-place' 
(tp  pocket,  and  that  it  consequently  beh)nged  to  the 

On  this  ground  pending  a  decision  he  Bto]ij)ed  for 
a  time  all  work  at  Arizona.  After  some  discussion 
III  ^[exico  the  viceroy  seems  to  have  decided  in 
I'iiNor  of  tlio  miners,  and  the  embargo  was  raised. 
Later,  however,  in  tlie  decree  of  1741,  alreatl}'  alkided 
In,  the  king  reversed  the  vicerenal  decision,  declared 
the  Arizona  mine  to  be  n  criadcro  dc  plata,  and  ordered 
it  to  be  worked  for  the  account  of  the  royal  tJ'oasury. 
There  is  no  evidiMice  that  PJiilip's  revenues  wei'c  eve-r 
iiici-ensed  from  this  source,  and  in  fact  nothing  more 
is  deliiiiti'ly  known  on  the  subject.  It  is,  however, 
iirobable  that  bv  the  time  the  roval  order  was  enforced 
lh(  su[)eificial  deposit  of  silver  on  the  Cerro  de  las 
ISnlas^ — rich  but  exaggerated,  and  of  limited  extent — - 
li.id  been  exhausted,  and  the  district  abandoned. 
Ibid  the  nuggets  still  promised  a  bona!iza,  notliiiig 
•  diild  have  kej)t  the  miners,  either  royal  or  pri\ate, 
Mv.ay  IVom  Ai'izona;  but  the  st  'I'ile  nature  of  the 
i> '41011,  the  eX'  'vo  expense  of  re(hieiiig  ores,  the 
liostllities  of  savagi>s,  and  the  imfortiiiiate  finidiliMn 
nf  ihe  whole  i)rovince  ihniii'*'  the  follosviiiLjr  veais  wi  ic 

x\  ii.)  1)oars  nn  iiisoi'i]itii)n  to  tlio  cfTiM't  tiiiit  tlif  imtlidr  IX  (lalnicl  ]'nii!li(im 
'iMiiilii  (11  la  riiiH'iia  Alta  el  I'licMi'i  y  Ivciil  di  I  .\ii/iiiiin-,"  in  uliiili  /■"/  In- 
iiiii'li'  this  luiip  Ajiril  l."t,  17.'!.'«;  Imt  .•^traiiL'rly  ci'iiU':!!  lie  has  iint  i'lcatiil 
Ari.iiiiao  (111  tliu  liiai)  at  all.  ^\'a^(l  iiii|>li(  s  that  the  (irij.'iiial  concsiKiiiili  M((; 
i!>i(l  till' iiame  Aii/diia.  It  is  also  used  in  iW  AjioKt.  A/inni,  Ix  foic  IT'l; 
ill  1  lie /'('.<(•/■(';(.  ,'<iisiiii/ii  all  nit  ITiill;  in  the  I'lariji.  (Innj.  (if  ITIil;  ami  hy 
Al(Lie.  Hist.  Coiii/i.  ,/ixiiK,  i.  "JTO,  iiliout  I7<i"'.  I  li.ive  heard  the  .siiL'.L'('stinii 
tl.iil  'Ari/iiiia' is  it  oornijition  (if  the  Spanish  viir','.nii(i,  'vvuniaii  with  a  hi.; 
ii"-'!'';  tliis  is  inu'i'iiiniis,  Imt  iimcli  less  ju'dlialilc  thiin  tliat  tlu;  iiatnc  was  a 
ii^iiivc  Wold.  Tir-  It'iiiiinatioiis  ((caud  ic  wcrt'  (juitu  coninuni  in  i'inium,  tliu 
lia.d  ■(■'  having  been  dropped  later. 


Ill 


C'28 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


; 


i 
jj 


•;•  I 


more  than  sufficient  to  prevent  tlie  working  of  the 
richest  mines  of  the  ordinary  type." 

Don  Aj^ustin  Viklosola  became  governor  ad  interim 
probably  in  the  middle  of  1741,  receiving  his  appoint- 
ment from  the  kinjj  at  the  end  of  tliat  yoar.^'^  Two 
now  presidios,  both  named  for  the  viceroy,  >vcie 
founded,  one  at  Pitic,  or  San  Pedro  do  la  C'on((uista, 
on  the  site  of  the  modern  Hermosillo,  to  hold  in  chock 
the  Ya(|uis,  Seris,  Pimas,  and  Tepocas,  and  the  other 
in  the  north  at  Terrenatc,  or  San  Bernardo  Gracia 
Koal,  designed  to  protect  the  missions  of  Pimeri'a 
Alta  from  Apache  raids.  The  new  ruler  resided  for 
the  n»ost  part  at  Pitic.-''  Pespecting  the  condition  of 
aifairs  in  connection  with  the  i>'overnmont  in  17-12  wo 
have  throe  letters  of  the  governor  to  the  Jesuit  pro- 
vincial Mateo  Ansaldo.^^  On  August  14th  he  com])lains 
of  reports  ciiculated  against  him  by  malicious  ])ors()iis, 
})artisans  of  Iluidrobo,  who  have  charged  among  other 
things  that  he  was  strongly  opposed  l)y  the  Jesuits,  a 
statement  which  was  i'alse,  as  the  visitador  Luis 
Maria  jMarjiano,  and  the  rector,  Jose  Toral,  had  been 
at  great  pains  to  certify.     Then  he  has  much  to  say 

'"  Ac(?or<linf;  to  A/mst.  Afnncx,  tlic  district  was  dcpopulatcil  before  the  de- 
cree arrived;  tlic  exjicrta  to  be  sent  in  tlie  interests  of  tlic  kinj,'  from  X.  Viz- 
eaya,  rcecivinLC  no  advance?  of  pay,  declined  to  serve;  and  tlio  treasMre— 
\ery  little  of  vliicli  could  have  been  removed — remained  mitoucheil  (]',.")•.'). 
'J'lie  men  who  made  tortiinea  at  Arizona  hail  for  the  most  ]iart  b(|uandercd 
their  Lraius  as  was  usual  with  Sonora  nnncrs.  The  author  urj'cs  that 
]tMt.(MM>  or  'J{K».()OU  pesos  spent  })y  the  kinj,'  on  this  cnteri)rise  woniil  be  a 
l-Lyin^' investment.  Ward  says  the  royal  order  prevented  individual  eiitcr- 
)  rise  and  tlio  district  was  deserted;  an  attempt  to  send  a  kind  of  colony 
failed,  ind  the  very  name  of  Arizona  was  forfiotten.  Sedeliuair  .says  the  dc- 
I'osit  W..S  soon  Wdrkcil  out  on  the  surface  by  the  rerhiw*.  According:  to  tin: 
j'>(N(/v'/i.  ,S'(^s■(•(/(/'■',  Indian  linstilities  had  much  to  do  with  the  ab.'intlonnient, 
and  no  work  under  the  royal  order  wa.s  done  to  about  17'iO  at  least. 

''■''rhoii;,fh  tlu  re  ai'c  some  sli^dit  indicatinns,  larticulai  !y  in  Vildosnla"^ 
later  letters,  that  he  became  governor  in  1710,  the  date  j;iven  by  Velasco. 

^Si'iiorn,  Itixiniwn  ilc  SoliiidK,  22'2;  Smioi'd,  Dcscrqi.  ii'io;/.,  A.")",  (!'•"; 
Motri-J'aifill't.  <  'vi«i.  A'.  Cul.,  ;V21  "J,  with  reference  to  a  letter ot  V'iiddsola  to 
viceroy,  dated  Oct.  8,  1741;  Alnji-c,  Hist.  Conij).  Jrmis,  iii.  'JiSd-ilO.  On  .Ian. 
IS,  1711  (-''),  1'.  Javier  .losi''  .Molina  writes  from  lecorijia  to(iov.  \'iidos..l.i 
urgiui:  a  division  uf  the  (/(ihfni'irioii,  giving;  to  Sonoi'a  all  above  Alamos  with 
a  capit.d  at  I'itic  or  S.  iJosc''  de  Pimas,  u.aI  a  force  of  100  soldiers.  ,>o//(-/'(, 
Mat<rh'lix,  !)1.H-'J0. 

'-'  Vil'hisuhi,  < 'arias,  174~>  lu  Doc.  IlUt.  Mex.,  siivis'm,  torn.  iv.  Ol'l-uJ; 
86i'ie  iv.  torn.  i.  u-17. 


VILDOSOLA'S  LETTERS. 


529 


in  a  general  way  of  liis  groat  labors  for  tlio  welfare  of 
the  province.  Ho  hail  made  some  entrailas  against 
the  Apaches,  this  year  more  hostile  than  ovor  l)of()re; 
ho  had  defeated  and  captured  two  l.irgi!  ]»artios  <»f 
Yaquis  and  alhi^'d  [)co[)los  who  had  lied  to  tho  moun- 
tains and  threatened  a  new  revolt  moro  (U.'structivo 
than  tho  tirst — ])ossibly  alluding,  howovor,  to  tho  plots 
for  which  ]\[uni  was  [mt  to  death;  ho  had  o])onod 
several  old  and  now  mines  of  silver;  an<l  sent  two  ox- 
])editions  to  fish  for  j)earls,  without  nni<-h  success,  hut 
]iroposos  another  trial.  His  chief  obstacle  in  the  way 
(•f  i-oducing  all  the  natives,  especially  tho  SoiIn  and 
ooast  tribes,  to  pueblo  life,  is  the  lark  of  authority 
and  money  to  afford  them  a  little  aid  duriu'^  tho  tirst 
years  of  their  civilization.  Yet  ho  hojx's  to  rosttiro 
the  province  to  its  old  jirospority,  and  to  bo  thus 
repaid  for  his  ceaseless  toil  ami  bitter  ])orsocutions  by 
tho  fi'ionds  of  his  predecessor.  Another  trouble  ho 
has,  in  the  extreme  reluctance  of  the  central  govern- 
ment to  i-eimburse  sixty-six  thousanil  [)osos  which  he 
has  spent  in  restoring  order. -^ 

The  Gth  of  September  he  writes  from  Buenavista  a 
long  and  for  the  most  part  unintelligible  letter,  com- 
jilaining  that  many  of  the  padres  are  unjustly  pioju- 
(licod  against  him,  and  breathing  bitterness  against 
lluidrobo  and  his  'dogs'  of  friends,  })i'onjinont  among 
whom  seem  to  be  Captain  Francisci)  l>ustamante  and 
SantiaLjo  Ruiz  Ail.  The  letter  is  a  dis'^isting  exhi- 
iiition  of  [letty  spite  towai-d  personal  foes;  of  self-glori- 
ilcation  for  ri-forn)s  which  ]ia\o  saved  the  country;  of 
whining  and  hypocritical  cant;  of  oxcossivo  devotion  to 
"our  most  sacred  mother,  the  cohi])any,"an<l  "  my  be- 
loved brethren,  the  missionaiies;"  ofilattojy  foi-  friends 
in  power,  and  of  calls  u[)on  (lod  to  forgive  tI>o  sins  of 
those  who  fail  to  appreciate  tho  puiity  and  givatness  of 
llie  writer.  The  tliird  letter  of  October  4th  is  of  tho 
same  type,  but  its  extravagant  ravings  make  us  chari- 

■-  In  this  IcttiT  nre  soini!  alhisions  to  tlie  revolt  of  1710,  Ijiit  notliing  which 
throws  uiklitioiial  li;^lit  on  the  ilctails  of  thut  uliair. 
Hut.  N.  Ulx.  Sxaikb,  Vol.  I.    ai 


3no 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


taMc,  and  sui^Ljost,  that  on  tlic  subjoet  of  lii.s  fjriov- 
ances  the  writer  is  perhaps  insane,  though  ch-ar-headed 
cnoiiujli  on  other  niattei-s.  On  Paih'e  Keher  is  ex- 
pended a  hirufe  sliare  of  liis  fuiy,  for  some  olfenee  not 
dearly  defined,  hut  ai)parently  liis  <lisapproval  of  the 
g'overnor's  ti-eatnient  of  the  so-caUed  traitor  ]\[uni,  a 
rcnhuh't'o  Ilidd mhino.  A'ildosola  sui^iL^ests  tht;  trans- 
fer of  many  j»a(hvs  from  one  mission  to  another  as 
indispensable  for  tlie  peace  of  Sonora."^ 

In  1744  tlio  governor  received  from  the  viceroy  an 
onkr  to  cxtini^uish  tlie  two  new  presithos  of  I'itic  and 
Ten'enate.  This  order  was  bas(;d  on  royal  instructions 
to  cut  down  ex[)enses,  and  on  rej)orts  that  the  ])re- 
sidios  were  not  needed;  that  the  S[>aniards  Ixtweeu 
Sinaloaand  Tecoripa  could  defend  themselves  hy  mili- 
tia companies;  and  that  the  thirty  men  of  San  Ff^lipi! 
mi^Jit  as  well  he  transferred  to  Tecoripa.  On  .Inne 
24lh  Yildosola  protested  aii^ainst  this  order  and  de- 
clared Iiis  intention  to  disobey  it  until  the  viceroy 
could  consider  the  aci.'omnanyin'^  statement  to  the 
eilVtct  that  the  measures  oidered  would  inlallibly  cau 


se 


the  ruin  of  the  whole  ])rovince.  and  that  the  jiersons 
8UL;'L,''estin«jf  them  must  be  Iocs  to  the  Catholic  I'aith 
and  Spanish  ci'own.  His  aroMunents  were  stronci^,  and 
seem  to  have  been  effective,  since  the  pivsidios  wei'e  not 
abolished.-*    For  1745  the  standard  historical  work  of 


/llililiiif'.       \/Miiiiiiii  I  ii.ia  irss  iiiiui  -jv""  oi  i-<|iiiiiisii  uiui  iiii.\i'<i  niiiixi  ill  iiic  HiiiiM' 

Cdiuiitiiiii  iis  tlidso  Ik'Iow,  so  friglitciifil  iis  to  liavr  lici'ii  si vitjiI  tiiiu's  im  tlio 
jH'iiit  of  liiiving  till'  country,  Mirroiindi'il  by  'I't  puolilos  of  Viuiiiis,  etc.  So- 
iioiii  I'.iis  not  over  GOO  iSpiuiiurUs  with  OG  puoljlos  uml  nmuy  ri'.nulierias.     I'itio 


CALLAnrOS  VISITA. 


nni 


Villu-Scuor  y  Saiidicz  fDntains  a  oood  deal  ofinrormn- 
lioii,  chiclly  f^a'oj^rapliif'al  and  statistical,  rospi'ctiii;^ 
SitMora  and  Ostiimni,  wliicli  I  liavc  utilized  as  far  as 
jiossiMc  ill  dillcri'iit,  ])arts  ot"  my  Avork.'"' 

A'ildnsola's  troiildcs  increased,  and  his  oppon{Mit>« 
iiiiilti[)lied,  until  in  1748  t\\c  viceniy,  jK'rplexc^d  hy 
coiiti'adictoi'y  re[)<)rts  of  tlie  (•j)[)(tsini^  factions,  sent 
.lose  IJafael  Ixodri^uoz  (jlallardo  us  visitador  n-eiieral 
to  make  an  investi_L;ati(»n.  A'iMosola  went  to  Mexico, 
and  ])ie!^^o  Oi'tiz  Parrilla  was  a|i|)ointed  to  succeed 
liini,  airivinL,^  in  1741).  ()iallai<l<»'s  instructions  t(»  l*ar- 
1  ilia  as  to  tlu'  line;  of  policy  to  l)e  followed  arc  dated 
l)((eml)er  174!)  and  ^larcli  1750.  In  tlii^  lirst,  al'ter 
Dotiiij.,^  many  local  <-lianni's  lie  had  made  or  recimi- 
iiiended  in  Sinaloa,  he  indicates  his  views  of  what  is 
led    for    Sonora.    his    iilan    invol\in<r    no    radical 


need 


changes  e\ce[)t  so  far  as  a  clian;^f(;  from  <lisrenard  of 
the  laws  to  (»bedience  mi^ht  he  termed  ijulical.  It 
was  deemed  hi'st  not  to  attem})t  any  removal  of  na- 
tive s  who  had  heen  settled  foj-  ten  years  in  one  place; 
to  strictly  enforce  the  passport  system,  and  tln^  laws 
against  vagabondaLje;  and  to  transj)ort  all  piM'sistent 
tians!L(ressors  to  the  frontier  presidios.  Great  care 
should  be  taken  to  prevent  abuses  by  employers,  who 


!'■<  ut'Mr  tlu!  Ccrro  Prioto,  the  resort  of  Jill  Hio  tlerccst  liai'lmriiins,  ami  ."0  leainica 
fi<iiii  'rt'coripa.  'J'lio  extinotinn  <>{  tin;  ])rc'si(li()  would  leave  this  region  without 
S|i;iiii>h  iillhleiiei'  to  lieeoliie  tiie  hreedin^'-phiee  of  rivohlt  ions.  The  liortlitiii 
invsiilios  liad  all  they  eipidd  do  to  icsist  tlu,'  .Xjiaehes,  and  eould  do  iiothint; 
fur  till' south  or  eoast.  The  Spanish  miners  in  three  valleys  were  proteited 
hy  Tel  reuate,  and  would  at  ouic  (juit  the  eountry  if  tlu'  jncsidio  v>re  ;.;i\tn 
i.|i  And  linally  it  vas  hard  to  sairifne  all  that  had  heen  gained  at  a  tiuie 
when  t!i(!  prospects  were  so  favorahh^  (I).  Ui^  reh'is  for  support  to  his  ai;:u- 
liifUi  to  his  <'iiiixii/lii  of  Mareli  17.  ITtl;  itp.orts  of  Apaihc  outra;,'es  at  the 
S.iiiilie,;  raneho  in  171'i,  ^vhere  o\er  •!()  ]iersons  peiished;  the  petitimi  of  tiio 
.liMiil  visitador  anil  ]iadres  of  the  ]iresent  yeai'  for  aid  ahsnlutely  needi'd;  and 
auotliir  from  rcfhiux  of  I'inu'ria  .\lta.  lie  also  announees  his  intention  of 
tipeiidiii;,,'  the  eoniin^;  winter  iu  a  vi^;,'orous  eanijiai^^n  a;_Minst  the  .Apaehes. 
lioiit.rii.  .\/iil('riit/r,t.  (iT-l-S-. 

•'  'i'li<iitro  Ann  r'i((iii(',V\.'M'i~-'W.\.  This  author  mentions  the  f(jllo«inL'  l>re- 
sidios:  I'.uenavista,  with  :!_'  men;  I'itie.  with  .">()  nieu:  (jorode^'iiaclii  de  IVon- 
ti  1.1  i,  with  .")1  men;  and  San  I'elipe  de  .Jesus  (iuevavi,  villi  .")()  men.  Thi'  last 
is  ]ii  rliaps  an  ci'ror,  for  the  'J'errouate  juesidio  had  .-ippareiitly  not  yet  lici'u 
lii'ived  aeross  to  (iuevavi.  Ca]it.  Jose  (iomcz  de  Silva  named  at  presidio  of 
^;iu  .Mateo  in  174;!.  Siimiica,  Lib.  MU.,  MS.,  48.  Apaelie  raids  in  174l',  17-14. 
l'li(rrij\s  liept.,  S.  Jna)i,  15,  10,  iio. 


632 


AXXALS  OF  SOXORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


should  1k'  made  to  pay  up  back  waiufts,  and  not  allowed 
to  iiiako  larjL^c  advances.  Tlio  custom  had  l»(M;oiih! 
coiMiiion  tor  oini)lovors  to  ijct  one  of  a  hand  of  lahorois 
a|»pointod  as  {governor,  and  then  through  him  to  ruK; 
and  punish  the  Indians  without  any  suhjoction  to  the 
authorities  or  laws;  which  nuist  he  stopi)ed.  Weii,dits 
and  measures  had  been  found  unequal,  even  tliosij 
otlicially  seah'd  not  corres[>ondin<jf  to  those  of  other 
jtiovinces.  ^lininiL^  camps  must  not  he  founded  witli- 
out  the  proper  formalities,  and  the  estahlishnicnt  of  a 
legular  «if()vernment.  liancheros  must  not  live  at  \ou<j; 
distances  fi'om  the  puehlos  and  thus  enjoy  va<jfahon(l- 
au^e  under  pretence  of  owninj^  n  few  cattle.  'J'he 
hurniui^  of  straw  in  the  fields  should  not  he  allowed. 
Hacendados  imist  not  take  the  law  into  their  own 
hands  in  cases  of  theft.  A  few  small  puehlos  hy  ad- 
vico  of  the  padres  miL,dit  advantajj^eously  bo  joined  to 
lar«T(>r  ones.  Such  are  the  most  inqjortant  of  tin* 
reforms  suujijfested  for  the  Lfood  of  Sonora;  all  wel! 
enoujjjli,  but  amountiniif  merely  to  a  j^eneral  recom- 
mendation that  the  laws  be  enforced.""  The  author 
speaks  very  hi<^hly  of  ex-Governor  Iluidrobo,  imj)ly- 
ing  that  tlic  country's  misfortunes  are  largely  duo  to 
the  bad  management  of  Vildosola, 

Tho  second  document  is  devoted  to  more  important 
matters.  In  it  Gallardo  calls  attention  to  tho  critical 
state  of  the  province  and  to  tho  necessity  of  reducing 
the  Seris,  Guaymas,  U})anguaymas,  and  Pimas  Bajos, 
and  of  exploring  Cerro  Prieto  and  Tiburon  Island, 
all  of  which  cannot,  as  the  orders  from  Mexico  direct, 
bo  acomplished  at  once  for  want  of  force  and  money. 
Tho  best  way  was  to  attack  ono  nation  at  a  time,  the 
Seris  receiving  particular  attention,  and  tho  tribes 
being,  if  possible,  involved  in  quarrels  with  oacli 
other.    Tho  Guaymas,  being  now  friendly,  and  hostile 

'*  OaUiirdo,  Inntriiccmica  que  en  riiiinl  iIc  Siipeiinr  drden  rcmilld  el  Lie.  P. 
Jom'  (iiillnnlo,  (il  ti'ii'ifiite  roroinl  J>.  Diiiio  Ortiz  I'lirrilln,  electo  (iohi'mudar  ij 
C'a/iitaii  (linvnd  ill'  In  llobi  riiadoii  de  Smtoni,  tttio  di:  1749,  in  Sonora,  Male- 
rii(/(-s,  S(J0-8(J;  ulso  MS.     Dateil  lloroasitas,  Dee.  13,  174S). 


REFORMS  rRorosr.D. 


1(>  Die  Snis,  slioiild  Ix^  tri'Jit(Ml  kiii<Ily."  Tlic  riiiiMS 
;ils(),  as  they  wiTe  cDiuinittiii!^  in»  liostilitics  Itfyoiul 
the  sttiirm^"  t»t'  catlli',  >Ii(»ul(l  Ix'  dealt  with  ;^^'iitly 
until  tlic  S(  lis  cdnld  he  disjxjscd  oW  With  the;  latter 
ji(n|)l('  a  very  strict  )H»li(y  should  he  aduptcd.  In  tlio 
|i;ist  caiitains  had  Ihh'Ii  content  t<»  punish  the  h  julers, 
icavintj  tlu!  rest  to  revolt  at  the  lirst  o|>i)oi'tiinity. 
Now  they  should  he  reduced  (tr  aiuiihilated,  in  hut 
one  moi'e  war.  They  nii^lit  he  'extracted,'  hut  if 
so  they  should  he  sent  to  New  Spain  and  not  allowed 
to  relurn.  IJoats  ai"e  rt'ady  at  Vacjui  lor  an  entrada 
t<»  Tiituion,  hut  scarcity  of  water  and  lack  of  inonev 


liave  thus  lar  itreveiited  it. 


r 


niiaiJ'os  ale  a  snia 


11 


cowardly  trihe,  and  their  lands  heini^  unlit  lor  niis- 
>ions  they  should  he  'extracted'  to  other  lathis.  Many 
have  already  moved,  and  San  Iti^nacio  is  more  iMpaj^o 
than  l*ima.  (Jallardo  had  heen  oideiu'd  to  j)Ut  a  Ntop 
ti>  '.s'.d'ceries'  amonuf  tin,"  I'inias  Altos,  hut  lound  it  a 
<!Illicult  matter  hv  ivason  of  I'alsc  accusations  lor  veu- 
'^lance,  false  confessions  from  fear,  and  lack  of  (piali- 
lied  judges;  he  had,  therefore,  not  inllieted  the  ex- 
treiiK*  ])enalty,  hut  had  issuiid  a  Jxindo  at  Teireiiate. 
lie  had  also  disoheyed  orders  to  unite  diilei-ent 
puehlos,  on  account  of  ohjections  from  the  padres 
oi-  from  other  nu'tives  of  policy. 

Another   plan    had   heen  to   repeople   the   frontier 
]inil»]()s  ^vith  Indians  Irom  lar^'e  towns  of  tlu^  Ya«|ui^ 


and 

col 


M 


avos,  o 


r  with  reliellious  l*imas  or  Si'ris;  hut  of 


U'se  this  had  been  found  impi'acticahle.  ]>ad  Ind- 
i.ins  could  not  bo  kept  on  the  IVontier  without  a 
soldier  for  each  Indian:  and  to  the  removal  ol  '^ood' 
ones  the  jiadros  objected,  to  say  nothin<^  of  the  niani- 
I'lst  injustice  of  such  an  act.  Thci  visitador  had 
oi'dei'ed,  however,  the  construction  of  proj)er  houses 
iitlu'  Indians  and  of  def(;nsive  works  for  each  ]tue!>l 


(he    arrauLiVMnent   beini;   that   the  neoi)hvtes   should 

■•' It  would  1k!  well  to  found  a  mission  at  San  Josi'-  dc  Ouaymns,  and   I'. 


Ai/ust 


in  AiT 


Ilia  IS  iiaiiiLMl  aw  a  pi'ison  wi 


i|uaint('d  with  this  pi 


.h 


T! 


sIhiws  tliat  no  in'iinaiiont  fatablishnicut  luid  Ijlcu  kept  up  at  Guaynias  liy  thu 
California  niusiunurius. 


j3i 


AXXALS  OF  SONOUA  AND  SIXALOA. 


* 


Moi 


k  i\ 


i] 


wo  <invH  111  the  \v«'( 


til 


'k  for  tlicnisclvi^s,  t 


W'f)   inr 


tlu!  voiu'inidnd,  and  two  on  tlir  m-w  l»uii(Iiii;^s;  luit 
tin;  ]».M(lrt's  and  alcaldes  would,  lie  tlioiio'lit,  rc(juii»j 
l'rr<|ii('nt  stirriiii^-n|>.  Then;  was  not,  says  the  writer, 
II  sin<jle  r«  «nilailv  estalilislifd  n-u/,  or  settlenu-nt  in 
the  province,  or  onehaviiii^  over  ten  )»rrni;inently  resi- 


u* 


lit  i] 


llllllles. 


Th 


I  M.I 


»nlatioii  was  se.'dtercd  iind  eon- 


Ht.'intly  chanj^im^  with  the  disc(»vei'y  ol'  new  mines. 
San  tluan  was  noiiiinally  the  e;i|»ital,  Itiit  had  no  prison 
Ol'  jilace  lor  tlus  records.  Tlui  whole  settlement  of"  the 
imtry  had  heeii  planned  with  too  exclusive  reference 


CO 


to  the  convenience  of  the  native  and  mission  puehlo 
i)uv  vcciiuhiriitfornKil  had,  however,  heeii   henuii    at 
San  MiiJUel  Jlorcasitas,  and  to  it  San  .luaii  had  heen 


ort 


lei-ed 


olliec 


The  presidio  captains  had  Ixurn  very  strict  in  keep- 
iiiL,'  their  pledges  to  the  Apaches,  who  coiisecjiient ly 
Were  wont  to  send  in  an  old  woman  with  a  cross  to 
make  a  truce  whih;  the  warriors  went  to  attack  .some 
other  point;  this  was  to  be  ehanj^ed.  Veeiiidarios  of 
TiuHans  in  connection  with  the  presidios  were  desirahje 
l)iit  very  hard  to  estahlish.  The  or<ler.s  from  ^lexico 
were  that  Apache  campain'iis  be  iiiadi?  more  si'ci'etly, 
Avilh  less  preparation  and  expi'iise,  and  joiniiijj,"  of  (hl- 
ferent  companies;  but  the  truth  was  that  in  the  ]i;ist 
not  iiK-re  than  fifty  men  had  usually  started,  and  le>s 
could  do  nothing.-'    Cuillardo  intended  ^')  go  u[>  to  the 

-'  The  nutlior  of  the  Aj)ni>f  fmiri',  4'2n— 10,  gives  p.  very  full  aocniiiit  of  tli'J 
Ajiii'lits  anil  tlicir  inoili's  of  '  rfare,  lioumlin;,'  the  A)iaihu  loiiiilry  liy  (hi- 
liuiihiia,  .laiios,  I'loiitoras,  Te  liati.-,  (iila,  .Mc»|ui,  X.  Mcxii/o,  ami  I'"l  l'a>n. 
< 'attains  Jv-icalaiile  ami  AiiZi  wve  killed  liy  these  sava;.'('s.  ami  after  tl,u 
latti  r"s  ileath  in  IT^SHthey  liee;i  ■•  iiiofe  ilariiii,'  in  their  laiils  than  e\ti-  hcloir. 
'I'lie  re|ireseiitationM  ami  jietitii  of  the  |iailri's  were  rej^anleil  as  i'xaj.';;eia!i  1 
or  atlrihuteil  to  tiniiility;  Imt  ii  17-17  tiiuy  hail  some  elVeet,  ami  a  L;rai;'l 
\initeil  etl'ort  was  orileieil  to  In  lade  liy  'Mi  men  from  eaeii  jiresidio.  I'ntn;  - 
tunately  the  troops  from  X.  ^'.,:.\ieo  failed  to  carry  out  th<ii'  i>art  of  the  yvn- 
firamme.  The  other  live  ]iresidios  joined  their  t'orees  instead  of  enteriiiL,' 
Ajiaehei  ia  s^eparately  as  they  shouM  liave  done.  The  A])aelii's  allowed  tlicin 
to  enter  and  tonk  advantau'e  of  the  oeeasion  to  attack  points  left  unjirotceti  d. 
Tlii^  oHicers  of  Soiiora  and  Chihualiuii  made  a  bad  matter  worse  liy  a  vain 
utteMii)t  to  reach  Moi|ui.  Another  exijcdition  was  undertaken  in  the  aiitiuMii 
of  17IS,  mIicu  the  soldiers  with  a  force  of  militia  and  ;">(«)  I'inias  and  Oijai.!" 
marched  from  Fmntcras,  reacliecl  the  A]iache  stronghold  in  the  Sierra  '  t 
L'hi(jiii.-sagni,  or  Chigagua,  found  it  deserted,  and  captured  only  10.     iiuiw 


rilANT.F.S  IIY  THE  VISITADOR. 


53J 


Colorado  and  makt!  fuillKT  cxjtlorations,  Imt  was  jnc- 
vi'iitrd  l)y  Apaclit!  troul»lt's;  Ik-  irnardcd,  lio\vr\fi', 
Coiisaijf'.s  trip  of  17l(J  us  coiiclusivtly  proviiiL;'  ('ali- 
I'oiiiia  to  Ih'  a  ]u'iiiiisula,  altliou;;h  liu  still  rci^iiiticd 
i'\|>loratioiis  ill  tlii.s  dirvctioii  as  more  important  than 
any  that  conld  l)c  dirtu/tiul  toward  Mocpii.  J'nsidio 
taptains  had  insti'uctions  to  visit  from  linic  to  tinii; 
the  mori!  distant  missions,  l»ut  lor  want  ol'  soldiers 
nc'lcctcd  tlic  «lutv.  Hit'  natives  of  the  iVLjion  i-oniid 
al)ont  San  Javit-r  del  iJac  were  more  Ljeiitiles  than 
( 'hristians,  stealini,'  horses  to  eat,  and  when  eaii^^lit 
swcariiiLT  tlM-y  took  the  animals  from  the  Apaelies;-' 
yet  (jiallardo  deemed  it  best  to  iL,Mioi'e  their  faults, 
siiK-e  without  their  aid  as  auxiliaries  the  northern 
country  would  s(»on  have  to  he  ahandoiied.  The 
writer  closed  this  interestiiii*'  document  with  tlw-  i-e- 
luark  that  to  enforce  all  the  min<»r  formalities  of  the 
law  in  relation  to  miniiiLf  operations  would  hetoiliive 
away  all  the  poor  miners  stru^^nlini,^  for  an  existence; 
and  with  a  snu'^estion  that  the  jurisdictions  of  Soiioiji 
and  Siiiahni  should  bo  separated  for  the  advuntai^e  of 

hotll/'" 

'{'he  visitador  seems  also  to  have  moved  the  j)residio 
(if  J'itic  to  San  Mii;'Uel  llorcasitas,  and  j»eiliaps  that 
of  Terrc'iiate  to  a  site  near  (Juevavi.  Tiu;  former 
chaiiL;'e  (Tul  not  [tlease  the  Seris  at  ]?(')pulo,  whose 
lands  to  some  extent  Were  taken  and  divided  anioiiL;" 
the  veciiios  of  the  luiW  town;  and  t\\v.  discontent  was 
Hot  .dlayed  when  ( lovernor  l^irrilla  pmiislu'd  the  com- 
jilaints  of  th».'  eij^hty  I'amilies  at  l*()pulo  by  airestiii'^' 
them  all,  and  by  seiidin.^  them,  or  perhaps  only  their 
Women,  to  be  distiibuted  over  all  parts  of  New  Spain. 
Then  Pari'illa,  in  accordance  with  Gallardo's  iiistruc- 

li;iiiils  caine  in  a  little  Inter  to  make  jicacc,  in  the  contimumcc  of  wliirli  iihIkiiIv 
li.ul  iiiiK'li  ((iiiliilciiL'i'.  Tiie  jiadrt'.s  favorctl,  aa  did  ^'ildll^^cllil,  tlic  tniindiiiL,'  nf 
a  >illa  oil  tin-  (ilia  as  tiiu  bost  de.fuii.sivo  liieasiirc;  also  tliat  the  tii"'|iM  !■<! 
luailf  w  liolly  suhji'i't  to  tiic  iiiis.sionarii'S.  K.\|icritMnju  liail  t;iii:;lit  tlc:il  this 
M:i.s  tin-  only  sale  ])oli(y.  Si-c  also  Veiieijaa,  A'ol.  C'lil.,  ii.  5.VJ  !i;  T'Uiinion, 
I'i^liii  </,■  JJiiniiKjo.  MS.',  07-8. 

'•'"Stiiiti;;!'  that  Kino  did  not  rise  from  his  pravo  to  I'cfufe  tliis  (Ii;ii-^c, 
'•'"  O'utlardo,  Jiintrucciwic-f,  S57-'J16,  Jutcd  Alatape,  March  IJ,  IIM, 


536 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


tions,  Loii-fin  lii.s  wiw  of  extermination  nt  tlio  lic.id  of 
scvcntN'-livo  soldiers  and  four  hundrctl  Pinias,  The 
result  was  very  different  from  the  annihilation  ]n\)- 
posed,  since  although  the  army  crossed  over  to  Tibu- 
]'nn  Island,  only  a  few  Seris  were  Idllcd,  and  some 
thirty  women  and  children  captured. 


31 


Rcturninjj;'  to  the  north,  we  find  that  in  171:2  the 
scheme  of  ^[oqui  reduction  was  again  revived,  that 
peo])le,  as  it  was  said,  refusing  to  bo  converted  by 
an^djoily  except  the  2M<Jr('s  piutos  y  tie  cucttro  piquvK 
as  the  Jesuits  were  called;  and  a  royal  cedula  was 
obtained  Ihi'ough  the  inlluence  of  the  bishop)  intrust- 
ing the  task  to  the  society.  Padre  Keller  accordingly 
made  ready  for  a  trip  to  JMoqui  and  set  out  in  July  or 
Se[itend)er  of  1743.  From  the  Gila  he  went  north- 
ward thvough  an  unknown  countiy,  and  was  soon 
attacked  by  Apaches,  who  though  repulsed  killed  one 
soldier  with  a  jioisoned  arrow  and  u'ot  awav  N\ith  most 
ol'the  hoises  and  supplies.^^  In  the  same  yearSedel- 
mair  visited  Sonoita  in  Se[)tember  and  the  Gila  in 
Xovend>er,  but  wo  liaAC  no  details  of  the  trip.  In 
October  1744  he  also  started  with  a  view  of  penetrat- 
ing to  ]\ro(]ui,  going  up  through  the  Pa})ago  country 
to  the  Gila,  dealing  out  his  trifling  presents  with  a 
liberal  hand  and  everywhere  welcomed.  The  Pimas 
gladdened  the  jiadre's  heart  with  the  information  that 
tlic  ^[o(jui  province  was  easily  accessible  and  only 
three  or  four  davs  off;  l)ut  next  dav  thev  chant>ed 
their  minds  and  refused  to  serve  as  u'uides.      Sedel- 

^'  Ali'm'e.  IHki.  Comp.  Jii'iis,  iii.  'JOO-I,  says  that  nftcrn  CMiiipniiTu  of  two 
niontlis  I'arrillu  <'iiim'  liiiok  witli  "JS  woiiii'ii.  hoastiiii:  that  ho  liail  cxteriiiiiuitfl 
thi- lu'curscd  race,  iind  (■(iiii]i!U'iiiif  liiiiisulf  toCa'.sar.  'I'lio  truth  was  that  at 
I'ilmidu  none  of  tho  soldiirs  coiiM  be  iiKhici'il  to  attack  the  Siiis  in  thiii' 
iftii'ats,  altlii)iii.'h  the  riiiias  ilid  take  a  few  )iiison('i's.  \vt  the  saiiK!  antlinr 
f^ays,  ]i.  1  IS,  tliat  the  S.ris  weif  ousted  from  Tiburoiiair^  ahnost  I'xteriiiinatcd 
)ij'  I'ai-rilhi!  Aeeordiim  to  A/mxt,  Af'dius,  lUiO -8,  tliiiu;_:i  tlie  .sohliers  wouM 
not  attaek,  the  riiiuiK  kiUed  (very  '"^eri  on  the  i.slaixl.  'I'he  Jt'fyihneii,  ]\  'i'JO, 
has  it  that  they  foinid  and  kilkMl  only  a  few  oM  men,  the  rest  oscaiiinu'  to  the 
main.  See  als'>  I'r/ 'wo,  <S^l^/o)•lr,  1'24;  S"iirini,  J)i.-<cri/i.  d'coii.,  o'u-'.l;  I'cu'- 
tjnu.  Xof.  ('ill.,  n.  ntiO-l;  2\'(niarU,  J'mi/.  ///'.</.,  ^JS.,  11-1,"). 

^'^  Apoi't.  Ai'itiiiK,  ;i48-.")l;  Si'ilrliii'iir,  Itilnc'iini,  .S4S,  ^o-i;  Aleijrc,  lUst. 
Cvmp.  Jisiif-y  iii.  "JTO-";   Vvncijmi,  Xot.  CiiL,  ii.  5l!0-iJ0. 


SEDELMAIR  ON  THE  COLORADO. 


537 


tlic  lioad  of 
?iinas.  The 
1  illation  pro- 
,vcr  to  Tibu- 
d,  and  some 


in  17-t2  the 
revived,  that 
converted  by 
cuatro  piques 
il   CL'dula  Avas 
(ishop  intrust- 
cv  aecordin;^'ly 
out  in  July  ov 
c  went  north- 
aud  was   soon 
Ised  killed  one 
way  ^^  ith  most 
no'  voar  Sedol- 
d  the  Gila  in 
the  trip.     In 
;\v  of  j)onetrat- 
'apaijjo  country 
rosonts  Avith  a 
The  rimas 
'ormation  that 
il.lo  and  only 
Ihcy  ehano-od 
!uides.      Sodel- 

Icr  n  oiniipaii'n  of  two 
lii^  luHli'XtLrinii\:iU''l 
lio  Ivuth  wif*  tluit  ill; 
i.'k   the  Siris  iii  tlKir 

Vrt   til.'  SMUM!  ••llltluH' 

•  almost  fxlcriiiiiiiitt'il 

,  the  siihiiiTs  vouM 

[■|'!k.  ];rs,U,ir,i,  p.  •J-JI>. 

lie  ivst  esf;\iiin,'4  to  th>! 

(,vo;/.,  u.")7-'.>;  I'"'"- 

,    lo. 

Is,  854;  Alc'jrc,   ll^st. 


niair  then  went  down  the  Gila  past  the  bio-  bond  to 
the  Coeomaricopas,  who  wore  willing  to  ijfuide  him  to 
the  north,  but  also  chansj^od  their  minds  next  dav, 
though  promising  to  notify  the  Moquis  of  the  visit. 
■^Fhe  dovil  was  in  it  clearly,  and  after  exploring  the 
(lila,  noting  the  llio  Azul,  and  going  down  to  the 
'N  innas  on  the  Colorado,  he  returned  in  Xove'inbci-  to 
I'ubutama.^''  Such  is  the  version  of  the  standard 
writers;  l)ut  according  to  the  statement  of  Sodohnair 
himself  the  trip  was  a  lUUch  more  impoitant  one 
goographicalh'.  lie  claims,  doubtless  truthfully,  that 
he  crossed  the  Gila  near  the  Casa  Grande,  and  tlienco 


^\■o 


nt  down  the  north  banh,  across  tlie  ^\ 


suncion,  ox- 


jiloi'ing  for  the  tirst  time  the  big  bend,  crossing  over 
to  the  Colorado,  discovering  on  its  bank  a  line  spring 
of  water  named  San  Iiafud  Otaigui,  and  iinally  going 
up  to  the  junction  of  another  "blue  river  xwiw  the 
houndarii's  of  tlu^  province  of  Mocjui" — doubdrss  the 


modern  Bill  Williams  Fork, 


Th 


V 


(1 


10  padre  m  ins  nai 


lativo  describes  the  Casa  Grande  and  other  grou[)s  of 
luins,  with  the  broken   i)ottory  so  common  in   tl 


1 


us 


region. 

About  this  time  the  Spanish  authorities  manifested 
some  signs  of  interesc  in  the  sottle'nient  not  only  of 
California  but  of  Pimeria  as  being  the  most  pra('ti- 
cal)le  route  for  conquest  in  the  north.  A  cedula  of 
Xovember  V?>,  17-14,  call  1  ibr  information  on  tlio  sub- 
iect;  and  ordered  the  extension  of  the  missions  to  1)0 


Eacl 


encouraged  in  every  possible  way.  J'^acli  nussion  was 
to  have  two  padres,  one  of  wIkjui  might  occujiy  liim- 
stlf  with  tours  of  coiwersion  and  exi>loration ;  an 
colta  was  to  be  given  the  journeying  padres  to  bo 


es 


",'l/^o.<^  Afitn(!<,  .'!."il-S.  It  scoms  thiit  SeclcliiKiir  liml  histnictions  not  to 
intovfero  at  Motjui  it'  ho  fouml  tlio  Fraiu  isciin.s  at  work.  8ci.!i  liiiiiir,  H'la- 
vhiii,  8Ki,  siiy.s  thiit  they  rcach'jil  the  (iihi  liy  way  of  PiipaloU  lia  in  1711, 
Mhich  dati' is  clciiily  an  error  as  lie  goes  on  to  <K'seiihe  another  triji  in  that 
Niar.  Alcjiie,  Uis(.  Cuin/i.  Jisits,  iii.  •Js,'!-4,  says  he  hrouglit  liaik  IM  ]i:man.s 
fiifliis  mhssion.  \'eiu';.;a.s,  Xut.  (tiL,  li.  ."iliO-ti,  says  hi;  took  his  aeecjiniL  iVoni 
\  illa-Sefior  anil  ffoni  1'.  lialtasar's  papors.  See  also  ..l/tK/y,  JJicc,  iv.  Oio; 
till..  J/int.  (7,nf.,  -J-M-fi. 

"^ iitdi liuaii;  UlIucwu,  S4G;  Id.,  Eiitrada,  20. 


638 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


entirely  iintlor  inissionaiy  control;  and  finally  one  of 
the  two  presidios,  Pitic  or  Torrenato,  wa.;  rcff)ni- 
nunidod  to  l»o  moved  to  the  Gila  or  Colorado.  This 
cedilla,  though  favorable,  dealt  for  the  most  part  in 
generalities,  or  at  least  additional  jjrovisions  were 
recpiired  in  order  that  the  Jesuits  might  put  in  prac- 
tice the  suggestions.  The  detailed  report  called  for 
was  given  by  the  provincial  Escobar  in  1745  in  a 
memorial,  ap[)roving  all  the  suggestions  of  the  cedula 
except  in  relation  to  moving  the  presidios,  neither  of 
which  could  be  spared,  though  it  might  be  M'ell  to 
move  Ti'i'rcnate  neai'cr  to  Su;vmca  and  to  station  a 
detachnumt  of  its  force  at  Jiiic;  but  the  provincial 
urges  instead  the  founding  of  a  new  presidio  of  one 
hundred  men  on  the  Gila  to  keep  back  the  Apaches, 
protect  the  proposed  new  conversions,  open  the  way 
to  ^[o(|ui,  and  (.'iisure  tlie  reduction  of  California.^' 

Sedelmair  also  went  tf)  ^L.xico,  probably  at  the 
recjuest  of  the  provincial,  to  solicit  jiadres  for  the 
northern  field,  to  give  information  respecting  Pimeii'.i, 
and  to  aid  in  takinn'  ])roi)er  advantaijes  of  the  kind's 
favorable  disposition.  In  his  relation  presently  I  on 
his  arrival  early  in  174G  he  gives  a  resume  o\'  what 
had  ah'eady  been  done,  a  full  description  of  the  coun- 
try and  its  pc()[)le  as  observed  by  himself  and  others, 
and  his  own  ideas  respecting  the  territory  and  tribes 
not  yet  seen,  lie  presents  as  motives  for  the  foun- 
dation of  the  missions  the  fertility  of  the  soil;  the 
groat  munber  of  Indians  awaiting  salvation;  the  min- 
eral wealth  awaiting  development;  and  the  desirability 
of  a  new  base  of  operations  from  Avhich  to  j)rotect  the 
old  missions,  to  reduce  the  jNToipiis,  to  check  the 
Apaches,  to  Icai'ii  if  California  is  an  island,  to  push 
the  reduction  uj)  to  ^[cniterey,  and  to  solve  the  great 
geographical  mysteries  of  the  far  north.^** 

'■•J;«^s^  J/,n,r.i,  .-{OS-Sn;  Vcnrnn.i,  Xot.  Cal.,  ii.  .107-10,  5.10-40;  C!nvhjfr<\ 
Slitr.  ('"/.,  ii.  Il."i-"J0;  Alii/rc,  Jlist.  Coinp.  ./(,<».<,  iii.  'JSO.  VciieLTna  tdk  m 
tlwit  wliilo  ^vaitiIl^'  for  an  iinswcr  to  hi.s  nu'iiio)'i;il,  Kscol>iir  (liiOL'tfil  uvw 
t'iitr;iil:is  to  lie  iiiiiito  aiulcaili  iiadiu  to  si'inl  in  a  lii.story  of  liis  niis.siwn 

^''.b(.(/t7«i(((/',  Jttiacioii  que  h[zo  al  I'udre  Jacvbo  Hvikli/iair  de  la  Co///; .  dn 


NORTHERN  AFFAinS. 


539 


The  result  of  Esc()l)ar's  moinori.il  was  a  cedula  of 
the  new  king,  Fernando  IV.,  dated  Doceni])er  4,  1747, 
in  whieh  he  ordered  the  viceroy  in  wneral  terms  to 
investigate  the  matter,  and  cnlorco  sueh  measui'cs  as 
]ie  miglit  deem  necessary.  So  far  as  Sonora  was  con- 
ci'i'iied  no  practical  result  was  i-eached,''^  In  a  K-'itur 
<if  ^larch  20,  1747,  Sedelmair  writes  to  liis  rector 
that  lie  has  l)een  unahle  to  make  an  tutrada  to  tlie 
Colorado  because  the  governor  refused  an  esco  ;,  and 
that  sufli  an  escort  is  l)ecoming  more  and  more;  in- 
(hspensahle,  thougli  there  is  little  hope  of  nn\  thing 
Ix'ing  done  by  tlie  present  authorities  in  Sonoi'a.  (Jon- 
sa'j's  voyaufc  of  tlie  ])recediiicif  v(>ar,""*  howexcr,  is 
deemed  conclusive  as  t(.)  tlie  peninsular  character  of 
(,'alifornia,  lately  called  in  fjuestion  hy  reason  of  C^un- 
pos' theories,  and  he  helieves  tliere  is  now  no  obstacle 
to  the  conversion  of  "the  whole  continent  as  far  as 
Japan,  Yerdo,  and  Tartary."  IIo  has  himself  made 
a  trip  to  the  coast,  and  has  l)rought  back  a  whole 
I'ancheria  of  two  hundred  and  ten  gentiles  to  be  set- 
tled at  Ati.^'' 

I  have  already  alluded  to  an  attempt  to  reach 
]\r()qui  this  year  by  the  niilitary  force  collected  for 
an  Apache   campaign.     No  details  are   known   save 

JcU'i,  mixiovero  en  Tnhiifamn,  mn  In  nccasion  ilc  Imhi r  iviiiilo  I'l  ^^(^.l•|(■o  por  rl 
?/(<■<  ilr  Frlnrro  del  arm  dc  174'>  «  soUrlfar  npernrion  jinra  fiiiitiir  misioiux  ra 
/"S  r'to-t  (I'ila  1/  Cvlormlo  qiii'  hdliiu  ileictihirrto  en  do-i  eiifri(d>ii  (pie  lir.o  d  1 1 
il'iil'i'idiul  III  vorfe  df  nil  in'cioii,  in  Soiiorn,  Miiltrinli k,  84.')-.")0;  iilsi)  MS.  ]t 
wiiiild  sicm  most  lila'ly  that  Scclrlinair  wiis  iall'<l  to  Mcxiuo  Id  consult  witli 
tlic  inovincial  bcfuro  lii.i  nu'inurial  was  Hint  to  iho  kiny;  luit  tlii'  clat(s  j:i\'.  it 
imlicatc  till)  contrary.  Tlio  version  in  tlio  ApnM.  Al'iiiie.<,  ,'i7-,  is  tiiat  S.mIi  I- 
iiiiiii-  coiisnltcil  lii.i  superiors  a.s  to  tlio  licst  way  of  carryiiiu'  into  rtl'ort  tlio 
I'lliila,  aiKi.-ing  that  sonic  well  ((ualilicd  .Icsnit  niaUc  out  ii  lull  report  and 
)"tition.  The  superior  liked  the  idea  and  invited  Sedelmair  to  do  the  wori;, 
\'v  lieieiqxm  ho  ciinio  to  ^Mexico  lieiorc  the  jiroviiieial  made  his  n'[i"rt.  Jt  is 
int  inipos-iiMo  that  there  is  an  <  nor  in  the  tiato  of  Sedelmair's  l!i  liuinn  as 
printed.  Seo  also  r,//.,  Ili^f.  rhrrf.,  'J."«l>  S;  (.It"  s,„i'.^  f/i^f.  Cii'h.  I'/i.,  ;. 
'•'-  .'!.  (;leeson  iiaya  that  Killer  oxiilorcil  toward  the  (Jila  in  1713  r.ial 
Sedilinair  in  17  tli. 

"•  l'c/(f.'/rt>',  Xut.  C(d.,  ii.  51 7-20;  Cl'iri'irm,  S/or.  f'rd.,  ii.  ll'l-'JO. 

■"^  Seo  for  Coiisai,''s  voya;;c,  chapter  xvi.  of  this  voliiiiie. 

^'■'  Siildniah;  CdftK  in  iSmiorii,  Moteriidin,  8H-"J;  Apo^l.  Afniies,  ^'>H  0; 
A'rijre,  Hint.  Coinp,  Jisnx,  iij.  'JSii.  Tho  last  two  anth<irifie.s  imply  that  tho 
tri])  to  the  coast  was  in  !7l<i>  and  say  that  it  was  made  in  search  of  ii  port 
ah.jut  Caljorua  for  the  C'alil'ornia  vessels,  a  port  which  could  not  ht  found. 


Ill 


\m 


■ii 


B      f 


i 


640 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


tliiit  tlie  expedition  was  a  failure  in  an  exploring  as  iu 
a  military  point  of  view.*' 

On  Oetober  13,  17-18,  Sedebnair  started  from  Lis 
mission  with  fifteen  soldiers,*'  and  in  ten  days  reaelied 
the  Gila  by  way  of  Papagucria.  Here  lie  preaehed 
(ni  tlic  sin  of  |)ol3-ganiy  to  the  Coeoniarico[)as,  who 
laufdiin^dy  assented  to  his  doetrinc,  saving  that  their 
great  trouble  was  to  get  one  wife  apiece.  Passing 
down  the  Gila,  ])ast  the  Sierra  of  Sibujiue,  he  noticed 
the  *j)ainted  rocks,'  and  listened  to  various  traditions 
rcs[)ecting  these  relies  of  antiquity.  Near  the  ]»laco 
whence  he  had  in  1744  turned  oif  to  the  Colorado  ho 
found  a  warm  spring,  named  Santa  Maria  del  Agua 
Caliente,  and  i'roni  this  j)oint  went  down  the  river,  for 
the  first  time  on  the  northern  I)ank,  naming  one  place 
San  Judas  Tadeo,  and  turniniTf  olf  so  as  to  strike  the 
Colorado  about  two  leagues  above  the  junction  at  a 
point  named  l)y  him  San  Jose.  Another  locality  near 
the  junction,  but  south  of  the  Gila,  he  called  l^oreto. 
The  Yumas  exhibited  some  timidity  and  much  curios- 
ity, stole  some  horses,  and  even  tlireatened  an  attack. 
They  were  at  enmit}''  with  the  Quiquimas  across  the 
river,  and  with  the  Cocoinarico[)as.  Their  ])eculiar 
actions,  the  fear  of  being  obliged  to  kill  some  of  them, 
the  illness  of  certain  soldiers,  and  the  bad  condition 
of  the  horses  prevented  Sedelmair  from  going  down 
to  the  mouth  as  he  had  intended,  and  he  returned 
early  in  November.  Next  year  he  |)roposed  another 
entrada,  but  could  get  no  liuard;  and  in  June  17aO  a 
Yuma  messenger  came  down  with  saludos  from  his 
tribe  to  ask  for  another  vihit  and  get  some  ])reseiiis.''^ 

It  was  in  November  and  December  1750  that 
Sedelmair    made    his  next  and  last  journey   to   the 

«  Apo'-f.  Af'ivrs.  43fM0. 

"  His  own  iiiiftativo  lias  it  1740,  doubtless  a  slip  of  pen  or  typo. 

*'■  St'ih  liKfiir,  Ei(ir(ula  I'l  la  Sucioii  ih  hi.t  i'ltiiiciii'iili'c-i  /lOr  d  iiii's  do  Orfn- 
hrc  y  Soriiinbiv  (Ul  aiio  <!>•  J74!)  (■''•),  li\  Sciiora,  Mutirinli .<,  18-'J.");  iil.-so  MS. 
'i'lii' report  is  (lilted  iit 'ruliutiini.i  JiiM.  1."),  17">0.  A/mM.  J/iuh  t,  ;((l()-l.  \'ine- 
giiH,  All/.  C'ltl.,  ii.  5,")!»-(iO.  s.iys  Unit  trt)ul)lo  wilii  tlie  soldiers  liiid  niiicli  to  do 
with  tiio  return;  and  (Jullurdo,  In/ilnicciuiiix,  DOt),  tliut  the  padre  was  driven 
buck  by  the  Yumus. 


SALVADOR'S  COXSULTAS. 


541 


( Jiln,  f^oliitr  down  tlio  Colorado  fartlior  tlian  l)er()rc  to 
tlic  ranc'lierias  of  the  Qui(juinias,  or  Quiniacs,  who  not 
only  prevented  his  advance  to  the  niout]i,but  in  their 
cau-ernes.s  to  r^ct  the  horses  forced  a  Itattle,  in  whieli 
several  were  killed,  dee[)ly  to  the  missionary's  I'eu^ret. 
On  the  return  he  was  <^uided  across  to  8onoita  hy  a 
iKW  route  from  the  Yuma  countrv  witliout  iT'iiuiT  ui) 
to  tlio  (xila.  Soon  after  his  return  the  Yumas  l)roUL;]it 
down  three  horses  that  had  been  lost — an  extraor- 
dinary proof  of  tlieir  honesty/^ 


irUl, 
;i()n 
i)wn 
•lied 
Jier 
ji)  a 
his 


Captain  Fernando  Sanchez  Salvador,  actini:^  in  an 
ofticial  capacity,  the  exact  nature  of  which  does  not 
appear,  hut  who  had  evidently  travelled  and  observed 
much  in  the  north,  addressed  four  consulUts,  or  rr- 
jircsi'ntarioncs  to  the  king  on  the  condition  and  needs 
(if  Sinalt)a  and  Sonoi'a,  the  last  beariiiL^  the  date 
of  ^larch  2,  1751/*  In  the  first,  which  treats  chiellv 
of  Sinaloa,  thouuh  iiicludiii'^  the  Mavo  and  Ya(|ui 
districts,  he  urges  the  secularization  of  all  the  Jesuit 
missions,  the  subjection  of  the  natives  in  religion  to 
•  ■mates,  and  in  government  to  the  ordinary  civil  au- 
thorities, and  the  release  of  the  padres  who  may  find 
enough  to  do  on  th(.>  frontiers  in  the  conversion  of  new 
tiibcs.  He  reminds  the  king  of  the  ori-dnal  under- 
standiu'jf  that  Indians  were  to  become  tributi.'-pavers 
in  ten  years  after  concpiest,   claiming  that  the  best 

tii'csts  of  the  countrv  demand  an  enforcement  of 


m 
til 


1; 


iws,  an( 


1  o-oiiig  hii'u'ely  into  details  which  nocd 

r^  n  ri       ./ 


in  it  be  noticetl  here.      It  seems  that  curates  \\ere  al- 

ri  adv  in  charn'c  of  Alamos,  Havoi-eca,  and  Rio  (Jhieo.'' 

in  his  second  yeim-.'^CHtiiflvu  Salvador  advocates  tliL 


at  II. 
,.  MS. 

\'i  lU'- 

t(l  ill) 
iliivcu 


<■M;/o^•^  Afn)ir.%  3f)'2-4.  Sccklmnir  ostiniiitrd  tlio  VniiiuH  at  4,000;  tho 
Viilcaiiia  aiTiiHS  tlie  livi'i-  at  TOO;  and  tin'  (^Uiicjitiinas  at  ."),0()0, 

*'  Sdlcuili'i;  Viijila  ilr  la  < 'oii-iiillu  (jiif  huci' d  S.  Jf,  l>.  I'l  riinnilo  S'liir/iiz 
Siilrfidor,  A  Iriililc,  (/('  In  /iniiln  Hi  imaiiilwl  ?/  <  'fi/titini  d<>  <  'aliii/liji  rumzrin  ili  ii.t 
]'i'itiiH  lie  Siiinloii,  Soiiorn,  ro-itiis  did  Mnr  dil  Siir,  i/  j'roiiteniH  do  In  i/i  ii/i/idnil 
{Siijiiudii  /'i /inni ii/itrinii,  til'.,  ('('■),  in  Smiora,  Mali riid'  h,  (!.".S-(J(J;  also  MS, 

'■'  .Aliout  this  timo  tlio  missions  of  l)nfan!,;o  and  Tojiia  woro  soiiilarizod,  as 
We  shall  sue  in  a  bulino(|iK'nt  iliaptor.  Nothing  was  duiio  in  tho  iiiatlor,  how- 
tvLT,  ho  tar  as  Souoia  \va.s  (.'onccrnod. 


542 


AXXALS  OF  SOXORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


i   ! 


cstablishineiit  of  a  presidio  and  penal  colony  on  the 
Tres  Marias,  to  wliicli  not  only  white  criminals  and 
vagabonds  may  be  sent  and  kept  at  ^vork,  but,  what 
is  still  more  important  for  the  welfare  of  Sonora,  where 
unruly  Indians  may  be  banished.  The  California  vis- 
sels  in  their  regular  trips  can  transport  prisoners  to 
tlie  island  at  verj'  small  expense,  and  once  there  they 
will  not  be  able  to  escape,  as  they  always  do  sooner  or 
later  if  sent  south  by  land.  This  colony  and  system  once 
established,  a  I'adical  change  in  Indian  policy  on  the; 
frontier  should  be  made.  Now  the  natives  are  allowed 
on  frivolous  jiretexts  to  visit  tlie  presidios,  and  tliey 
make  use  of  the  privilege  to  discover  weak  points  and 
to  plan  attacks.  There  should  be  no  more  of  this  tri- 
lling, and  ^o  more  truces  and  pardons,  which,  as  cveiy- 
body  knows,  arc  only  temporary  expedients.  Let  the 
Indians  understand  that  they  can  have  peace  or  war, 
but  let  the  raiders,  malecontents,  and  evil-doers  of  all 
classes  be  imprisoned  at  the  presidios  until  they  can  be 
sent  to  the  Tres  ]\Iarias,  and  thus  may  the  country  bo 
rid  gradually  of  its  pests.'"' 

The  third  document  dwells  on  the  importance  of 
encouraging  the  settlement  of  the  country  l)y  Spanisli 
I'armers  and  miners.  In  behalf  of  the  former  a  moio 
liberal  land  policy  should  be  adopted,  so  that  the  mis- 
sions cannot  mono[)olize  all  the  desirable  spots;  and 
for  the  latter  steps  should  bo  taken  to  reduce  the  co>t 
of  quicksilver,  sending  it  by  water  from  Acajjulco  and 
delivering  it  at  Alamos  and  Iiosario  at  ]\[exieo  jtricrs. 
The  fourth  and  last  of  these  intd'estinix  and  ablv  ihv- 

■  ■»  nil 

pared  papers  is  devoted  to  the  far  north,  to  the  region 
of  the  Colorado  and  of  California — of  the  former  as  a 
most  desirable  field  for  settlement,  and  espeeially  as 
the  only  medium  for  ct)lonizing  the  latter.  His  views 
on  the  subject  are  for  the  most  }iart  similar  to  tho-e 
of  others  of  the  time  and  need  not  be  rei)eated  liure; 


*"  It  is  statoil  tlmt  tlic  Timns  and  Serial  luivo  Tccciitly  ili'str(\v<'il  tlic  liral 
(1(1  Aguago.  Ill  17')0(l(n-.  INirviilii  uigtil  tlu'  \m  my  to  tuniisli  two  vcsstl.-i  tu 
run  botwccu  Acapulco  and  iJuayinas,  but  it  was  not  done. 


MISSIONS  OF  riMERtA, 


r)43 


l)ut  one  somewhat  astoni.sliiiig  ])eculiarity  sliould  l)o 
noticed.  lie  advances  the  theory  that  the  C'eh'i'ado 
het'ore  reaching  the  gulf  throws  oil'  a  branch  to  tlio 
Avestward,  which  flows  into  the  Pacilic  between  ^[on- 
terey  and  Point  Concepcion,  and  is  doubthj.ss  iden- 
tical with  the  llio  Carmelo  of  Cabrera  Ijuenol  It 
will  furnish  an  easy  means  of  communication  with 
the  coast. ■''^ 


^Meanwhile  a  storm  was  gathering  in  the  north 
among  the  l*imas  xVltos,  wheie  no  s[)ecial  precautions 
had  been  deemed  necessary.  Several  new  padivs 
weie  now  at  work  in  Pimen'a,  without  their  aii'ival 
]ia\  iiig  left  any  trace  in  the  records.  According  to  a 
catalogue  of  1750  there  were  nine  Jesuits  in  l^imeri'a 
Aha,  distributed  as  follows:  Sedehnair,  visitajor,  at 
Tiibutama;  Steiger,  sui)erior,  at  San  Ignacio;  Ti)m;is 
Tillo  at  Caborca,  Keller  at  Suamca,  (iarrucho  at 
(Juevavi,  Fiancisco  I'aver  at  IJac,  Juan  Xentvig  at  a 
mission  not  named — [)rol)ably  at  Tubutama  with  espe- 
cial charge  of  Saric — lOnrique  lihueii,.  t)r  Ktdm,  at 
Siiiioita — formerl}'  San  !Marcelo  but  now  San  Miguel 
ill  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  manpie's  do  A'illa- 
puente,  who  at  his  death  in  l7oi>  had  endowed  this 
mission  and  that  of  ]>usaiiic — and  ]\Iiguel  Sola  at 
1  lascraca.'*"*  I  add  in  a  note  the  full  list  of  the  thirty- 
t'oar  missionaries  in  the  other  two  provinces  of  Sonora 
and  Sinaloa  iVom  the  same  catalogue.*'* 

'  Ifis  theory  v;is  pcrlinps  fituinli'il  on  a  rcpurt  <if  thu  native-;,  wIid  in  171~> 
t'lM  Si'ili'lniair,  when  on  the ('  iliira;li)  ah  )V(.'  the  (ilia,  that  il  hi'  ',r.>sscil  ihi'  rlv.  r 
■•nil  went  iiDiih-wi'st,  lu'  wonUl  in  two  Jays  cimiu  to  tho  sunn-  river  wluio 
il  i1m\v('(1  I'roui  cast  to  west. 

'■"'',// f /()■/(/.•(  J'crMiiiiiriiiii  Snr.  .Ji.oi,  jy'ii>;  ^A/iO"/.  .\l''n)i!i,  ,'!4."i,  ^~>'.),  .'!(i(i, 
•IIS;  Al,:,,ri\  iii.  -JTI,  ■-".)l;  r»///;/((<,  Xnt.  Ciil.,  ii.  77-'<,".VJ.V(i,  .".(il--.';  I\>li.r, 
>'  ii.^iilld,  "JS;  L'r.ir.oiii,  Jii/orinf,  (JfSti;  ami  SiKiiiirii,  L'h.  Mis.,  MS.,  wlicio 
Jiinicn  siu'n.s  his  name  thns. 


.'.I 


Sonora:  I'llipo  Sej^'cssof,  visitailor,  I'rcs;  ( Virlos  Kojas,  Ari/iic,  sn]Kiior; 
.lo'<"  Ilohlan,  .snpiTior,  Aiivcihi;  .lose' 'J'oial,  llnupai/a;  Mrola.s  I'tn  la,  llahia- 
i-'iia;  Saha<lor  I'cna,  Cucnrpc;  ]-"ianfis<.o  J.oaisa,  I'oiHilo;  i'"rancisi-o  I'iini'ii- 
l -1, 'I'fcoi  i]ia;  Antonio  llcntz,  t 'oninriiia;  (aiilhinio  lloiio,  MatajK  ;  Ah'jumli'U 
l;:ioii;ani  (lta|)nanil,  IJatnco;  .liian  Ztri|Utra,  Onaiias;  .losi-  Franco,  Onapa; 
T"iiias  Miianda,  Saliuaiipa;  ihii'navi'ntuia(iMticiTe/,  0|)osura;  'I  oin;in  I'oroz, 
thia-ava;  ManiK'l  AiU'uii'ro,  IJai^atU'iiUaclii;  Jiartoionn'  S.uni.s,  Cuipiiarathi. 
suialoii;  Dieyo  V'alladarL'S,   visitailur,    MoLhicavi;    Lucas   Luilovico  Al- 


644 


ANNALS  OF  SONORA  AND  S INALOA. 


i 


The  Pima  revolt  brol\C  out  In  Xovciul)cr  17;"31  at 
Saiic,  till!  native  j>lace  of  the  leader,  ]^oii  Luis,  who 
liad  l)ceii  made  mptain-general  of  the  western  I'inias 
lor  liis  serviees  as  commander  of  the  native  allies  in 
the  late  Seri  war  and  on  other  occasions.  This  chief 
used  iiis  hi^h  ^josition  to  incite  a  rebellion  which  was 
to  drive  out  tlie  j>adrcs  and  the  S[ijiniards.  ]lis 
]>lottin!jfs  wei'e  so  secretly  conducted  that  he  had 
aroused  all  the  rancheri'as  and  puehlos,  includiiiLj  the 
IMpa^'os  and  perhaps  [)art  of  the  Sobaipuris,  witliout 
excitini^  any  definite  suspicions  until  a  very  few  days 
liefore  the  outbreak.  On  the  20th  or  21st  of  Novem- 
ber San  Luis  entertained  a  party  of  his  S])anish 
friends  at  his  house  until  late  at  ni^ht,  and  then 
attacked  them  at  the  head  of  a  large  ibrce  wliicli  had 
been  held  in  readiness,  burning  the  house  and  killing 
the  wliole  party  of  eighteen.  Padre  Xentvig  escaped 
to  Tubutama  and  gave  the  alarm. 

At  Tu])utama  Sedelmair  and  Nentvi^f  witli  seven 
or  eight  settleis  took  refuge  in  the  church  and  defended 
themselves  for  two  days  until  two  of  the  defendci's 
were  dead,  both  padres  wounded,  and  their  anunu- 
nition  exliausted,  when  they  were  enal)led,  almost 
miraculously  it  would  seem,  to  reach  San  Ignacio, 
where  a  sulhcient  nund)er  of  settlers  and  soldiers  were; 
assend)led  to  save  their  lives  and  the  mission.  ]\[ean- 
while  the  rel)i'ls  had  attacked  Caborca  and  Sonoita, 
killed  lathers  Tello  and  Rhuen,  and  destroyed  all  tlic 
mission  pi-ojx'rty,  no  particulars  of  these  eveiits  being 
known  save  tliat  a  party  of  Si)anish  prospectors  wen; 
amonu"  the  victims.  Neitlier  have  we  any  exact  infer- 
mation  as  to  what  took  place  in  the  north,  where  Jiai; 
and  Guevavi  were  perhaps  plundered,  although  the  pa- 
dres escaped  to  Keller's  mission  of  Suamca,  which  was 


varcs,  superior,  Siiialoa;  Jnan  Lorenzo  S.ilgado,  superior,  Huiribis;  Icrnatii 
Lizazoiii,  (luuyinas;  AL,'ustin  Arriola,  lialiuii;  Lorenzo  tiarci'a,  'J'oi'in;  Ali;,'ui  1 
Fernandez  Suintra,  Sta  Cruz;  Isidoi'o  Fernandez  Aliad,  Nabojoa;  Juse  Fsi;i- 
lona,  (,'iinii^a;  l*atri(.io  Iniaz,  Conieari;  liurtoloint'  Fentafiez,  Toro;  Fraiici-c  i 
Anaya,  'JVliueio:  .lost'  I'aloinino,  (iuazave;  Ignacio  Gonzalez,  Nio;  Deruardo 
Mereado,  (.'hieorato;  J  ose  CJurlias,  Mocorito. 


THE  riMA  REVOLT. 


r>4j 


not  attiickcd.  Wlien  all  the  missions,  jnicblos,  roales, 
and  ranchos  of  tliu  north-west  had  l)een  destroyed, 
and  a  larL,''e  number — possihly  a  hundred — of  Span- 
iards had  been  killed, troops  ai'rivcd  und«'r  the  ^'ovci'uor 
and  jtresidio  captains;  tlie  ])ro<^'r'ess  of  tho  n;l)i'llioii 
was  checked,  and  finally  in  17o"_',  after  many  embassies 
an<l  very  little  fi_L,diting,  [)eace  was  made  and  J)()n  ]^uis 
promised  for  himself  and  peo[)le  exemplary  conduct 
in  the  future."'* 


As  before  there  is  histoi'ical  record  proper  of  event-'- 
in  the  southern  coast  [)ro\  inces  of  the  modern  Sina- 


Kill 


cr  111  ^iKuni'ii, 


L'lli.  Mi').,  MS,,  40-."0,  says  tlicru  wore  110  prrsniix 


ltd  ln'»i(le.s  till-'  two  jiiiilrua.     Si'dclinair  was 


W(JUMi 


witli  an  air<i\v, 


.1 


.\(_iiLvi''  luiiH'lvcil  (Idwii  witli  .'111  ac 


h,U 


<; 


p 


iiiiilla  was  tin"  (ino 


t..  1.1,1 


fn, 


L-L'iuiiiiii:;  to  end.     Set;  alsi)  accounts  in  Xin/arif.  Fniiiiiiiiifii  IliM.,  .MS. 


i»;   •/ 


(iiiKiruii, 


I'i.si/a,  MS.,  !U-.'.;  J.'oil-s  Ci,l,il,i.-<,  MS. 


J()2-:{. 


Jlixl.  t'oiii/i.  Ji.-<ii.i,  iii.  'Jlll-,'{,   tiayn  that  tlio  caittainn  liioULclit  the  } 


Al. 
lailri's  ti 


a  I 


laAc  iloMc  a-t 


Siiainca,  oaiituiicl  ami  extciitcd  ii  relative  of  J-iii.s,  ami 

iiiiich  for  Jjui.s  himself  if  tho  ^'overnor  had  not  ii.terfered  and  trii'd  eoiicilia- 

tiiry  measure.^,  sendinL;  end)atisi(  s  fr(;ni  his  liead-tjuarters  at  S.  li;na 

foro  the  surrender  (.f  J-nis,  the  l'a]ia^os,  seeini;  no  |irosj)ects  for  more 


foro  the 
left  th 


der  (,f  i. 
jhel  ranks.     ]. 


uis  jiromise 


d  to  reliiiild  eliurehes,  eti 


|ilundti', 
l.ut  failiil  t. 


keep  his  [.romit^e.  The  ..I//'/.s/.  Ahii/i.^  was  wi'itten  just  after  tiiis  reliellioii 
liioke  out,  ami  the  author  only  knew  what  was  eontained  in  the  f^oveiiior's 
report  to  the  vieero^'  on  .Ian.  14,  IT.VJ,  ti^etlier  with  a  few  other  letters.  He 
says  the  viceroy  has  determined  on  a  new  lu-e.ddio  of  ")0  men;  tiiat  the  ^'ov 
enior  is  contident  of  success,  thouLrh  the  latest  re 


that  two  new  jiadre.s — proliably  Iv^pinosa  anal  I'feli't 


ports  are  less  encouraLrini;; 
"teen  sent: 


d  that  the  souIj  of  the  two  martyrs  will  dou 


d.tlc 


1 — have  1 
lave  an  inllnenci 


will 


(ind  to  jironioti!  conversion.     Keller,  Ccitsii/ia,  in  Suiiorn,  Mdtrnuh'.t,  'HV'.M, 
says  that  tlic  northern  district  aliout  15ac  did  not  join  ijus  atlirst,  and  tiiere- 


foie  tin:  four  padres  and  th< 


pre 


o  of  'i\  rrenate  eseapi 


Cap 


t.  .h 


Ar 


t'lnio  .Miiioeal  was  the  otllcer  who  wouM  have  put  down  tlie  revolt  if  not 
iiiiriured  with.  Cajit.  Santiago  liiii/  ih;  Ail  was  comandante  at  Terrtuate, 
ahd  (,'aiit  .Tosh  l^iaz  do  (,'arpio  was  another  |irondncnt  ollicer.  This  author's 
allusions  iire  not  sullieieiit  to  give  a  clear  idea  of   I'arilla'ti  inovements,  hut 

i.d 
litli  the!  Aiiaches,  and 


lie  claims  that  Luis  had  tlic  liest  of  tli(;  warfare  an<l  of  the  di[ilomar 


suhiialtrd  onlv  when  lu  had  failed  to  foi'iii  an  .alliai 


feared  the  wrath  of  the  Soli.-dpiuis.    Ae 


ig  to  tlie  .Vo/r/Cr», 


/,'. 


tirtas,  '21J.,  there-  wel 


re  two  leaders  of  the  rehels,  lioth  named  Luis 


an 


>lr  Xn. 

1  it  took 


<!uv.  I'arrillii  over  a  yiar  to  rednci-  the  I'imas,  ]i:irtly  hy  arms  and  pai 


negotiations 


ifl 


er  wliicli 


he  retired  to   lloreasitas  and  soon  Ic: 


rllv  h 
(I  of  hi 


successors  coming.    Li  Sonora,  JJi  srri/i.  »V((Xi'(//'",  7*11,  the  fi 


named  as  having  hceii  destroyed  in  the  revolt:  J 
Siiu  Juau  do  Se 


1' 


-Juan  Xacos.iri 


iiig  hostilities  in  that  dii-i 


■S.  Miu'uel  (Toa[)e?), 
Autunes,  Opoile]ie,  S.  .favier,  Soledad,  San  J/jr-'ii/o,  S. 

■     ■     lieat- 


(I  Ari:'.:'lia.     Most  of  tiiesc  places  a.re  in  the  sonlli,  hu 


ciioii  ot  winch 


we  1 


iav<!  no  recori 


I.     I 


n  ,'>oiinni, 


srriii,  ill  1)1/.,  ."04-." 


.")."),")-(J,    o 


S;j,  the  I'inias  •■ire  said  to  have 


shown  thenisehei 
'~S,  notes  a  letter 


less  brave  than  the  Opatas.     Veiicgas,  Xof.  (,'•'/.,  ii.  oi). 

of  Padre  T.iraval  stating  that  Tello  and  llhueu  were  killed  by  Soris.     Meu- 


tiuii  also  ill  (>r/i.  j;. 


:i. 


iliHT.  N.  Mex.  Htaies,  Vol.  I.    35 


If 


II 

I 
i   I 

I  I 


Me 


ANNALS  OP  SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


loa;  but  from  tlio  (lescrij)tivo  mailt'i'  |)iil>lIslio(l  by 
A^ilhi-Seuor  in  1747,'*'  and  IVoiu  i\\r.  instructions  of 
Vi.sitador  General  Gallarilo  to  tliu  governor  in  1741), 

^' FiTiiu  I'il/fi-S'  ill:)-  If  Sdiir/ii-.,  TliKiIrn  Aim  r.,\\.  "77.  <'tR(f|.:  I'rnvinoo  nf 
CluiiiifUii,  (ir  Jlosjiiio,  tiniii  tilt;  Itio  Cari:is  iicirtliuiiid.  Jlcail-tnwn,  \{vu\  (hi 
];ii.-:iiiii,  w  itli  !iii  alcaldu  iiwiynr.  Many  iniiios  ol'  silver  and  ;,'i'!il,  Imt  iiinstly 
iiliaiitlwiic(l  (111  acconiit  (if  \vaf(,T  ami  lack  (it  t'acililics  fur  wuikiliL,'.  l)raiM- 
um' i.s  liciii;4  I'H'ci'tcd,  and  ><'iiii''' I'f  llio  mines  aio  I'icli  cnun^di  to  nuppurt  tlio 
real  and  all  the  i>r(i\  ineu  ol  Aiaixmeta  in  New  ( Jaiicia.  'J'hc  iinelih)  (^f  ( 'lia- 
nietla  ha.s  (inly  liv.'  (ir  si\  Indians  hit,  siipporleil  hy  S|ianisii,  mesti/.i),  and  mu- 
latto residents  of  tiie  ranelms.  'i'lie  (inly  dthur  piielih)  is  ivsiiuina[)a,  inhaliiled 
by  ^lexiiaii  Indians,  exeniiit  from  triiiute  oil  aceonnt  df  th(.ir  ^(I'vieen  as 
guards.  'J'dliaeeo,  eottun,  maize,  and  suit  produced.  Under  tuo  curates  lit 
Ivdsario  and  (  hauiethi. 

I'roviiu  c  (if  Maliiya,  cast  of  Rosario,  on  the  slopes  of  the  Sierra  M:idrc  do 
'i'lipia,  prodiuin^' inai-;e,  liouey,  iind  silver.  It  has  four  pueldosof  .Mexican 
Indians,  t lie  lar;j,est  with  almut  JO  families;  and  the  lie;il  do  Miiias  of  .Santiv 
liita.      I'lidcr  an  alcalde  mayor  and  eiirato. 

rrovinci^  of  C()|)al;i,  N.  N.  w.  of  L'hanietla,  Ilcad-town,  villa  de  San  Sel)as- 
tian,  where  live  an  alcalde  mayor  and  ii  curate,  with  a  small  jioiiulatioii  of 
Spaniards,  mestizos,  etc.  It  is  on  the  slope  of  the  Siei'ra,  ;ind  at  the  foot  are 
four  jHielilos  of  .Mexican  Indians;  also  some  'ranchcrias' of  Spaniards.  Ma- 
l^atlan  near  the  coast,  iiihaliited  hy  mulattoes  who  j;uard  the  port  and  live 
iMi  inai/e  and  lish.  .Nortii  of  S.  Seliastian  is  the  Ileal  do  Copala  with  se\(ial 
silver  mines:  and  two  leairues  farther  the  IJeal  de  Chareas,  near  which  are 
the'  Hariendas  de  I'aiiuco,  where  ore  is  worked.  ^\.  curate  serves  both  reale.:. 
Had  has  liesides  two  pnelilos  of  mountain  Jiidi:ms  sjiea'iiii;.;  Mexican.  2sort!i 
(•f  (-'harcas  is  tlie  Itcal  de  (.'osela  (C'osahi),  and  farther  cast  tlie  puelilo  of 
iJadiiau'uato.  A  new  ly  ereclei.1  curacy  in  the  \"illa  de  San  Javier  de  Cabazau 
on  the  Kill  I'iastla. 

I'ldvinee  of  (,'iiliacan:  llet ween  the  Ivio  I']Iota  and  the  villa,  .'JOl.,  is  Ileal 
ih'Cosahi,  mines  not  lldurishiiiir,  many  pucldos  of  Mcxicjin  Indians,  sever.d 
]ilantatious  wJiere  S|ianisli  miners  raise  su,L;ar-e:ine.  A  ciira.to  at  Cosala,  w  hose 
curacy  reaches  to  the  Ilio  Tabula.  At  the  \'il!a  de  Culiacaii  are  an  alcalde 
mayor  and  curate,  and  many  families  of  Spaniards,  niesti.ws,  and  m.ilattoes; 
iiiucli  salt  and  lish.  ]''onr  pueblos  of  MexiiMii  Indians  under  Franciscans  (?) 
tliere  are  Taenehameta,  Buya,  lUiiapa,  and  IJayta.  15adiri;4uato  is  also  in 
this  province  with  some  suu'ar  plantations  and  pueblos  administered  by  Jesuits; 
also  ranchos  of  Spaniards  in  the  mountains. 

Province  of  Sinaloa:  (Ju  the  river  on  which  is  Sun  Felijic  the  ca])ital,  are 
the  missions  Xo,i,'Ucia,  JJacabuiito,  I'lamoa,  <  In.'iaivo,  Ocoroni,  and  Mocorito. 
On  the  Kio  del  I'uerte  is  the  \'illa  de  ^lontcsclaros,  with  a  few  families  and  a 
curate;  and  on  tin;  river  or  near  it  are  the  missions  Tehuceo,  Sivirijoa,  Cliaray, 
Moeliiealuii,  San  Miu'uel,  and  llaonu';  (Ahome)  near  the  line  port  of  .same  name. 
Aliove  the  \  ilia  n.  i".  aie  the  mission  pueblos  of  Toro,  ]5aca,  'i'oiiz,  Cuites, 
Tcmoris.  Chiiiiiias,  \'al!eumbros(>,  tJuazapares,  and  Tchuecf);  and  ou  the 
branch  river  the  inissiniis  S.  Jtrnacio,  (Joneeiicion,  and  Jateljo;  and  N.  \  N.  i:. 
(iuadalupe,  Sla  Ana,  and  Lorcto.  lietween  X'illa  del  Fuerto  and  Ileal  do 
Alamos,  '20  1.,  several  haciendas  of  stock,  niai;:o.  and  su':ar.  Alamos  sur- 
rounded by  rich  mines,  live  i-eduetion  Works.  ^Vt  Alamos  is  a  curate.  Mayo 
liivcr  mission  pueblos;  Achogoa,  Caurimpo,  Xavajoa,  Teeia,  Cananioas,  (iua- 
dalupe, Mocoyaqui,  'rei^.-ihuc,  and  Ilataco-^a.  llutwecn  tliol'ucrtc  and  Mayo, 
t2v)  1.  from  S.  Felii)e,  is  the  Ifeal  de  losFrailes,  mines  not  so productive.'isfoini- 
crly;  111)  1.  K.  is  tlicprovineie  of  llatopilas.  The  .Jesuit  missions  in  Sinaloa  are: 
t'hiuipas,  Zerocahuy,  ^loris,  Yecora,  (Juaziipares,  Tubarcs,  Sinaloa,  IJaci- 
burito,  Tehucco,  ^lochicahui,  Nio,  Ijumoa,  Chicorato,  M'lcorito,  (iua;:ave, 
Couicai'i,  (Jainoa,   Navajoa,  Sta  Cruz  do  Mayo,  llucuna,  Toriu,  Caun,  Toro, 


81NAL0A  I'iiOVINCKS. 


to  wliicli  T  linv<>  jilrc'idy  iilliKlcd,  in;iy  Ix'  cNii-.-icii'd 
a  Ibw  itt'iiis  rcspcctiii;^-  the  (•(•ixlition  of  the  sctllt'- 
iiu'iits  ill  that  itgioii.  Such  iiil'ormatinn  1  jqipcnd  in 
a  note. 


llcllili  II,  Oionmi,  S.  J 


ii;in  I'l'diu'isoii 


aiiiiin.  iiinl  S.  .Iiiiiii  i;v:in'4C'li>t; 


X(>,\'i 


l'ii)\  iiicc  (if  San  IMcliinsi)  (Ir  ().-tiiiiiii  i:  Miiiiii.L,' l(:ilc's,  l;iii(' 
Mitli  aliMliK;  iiia\iir  aii'l  ciUMti';  Ti"l'>s  Saiitn.-t  ainl  S.iii    Miu'ia 

Mar. 


'tis  Sta  Ai 


iiro,  ('a|>itai, 
I,  rai-li    with 


(■mate;  Sail  Xicohis,  Tat'i 


I'ti 


-M: 


X 


lOdsan,  San 


III! 


1  S; 


in 


.liiMph,  tor  (111!  iiiii^l  |iai  t  alpaiiilnncd.     Jesuit  niissjons;  I'.ftliltn,  lluaii.  I'ntaii. 
11.  II  ■nil,  ( '(u'liriii;  Moalia  :,  Niiri,  /^naiiui'o,  ^'l  I'nra,  ('niiniiipM;  <  )ii,iIi,i-j,  Tnnirlii. 


(Iiiapa,    Alw 


lii,    I 


cclii 


'I 
•acaiiiira,   Sa^'iiai'i 


pa,    J.; 


IS  .luiitas 


■r< 


.\: 


•Nat'iiii,   Mata|ii!  (Oim^ura,   (/Uiiipai'i,   (iiia/avas,  Ojiiitu,  Tlii'siiv)  dc  (liia 


1' 


(.,'rllllir</<K     1,1.1 


II  ■frwrKUICK,   J! 


Ill  t 


li:    Vl>lta  1) 


f  i; 


fill). 


irin,  ( 'liaiinll 


ami  Maloyil  liy  ('apt.  .Mata  tlio  rct'stalilisliinciit  of  tho  jhuIiId  of  ( 'acalutaii 
WAH   (ii'ili'ictl  witli    tliu  c'unito's  consi'iit.     'I'liiTo   wan   ci)iii|ilaiiit  aliuut   tlm 

Imt  a.s  tliciu  viis  (I  Hiiit  jn'iuliiiu'  and   ni>  oni! 


mir  (if  winkiin,'  tin-  mi 

willing,'  ti)  wiiik  tliii  iiiiiH's  if  tin'  ])ri'.-n>nt  CDiitractniM  Itavi'  tiit'in,  it  was 
ill  d  not  to  intii  It  re.     'i'lii;  alcaldi'  niaMU-  slimild  I'ivo  new  Itonds.      Jn  tin 


vi-ila  o 


f  S.  J 


(isi-  til'  I  iipala 


ila 


la  do  S.  Scliastian,  and  liaitidns  nf  S.  davier 


dS.  J. 
a  I'l.l 


'lastlii 


1)V.I< 


'I'l 


naiza,  on  con 


iMil.iint  of  iiadrt's  of 


oiiiii  am 


I  S.  Ii: 


it  wasoi'dfl'id  that  tin;  Jlid 


lans  slioiilil  lie  iiijiiirfi 


liij^'ivii  niorr  attcniioii  to  )iiililio 


bnil. 


'J'h: 


J 


(i.^hc 


Uan 


d 


jilai't'il  by  ri'dro   Matiasdi-la  I'lfla,  ^^  lio  lias  doiio  lultcr.      rintrlcs  was  tin 


I'aldo  iiiavor. 


rn.l.loof  StaCatali 


pf  only 


six  lainiiii-s  jui 


lied  to  that  of 


ilio.     (  d'diivcl  tho  cnfiiivi'iiK'iit  of  vict'i-oy's  order  almnt  election  of  junliii 


j.'ovcrnors  and  re| 
tiai;o  do  lust  'alial 


iitiniciitos  ( 


if  ^ 


t. 


joni 


the  t 


wo  pnelllo:! 


liyCaiit.  Cast 
of  r.;in 


l/l/.f/lll.- 


Ill  visitii  of  l'>aiiiiaL,'nato  and  Saii- 


ineiliioiileri'il 


till'  alcalde  III 


lists  to  lio  foniR'd;  scatlcrcd   Indians  to  ho   h 
1 


and  Soyotita.  to  that  of  ( 'ariat.ipa;  trilniti 


,dit 


lived    ID  years  on  ;i  hacienda  and   were  well  instrinli 


in   except  such  as 


had 


Miguel  do  Cnlia 


l.v  t'asti 


meda,  orileri 


d  ti 


at  ]im 


In  visila  of   Sau 
of   r.acliih.ilato  ainl 


(i:aincti)  shonld  lie  joined  to  (Jiiliacan,  OlaL^iiruto,  or  S.  I'edro.  Jmiians  of 
I'achiineto  to  ho  liroiiiht  from  tho  coast  hy  force  and  joined  to  tho  most 
iulaml  pnchlos,  their  old  lands  hcini;  rented  for  their  hcnclit;  va'.'rants  to  he 


ciijlcctcd  and  made   to 


d   1 


nniscs  am 


(■ 


ite.  Vi 


1    till   tho   soil;   jiuchlo.s   of   'repiuh 


iciiluto,  am 


1  Capi/ato  to  he  nnitcd  in  ono  ur  two  pi 


Ml 


forniiditios  to  bo  observed  at  the  Keui  do  Cosuhi. 


CIIArTER  XX. 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SONORA. 

1732-1707. 

A  Wau  on  r.u'i'.u— .TEsriTS  VEUsrs  Governor— Investkiations — Discri ,. 
I'ATiON'  ov  THE  Missionaries — Rule  of  (iovERXoisa  Arce  and  Men- 
iio/.A— War  with  the  Seris— Menuo/.a  Killed — Aiac he  Warfare— 
Raids  ok  SAVAtiES  and  Soldieiis — Missions  of  I'imkria  Alta  in  tiv. 
Last  Years — Xo  I'jiohress — I'adrks,  Ni.w  ani>  Old — I'inal  Statis- 
tics— Rile  of  Ciervo  and  Pineda— Troji  Rad  to  Worse— Cam- 
i-AiONs — Recommended  Reforms — Variois  Reforts— C  a  i-tain  Cancio 
AND  Ills  Letters — Klizondo's  Kxi-editd'N  Cominu— ];:    r.Mii  of  Cor- 

KESl'ONDENCE  AND   EvENTS — A   1'ERIOD   OF    StTHFENSE — MISSION    StATIS. 

tics,  17tiO-7 — Exi'clsion  of  the  Jesuits — List  of  Jesuits  Who  Servi  d 
IN  Sinaloa  and  Sonora. 

The  Pima  revolt  was  followed  by  a  bitter  warfnio 
of  words  between  the  Jesuits  and  Governor  Parrilla 
respectiiiLC  its  causes  and  the  manner  of  its  suppression. 
Padre  Keller  opened  the  campaign  with  a  consulta 
addressed  to  the  viceroy/  iii  v.hicli  he  claimed  thnt 
the  revolt  had  been  caused  by  the  attentions  and 
lionors  bestowed  by  the  governor  on  Don  Luis.  The 
latter  for  his  services  in  the  Seri  war  had  been  made 
c;ij)tiiiii-!4eneral  of  the  Piinas,  given  a  s[)ecial  company, 
or  body-guard  of  native  warriors,  and  so  llattered  that 
he  came  liome  with  the  idea  that  he  was  sovereign  <>t' 
the  whole  country,  owing  no  allegiance  to  Spani>!i 
officials  and  especially  no  respect  to  the  missionaries. 
He  moreover  charged  Parrilla  with  having:  blundert'(l 

'  KdliT,  Constilla  del  Padre  K(  Icr  al  Virri/  solnr  el  ahamtenio  de  la  Piiieri'i, 
rn  Q5  de  Aijasfn  de  Ho..',  in  Sonora,  Maliriaiex,  'M-W'l.  The  autlior  was  iit 
this  time  in  ^Mexico.  Ho  has  soniuthin^'  to  say  on  the  subject  also  in  liuamai, 
Lib.  Alts.,  MS. 

(  648  ) 


CiOVKIIXOR  VF.nsUS  PAPRKS. 


n-i!) 


most  nuti;i;i('()usly  ill  liis  inililaiT  (>|)<'i'atii!ns.  |))'»'Vciit- 
iiiH"  all  (H'rctixi!  action  l)y  his  siihoidiiiatos,  and  Icav- 
in!L,^  important  ])oints  neodlrssly  ('xi)osc(l;  with  liavinL,' 
sent  many  ambassadors,  who  joined  I^uis  or  were 
killed  by  him  accordiiiLj  to  tlieir  |)ersonal  symj)athies, 
thus  u^ivinLT  the  ri'hel  cliier  all  the  time  he  wanted  to 
ohtain  allies;  and  finally  when  .Ijuis  iVom  I'ear  »»!'  the 
Stthaipuris  and  failurt^  to  I'onn  an  allianee  with  tlie 
Apaches,  otl'ered  to  submit,  with  haviuLT  received  him 
with  open  ai'ms,  I'estored  liim  to  all  lils  titles  and 
)irivileL;('s,  and  lel't  him  with  all  liis  old  airoii'ance  and 
entire  frcndom  i'rom  mi^^sionaiy  coidrol.  JvelK'r  ad- 
vised the  \  iceroy  to  accept  l*arrilhi's  resignation  lor 
the  good  of  Sonora. 

The  governoi',  on  his  side,  charged  the  Jesuits  with 
liaving  }>rovo]<ed  the  revolt  hy  their  ill-treatment  ot' 
the  natives,  lie  alleged  that  the  padres  had  lei't  tlie 
neoph;ji,es  no  time  to  till  their  mifjxis  anil  provitle  i'or 
their  own  support;  that  they  starved  them;  that  their 
chastisements  were  unnecessarily  irequent  and  severe, 
besides  being  administered  ilK'gally  by  servants;  that 
the  Indians  had  tluTefoie  come  to  led  an  intense 
hatred  ot  their  masters  and  toi-mentors,  being  torce<.l 
into  revolt  to  escape  an  intolerable  oppression.  These 
charges  were  sent  in  to  the  government,  supported  by 
the  testimony  oi'  many  residents  of  Sonora,  who  swore 
lo  the  general  truth  of  the  (.'harges,  and  to  a  long  list 
of  particular  instances  of  Jesuit  crueltv  and  tvi'anny. 
]V'nding  investigation  Keller  was  removed  by  the 
]a'o\ineial  at  Parrilla's  demand,  and  was  in  l\lex!co 
\\hen  he  wrote  the  formal  charges  given  above;  but 
the  Indians  of  Suamca  wcreso  attaclieil  to  thvW  padro 
that  he  had  to  be  restored  to  })revent  another  out- 
break— at  least  so  say  the  Jesuit  writers.^ 

Padre  Sedelmair  also  made  a  formal  statement  de- 
nying every  charge  of  ill-treatment.  He  had,  he  said, 
I'uilt  churches  in  seven  or  eight  of  his  twelve  }»ueblos, 

'■'Don  Luis  himself  took  a  very  prominent  part  in  giving  and  collecting 
ttbtiuiouy  against  the  padres.  Alajre,  Jikt,  (Jomp.  Jcsn»,  iii.  20G-8. 


650 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IX  SOXOP.A. 


chiefly  by  tlic  labor  of  Ptipago  gentiles,  avIio  eoming 
in  as  skeletons  Lad  gone  away  fat,  slow,  and  incflicient 
■workmen,  but  accomplishing  much  by  their  numbers. 
He  had  reduced  fifteen  rancheri'as  to  pueblo  life,  tlu; 
chief  inducement  being  ]iresents  of  food.  He  liad 
baptized  over  one  thousand  adult  gentiles,  whom  he 
i'cd  gratuitously  while  they  were  learning  the  doc- 
trina.  Food  was  constantl}'  given  away  to  all  natives 
who  ap[)lied  for  it,  and  it  hod  been  his  custom  after 
mass  of  a  Siuiday  to  open  the  disjyoif^i  and  distribute 
to  all  who  presented  themselves.  Ho  had  never  al- 
lowed any  Indian  to  work  without  being  fed;  and  for 
every  one  who  worked  there  were  three  or  four  wIk^ 
ate.  The  very  week  of  the  revolt  eic^ht  Indians  came 
in  from  Sonoita  and  vrere  given  all  the  wheat  their 
horses  could  carry;  and  even  Luis  had  often  partaken 
of  the  padre's  food.  In  connection  with  the  other 
pi'iests  he  had  furnished  supplies  for  the  Pimas  iu 
the  Seri  war  and  in  other  expeditions.  He  had  not 
only  given  the  neophj'tes  time  to  work,  but  had  given 
them  seed  and  lent  them  imph'ments;  and  on  the 
theory  of  no  time  to  work  fov  their  own  support  he 
would  like  to  knovr  how  Parrilla  could  account  for 
the  large  amount  of  grain  sold  yearly  and  the  large 
stores  found  in  some  of  the  pueUos.  Complaints 
about  lands  beinti'  taken  from  the  natives  had  no 
foundation,  save  that  outside  n'entiles  comino"  in  had 
been  lent  lands,  and  had  in  a  few  instances  been  dis- 
satisfied when  a  change  became  necessary.  Punish- 
ments had  been  mild,  not  exceeding  ten  blows,  and 
always  administered  by  the  proper  t)liicial;  Luis  him- 
self had  blamed  tlie  [)adre  for  his  leniency;  and  one 
of  the  majordomos  charged  with  special  cruelty  had 
been  spared  by  the  rebels  when  in  their  power.  Luis 
was  publicly  praised  in  church  for  his  services  in  the 
Seri  war;  and  Parrilla  had  always  been  treated  by 
the  padres  with  the  greatest  respect.  The  Indians 
say  they  dared  not  complain  for  fear  of  not  being  be- 
lieved and  of  still  more  cruel  treatment;  but  Sedel- 


IX\'ESTIGATIOX.'=^. 


551 


Tiiair  docs  not   tlccm    liimsclf   ivsp(^nsi1)lo    f<jr   their 


10 


iiars  since  ho  had  given  no  cause   I'or  them. 
L'harges  were  all  falsehoods  and  cahnnnies. 

Tlic  subject-matter  of  the  quarrel  was  investigated 
l»()th  hy  the  secular  and  Jesuit  authorities,  the  Jesuit 
side  of  the  case  being  ]iresented  in  a  report  by  the 
]»rocurador,  ^Miguel  Quijano,  to  the  viceroy.^  In  this 
tiifvrmc  the  testimony  of  forty  prominent  residents  of 
Sonora,  including  civil  and  military  officials,  ecclesias- 
tics, and  native  chiefs,  is  given,  all  tcstitying  against 
the  truth  of  Parrilla's  general  charges  of  oppression. 
Of  the  s[)ecial  instances  of  cruelty  alleged  they  were 
e'ither  wholly  i-iiiorant  or  knew  them  to  be  false.  It 
would  serve  no  good  purpose  to  repeat  here  these 
special  charges  and  the  answers  thereto,  many  of  the 
ioriner  beini'"  trilling  or  absurd.  In  addition  to  this 
mass  of  testimony  the  Jesuit  {)rocurador  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  joyous  reception  of  Keller  by  his  [)eo])k', 
showing  that  he  was  not  hated;  to  the  fact  that  the 
rebels  had  notdircct:cd  their  ravages  specially  against 
the  }iadres  or  the  jJaces  where  they  resided;  to  the 
advantages  of  Parrilla  in  getting  testimony,  the  [»adi\'S 
having  no  authority  save  })erhaps  over  the  counuon 
Indians;  to  the  testimony  of  several  persons  that  they 
had  sworn  to  the  charges  through  fear,  while  some  of 
the  Jesuit's  witnesses  were  afrai  1  to  lot  their  names 
bo  known;  to  the  case  with  which  Indians  could 
always  be  found  to  testify  against  the  padres,  who 
were  obliged  to  restrain  and  punish  tln'm  at  times; 
and  fmally  to  the  bad  character  of  native  witnesses  nnd 
their  uniform  readiness  to  swear  to  anything  against  an 
enemy — in  fact  the  writer  has  kriown  an  Indian  to 
swear  most .  <  _ninly  that  his  pei'sonal  enemy  "  liel[)ed 
kill  King  David,  and  he  saw  the  ai-t  committed." 
]']\idence  was  also  presented  to  sliow  that  Tcllo  jiud 
L'huen,  the  murdered  nn'ssionaries,  were  particularly 
gentle  in  their  treatment  of  the  neophytes;  and  'hat 


lit 

5)^ 


^()'".a.:'),  hiformc  n  Sii  Excel  nrin  pnr  d  Padre  ^H',|llll  <^h':j,n)n,  m  Son  ■ni, 
Milk  ii  Li,  33-70.     The  exact  ilate  is  uot  given,  but  it  was  alter  17-">4. 


552 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SONORA. 


Parrilla  luid  liocii  oxiloil  from  New  !Moxico  as  a  rebel- 
lious and  troiiblosonio  man. 

It  is  true  tliat  all  we  know  of  this  quarnd  comes 
from  Jesuit  sources,*  a  fact  that  should  of  course  ren- 
der the  student  cautious  in  forming  an  o])inion  as  to 
the  merits  of  tlie  respective  parties;  yet  the  reader 
^^■ho  understands  the  condition  of  ail'airs  in  Soiiora  at 
the  time,  and  to  Aviiom  the  very  name  of  Jesuit  is  not 
a  s^monym  lor  all  tliat  is  had,  will  probably  not  hes- 
itate to  decide!  in  i'avor  of  the  missionaries,  who  had 
b\'  persuasion  and  gifts  of  food  reduced  thousands  of 
natives  to  [)Uel)lo  life,  and  all  of  whose  interests  were 
in  the  direction  ol'j)eace,  and  consequently  of  kindness, 
against  a  Sjianisli  and  mixcti-breed  j)opulation  of  ad- 
\'entui'ous  lortune-seekers,  composed  largely  ol"  the 
criminal  classes  of  IMexico,  and  looking  u[)on  the 
j)a(lres  as  the  only  obstacle  which  kept  from  their 
grasp  the  fertile  and  well-irrigated  mission  lands,  the 
stoi'es  of  giain  and  herds  of  live-stock,  the  nati\'e 
women  whom  tliey  wanted  for  mistresses,  and  tlir 
stalwart  males  to  be  their  slaves.  It  is  true  tlie 
desuits  were  technically  wron<>-  in  wishintx  to  retain 
lor  themselves  and  their  neophytes  the  beneiits  ol' 
}iast  labor  anil  hardships  bc^yond  the  })eriod  whidi  by 
the  government  had  been  deemed  sullicient  I'or  tlic 
transformation  of  scvages  into  tribute-paying  citi/ceiis; 
]>ut  no  foi-mal  demand  luul  been  made  upon  them  to 
give  uj)  the  missions,  and  the  settlers'  }>f>licy  was 
a]ij)arently  to  ])rovoke  them  to  the  conunission  of  acts 
which  should  ])ut  them  in  bad  repute  with  the  g(»\- 
ernnient,  and  thus  prepare  the  way  ibr  their  removal. 
It  is  by  no  means  unlilcely  that  in<lividual  j)adi'c  ;  weie 
betrayed  by  the  peculiarities  v)f  tlieir  own  temjieia- 
ment  or  irritated  by  the  doings  of  tlieir  neo|)hytes 
or  foes  into  occasional  acts  of  Jtctty  cruelty,  as 
jtarents  are  sometimes  crml  to  their  cliildi'cn;  yet 
neither  the  missionary  padres  nor  fathers  in  the  ilesb 


*  Oct.  0,  17"i-,  the  viceroy  called  a  jiint.i  to  consider  the  matter, 
measures,  uot  !5i)ccilied,  weic  ivdo^ited.  JiobUi,  JJUwio,  iv.  33. 


Vuriuiis 


SOXORA  AND  CALIFORNIA. 


653 


can  1)0  cla.sscd  as  cruol-lieartod  tyrants.  Ac^ain  the 
A\()i'k  of  tlio  padres  was  like  that  of  must,  perliapsall, 
missionaries,  a  failure,  unless  perchance  their  theories 
respecting  future  salvation  should  prove  true,  because 
tliey  did  not  civilize  the  Indians,  nor  could  they  have 
civilized  them  even  if  not  interfered  with,  since  sav- 
aL;'es  cannot  be  civiHzed  under  the  tuition  of  superior 
]aces;  yet  it  by  no  means  follows  that  our  sympathy 
.'-i  Ov'M  l»e  taken  from  the  missionaries  who  did  all 
the       ould  for  the  natives,  and  given  to  those  who 

vKdvl  have  destroyed  them  by  slavery  and  cruelty 
just  as  surely  and  much  more  rapidly  than  the  pachx'S 
did  by  Iv'indncss  and  reliuion. 

This  same  question  will  come  up  later  with  nmch 
more  complete  evidence  on  Ijoth  sides  in  the  case  of 
the  ]'''ranciscans  in  Alta  California;  l)ut  there  are 
tliree  important  points  of  ditference  that  may  be 
noticed  in  favor  of  the  Jesuits.  In  California  the 
jiadres  had  in  each  mission  a  military  escort  for  pro- 
tection, and  by  the  aid  of  Mhich  in  many  cases  they 
made  converts  by  force;  while  in  Sonora  there  were 
n<»  escorts  and  censequently  no  force  could  have  l.>een 
Used,  neit;iH'  vere  the  temptations  to  ci'uelty  so 
t~tron<'  iVvaiii  in  California  there  was  at  times  a 
lai'ge  forcig!)  and  coast  trade,  with  opportunities  for 
smuggling,  o'l  ,os'  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  the 
Iriaj's,  who  were  accused  of  overv.'orking  and  ill-treat- 
ing the  neo[)hytes  with  a  view  to  jieeuniary  gain;  but 
in  Sonora  there  was  no  exterior  connnerce,  and  there 
is  no  evidence  that  the  padres  engaged  in  trade  even 
A\ith  the  settlers  and  soldiei's,  Mhom  in  any  case  it 
was  for  t'leir  interest  to  conciliate.  Finally  the  Sjian- 
ish  ]X)|.ii'Ation  of  Sonora  as  a  mining  country  was 
nmch  ia:;^  r  than  that  of  California,  and  of  a  very 
much  nn'i'  troublesome  class,  the  Indians  being  at 
the  same  time  not  only  superior  in  numbers  and  in- 
telligence, but  much  more  unmanageable  in  case  of 
ti'ouhle. 


The  tedious  investigations  of  this  quarrel  growin 


534 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  S0N(3K.\. 


out  of  tlio  Pima  revolt  lasted  five  or  six  years,  and 
tlio  result  would  seem  to  have  been  a  general  disculpa- 
tion  of  the  Jesuits  from  all  eliarges  of  maleadministra- 
tif)n  of  their  trust.  In  the  mean  timetlie  newprrsidio 
of  Tubnc  had  been  founded  in  1752;''  a  small  gari'isoii 
had  probably  been  stationed  at  Altar;  and  in  17,1:! 
Parrilla  had  bee-i  supersedetl  by  Governor  Pablo  dc 
Arcc  y  Arroyo,  .  '^  o  vnled  about  a  year  and  a  hall".'' 
])uri.')g  his  term  <  ,eo  the  Seris  made  overtures 

for  peaee  and  were  \w^  tolerably  quiet  under  a  ])rom- 
ise  to  grant  so  far  as  possible  their  demands,  whieh 
Avcrc;  the  return  of  their  women  who  had  been  scat- 
tered in  the  south,  the  restoration  of  their  lands  at 
Populo  and  Los  Angeles,  the  re-transfer  of  the  pre- 
sidio from  San  Miguel  to  Pitie,  and  the  ai)i)oiiitmeiit 
of  Nicolas  Pereira  as  their  missionary.  Home  of  tln' 
conditions  it  was  impossible  to  fullil,  especially  that 
concerning  the  women,  to  which  the  Indians  attached 
most  im])ortance,  and  they  soon  resumed  their  hostil- 
ities.' Still  earlier  they  had  attacked  the  new  mission 
of  San  Jose  de  Guavmas  reibunded  in  1751  bv  l*adi'i; 
Lizazoin,  forcing  the  padre  to  retire,  killing  eight  con- 
verts, scattering  the  hundred  families  of  the  jnieblo, 
and  burniiiix  the  church.  For  over  ten  years  the\' 
seem  to  have  ke[)t  the  Spaniards  out  of  Guavmas." 

^  Dor.  J/!.<t.  Afi'.r.,  4i'ii  s<  r.  torn.  i.  212.  Tin's  is  tlic  earliest  appojutincc  in 
llio  veco  '(Is  lit'  this  iiiiiue  Tiibac.  The  full  name  was  San  Igiiat'io  'J'uliac,  aihl 
it  was  possiiilyat  this  S.  Igiiaeio  instead  of  the  iiiLisioii  that  Pairillii  lunl 
li.xed  his  head-iniarters  for  ])iittiiig  down  the  revolt. 

'^Soi/oni,  J't.-uiiirii  (la  .^  ()/((.vV(.s',  '2-',];  Jlcjir,  JIi<f.  Comp.  ,A'.<i)/.«,  iii.  2l!s. 
Aree  was  iieri'aps  only  governor  ad  iii/crhn.  lie  was  ajuioiuted  in  l>ei'.  IT"'-'. 
CiiKiro,  J)iuri(>,  iv.  HS.  in  J'uiar/,  Cot.  MSS.,",  ita|i]iears  that  a  ]iirnian(  lit 
garrison  was  estahlished  at  StalJarhara  de  Altar  in  17'')7.  Jloreusitas  jiresiiiii 
tonnded  in  17">">.  Z"inar(:i.<,  IJi^t.  M'j.,  v.  578-9;  Mhi/i/k  Mcc.  A\l< c,  i.  '_M7. 
I'residiu  of  llayorea,  ex]ieii.sc  .*!20,71">  per  year,  l"^^^,  Ci'it'ijicar'nm  th'  M(  r- 
ciili:<,  MS.,  4-J.  S.  Miguel  de  llorcasitas,  S'-O.OCm;  S.  Felipe  do  Jesus  de 
(Juevavi  y  Tu-renate,  Sii(),(l(;.");  Sta  Kosa  Corodeguaehi,  or  Fronteras;,  .S-I>,()(m; 
and  I'inieria  Alta  (';),  S-",'><i'>.  /</•>  ol— 11-  Ollieers  nanieil  in  tlic  mission  reg- 
isters of  IMinevia  Alta,  ehielly  at  Altar:  Col.  Franeiseo  Julian  Alvar;ido,  ( 'apt. 
Ueruardo  I'l'rea,  Fieut.  ]\li-uel  Ignaeio  I'lTea,  Fieut.  ^liguel  i;oni|uillo,  Alt. 
Antonio  Olgtiin,  \'T)(>-\).  Aeoordiiig  to  Castro,  J>iar''o,  vi,  211-12,  Col.  Juiiii 
Antonio  Fustillus  y  Cavallos,  'ex-governor  of  Sinaloa'  ('!),  died  in  Mexieo  in 
Dee.  17r>7. 

^ Smionr,  Dcicrlj).  GiO'i.,  0"-8;  Alujrc,  Ui<t.  Comp,  Jmui^,  iii,  29S;  Xt<j- 
aril,  Frn;!.  Hit.,  MS.,  ],V2F 

"  Liziaoiu  Jiij'ormi;,  U65. 


MAP, 


655 


•nui.s 


iii.  '2'.)^. 
V.  17.VJ. 

Iniiiint  lit 

1  JllTsiili'l 

•,  i.  'J:!:. 
],!,•  M<r- 

ls-jn,()(M; 

•  ion  nu- 

.,  ('iipt. 

1,.,  A  If. 

,1.  .In:.u 

Ifxii-o  i:i 


SONORA  AND   SlNALOA. 


5dC 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SOXORA. 


Jium  do  ^Icndoza  became  governor  in  1753,' and  at 
once  bcLmu  to  waLje  a  viLjorous  warfare  on  the  Seris, 
who  after  a  year  were  so  hard  jjressed  that  they 
.sued  for  i)eaeo,  suspended  hostihties,  and  asked  for 
time  to  collect  their  scattered  families  for  pueblo  life. 
The  time  being  granted,  it  was  spent  by  Governor 
Mendoza  in  a  tour  of  two  months  to  Pinieria  Alta, 
and  by  the  Seris  in  retiring  with  all  their  property  to 
the  Cerro  Prieto — a  comijlicated  net-work  of  barran- 
cas and  mountains  about  half  way  between  Guaymas 
and  Ilermosillo,  affording  extraordinary  facilities  for 
defence — where  they  could  laugh  at  the  Sj)aniards' 
ineifectual  ciioiis.  Mcndoza  led  many  expeditions 
against  the  stronghold,  but  the  occasional  killing  of 
an  isolated  fugitive  and  the  capture  of  some  '  pieces 
of  chusma,'  or  women  and  children,  were  the  only 
successes  achieved.  At  last,  on  November  25,  17G0, 
the  governor  with  a  hundred  men  succeeded  in  cor- 
nerinix  a  band  of  nineteen  Seris  near  Sacai'achi,  who 
bravely  resisted  for  several  hours,  until  their  leader, 
El  Ijccerro,  fell.  Mendoza  rushed  forward,  and  was 
killed  by  an  arrow  discharged  by  the  d\'iug  chief- 
tain. ^'^ 

During  the  rule  of  governors  Arce  and  ]Mendoza, 

"  Ilia  appointment  was  in  January.  Castro,  Dkirio,  v.  82. 

^"Soiioid,  J,\-<iiiiii>ii  lie  Xofirias,  'J'J.'?.  Ak'giv,  J/iM.  Coiiip.  Jc.^iii),  iii.  29% 
gives  tlic  <inly  ilotails  of  tlio  governor'a  death.  A  iloeunicnt  in  J)n(:  lli~f. 
J/i'x.,  ,Stl  ser.  i.  214,  states  that  Mendoz.i  was  killed  hy  a  liand  of  Seris  and 
I'inias  ^\lll»  attaeke.l  the  Ileal  du  Saiacaehi.  See  also  Tama  run,  Vis'dn,  ^IS., 
9.V().  On  the  same  day  there  were  hostilities  near  Naenri,  00  leagues  away. 
Mendoza  himself  in  .a  letter  to  the  visitador  Carlos  do  liojas,  dated  Feb.  I'), 
1757,  at  lliM'easitas,  in  Sonora,  JIalcriali'.'.;  Sl-S,  reports  that  ho  lu'.s  kilKd 
no  end  of  Chi'istvs  liarbarian  foes  hy  the  aid  of  his  glorious  patron  Sau  Jua- 
quiu.  Aug.  2!),  17r)7,  a  eouneil  in  Mexico  on  Indian  all'aiis  in  Sou(Ma.  C'">'- 
tro,  Dhivhi,  vi.  170.  One  of  his  successful  cainpaigr.s  was  directed  against 
the  fastnesses  of  the  Ccito  Prieto.  Lorenzo  JosO  ( iareia  was  ehajilain  on  one 
of  the  expeditions  and  writes  to  the  visitador  Li'icas  Atanasio  ^lerino  on  Nov. 
2,'},  17(>0,  descrihing  it  minutely.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  n^cn  under  liu; 
{governor  and  eajitains  Urrca  and  Anza  (?)  had  eonio  within  sight  cf  the  Seris, 
but  on  account  of  the  rough  country,  want  of  horses — 300  having  been  lost  — 
desertion  of  allies,  and  wet  powder  it  was  dcterndned  to  return.  The  eluip- 
lain  advised  this  retreat,  was  blamed  by  somebody,  and  wrote  in  his  onvii 
defence.  Onrcia,  Carta,  in  Sonora,  MaterinU's,  104-20.  Sixty  familits  finm 
Suaipii,  eight  leagues  south  of  Tccoripa,  took  refuge  in  the  Cerro  IVicto  ia 
170O.  Tiny  afterward  went  to  Belcn,  and  returned  to  Sua(pii  in  1702.  linji.-, 
DcHcrip.  dc  Alinlones,  740-1. 


APACHE  WARFARE. 


r..-7 


there  were  several  ontradas  into  Apaclieria  from  the 
iiortlicrii  presidios.  In  1754  the  A})aelie.s  killed  the 
curate  of  Fronteras  presidio  on  one  ot"  his  tours."  In 
Xoveniber  175G  Captain  Gabriel  YildosoUi  with  iif'tv 
men  from  Frontreras  and  Torrenate  and  one  hundred 
and  forty  0[)ata  archers  marched  north- east \var< I 
iii,dity-four  kaf^aies  to  where  the  Gila  llowcd  out  of 
the  Sierra  do  Mogollon  at  a  place  called  Todos  San- 
tos. Here  he  was  joined  by  Captain  Bernardo  Busta- 
uiante  with  seventy  soldiers  and  sixteen  Tarahumares 
from  Chihuahua,  and  the  combined  forces  raided  in 
(k'tachments  over  the  country  lying  between  the  Gila 
and  San  Francisco,  killing  a  few  'yaudules'  or  'bucks,' 
and  taking  an  occasional  piece  of  chusma.  Tlu>y 
noticed  many  ruined  cdijlcios,  with  fi-agments  of  pot- 
tery and  other  relics  of  antiquity,  obtaining  a  very 
accurate  idea  of  local  geogra[)liy,  but  Avere  unable  to 
jienetrate  the  mountains,  as  they  wished,  by  following 
tlii3  Gila  above  Todos  Santos.^-^ 

Mendoza  in  his  letter  of  February  15,  1757,  speaks 
of  two  expeditions  to  Apache  land,  one  of  which  was 
jirobably  the  one  described  by  Sanchez,  the  other 
l>oing  under  the  governor  in  person,  who  marched  to 
the  Gila/'^  three  hundred  and  sixty-two  h.-agues  out 
and  aroimd  and  back,  in  the  midst  of  winter,  punishing 
the  incorrigible,  encouraging   the  well-disposed,  and 

1'  Tamnron,  VisVn,  :\IS.,  110-11. 

^'■Saiii-hiz,  Carta  ikl  P.  JJarfolom''  Srinchez  ol  P.  Prior  y  Uirtor  Juan  An- 
tonio Ikillasur  d  ai)o  dc  I?''!',  in  Sunora.  Jlnterialci,  S8-!)4;  iilso  ^IS.  'J'lio 
letter  \v;i3  writtc.'U  from  CuLliuta  Mairli  (Jtli.  I'lie  follo\\in<,'  names  blunild  im 
]ifcsfrvtMl  as  this  is  the  Ih'st  tk'liiiitcly  rcconli'il  oxploralioii  ul  tho  roj:ii)ii, 
ulthimgli  tlio  record  is  not  siilHeicnt  to  lix  exact  loealities:  Sierras  of  I'ilai- 
cachi,  J'liihiuliis,  Mspiiehis,  Kiiiiieilio,  nml  Animas,  hetwcen  I'Vonleras  ami 
Jaiios  some  .'iU  li'a;4iU'S  soutii  of  tlio  (iila;  Sto  iloniinp,'o,  refiol  dc  l;is  .Jaiierus, 
iStii  Lucia,  Todos  Santos,  and  Sierra  ilo  Mou'uHon  (irom  a  hi'_'h  |K':;ic  tiicy 
saw  two  iiranehcs  from  (he  north  and  south  iniito  to  fiirm  the  (Iila  tariiier  up 
ill  tlie  mountains);  llio  S.  Francisco  (impashal)lc) ;  Casita,  S.  I'raneisco  .lavier 
(hiith  on  (Iila  above  S.  Francisco);  S.  Simon,  Sierra  do  S.  Marciai,  ^i<'ri'a  do 
Chichieajjui;  .S.  Uernardino,  1.")  leagues  from  Fronleras,  '22  leagues  from  S. 
SiiiKin,  wiiieh  is 'JO  h'aguea  south  of  (i'\\ti;  S.  Luis,  tiuadalupc.  From  'I'odn-i 
Santos  New  Mexico  ^\as  thouglit  to  ])0  three  days  distant.  Ti'.e  Sierra  do 
^^>,l.'ollc)u  had  !)t(U  named  for  a  governor  of  Xew  Mexico  who  had  been  de- 
fealid  lierc  liy  tin-  Apaches. 

^■'' Ml  mlo-ji,  Ciir/d,  hi  Soiiora  Mutcr'idkK,  84-8.  lie  mentions  30  'bucks' 
auil  ;J7  pieces  of  cluisma  us  the  fruits  of  this  cutrada. 


DoS 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IX  SOXOHA. 


"M 


jircparing  tlio  way  for  future  coiifjuests.  In  'Tul}- 
]  758  Saiieliez  writes  ajTjain  to  tlescrihe  anotlier  eiitrada 
just  made  under  Vildosola,  iu  wliieli  ]jieuteiiant  Juan 
1$.  Anza  was  also  engai;'od.  This  time  aj^ain  they 
readied  the  (jtila  in  nearly  the  same  re^don  as  before, 
kilhiiii;  the  usual  rjandulcs  and  capturinuf  the  chusnta; 
but  what  more  than  all  else  attracted  tlieir  attention 
was  blankets  and  bufl'alo-skins  which  the  Apaches  said 
they  had  got  seven  days'  journey  northward  where 
there  were  many  cattle  and  cultivated  lands,  and 
where  the  peo})le  were  not  Apaches.  This  northern 
])eople  was  su[)})osed  to  be  the  !Moquis,  and  the  jiadre 
announced  the  readiness  of  himself  and  of  the  soldiers 
to  ]>enetrate  to  that  province  if  it  were  deemed  best.'' 
Of  subsequent  operations  a,iL,^ainst  the  Apaches  down 
to  17()7,  the  limit  of  the  Jesuit  epoch  and  of  this 
chapler,  there  is  not  much  to  be  said.  The  raids  of 
the  savages  continued/'  and  the  presidio  forces  com- 
bated them  as  best  they  could;  but  only  one  or  two 
entradas  are  specially  mentioned,  and  those  are  of  tin' 
usual  tyi>e  with  the  usual  results.  In  17G-1  a  promi- 
nent writer  intimately  acquainted  with  the  country's 
ailairs  expressed  the  belief  that  campaigns  in  Ajiache- 
ri'a  were  utterly  useless,  since  there  were  no  towns 
or  crops  to  destroy,  and  no  property  to  seize,  and  a 
few  women  and  children  as  captives  were  all  that 
could  be  expected.  The  force  should  be  employed  iu 
scouring  the  country  between  the  presidios,  to  keep 
the  inhabitants  on  the  alert  and  succor  threatened 
points.  One  year  of  such  policy  would  do  much  to 
relieve  the  country — so  thought,  according  to  tliis 
writer,  all  wluj  knew  the  country  well  exce])t  the  jne- 
sidio  captains.^''  In  October  17G;),  monthly  cam- 
paigns by  the  three  presidios  alternately  were  agreed 

^*Saiirhcz,  Carta. .  .al  M.  H.  Padre  Vhitador  Jos6  HohJan  en  d  aiio  ihi 
17ofi,  in  Sniiiira,  Matrria'i.",  94-7.     Dated  CiKitiiaiaclii,  July  'J4tli. 

'^Lizazorn,  lin'onm,  0S7,  writing  iu  17(!3,  says  the  invasions  of  tiic  Ajiaelin 
arc  not  so  continnons  as  tliose  of  tlie  Sei'ia  and  Pinias,  but  even  more  disa.s- 
trons  on  account  of  superior  numbers. 

"•.sVi/'n/vf,  Jh'urri/i.  (■'co;/.,  013-1(5.  Sec  general  account  of  Apache  rav- 
ages in  Xayaril,  I'ruij.  Jlitit.,  MS.,  21-5. 


WAR  ON  THE  ArACHE.S. 


559 


upon  in  a  junta  of  captains,  and  two  cntradas  were 
iiiadu  with  some  results.  One  Mas  in  February  and 
^[arch  17GG,  by  Captain  Anza,  wlio  was  now  in  com- 
mand at  Tubnc.  It  was  like  a  hundred  otlier  cam- 
]iai<^nis;  forty  captives  in  all  were  taken  an('  distributed 
liy  lot  anioni,^  the  captors;  excellent  reasons  wei'o 
uiven  as  usual  why  the  success  was  not  more  connplete — 
chiefly  the  I'ou^li  country  to  which  the  savai^es  re- 
treated and  the  exhausted  condition  of  soldieis  and 
horses  Mhen  tliey  overtook  the  foe.  Durin^^  Anza's 
;il)sence  tlie  Apaches  drove  off  three  hundred  cattle 
iVom  Bac. 

In  April  of  the  same  year  the  governor  ordered  a 
sns})ensi(Mi  of  the  campaigns  on  account  of  the  witli- 
(h'awal  of  a  }Kirt  of  the  force  for  the  Seri  war,  against 
the  protest  of  Captain  Vildosola,  the  connr  inder  at 
I^'ronteras.     Still  the  captain  and  his  men  niaichecl  to 
the  south,  and  during  their  alisence  the  presidio  horses 
were  stam|)eded,  so  that  before  offensive  o))erati()ns 
could  be  resumed  new  animals  had  to  be  obtained  and 
tiained.     In  ]May  and  June  17G7  a  corres])ondenco 
took  place  between  Vildosola  and  the  governor,  in 
which  the  latter  found  fault  with  the  former's  inaction 
and  neglect  to  punish  the  Apaches;  but  the  caj)tain 
'laimed  that  the  savacfcs  were  constantly  comiuLi'  in 
to  demand  peace  and  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  and 
tliat  under  such  circumstances  he  could  not  lawfully 
attack  them.     It  seems  that  the  Indians  made  the 
exchange  of  prisoners  a  most  effective  way  of  entering 
1ho  province.     They  came  in  fully  armed,  confident 
that  the  Spaniards  would  do  nothing  to  imperil  the 
lixcs  of  the  captives;  insisted  on  a  particular  s[)ot  of 
their  own  choosinijf  for  the  exchanijc;  and  when  it  had 
hcen  effected  proceeded  to  their  main  business  by  scat- 
tering in  small  bands  over  the  whole  country  to  j)lun- 
tlcr  on  their  roundabout  way  home,  knowing  well  that 
only  a  few  of  the  parties  at  most  could  be  successfully 
interfered  with.     They  often  insisted  also  on  a  truce 
ii'r  a  certain  number  of  days  to  cover  their  retreat, 


II 


660 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SONORA. 


shrewdly  supposing  that  the  S|)aniartls  would  not 
break  the  truce  except  after  red-tape  formalities  of 
proof  which  would  give  them  all  the  time  they  needcd.^^ 

Of  the  missions  and  missionaries  of  Pimeri'a  Alta 
from  the  revolt  of  1751  down  to  17G7,  we  know  but 
little  beyond  the  fact  that  San  Ignacio,  Tubutama, 
Caborca,  Guevavi,  Suam(;a,  and  Bac,  with  a  few 
pueblos  de  visita,  were  reoccupic  d  by  the  Jesuits  and 
maintained  a  precarious  existence  to  the  last.  A  few 
neophytes  were  induced  by  the  persuasions  of  the 
padres  and  by  the  hope  of  occasional  protection  from 
the  presidios  against  the  Apaches  to  remain  faithful ; 
the  missions  were  moreover  convenient  places  for  tho 
Pimas,  Sobas,  Pilpagos,  and  Sobaipuris  in  which  to 
leave  their  women,  children,  old,  and  infirm  while 
living  themselves  in  the  mountains  or  perhaps  aiding 
the  Seris  and  Pimas  Bajos  in  their  ever  increasing 
depredations;  convenient  resorts  for  food  when  other 
sources  failed,  and  even  well  enough  to  live  in  occa- 
sionally for  brief  periods.  The  natives  lived  for  the 
most  part  as  they  pleased,  not  ojienly  rebellious  nor 
disposed  to  molest  the  ])adres  so  long  as  the  latter 
attempted  no  control  of  their  actions,  and  were  will- 
ing to  take  their  part  in  quarrels  with  settlors  or 
soldiers.  Missionary  work  and  progress  were  at  a 
stand-still;  the  Jesuit  establishments  had  only  a  nom- 
inal existence;  the  mission  period  of  Sonora  history 
was  practically  ended.  But  for  the  hostility  between 
Pimas  and  Apaches  the  Spanish  occupation  of  Pimc- 
I'l'a  Alta  would  probably  have  been  confined  to  th(^ 
four  garrisons  of  Fronteras,  Terrenate,  Tubac,  and 
Altar,  with  a  few  bands  of  adventurous  miners  risk- 
ing an  occasional  sortie  beyond  the  protection  of  the 
presidios.  ^'^ 

^'Aiiza,  Carta,  March  17,  17C6,  in  Shi.  ySon.,  Cartm,  lOS-12;  Vihlosoln, 
Carta  (^Iarch29,  1700),  in  Sonora,  Materials,  180-9;  Id.,  June  Sth,  lOtli,  iu 
Id.,  200-0. 

i^Mowiy,  Ariznim.  18-19;  Memoir,  4;  in  Ind.  Afaim,  Rcpf.,  lS,-.7,  2!)7, 
has  niuuli  to  say  of  a  )nap  made  by  tlie  Jesuits  in  17o7  copied  by  Capt.  Stouo 


rniERlA   ALTA. 


mi 


Viuh'v  Scdolinair  may  liavo  returned  to  Tuliutaina 
\\)V  a  time,  but  later  he  went  south  to  Matapc'"  Soon 
after  the  rev(jlt  Alonso  Esj)lnosa  and  perlia|>s  I^nacio 
I'teU'erkorn  were  sent  to  I'inieria.  In  or  ahoul  iTJCt 
i\  party  of  German  Jesuits  came  in  these  missions, 
one  of  whom,  Bernardo  Middendorf,  I'ouncU'd  a  new 
mission  anionj^  tlic  Pa|>a^os  Mhich  lie  soon  K-I't  for 
Mohas  in  the  south,  his  ln(Hans  havini^^  acted  hadly, 
stealini,^  the  padre's  food  and  bringiiijLf  him  to  the  door 
of  death  with  hunger,  exposure,  and  grii'l".     The  Ind- 

is,  not  named,  to  whom  itadres  Hawe  and  Mijjuel 


an 


I 


(n'rstner  were  sent,  refused  to  receive  thtin  and  thiiv 
had  to  retire,  the  latter  settling  at  Saric.  ( Jch  and 
Steigi'r  served  at  San  Jgnacio,  having  also  chai go 
of  Inuu'i  and  Magdalena.  (JcJi  wished  to  attempt 
the    reestablishment    of    Sonoita,    but    his    su])erioi' 


(leemec 


I  it 


unsi 


In  17G3  according  to  the  re|i 


(if  l*adre  Lizazoin,  Esj)inosa  was  in  chai'ge  of  San 
Javit'r  del  Bac  antl  wi'ote  that  nearly  all  his  Jndians 
except  the  old  and  sick  had  abandoned  the  mission; 
and  llu^  same  state  of  things  or  worse  existed  at  Tuc- 
son, which  appears  to  have  been  one  of  his  \  isitas. 
Pfeil'ei'korn  was  at  Guevavi  and  wrote  that  iiearlv  all 


fiom  its  oriLrinal  in  Mexico,  on  wliicli  iiro  liiicl  down  over -10  towns  ■■jiid  vil- 
lajus  ill  noillicru  Sonora  and  houtlu  rn  Arizona.  The  titio  nf  tlic  map  and  its 
nunu's  wcro  wiitton  in  l'"ionL'li,  and  it  was  di-dicatfil  hy  tlu-  sotitty  <it'  .Ifsiis 
til  till'  liin'{  of  Spain.  Mowi-y  j^ivis  tiic  iniinessinn  that  In-  .«iiiipiisis  tiic.-.o 
't'lwns  and  vijlagi's,'  or  many  ot'  tlicni,  ti>  lie  Sp:iiiisi)  si'ttlcnu  n;s,  or  at  li^ast 
niissidii  puclilos;  l)nt  till' names  liiviii  and  ili)ulil!t'>s  all  tiic  n-sl,  I'xccpt  tiai 
liw  mi.ssions  and  piosidios  mintinniMl  in  tlio  jncci'ilinu'  text  ami  shown  in  niy 
iiia]is,  \\nv  those  of  Indian  ranclii  rias  wiiiili  had  at  (lilicKiit  tinus  Ikm  n 
\i>itid  liy  till!  Jcsnits.  It  is  not  ecrtain  that  in  17.'>7,  ('xei,']itin;,'  thu  ]iresidi'i 
Mildicrs,  tiiero  was  a  Spaniard  in  any  one  irf  tlicni,  certainly  none  mi  t'le  (I'ihi 
and  north  of  it.  Modern  pulilications  i,'inerally,  and  esperially  the  latest, 
Mich  as  niii/oii'n  Ihmdboiik  in\i\  llnlijis^  Ar'r.nim  ai  il  is.  a>ciil»'  to  the  S]>aii- 
i>h  settlements  of  Sonora  and  Arizona  an  anti(piity,  nundnT,  and  prosperity 
Very  mnch  in  excess  of  the  facts  in  the  case. 

"'vl/-o.s'/.  ji/(uif.i,  'J(i()-1.  I'adre  15;iltasar  is  said  to  have  sent  to  Kuropc  in 
1T">'-  an  account  of  late  events  in  IMmeiia.    V< iiiii(i<,  Xnt.  ('a/.,  ii.  ."(J'J. 

-"()c/i,  III  he,  in  Miirr,  NochiirhUii,  7--().  The  antlior  iilates  tli.it  when 
the  jiarty  on  their  arrival  were  appi'oaehing  I'ns,  the  (iei'inan  )iadre  at  that 
phiie  tiioutrht  to  have  some  fun  at  their  exjiense,  and  stiitiuned  two  companies 
"I  liiilians  in  a  wood,  who  at  the  jjrojier  nidment  rushed  with  ye'is  \ijicin  the 
a>tiiiiished  missionaries.  They  were  natui-ally  terrilied  au'l  their  mules  still 
iiiore  so,  rushing  into  the  woods  and  leavin;;  the  jiadres  piled  uj)  one  in  u 
heap  rather  promiscuously;  hut  the  Indians  were  delighted  \\  ith  the  sport. 

UlST.  N.   JlLX.   SXAILS,   VilL.   I.      t!6 


1    V 


r>c,-2 


LAST  OV  TIIK  JKSUITS  IX  SONOUA. 


tlic  PiipJi'nos  liad  fled  from  Tuiiiiicacoi'i  nii<l  C*al.'il).'izos, 
only  till'  J'iiMMs  ii'iiiiiiiiiiiijf.  T\\v  Jiidiiins  pi-ctciKlcd 
to  l)c'  innuciicfd  liy  I'ear  (»!'  tlu;  A|)aclics,  Imt  it  was 
t'rared  this  was  but  a  ])retc'xt  for  rohhiiics.  K\|H'ri- 
fiM'i!  liad  taught  tliat  the  sultiiiissioii  of  l)oth  J'inias 
and  IMpagos  was  but  "a  skunbt-ring  llauio  c-ovcivd 
with  aslics."-' 

'J1k'  abaiKlounicut  of  Tucson,  wIuto  it  would  S(!oni 
thoiv  liad  boon  a  low  settlors  do  ra/on,  attiaotod  the 
aUi'iition  of  the  governor,  who  ordered  sonu^  investi- 
gation to  bo  made  with  a  view  to  biinging  l)a('k  tiio 
Jndians,  making  certain  changes  of  location,  or  I'stah- 
lisliing  new  missions.  Padre  Alanuel  Aguiire,  who 
was  j)erlia|)S  visitador,  wrot(!  several  letters  on  tin; 
subject  and  iiuuUi  inijuirios  of  Kspinosa  at  l>ac.  1  n- 
iortunat(;ly  the  fragments  of  the  correspondence  are 
not  sutHciontly  complete  to  show  the  state  of  things 
in  the  north  nor  exactly  what  changes  were  ]»ropose(l; 
l)ut  it  does  not  matter  much  since  nothing  was  done. 
Agnirro  was  in  favor  of  bringing  in  tlie  IVipagos 
to  the  valleys  of  San  Luis,  Bueiia  Vista,  and  Santa 
Karhara,  and  called  on  the  j)rovincial  for  two  new 
])a(lres;  the  presidio  of  Tubac  would  guard  against 
the  retreat  of  the  lYipngos;  Terrenato  would  keep  the 
Sobai[)Ui'is  in  tLeir  valley;  Frontcras  would  attend  to 
the  A}tachos;  wliile  Altar  and  San  j\Iiguol  would  bo 
k  f t  for  the  Corro  Prioto  foe.  The  governor,  however, 
concluded  that  it  was  not  advisable  to  send  any  pailres 
nor  to  attoni})t  the  reduction  of  the  Sobaipuris,  fear- 
ing that  an  attempt  to  exorcise  any  restraint  wcnild 
convert  that  jieoplo  from  friends  into  foes." 

Bishop  Poch-o  Tamaron  visited  Sonora  in  1700  on 
liis  grand  diocesan  tour,  and  wkile  ko  did  not  reach 
Pimeria  Alta  ko  included  statistics  of  tkoso  missions 
in  his  report,  which  I  give  in  a  note.  It  is  not  un- 
likely that  the  date  should  be  a  few  years  later,  agnc- 
iiig  witk  report  ratker  tkan  witk  tlic  visit.     For  17(i  t 

'•"  Lh.n-.oh},  Iii/onne,  G8G. 

'■  Aijtiirrc  aiiJ  Pineda,  in  Sonora,  Makr'uihs,  124-38. 


BISHOP'S  VISIT. 


r,r,:] 


ilioro  Is  extant  a  r(>port  wliicli  <i;\vvs  tlio  names  of 
missionaries  scrvinL,'  at  the  diU'ciTnt  cstaMisIinicnts. 
The  original  mission  ree(»r(ls  in  my  possession  givt; 
tlic  names  of  l)otli  the  regular  Jnissionaries  and  of 
visiting  Jesuits  from  other  IMmeria  missions  and  from 
those  of  Sonora  in  tlu;  south,  it  Ixing  often  im[>ossi- 
1)1(!  to  distinguish  clearly  between  the  iliU'ei-ent  classes. 
And  linally  we  luive  the  catalogui!  of  the  Jesuits 
serving  at  the  time  of  the  ex[>ulsion  in  17G7.  I  have 
united  the  information  from  these  four  sources  in  an 
ap[>ended    note.^     Jesuits    whom    we    have   met    in 


2^  Tarnnron,  Vlvfa,  MS.,  112-10;  flonora,  Dru'-np.  Grog.,  TiCG-S-l;  Pinurt, 
C'ul.  ill',  I'imirm  Altii,  luissiiii;  ('iniijiiii'iiddr  Jmns,  ('(thiloi/o. 

Sii.'iiiu'ii  (St;i  .Miiniii,  'M  1.  N.  w.  Ari/in',  [inp.  1 1 1  ImliuiiH;  Coc(')appra  (Simi- 
tiii','f)),  10  1.  8.,  l.'t.'J  liiil.  I*,  .liist!  li.-uTi'ia,  ill  ITtil,  iiDi'ccoiil  of  Kfillcrs  rctiiv- 
Hunt.  I'utTiua — calK'd  iJitgD — sUll  in  ITliT.  A  ecu  id  in;,'  to  tlic  iiiis.simi  buoks 
tln^  jhh'IiIdh  cUi  visitii  wii'!  S.  .hinii  Qiiilmii,  Santiago  ()[>tnalMi,  ,S.  Aiiilri-s 
l]>i|iiL;l)aai^  or  ISailz,  >S.  I'alilo  llaibcul,  S.  IVdro  'I'urisai,  Sta  I'niz  llaliisi. 
I'ailiv.s  w  li(i8o  Hi  iiics  apiicar:  Ki'lU'i',  i7."»l-!l;  \ ''g'l.  IT.")!;  Mi'iitoij,',  17"i;{; 
Joa'piiii  rolix.  |)iaz,  ITiiO;  Krancisco  AUiva,  17.'ilJ-7;  Juuii  J^boi-a,  17."j7;  Ikir- 
j'cia,  170()-7;  Migiul  I'^liun  (lonziilcz  (?),  17(>7-iS. 

Ti'iit'iiuto  (S.  I'Vlipo  (ifacia  (lUall,  iirt-siiiio,  4  1.  N.  Siianicn,  30  1.  w. 
!■"  route  ruH,  ]>op.  41 1  j,'(iitc  tlu  razoii,  iiicliuliiig  garrison  of  oO  niuii  mulcr  ('apt. 
I'rimci.sco  I'^lias  ( Joiizakz. 

(liiivavi  (A.  Miguel),  '_'()!.  n.  n.  w.  Suatnca,  ''1  Iiid.;  Calabnza.?,  1..")  1,  .v. 
\v.,  ll;»  liul.;  Sdiioita,  7  1.  i:.  n.  k.,  IM  Jml.  fa  visitii  of  Tiilnitaiiiii  in  171)4); 
'J'luiiuuacori,  8  1.  N.  N.  \v.,  191)  Iml.  In  this  ili.-'trict  tlicro  wt  rualso  17-gfiiti) 
(K'  ra,:.  n  at  (Jucvavi,  Sta  l!ari)ara,  and  r-iii'iiavista.  I'adio  Jiimiio  in  cliargo 
ill  17CI.     Siiucffdid  liy  I'cdro  Jtafaei  Uicz  Ik  t'oro  17(i7. 

I'uliac  (S.  Ii'.iiacio)  presidio,  4  1.  n.  (iiuvi'x  i,  jiop.  4"_'l  do  razoii,  inchidiiig 
.10  soldiers  under  ('apt.  .Iiiaii  I).  ,\iiza.  'i'ul  ac  is  in  the  eiiraey  of  Xai-osari 
'»)  1.  (li:-itaiit,  l)ut  lias  a  (jliiiplain,  liro.  Jose  ^Maiinel  l)iaz  del  (.'arpio,  brother 
of  the  e.,ptain'.s  wife. 

IJae  (S.  .Javier),  '_'(!  1.  N.  Tiil.ae,  .">!)!)  Iiid.;  'I'ueson,  T.  1.  n.,  XM  Ind.  I'adio 
Ivpinosa  in  charge  in  17til-7.  No  lueiition  of  any  white  popuhition  at 
'luei-ion. 

.Surio  (Santiago),  ,^01.  s.  w.  CUievavi,  (i  1.  I'ae,  2\'2  Tiid.;  Afpiiniuii  {Qui- 
liiiri;),  4  1.  i:.,  (J7  Iml.;  Arizona,  '>  1.  n.  k.,  I.')  Ind.,  to  gente  t\c  razon,  hero 
v.  eie  the  '  IJohis  de  i'lata  de  Agua  Calieiite;'  Busani,  ',i  1.  N.,  41  Ind.  I'udro 
(leistiier  in  ch.irgc  17ti4-7. 

Tuhiitania  (S.  Pedro),  7  1.  S.  Suric,  .TjS  Iml.;  Sta  T<Tvr,a,  5  1.  w.,  loi!  Iml. 
IFad  Sonoitiiaaa  vi«it:i  in  1704,  and  Ati  and  (Jipiitoa  down  to  17o7.  Padio 
Vivas  in  charge  1704-7. 

All  (S.  Fraiieisuo),  7  1.  w.  Tubutama,  14'2  Ind.;  Oiiiiitoa  (S.  Antonio),  7  1. 
v.,  l;,l  Ind.  Down  to  17')7  both  were  vi^itas  of  Tubutaina,  and  again  in 
17()'J  apparently  after  the  death  of  P.  .Tos(5  llafrcnrieliter.  Nanie.s  of  )iadre.4 
appealing  in  the  mission  books:  Pfeherkorn.  17.")7-<il;  (ierstner,  l7o7;  \  ivas, 
17.i!)-()7;  llalleiniehter,  17lil-'2;  Franeiseo  Javier  Mlhiroya,  170;!;  Joho 'Nico- 
his  .Me-a  [at  .Vltar],  17<i.'}-S;  Juan  (iorgoU  [perliaps  not  a  JesiuiLj,  17(J!>-87; 
Fspinosa,  170'>-lj;  Diez,  17<)7. 

Altar  (.Sta  (jertrudis),  i)rcsidio,  7  1.  f-  Ati,  pop.  '28."  de  razon,  inelmliiig 

gariison  of  oOnion  under  Capt.  ]5ernardo  Urrea.     Served  by  the  jiadre  of  Ati. 

Caborca  (Concepeion),  \',i  1.  w.  Altar,  uoO  Ind.;  Pitic  (or  Piti(iui),  li  1.  k., 


6M 


LAST  OF  IDE  JESUITS  IN  SOXORA. 


Pimoria  Alta,  but  who  in  1704-7  wore  serving  in 
otlicr  parts  of  Sonora,  were  Garrucho,  Ncntoig,  Oeli, 
!Mi(klendorff,  Pfefferkorn,  Scdelmair,  and  Yillaroya. 

On  Mcndoza's  death  in  17G0  Jose  Tienda  de  Cuervo 
became  governor  ad  interim,  ruled  for  two  years,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Juan  Claudio  de  Pineda  in  17G'J."^ 
Under  these  rulers,  but  not  necessarily  by  tlieir  fault, 
matters  in  Sonora  went  on  from  bad  to  worse.  The 
Apaches,  as  we  have  seen,  kept  up  their  depredations 
on  the  northern  frontier;  the  Seris  and  Pimas  of  the 
south-west  were  aiso  unceasinjj:  in  th(^iv  liostilities: 
many  of  the  mission  Indians  were  only  nominally 
submissive;  the  pculrcs  misioneros  had  lost  all  real 
control  over  the  neophytes  through  the  interference 
of  Spanish  settlers  and  the  growing  arrogance  and 
independence  of  native  chiefs  under  the  settlers' 
promptings;  local  troubles  and  petty  revolts  were  of 
iVequcnt  occurrence;  the  savage  raiders  [)lundered 
and  killed  almost  with  impunity  on  account  not  oidy 
of  the  smallne!-s  of  the  military  force,  but  of  the 
presence  in  almost  every  pueblo  of  confederates  who 
made  known  each  movement  and  plan  of  the  soldiers; 
Entradas  to  the  Cerro  Prieto  and  other  strongholds 
of  the  foe  were  frequent  but  ineft'ectual,  as  no  consid- 
erable number  of  the  sava<xes  could  ever  be  overtaken 
together.  Meanwhile  population  was  decreasing;  mis- 
sions, pueblos,  mines,  and  ranchos  were  being  aban- 
doned; and  officials  of  different  grades  and  bronchus 

2CS)  Ind,;  Bisnni,  T)  1.  k.,  211  Tna.;  V.  Antonio  ^Faria  Bcntz  (or  Boroz),  in 
\'tM;  r.  Custodio  JiiiiL'U'jz  in  1707.  1'.  Vega  also  on  tliu  rogistcrs  of  rili;"'. 
in  17G(i-7. 

San  Ignnoio,  4.")  1.  e.  Caliorca,  98  Ind. ;  Inmriii  (S.  Jos(''),  .1  1.  N.  E.,  ."i-'! 
Ind.;  Jl'igdalona, 'J  1.  s.,  lU71nd. ;  also  l.'JI  gcntc  do  I'uzon  at  Sta  Ana.  In 
•  liaige  of  V.  Tianciscu  ravt'r  1704-7,  Steigcr  having  died  in  170-.  Otlu  r 
names  on  the  registers  of  S.  Ignaeio  and  Magdulena;  Vivas,  17.V5-4;  Ks]ii- 
nosa,  17.')4-r>;  Lentz,  HoO;  Ueli,  17.")0-8;  Francisco  (.Jutierrez,  17."iO-7;  .luan 
Antonio  Zedano,  17dO;  Alava,  17r)0-7:  Middcmlorll",  17o0-8;  I'fell'erkoiu, 
17.10;  Gerstner,  I7oO-7;  ilesa,  1707-8. 

-•  According  to  the  generally  aeenratc  Sonora,  I!cM(mcn<le  Xo(icia.i,  2'23-4, 
C'ncrvo's  term  l)egan  in  1701,  and  Pineda's  in  1703;  luit  Alegre,  IJisf.  Coiiiji. 
t/i. .!'■•■.  111.  2!)8-!),  gives  tlie  former  date  as  1700,  an<l  1'.  Salgado  writes  to  I'iueda 
as  j^o\>.rnor  in  Oct.  1702.  ^'ioiwra,  JIatcrialcd,  12U-4. 


RErORT.S  AND  RECOMMENDATIONS. 


665 


of  ll>o  '■.ervi'.'o  were  cnlling  upon  ^[exico  and  Sj)aiii 
for  aid,  each  giving  liis  views  as  to  the  only  [iractiea- 
ble  means  for  saving  Sonora  from  imj^ending  ruin. 

An  anonymous  writer  of  1700,  or  tlierealjouts, 
deems  ilie  remedy  to  be  a  lai'ge  i-eenforcement  of 
tri)0|)^;,  not  less  than  three  tliousand,  to  hecome  set- 
tlers later,  and  to  be  ini'antry  instead  of  the  cavalry 
hitherto  sent."  In  1 7G 1  Covernor  Cuervo  sent  a  larfjo 
i'oree  to  the  Seri  country,  and  the  eamjiaign  was  one 
of  the  n)ost  successful  of  its  class;  yet  but  little  was 
really  accomplished.-'^  In  Novend)er  17(52  another 
I'Xpedition  Mas  fitted  out,  the  first  under  Governoi' 
I'ineda's  oiders.'"'^  The  prominent  men  of  Sinaloa  and 
Sonora  sent  a  rcpreacntac'ion  to  the  new  governoi' — 
probably  IMneda  in  1702 — on  the  great  things  that 
Vvcre  expected  of  him;  but  the\^  seem  to  have  had  no 
very  clear  idea  of  the  measures  that  were  to  allbrd 
the  desired  relief"^  In  17G3  Padre  Tonu'is  lijfnacio 
Lizazoin  made  a  long  report  on  the  unfortunate  con- 
(htion  of  the  province  resulting  from  the  '  iidiuman 
cruelty'  and  ravages  of  Seris,  I'inias,  and  IMpagos, 
v.hicli  had  caused  the  almost  total  abandonnifnt  of 
IMmei'fa  and  Sonora  pro\-inces,  the  inhabitants  having 
taken  refuge  in  Ostimuri  and  Sinaloa.  The  padres 
dared  not  enforce  proper  disciphne  for  fear  of  provok- 
iii'i'  a  !ivn»'ral  ri'Volt  in  the  missions.  Instances  of 
;iltack  and  murder  were  given,  and  the  writer  laid 
gieat  stress — his  report  was  probably  to  the  viceroy — 
on  the  oreat  mineral  wealth  that  was  being  lost.    His 

'•'Sonora,  Dexcrip.  Sii.iciiifd,  70'J-7.  Horses  required  too  nuich  time  in 
cue,  could  not  reacii  the  mountain  retreats,  iind  wore  mnretiver  the  rliief 
tt  inptiitiou  to  raiders.  Kx])en.so  ciin  be  no  ohjoi'liu;!  ton  kiiy  who  spenda 
Ko  much  (jn  a  whim  in  S.  Anici  ie;i. 

- '  AIe','ie,  J/i"!.  Coiiip.  ,A.s//,s',  iii.  'JOS-0,  mentions  , a  i  nttlc  on  Nov.  7th  i  i 
M  hieh  4'_'USjianiiin)s  and  Indiiiiis  kille.l  4!l  Seris,  and  tonii  !;'<  with  "'J'J  lioi.si  ;. 
Ai/eordiug  to  Smiura,  JJcscrij).  d'uvj.,  ,")(i'J,  llu;  I'iiuii  allies  .siiliVi-ed  more  than 
the  Seris,  tis  they  deserved  foi-  their  lyini,'  jiromi.ses  to  the  Sin.niarils. 

•■  Snhj'olo,  ('arid,  in  Soihira,  Mal<nii,s,  lilO-4.  The  padre  writes  that  in 
spite  ot'  precautions  tiie  j)lans  are  known  to  the  fi>e.  The  rations  for  tliis 
iani]!aign  were  1  ahuuil  ot'  ]iiuole  for  'J.")  men,  and  1  vara  of  tasajo  for  ;i  !iv  u 
I'cr  day.  He  writes  from  his  Yaijui  mi-sion  of  Uiiihis,  and  <;alls  attention  to 
a  gatlieiing  of  Indians  between  the  Vaqui  and  Mayo  at  Cocora(|ui  on  pre- 
tence of  sowiuj/,  but  reully  to  be  free  from  all  au  Jiority. 

'"  AoMura,  Alaleriulen,  «07-18. 


I 


566 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IX  SONORA. 


n 


;^  I  k 


plan  for  relief  was  two-fold:  First,  as  a  temporary 
expedient  two  new  presidios  near  (xuaymas  and  Ba- 
bispe  should  be  established,  made  inde})endent  of  tlie 
j)Ueblos  as  in  California,  and  otherwise  modified  to 
ensure  efteetive  service.  Secondly,  the  province  should 
be  settled  by  Spaniards,  there  being  plent}'  of  *  lazy 
and  useless'  people  in  the  large  cities  suitable  for  the 
purpose  I'-'' 

The  anonymous  author  of  the  valuable  Mork  on 
Sonora  in  17G4  which  I  have  so  often  had  occasion 
to  cite,^'^  after  giving  g,  most  con>pleto  description  of 
the  [)rovince  and  its  condition,  has  bub  very  little  to 
sav  in  his  closint;  chapter  of  the  best  method  of  iVee- 
ing  Sonora  from  her  scourges,  beyond  reconnnending 
a  general  policy  of  trust  in  God  and  dry  powder. 
The  Seri  and  Pima  confederates,  lK)wever,  should  bo 
removed  to  some  c<nmtrv  bevond  the  sea;  the  li'dit 
to  do  this  cannot  be  questioned,  and  the  expense 
would  be  more  than  repaid  bv  the  revival  of  mininu: 
and  agricultural  industrv.  Padre  Salijado,  an  old 
veteran  who  had  spent  twenty-four  years  in  this  field, 
Avrote  to  the  governor  in  August  1704  attributing  a 
j)art  of  the  prevalent  evils,  in  the  Yarpii  disti'ict  at 
least,  to  the  scandalous  conduct  of  the  S}>aniards  and 
residents  of  color  quvhrantado,  who  lived  "  sin  Dies, 
lev  ni  Rev."  In  foi-mer  times  the  so-called  while 
settlers  had  been  subject  to  the  j)Ueblo  justices,  and 
should  be  made  so  again,  since  their  lawless  conduct 
results  from  the  great  distance  of  S[)anish  judges.'" 

'^^  L'::nzoiv,  Iiiformr,  GS3- 702.  Tlic  cmly  difliculty  in  that  of  transporta- 
tion, tor  vhi>li  vessels  should  run  lictwi.iii  Aiajiuh  ()  anil  (luaynias.  These 
M'lssel:*  woukl  nil  ire  than  pay  tluir  eost  hy  the  trani^poitation  of  soldie-.-s  mikI 
siiiijilics,  and  liy  the  inereasid  product  of  the  mines;  luit  if  tiie  i_'o\-einMiei:t 
Mill  not  pay  fur  thetu,  doulitless  thi'  nierehantsof  Mexico  will  do  it,  if  allow  1 
to  hoKl  an  annual  fair  at  Va(|ui  or  (iuuynuis. 

^'' S'litoi'ii,  Jh'firrijtcioii  0"'iiri[lii'(t,  yn/Krul  y  ('nncirta  tie  hi  Pror'uic'in  <!>' 
Sonora  pi>r  iin  niii'i:/o  <hl  si-rricin  do  hion  y  ihl  J!i y  Xr.  Sr.,  ailn  (/■  JT'!.},  in 
.S'()»i?-(f,  JAt'f /•('((/' »,  4S!)-(!l(i;  also  MS.  On  Seii  aiirl  I'inia  troubles  of  ITtil, 
see  Tiuniiron,   ]'i.^ihi,  MS.,  JS|    ;{;  (.'dlnz.  ln/^riiii ,  i;!'.t-4(). 

^^  Sulijudo,  ('arid  (Aul;.  -.''.d),  in  Sniinni,  Mali  iiti!i  s,  140  1.  In  another 
letter,  /(/.,  l.'JO-.S,  Siilgado  eontradiets  the  ir.niors  of  an  inpemlin^'  revolt  nf 
the  YiU|uis,  vho  he  says  are  liehavinj;  splendidly.  On  .luno  10,  IT''."),  .luan 
Jose  MoutiUio  writes  to  the  governor,  Id.,  14'2-4,  from  (Jpo.sura  to  compban 


CANCIO'S  Lin'TERS. 


867 


To  Don  Pedro  (labriel  de  Aniwii,  wlio  wrote  from 
Alamos  (HI  September  G,  17<>.'),  the  salvation  of  tliu 
country  seemed  to  depend  on  the  estaljlishment  of  a 
new  ])residio  south  of  the  Yaqui  instead  of  in  the 
north,  he  insisting  that  the  greatest  interests  and 
the  greatest  dangers  lay  in  Ostimuri,  and  that  the 
I'atal  mistake  in  the  past  had  been  too  exclusive  atten- 
tion to  the  sterile  north.*"  The  ]»residio  was,  huw- 
ever,  established  at  San  Carlos  de  Buenavista. 

In  January  17(](J  the  Indians  of  Suacjni,  oi-  most 
of  them,  ran  away  and  Ca[)tain  Lorenzo  C'aneio,  co- 
mandante  at  Buenavista,  was  ordei'ed  by  the  governor 
to  investigate  and  report  u})on  the  matter.  This 
duty,  among  his  lirst  in  Sonoia,  Cancio  ])erfoiined 
with  great  zeal,  presenting  a  voluminous  rejxjrt  from 
which  little  more  ap[)ears  than  that  the  fugitives  Jiad 
been  enticed  away  to  join  the  Seri  foe.'"'  It  is  to 
(,'anci(»'s  letters  that  we  must  look  for  a  ^■erv  lar^e 
part  of  all  that  is  known  of  Sonora  history  for  several 
veai's.  The  ]\[exican  authorities  wei-e  now  somewhat 
aroused  to  the  im])ortance  of  energetic  measur*^;  a 
niilit-iiy  expedition  under  the  innnediate  command  of 
Colonel  iJomingo  ]']Iizondo  and  under  the  gi  ik  ral 
supervision  of  the  visitador  general,  Jose  de  Cal\  ez, 
was  determined  on;  and  Cancio  was  the  man  who 
su[)erintended  the  ])re})arations  for  the  expedition  and 
wlio  was  intrusted  with  the  Jesuits'  expul>i(»n,  of 
whiclimore  hereafter.  He  was  not  only  a  zealous 
and  able  ()tTicer,  but  a  graceful  and  industi'ious  writer. 
If  the  events  noted  by  him  are  for  tlie  most  part  of  a 


of  cini-tant  (leprcil.itioiis  of  Apnclios  ami  Scris,  and  of  tlu'  mission's  di'stitu- 
tli'ii  :iiii|  ill  f(.'i]i-i'!fss  ( iiiiilitioii.  Hi/  atti'ilmti's  many  of  tlii'  ilisastrrs  to  tliu 
]Mn|j|i''.s  lari  k-.s.-niss  ill  ^'oint;  iinainifil  ami  iH't  litijiing  togttlni';  has  liiuil 
Millie  of  thi'lii  I'i  to  l25  jicsos  for  this. 

■''- ^  !/•((,'/()/(,  ('(I  rill,  in  Suiiorii.  Muliriith  t,  lSi2-(i. 

^'^  Clllirio,   yntil'IIIS  Hlfil'lll.l  (/(■    lli-l  OlltllS  l/llr  Jnrillli  1).    I.nriir.n   I'lnn'lii  Sllhfi; 

I'l  J'li'in  i/ih  lili-'uriiii  /(i-<  Jiiil'o-:  ill  I  jiiii  K/oi/i'  Siiii'/iii,  in  Shhdi-'I,  Miiti  r'liili  ■•<,  II.')- 
M.  'I'lio  \M'itcr  st'i'iiis  to  foci  I'alh  il  iiiioii  to  rcionl  in  ilitail  anil  with  all 
pnssiMi'  li'u'al  toniiality  ami  (.irciimlocutiim,  fvciy  stc])  taki  n  ami  ivny  wonl 
iittiTo'l  from  till'  tiini'  he  ivoiivi'il  the  govi'inoi's  oiih  r  to  lliu  linai  ililiviiy 
of  till'  jiajH'i's.  1',  l'"ram.isco  .Favifr  tJon/alcz  was  now  iius.ionaiy  at  Saaiiui, 
aiul  tlif  fugitivos  nunilxTiMl  jicrliaiis  ;{0U  min. 


668 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IX  SOXOKA. 


tii\ial  iiatui\'  of  no  j^nat  interest  to  the  rcarlor  of 
liistoiy,  it  was  not  his  fault,  hut  Ijccauso  tliorc  were 
no  more  important  matters  to  be  recorded."^ 

July  lil,  17G(),  Cancio  addresses  the  viceroy  cx- 
jilaining  the  nature  of  the  Sonora  "warfare  and  the 
leasons  wliv  thiee  Junuh'ed  regular  soldiers  (-annot 
restore  quiL-t,  although  they  could  easily  defeat  the 
eondjined  I'orces  of  the  fo"  in  a  pitched  battle.  The 
lunaway  Sububapas  of  8ua(jui  have  committed  inany 


liostilit: 


es. 


eviii  a 


ttack 


m<i 


till 


V 


!"esidio  of  San   CVir 


los;  but  beiuLi'  I'eiiulsed  thev  have  come  to  IVlen 
and  made  jieace  with  Captain  Viltlos(^la,  falsely  claim- 
ing- to  have  had  nothinj^  to  do  with  the  attack.  The 
writer  has  no  I'aith  in  the  peace  and  will  undertake  u 
decisive  camjiaign  in  Septend)er.^"'^  In  June  a  military 
junta  in  Mexico  hatl  authorized  Governor  I'ineda  to 
raise  'living*  militia  conij)anies'  for  service  in  llu'  pro\- 
ince;  but   I'ineda  in   view   of  the  submission   of  the 


S 


ua<] 


Uis, 


the  aj)i)roach   of  Elizondo's   armv,   instr 


uc 


tions  to  be  economical,  and  lack  of  dirix-t  ordei-s.froiu 
the  ^•icerov,  hesitated  and  consulted  Cancio,  who  on 


oei) 


tteml 


)er 


1th 


1  rei)Jies,  cnciosiULif 


1( 


th 


0  reso 


luti 


*)ns  o 


the  junta  \\  hich  had  been  sent  to  him  by  Galvcz.    Ik' 
urj^vs  the  inunediate  formation  of  the  companies,  the 


sul>mission  o 


f  tl 


le  re 


bels  1 


)ei 


nii;'  too  sudden  and  \olun- 


tary  to  be  real,  and  there  having  been  no  movement 
of  the  ]\[exican  troojts  as  late  as  July  '2()th — in  fact 
the  tind)er  not  yet  havinu"  been  cut  of  which  tlie 
transport  vessels  were  to  be  builtl™  On  the  "J-Jd 
(hd\'ez  wi'ote  to  Cancio  that  he  could  lutt  vv]y  on 
the   treasuiy  to  dei'ray  expenses,  but  could  get   two 


^'('niirin,  C<trtax.  m  S'nialim  y  Sovorn,  Crnin'^,  l."S-.^,^4.  Tlic  Icttors  arc 
40  ill  iiiuiiIk  r  ihitfil  lium  ITli'i  to  17<l!l,  iind  cliiofly  dincti'il  tuOov.  I'imda. 
He  (ilti'ii  iiildrusscs  the  j;()Vt'nioi'  in  the  most  fmniliiir  titnis,  iiiid  wrm.s  ti  have 
diiiu'  iilwiiys  very  liuuli  na  he  jilcisod,  oalliny  (in  I'inoda  to  iatil\  Id"  acts  as 
a  matter  of  eonrse.     His  lottors  are  oftiii  anmsinu'  as  will  as  iiiii  "H.int. 

^•'' (  Vf/i<vV).  ('(ir/a.i,  H'A-[).  The  viceroy  leplios  on  Sept.  13th,  sii_\  iiig  noth- 
ing in  piirticul.ir. 

'•^'' ('ii)i'i(i,  ('(irfiii:.  l."S-().'^  The  writer  fhvellf?  on  tlie  pood  that  may  ho 
done  liy  the  nnlitia  in  [ireparinj,'  tora  grand  hlow^lu'n  the  ti(io|is  shall  eonie. 
But  Sonora  and  Ostiinuri  are  so  depopulated  that  they  should  not  be  calleil 
upon  for  militia  recruits  save  as  volunteers. 


rREPARATIONS  FOR  TROSPERITY. 


5<j9 


hundred  thousand  pesos  from  merchants  in  ^Mexico 
and  S[)ain,  with  wliieh  sum  lie  hoped  to  reconquer 
Sonora  and  to  l"ound  thirty  Spanisli  settlements  on  or 
near  the  Yaqui.      In   his  reply  of  Octoher  31st  the 


cai) 


•tain  states  his  l)elief  that  instead  of  I'oundii 


IL''  new 


ttlements  it  would   he  hetter  to  reenforce  old  and 


aliani 


lolled 


)iK's,  add  Spaniai'ds  to  the  Indian  pmhlo.' 


and  encouraj^e  intermarriage.  Besides  the  Yaipii  (hs- 
trict  was  in  hetter  condition  and  neede<l  settlers  less 
than  any  other.  But  this  matter  of  colonization  is  a 
secondary  one  that  can  be  attended  to  later;  the  iirst 
thing-  is  to  conquer  the  Seris  and  Pinias,  and  that 
scourge  ri'moved  prosjierity  will  surely  ri'turn.  One 
jialf  tlie  sum  mentioned  \\\\\  suthce  i'oi-  the  (•<)n(|uest; 
to  colonization  it  will  be  well  to  go  slowly  and  try 
ransport  vessels  are  now  being  l)uilt 


as 


e\I)el'mu 


'nt> 


(in  the  Ivio  Santian'o,  arms  have  been  received  at 
llorcasitas,  and  two  tlying  companies  are  being  or- 
ganized.'' 

]\rarch  D,  17G7,  Cancio  reports  the  murder  of  the 
Curate  of  Bayoreca  at  Los  C'angrejos.^'  !Marcli  "J;id 
Bernardo  de  Urrea  advises  the  uovernor  from  Altar 
tliat  in  his  opinion  either  Inlen  or  IMtic  would  he  a 
hitter  base  of  operations  than  (luaymas;"''  yi't  the 
latter  ])lace  was  chosen,  and  work  was  immediately 
hegun  there  on  soldiers'  (juarters,  warehouses,  water- 
s'Caorio,  Ciirf''"',  l."S-TO.  The  tvoopa  snit  from  Mexico  sin  uM  lio 
(lr;i,u'<i()ii!:i,  !iiiil  -00  ill  inuiilK'i';  1200  sdKIIi  is  will  lie  tiiU'.n  from  tiio  (I  iin^iilios, 
till- lull  font' lii'iii;.,' k'lt  at  I'roiitcni.'s,  an<l  tlii'  ii's^t  lifiiij.'  iviilaitd  h\  militiii 
triiniorarily;  tlu'  two  tlying'  comjiatiios  will  funiisli  lHO  iiior,  "Joo  Indians 
■•lioulil  III'  taki'ii  aloiit.'.  tliictly  to  lie  .sliowu  liow  tliu  S|iauianls  can  li'  lit,  for 
tiny  gciii'ially  tlo  liotiiiii;.'  and  lioast  mucli.  Supjilics  f..;-  (i  months  will  ho 
stored  at  I'itic  iiiidor  a  militia  rcso'vo.  From  Au.uust  t<i  I'thniary  i.s  llie  hcst 
time  for  operations,  which  bhould  he  coiulucteil  in  several  divisions  so  as  to 
l.'ivo  the  foo  to  concentrate.  I'lovi^ions  can  lie  ohtaineil  from  missions  ami 
laiichiis,  hitt  liakcrs  must  he  hroiiL-'ht,  and  money  wliidi  as  a  curiosity  will 
have  a  good  ell'oet,  also  clothinLT,  tohacco,  soap,  and  stronu'  shoes.  'I'lure  is 
ii't  a  mail  on  the  coast  wlio  can  make  any  ]iart  of  a  shiii,  and  the  fiw  |iiarl- 
li-hiiig  craft  here  will  he  of  little  use  as  transiiorts.  Tlu-  writer  nanus  ahout 
'2>  wcalliiy  men  who  can  and  prolialily  will  coiitiihuto  either  money  or  cattle. 
A  copy  of  this  letter  was  sent  to  (lov.  I'iiieda  on  Novemher  "Jlst. 

""Cdiirio,  Car/H-1.  Isl-.'i.      'What  a  sound  th.is  will  have  in  Mexico,'  says 
li'  :  'instants  are  .  cnturies  till  this  region  is  protected.'     Many  of  his  letters 
on  potty  details  I  iiave  not  iviticLil. 
"'•'iS  Olio  I II,  JIaUritiLK,  l'Jl.'-4. 


f)TO 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SOXORA. 


I' I 


tanks,  survoy.s  of  the  port,  and  storinj^  of  supplies. 
Caiicio  made  one  or  two  personal  visits  to  assure  liini- 
self  that  the  work  was  being  propeily  done,  and  liis 
letters  from  Api'il  to  June  are  almost  exelusively 
occupied  with  the  details  of  this  matter.""'  Writiuji;' 
on  July  5tli  he  has  heard  by  ])rivate  letters  that  Eli- 
/ondo  and  his  troops  were  at  Tei)ic  in  jMa}',  but  that 
the  vessels  could  not  <jfet  out  of  the  Kio  Santiajjfo 
bel'ore  the  rise  of  water  in  8e])tend)er.  The  colonel 
juid  however  detained  the  California  barco  and  Osio's 
Idiiclia,  and  was  awaiting  ])ermission  from  the  viceroy 
to  embark  with  at  least  two  hundred  men,  who  might 
therefore  be  expected  to  ari'ive  anv  dav.^^ 

Ca[)tain  Antonio  (Aisimiro  Esjjarza  writes  to  the 
governor  the  2d  of  October  from  J^acanora,  describing 
one  of  the  typical  Apache  raids  and  the  steps  taken 
to  punish  the  savages,  all  so  vagtie  as  to  be  useless. 
}Ie  also  complains  of  tlu^  people's  carelessness  desjiite 
their  danger,  and  will  if  permitted  oblige  all  the  nuMi 
to  a[»pear  daily  at  re\iew  as  at  mass,  to  go  always 
aimed,  and  to  keep  their  horses  ready.  This  will 
cause  dissatisfaction  and  some  will  have  to  be  ]>ut  in 
the  stocks;  but  in  no  (^thcr  way  can  the  savan'o  bands 

'  I/O 

be  })ursued  at  once  without  the  usual  delay  of  search- 

^'^Cdiidfi,  184-'20r>.  Lieut.  Oliva  was  Cancio's  assistant,  aii<l  Cnpt.  r.erj,'osii 
C()iiiiiiaii(k'(l  unc  vi  the  ilyiii},'  coiiipanius.  (!ov.  I'iiioda  sctiiis  to  liavi-  doiic 
soini;  a<'tivcsi'rvici',  for  April  l'.ttli,'27tli,  Cancio  warns  liini  not  tt>{^)on  \\itli  lii.s 
HUV.iW  force,  as  I'adre  Salgado  writes  tliat  it  is  unsafe  and  tlie  province  cannot 
iitliird  to  lose  another  governor.  Tlic  Indians  niatlc  a  diisli  into  (luaynuis  on 
M:iy  lOtli,  .•ind  diove  oH'a  few  horses.  The  ci'ojis  were  pood  except  in  Osti- 
niiiii  !ind  tlie  Indiims  were  restricted  in  their  sales.  The  pearl-craft  weio 
inipnsscd  into  the  transportation  service.  June  ;^d,  Cancio  Hnswcrs  ;i  Icttc 
from  Mexico  of  Jan.  "itli,  annoiincinj,'  the  dupjirtnre  of  (jorbiilan,  the  coniisa- 
lio  dc  j^ueria,  and  eoniplinientiny  hotli  Cancio  ami  Vildosola.  The  fornii  r 
thanks  the  writer,  lint  is  ividently  uneasy  about  tlic  praise  awarded  to\'ildi'- 
sohi,  who  as  he  mysteriously  hints  is  not  worthy  of  nnu'h  coniidence  and 
kno\Ns  hut  little  of  Jiidianlightin;,'.  Lieut.  Lumhreras  seems  to  ha\  r  been  in 
command  at  Ciiaymas.  'Hie  captain  nej,decte<l  nothing',  anil  June  '2,">tii  assured 
the  j.'ovei'nor  tliat  the  privies  for  the  army  were  being  constructed  in  the  most 
aii[)rovcd  style. 

^'('(irfds,  '20')-S.  lie  is  very  anxious  that  all  be  ready  for  the  troops'  ic- 
eiption,  as  it  wonhl  have  been  long  ere  this  had  his  ad\ice  been  followed! 
lie  complains  of  the  system  of  Corbalan.  now  at  San  -\ntonio,  in  paying  out 
jnoneys.  Sept.  'Jdtli.  .luan  .)osc  Kcheveste  writes  from  Mexico  a  most  nu'laii 
eholy  letter  exjiressin;;  anxiety  aliout  the  cxjicdition,  wliiih  ]irobably  caniH't 
leave  .Matanchel  betVuc  the  middle  of  Xuvember.  Sin.  y  Sun.,  Cur/as,  I'Jl  6. 


A  STATK  OF  SUSPENSE. 


671 


'o     ^' 


iiiuf  lor  and  r('i)ainn«jj  uvum- 


inal-; 


iiiii 


balU 


jirejvaniii,' 


sn])])liL's  amitl  the  lainentations  of  woinoii  and  a  scone 
dt"  inevitable  confusion. *■  C'ancio  states  that  lie  lias 
(  nh.ste«l  one  hundred  and  thirty  Ya(juis,  [)aid  tlieni 
two  rcales  eacli,  and  caused  them  to  shout  "Viva  »1 
]iry."  For  these  alhes  lie  nui.^t  have*  two  hundred 
and  iifty  fanegas  of  p'umlc}^  October  llth  he  writes 
of  ini|)ending  trouble  with  the  Yaquis,  those  of  ]>acuni 
and  A'icani  having  deseited  their  pueblos.    The  curate 


1 


)ayoreca, 


rancisco 


Ildef< 


onso  i^elix,  IS  accuser 


I  of 


liaving  incited  this  revolt,  by  telling  the  Indians  the 
Sj)aniards  were  coming  to  take  away  their  property." 
\o\end)er  19th  he  reconunends  changes  in  Indian 
governors,  because  the  Jesuits  had  always  selected 
tlie  most  severe  and  cruel  for  the  position,  and  now 
llie  Indians  should  be  led  to  expect  kinder  treatment. 
There  was  a  prevak'ut  idea  among  the  natives  that 
the  ti'oops  Were  coming  to  kill  them,  and  it  was  i'eared 
some  trouble  might  occur  when  the  vc'ssels  lii-st  came 
in  sight.  Finally  on  ])ecember  IGth  C^ancio  closes 
the  correspondence  of  the  year  with  some  unimportant 
lemarks  on  the  progress  of  the  work  at  Guayma.'- 


45 


T\ 


le  prece(Mng  resume  ot  correspondence,  vagui'  as 


h 


it  is,  gives  an  idea  not  only  of  all  that  is  known,  but 
jirobably  of  all  there  was  to  know  of  Sonora  history 


it  this  epoch.     It  was  an  eiiocli  of 


poc 


SUS[ 


tense  and  ex 


pectatioii  for  all  classes.      The  Indians  were  in  doubt 
wliether  the  great  military  expedition  of  which  tluy 


'K 


■jHirZd 


in  Sin.  ySoii.,  Ciirt(i.<,  1-24-S. 


'  Curtn.'',  '2'20-'2.     Ah  the  mxt  ciciiis  vill  he  a  fiiiliirc  in  Viuiui  distriit, 


imuh  of  tlu'  iiiniilc  mu 


ist  ]« 


'lit  tlsuwlil 


]• 


'/(/.,  -22-4.    Jli'  jirojKiscs  toicfiinnoitie  tlic  Itio  M:iyo,  {nv  the  Mayos  an 


lICVtl'fKiS  \vi 


U 


sine  to  fcillciw  tlif  ^'alllIis  in  a  revolt.     Oet.  "JSili,  lie\vrit(H 


'I 
O.sliniini  must  reconnoitre 


ill 


t'l.loaijuin  Alcaide  that  the  niei 

]ilaci.;s  fonr  times  a  nioiitii,  ami  must  al.so  protect  th(^  eoimtiy  duiin;,'  tin 


q.. 


<l 


iiiiinnir  eainiiaiiri 


/(/.,  22.'>  7.     Nov.  Kill 


itain  J^stl■\•an  Ciamlarilla  asking   for  tho  privilegeH  i^'ianted   ti 


le  s-ends  a  liieinon:il  of  tlie  nnlltlii 
>  his  rank 


in  tile  S]iani.<li  army — that  is,  ii 


iliis.     ('ancio  favors   the  ela 


im 


tl 


rntl( 


Jd., 


nen  ot  the  [irovnice  ami  tlieir  c 

:!i  :{i. 


ity  fi 

lu^  n 
fhief 


roiii  tlie  ,nri 


iliti; 
incentive  i.s 


siliciion  of  civil  author- 
Iv  tlio  l)est 


■  itams  are  nsiia 


the  di 


immunity. 


'  /(/.,  'JI)l-!>.     lie  also  hints  that  sciniclioily  does  nut  know  so  inucli  about 


iiiietjiiny  as  si.nie 


loil\'   Wollll 


1  li 


' ',i[it.  ^'ildosola  ot  whom  he  was  very  jcalolKS. 


neliody  suppose — perhaps  refciring  to 


■  ; 


572 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IX  SOXORA. 


licard  so  iniicli  w;is  to  benofit  or  aimiliil;itc  tliciu, 
many  sus|)ct'tin<^  that  no  expedition  was  coming  at 
all;  but  there  are  some  indications  that  dining  llu; 
jieriod  of  suspense  they  Nvere  less  hostile  than  beforf. 
All  Spaniards  looked  Ibrward  to  l^lizondo's  arrival  as 
the  panacea  that  was  to  cure  all  the  ills  of  the  pro\ - 
ince  by  crushing  the  savai-es.  This  scourtifo  once 
icmoved,  the  Jesuits  fairly  out  oi'  the  way,  and  a 
military  force  in  readiness  to  hold  rel)ellious  neophytes 
in  check,  the  settlers  and  miners  looked  forward  to  a 
renewed  era  of  prosperity  and  ease.  Meanwhile  they 
did  nothinu:  but  wait. 

There  is  little  to  be  said  of  the  Jesuit  missions  and 
missionaries  in  the  last  years.  "J'he  ])adres'  authoi'ily 
and  inlluence  were  well  nigh  gone,  save  over  a  few 
women,  children,  and  infirm  old  men;  they  were  re- 
garded with  ever  increasing  jealousy  and  hatred  by 
the  settlers;  and  many  of  them,  es[)ecially  the  (Jei- 
man  element  of  new-comers,  became  discouraged  and 
IVetful,  remaining  to  perform  mechanically  the  routine 
of  mission  duties  only  in  obedience  to  superior  orders. 
]^ike  all  t)ther  classes  the}'  wei'e  waiting  for  a  change, 
which  in  their  case  came,  before  the  arrival  of  troops 
IVom  ^Texico,  ina  radical  and  unexpected  form — their 
expulsion  i'rom  the  ]»rovince  and  from  America.  Statis- 
tics i'rom  the  bishop's  visita,  the  descriptive  list,  and  the 
Jesuit  catalogue,  corres{)on(ling  to  those  already  given 
Jbr  Pimeria  Alta,  are  apjtended  in  a  note,  in  whicli  I. 
include  the  province  of  Sinaloa  propin*  antl  Ostinnni, 
and  to  which  I  add  Taniaron's  statistics  of  the  soutli- 
ern  coast  provinces  from  Culiacan  to  llosario.^*^    Fioiii 

*^Tnmftroii,  Visita,  MS.;  Soiiora,  Dcscrip.,  dog.,  .'')(i(i-S4;  Cohiji.  Ji-'n-i, 
Cdtdloijo. 

Itcitor.'itc  of  S.  Francisco  Boi'ja.  On.-ipn,  3;?  Iiid.;  Tnniiclii,  14  1.  i:.,  50  lii'l. 
]'.  Mi^iul  AliiK'lii  ii  17l!4,  wlio  went  to  Opoiloiie  aiul  w;is  sucft'cikd  l^y  I'. 
Aiitouid  Ciisti'o  lii'tVuv  1707. 

Arivoc'lii,  .'>  1.  N.  Oiiapii,  112  Iiid.;  Poiiida,  l  1.  x.,  \'M  Iiid.;  Bacnnoni,  10 
1.  N.  \v.,  IC).'!  Iiul.;  also  44!>  de  raxou  including  valley  of  Taciipcto.  1'.  .li-^^i': 
ItoldiMl.  17(!4-7. 

Salmaii|i.a  (S.  ^Mijiuci),  o  1.  N.  Aiivcdii,  140  Iiid.;  Tt'opafi  (S.  .Tosr),  1  !  1. 
K.  E.,  l'2l  lud.,  besides  40  in  mncheri'ti  of  S.  Caniilo,  7  1.  K,  [also  in  1704  vSto 


JIISSION   STATISTICS. 


678 


tlio  items  thus  presented  wo  leani  that  in  tlie  terri- 
liii-y  eorrespoiKhiig  to  the  inodein  Sinaloa  ami  St>nora 
(hu'iiig  the  last  years  of  tlie  Jesuit  era  there  was  a 
)t()|tulation  of  geute  do  razon — of  Spanish,  iieL,n'o,  and 
mixed  blooil — aniountiiiuf  to  thirty-two  thousand  souls, 


mo 

ers. 

>-v, 

XlllS 

iirir 

\i\>- 

tlio 

ivrll 

rh  1. 

uiri. 

ulh- 

rom 

ll.v  1'. 


Ml. 

|;4  Sto 


T;)!ii.1s,  inclndiin:;  Iiid.  of  Chiiniaila;  niul  S.  Juan  »U'  Dios  Cliipafora  ranclio 
iS  1. 1 ;  also  r>"J  Siiaii.  in  district.  1'.  Tonuis  IVivz  in  1704,  rutiiuil  and  sue- 
ci'C'iicd  liy  llartolonii'  Saenz  lul'dre  1707. 

Mnhas  (C'onoci)oion),  7  1.  •**.  l!i<>  Cliico,  121  Ind.;  Xuri  (Stii  Ana),  5  1.  n.  k., 
70  Ind.     P.  J5urnardo  MidiliMidorll',  1704  7. 

Onahas  (S,  I^nncio),  II  1.  N.  Mobas,  .")'J()  Inil. ;  Tiiiiiel.i,  f)  I.  \.,  up  river, 
.■<7'-  Ind.;  Soyoi)a  (S.  fraiiciaco),  14  1.  N.,  •_''_'l  Ind.  1'.  Karinue  Kurt/el,  roo- 
hn\  1704-7. 

('i)inuripa  (S.  Francisco  Javier),  SI.  s.  k.  Kio  riiico,  180  Ind.;  IJuenavista, 
I'J  1.  s.,  '2'M  Jnd.      v.  Jlenito  Antonio  Jvoinero,  l7(i4-7. 

'r.i<iii|ia  (S.  Fran.  Jioija),  •_'0  1.  N.  w.  ('(mimiiia,  'JIO  Ind.;  Suaqni,  10.  1. 
s.,  I!!)!  Ind.;  S.  Jose  ilo  I'linas,  10  1.  w.,  UK)  Ind.  I'.  Francisco  Javier  (ion- 
y.alez,  1704-7. 

Matapo  (S.  Jo.s.),  .30  1.  N.  Teeoripa,  114  Ind.;  Nacori  (.Sta  Cm/),  ,31.  s.  \v., 
I'N  Ind.;  Alamos  (.\snneioni,  7  1.  N.  w.,  ll.'S  Ind.;  also  ■'?  S[)anisli  settlenienls, 
Kilieico,  Nacoii,  and  Ma/atan,  witii  a  pop.  of  '_V)0.  ^'.  Jacobo  Scilelniair, 
17114  7. 

lleetoratc  of  Santos  M;irtires.  Ilatneo  (S.  Fran.  .Tavior),  4  1.  v..  Mata]ip, 
'JIO  Jilt'.;  Tepuspe,  1..")  1.  s.,  l(i;i  Ind.  ALso  4  Sj)anisli  settlements,  liealito, 
].;i  ^lesa,  Cliiluialiua,  and  Todo.s  Santos,  with  a  pop.  of  301.  1'.  Alejandro 
];apicani,  1704-7. 

Oposura  (S.  .Mij,'nel),  8  1.  K.  Aconclii,  20.")  Ind. ;  Cumpas,  10  1  N.,  110  Ind.; 
'I'lrajia,  5  1.  S.,  '>~  Ind,  Also  7  Spanish  .s('ttlement.s  :  C'cmatlepa,  10  1.  N.; 
Jamaica,  8  1.  N.;  Yeeora,  0  1.  N. ;  Toiserobabi,  'M.  N.;  Tonibabi,  o  1.  E.;  I'i- 
ni|>a,  2  1.  S. ;  Tepachi,  12  1.  .>j.  [Tecori,  Jonivavi,  an<l  Xacosuri  in  the  printed 
ripLitl,  with  a  pop.  of  l,2(iO.      1'.  Jose  ( Jarrnelio,  1704-7 

(uiazava  (S.  Fran.  Javier),  18  1.  j;.  Uiiosura,  20.')  Ind.;  Opotii,  11  1.  N., 
2-1  hid.  and  27  Vat|uis.  P.  Juan  ^^entoit;,  in  1704-7,  rector;  also,  in  1707, 
r.  llaiiion  Sanchez. 

Ilaeadegnaclii  (S.  Luis  Gonzago),  5  1.  K.  s.  K.  Ouaz.ava,  208  Ind.;  Nacori 
(Asuueion),  9  1.  w.,  2U8  Ind.;  Moehopa,  12  1.  H.,  183  Ind.  P.  Manuel 
Aguine  in  1704;  I'.  Jose  Liebana  in  1707. 

ISasi'raca  (Sta  Mari'a),  24  1.  .n.  ISaeadei^uaehi,  540  Ind.;  Guaeliinera  (S. 
Juini  IJautista),  o  I.  s.,  200  Ind.  1'.  Joseph  Och  in  1702-4;  P.  PioLaguna  in 
ITCT. 

liabispc  (S.  Miguel),  .")  1.  \.  Baseraca,  2ri9  Ind.  Visita  of  liiiseraea  in 
IT'it:  P.  Javier  Pascua  in  1707. 

Xaoosari  (Ivosario),  nw],  "lO  1.  s.  w.  I]abispc,  pop.  10.5.  Had  a  cur.ite,  but 
lir  li'  strted  and  went  to  Fronteras. 

lli'ctorate  of  San  Fraiuiseo  Javier,  ruiiuiaraelii  (S.  Ign.nciol,  17  1.  n.  of 
N;i"s:ui,  115  Ind.;  Cuclnita  (S.  Fran.  Javier),  5  1.  .^.  i;.,  7;{  Iml.;  Tehuriciii 
(AMiiuion),  8  1.  .s.,  82  Ind.  P.  liartolonie  Saenz  in  1704,  sueeeeded  '  y  P. 
.1' >•   Neve  before  1707. 

I'mnteras  (SUi  Kosa  Corodeguachi),  presidio,  .50  1.  w.  Janos,  I?  I.  N.  C\i- 
(liiiarachi,  garrison  of  .50  men  under  Capt.  Gabriel  Antonio  Vildusola,  pup, 
■i^'i;  euiate  of  Naeosari  here. 

Aiizpo  (Asuncion),  30  1.  .'*.  Nv.  Fronteras,  .303  Ind.;  Chinapa  (S.  Jose),  0  1. 
N.  I..  20()  Ind.;  liaeoaehi  (S.  MigiieU,  8  1.  n.  K.,  02  Ind.  Also  i.n  the  reales 
lit  (  iiiiiapa,  Ba.wchnea,  and  Bacanuchi,  a  Spanish  pop.  of  201.  P.  Carlos  do 
lii'j.is.  visitador,  1704-7. 

iJauaniichi,  20  1.  E.  Cucurpc,  158  Ind.;  Guepaca,  3  I.  s.,  120  Ind.;  Sino- 


674 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SONORA. 


living  in  fifty  or  more  scttlonicnts — villas,  presidios, 
and  mining  camps,  with  the  attached  lanchos  nnd 
haciendas;  served  in  part  by  some  fifteen  secular 
clergy,  and  also  by  Jesuits  acting  as  curates.  In  caii' 
of  the  curates,  and  chiefly  in  the  south,  were  six  thou- 
sand Indians  livini;  in  over  forty  native  settlements. 
There  were  also  twenty-five  thousand  neophytes  liv- 
ing in  one  hundred  and  twenty  pueblos,  forming  lil'ty 


qnipo  (S.  Ignacio), .')  1.  n'. ,  1 34  Iiul.  Also  S|innish  settlomcnt  of  Motcfoip,  po]). 
2!)(i;  "(in  Sjiiiiiisli  in  valley  of  Soiiora.     1*.  FiaiiciMco  Javier  Villaroya in  )7lit-7. 

AfoiiL'lii  (S.  Pedro),  8  1.  K.  Opoilejie,  "JO.")  Inil.;  IJubiacora  (ConceiKJoii),  7 
1.  s.,  "JiU  Ind.     P.  Niiolila  Peicira  in  I7<(4-7. 

Ure.s  (S.  iMij^nel),  12  1.  w.  liatuco,  'J.W  ln<l.;  Sta  Rosalia,  1'2  1.  s.,  ."..'!  Ind. 
Also  ill  <jla\ilan  and  other  rauehos  123  Siiaiiiards.  P.  Praneisuo  (or  Aiidiv-) 
Miihel,  1704-7. 

lloicasitas  (S.  Mij^nel),  villa,  capital  of  Soiiora,  ^'arrison  of  .W  iiuii, 
founded  in  \~')(),  pop.  488  do  ra/ou;  Real  do  S.  Jo.'^e  de  (Jiaeia,  7  1.  s.,  p"!'. 
1.V2;  llacieuda  of  Pitie,  151.  H.  W.;  abandoned  puelilosof  Pijpulo  and  Los  An- 
geles. 

Opodepe  (Asiincion),  IG  1.  X.  Ilorcasitas,  4]'^  In<l.;  Xacaineri,  5  1.  s.,  11.'! 
Ind.  Also  15S  Spaniards  in  llie  two  i)iielilos.  P.  Franciseo  l^oaiza  in  17lil, 
vlio  retired  and  wna  sueceeded  l)y  1'.  Mi;4iiel  Ahnela  Ijel'oru  1707. 

t'lieurpe  (Stos  Reyes),  10  1.  s.  \V.  S.  lj.;naeio,  141  Iml.;  Saraeaclii,  71-  N.  I'-, 
10!)  Ind.;  'J'oajje,  7  1.  s.  \V.,  17-{  Ind.  Also  188  gente  de  lazon  in  distritt 
inelmling  the  real  de  Saracaehi.     1*.  Ipiaeio  I'lelleikoin,  1704  7. 

Reetorate  of  Dolores,  or  Pinicna  Alta,  see  p.  50H  of  this  vohinic. 

Jieetoi'atc  of  8.  I^'iiaeio  de  Ya(pu.  I'lu^hloson  the  Vn(|ni  and  Mayorivcr>'. 
Baeiini,  1,'.KM)  Ind.;  Coeorin,  'A  1.  lielow,  2,5,'tOlnd.     1*.  Julian  Salazar  1704-7. 

I'orin,  0  1.  below  Racuni,  .'5,045  Ind.;  Viean),  2.51.  M.  s.  vv.,  .'5,018  Ind.  1'. 
Lorenzo  Garcia,  1704-7. 

Itilinni,  1  1.  w.  N.  vv.,  2,084  Ind.;  Potam,  .'5  1.  s.  s.  w.,  2,458  Ind.  1'. 
Juan  IJlanco,  1704—7. 

Iluiribis,  1.5  1.  x.  w.  Rahuni,  1,4.'50  Ind.;  Relen,  2  1.  N.  w.,  at  moutli  if 
river,  1,054  Ind.;  Oiiaynias,  18  1.  w.,  Indians  transferred  to  Relen,  r."il. 
Helen  was  .a  eabecera  after  1704.  P.  Ma.\inuliaiio  Lo  Roi,  1704-7;  P-  Li'i- 
enzo  Salyado,  1707. 

t'onicari,  on  l!io  ^layo,  1!)0  Ind.;  Moeovaliui,  8  1.  v.,  5!)f>  Ind.;  Catno:i,  5 
1.  s.,  200  Ind.;  Tesia,  0  1.  s.,  .'588  Ind.  P.'  Vicente  Rnbio,  17(il-7.  P.  >i<i^'i 
Rouderos  at  C'anioa,  1707. 

Xabojoa,  10  1.  s.  Tesia,  309  Ind.;  Cohurimpo,  3  I.  s.,  030  Ind.  P.  Lu.::i3 
Merino,  1704-7. 

Mayo  (Sta  ("riiz),  at  mouth,  200  Ind.;  Eehohoa,  8  1.  N.,  1,15(>  Ind.  1'. 
Ocoi-yc^  Fraidcncg,  1704—7. 

Tej)ahue,  on  lUo  Cedros,  8  1.  K.  w.,  Rio  Mayo,  211  Ind.;  Bataeosa  (ea- 
becera after  1704),  10  1.,  10!)  Ind.     P.  Francisco  Ita,  1704-7. 

Lo.s  Alamos,  real,  with  lieutenant-governor  and  curate;  good  mines;  pup. 
3,400  do  razon. 

l.ayoreca,  real,  331.  N.  W.  Alamos,  pop.  1,004,  Spanish  and  mixed. 

Rii)  ('hico,  real,  20  1.  N.  I'ayoreca,  pop.  1,400;  with  a  cuiatc. 

Trinidad  do  Plata,  real,  25  1.  .n.  k.  Itio  Chieo;  with  3  other  reales,  (.'nii- 
ecpeion,  (xuadalupo,  and  S.  Antonio;  pop.   715;  mine  rich;  .ussistant  cuia'.e. 

Soyopn,  or  S.  Antonio  do  la  Huorta,  real  established  in  175',),  poi).  .'<''<'; 
14  1.  N.  Ri    Cliico;  gold  placer  mines;  curate. 

llectoratc  of  (province  of  Sinaloa).     Mocorito,  190  luJ. ;  Bacubi- 


k1.     1'. 


iiii(i;i, 

.) 

I".  ■)(. 

-0 

'.  T.i'if 

13 

11,1. 

I'. 

•osa  (t 

.!• 

os;  p< 

P- 

1. 

Of.  ' ' 

'11- 

t  cur; 

op.  ;< 

,«l; 

Baeubi- 


MISSION   STATISTICS. 


ti<  J 


Tuissions  uiul(>r  as  many  Ji-suit  missioiiaries.  Of  ui'cn- 
tilc  population  no  iva.sonal)lo  i-stiniatc  is  [)ossil)lt'. 

TliL'  names  of  the  Jesuits  ('\])t'll('il  in  J  707  arc 
s^ivcn  in  tlic  statistical  note.  Of  the  expulsion  so  far 
;is  it  ]);u'tieularly  concerned  these  proNinces  there  is 
little  to  be  said.      Ca[)tain  Caneio,  jippointed  hy  <1hj 

iiti>  (S.  Podro),  10  1.  .s.  w.,  110  Ind.  I'l'.  ]''rjiiicisco  Aliiva  and  I'Viiuiinli) 
J)tir!>  in  1707. 

Sinaliia  (S.  ]'\'lipc),  villa,  pop.  .1,.')00;  .lesiiil-  serviii;,'  its  ciiratc;  1*.  .TosiJ 
(iarlia.s  ivctor  in  I7'i7. 

(.'iiiuorato,  (111  Uio  Sinaloa,  l.')fl  Ind.;  S.  I^'nacio  do  Sta  Man'a.  ■!  1.  i:.,  l.'!7 
Ind.;  Oiiiicia,  Si.  .s.  w..  Ill  Ind.     P.  Juan  Aiitnnio  (.'odano,  17<>7. 

Ociironi,  8  1.  :■.'.  \v.  Sinaloa,  ii'Mi  lu<l.;  liaiiioa,  8  1.  .s.,  .VJi,'  Ind.  1', 
Mi^'iud  I'V  rnandcz  Soinui'a  in  1707. 

Kin,  -l  1.  s.,  down  rivci',  SIX)  End.     P.  Ijjnacio  Oonzalc/,  17<>7. 

diia/avi',  'J  1.  H.  Nio,  G.il  Ind.;  Tumiizula,  2  1.  s.,  ."iSO  Ind.  P.  .h>»t:  Palo- 
mino, 1707. 

I'll  I'licite  (S.  Juan  do  Montcsclarosil,  villa  "JS  1.  w.  Sinaloa,  ],SS(!  jiop., 
\\  itii  a  turatf;  llual  du  Siviiijoa,  riuli  |,'olil  and  .silver  niincH. 

\'ac;i,  on  liio  Fucite,  M.j  Ind.;  Ilnitu.-i,  ."»  I.  n.,  -JOS  Ind.  P.  Siliastiaii 
('a\a.  1707. 

Toi-o,  I  1.  s.  Vaia,  -210  Ind.;  Cliois,  10  1.  E.  Vaua,  204  Ind.;  Bianiuiia,  S  1. 
):.,  4(il  Ind.      P.  Juan  Fi'anL'i.sco  Aciifia,  17(17. 

TiliiK'fo,  1.")  1.  s.  Toro,  (U2  Ind.;  Sivirijoa,  4  1.  s.,  700  Ind.;  Cliarai,  1  I  1. 
s.  OJi)  liid.     P.  Javiii- Anaya,  1707. 

.Moihiuiivi,  4  1.  s.,  I.(i0(>  Ind.;  S.  Miguel,  4  1.  s.,  (500  Ind.;  Alioinu,  S  1.  s., 
at  mouth  of  river,  ."lOl  Ind.    P.  Antonio  \'cntura,  17l>7. 

Province  of  Cliiiiipas  (lar^^ely  ill  Cliiliualiua I,  Ijalopilas,  rc.il,  pop.  •J'_'7. 

XavoL'anip,  'Jli.)  Inil.;  Chinatun,  238  Ind.;  Stu  Ko.salia,  200  Ind.;  P.  lllaa 
l\liiiui',  in  1707. 

l!al)nrij;amc,  2  dny.s  N.  Xavoirame.  .^00  Ind.;  Real  clo  S.  .Tuan  XtponuK.'i-iio, 
fi  1.  \v.,  .V)  Ind.,  .'id  Sjian.;  Cinco  LlaL;a.s,  12  1.  .'<.,  I.'i.')  Ind.;  Ij.i.sonopa,  12  I.  \v., 
i.'ii)  Ind.;  Sta  Jt(jsa,  7  i.  w.,  7.'5  Ind.;  Tunoriiia,  1.,")  days  W.,  121  Ind.;  S. 
Aiiilii  J  (oaliL'CLia  in  17(i7,  P.  Luis  MartinJ,  2  days  n.,  2S7  Ind.;  .Sta  i'acicin'i.i 
ilr  (.'ri.sto,  3  days  n.,  110  Ind.;  (jlueauliic,  12  1.  N.,  170  Ind.  P.  Javier  Weis, 
1707. 

Satevo  (Sto  An;,'c'l),  4  daj'S  N.  P)al)ori^anic,  220  Ind.;  Coiicopeion,  Ki  1., 
217  [nd.     P.  Wcnueslao  Koliih,  1707. 

Tuljari's  (S.  I.^'iiaeio),  10  1.  >.  k.  Satevo,  2r)0l)id.;  S.  Mi;,'uo!,  10  1.  K.,210 
Ind.      P.  Jose  Felix  Seliastian,  1707. 

Seroeaiiui  (S.  Fran.  Javiei'),  2  days  N.  K.  Tuliarcs,  |.'!!(  Ind.;  Cniteeo,  S  1. 
N.,  20."!  lad.;  Clmruc,  S  I.  .n.  1:.,  23l'lnd.;  (iuapaleina,  12  I.  K.,  IIS  Ind.,  l.'i 
."''iKin.      P.  Xieohis  Saclii,  17<>7. 

(iua/:i])ares  (Sta  Teresa),  1")  1.  i:.  Seroeac'ui,  .1(X)  Ind.;  Temoiis,  ■'{.,")  1.  s., 
1'.).",  III,!.;  TepoL'lii,  11  1.  N.,  S,")  Ind.      P.  P.dro  I'al.lo  Maeidii,   1707. 

(,'liinipas  (Sta  In«'s),  IS  1.  \v.  (luaz;i)iares,  14(i  hid.;  (,iuadalu[ie,  10  1.  n., 
177  Ind.      P.  .luan  Culiedu,  visitador,  1707. 

S.mta  Ana,  10  1.  N.  Cliinipas,  2.S0  Ind.;  Loreto,  10  1.  N.,  ."iitO  Ind.  P. 
-Maiiiu  1  Klever,  rector,  1707. 

llatopililla  (S.  .lose),  24  1.  K.  Stji  Ana,  ."SS  Ind.;  P>:u'l>oriieo,  2  days  w., 
211   Ind.     [Calieccsa,  in  1707.]     P.  Francisco  Slcsae,  1707. 

Moris  (Fspfritii  Santo),  20  1.  N.  liatopilillas,  adjoining  Ostiinuri,  14.">  Ind. 
1'.  Juan  Steb,  1707. 

\ecora  (S.  Ildefonso),  00  1.  .v.  Moris,  118  Ind.;  ^laicoba,  14  1.  E.,  271  Ind. 
P.  Jose  Wazet,  1707. 

Southern  coast  provinces  (including  a  portion  of  Topia).     Masatan,  'I'ui 


570 


LAST  OF  THE  JICSUITS  IX  .SONOUA. 


fjfovcriiiiusiit  ooiiiisioiiado  for  ilio  purpose,  ))!'0(*('0(1<'(I 
<luriii^' August  and  S('i)tfiiilH'i-  to  cany  out  liis  onliTs 
ns  rapidly  and  .secretly  as  ])ossil»le  l»y  renioviu^j;'  ilie 
Jesuit  })adres  from  all  the  missions  and  sendinij  them 
to  Guaymas.  The  majonhjino  of  each  estahlishnu-nt 
was  ]»ut  in  char<j;e  and  made  responsihlo  for  a  short 
time  until  the  arrival  of  the;  re_L,ndarly  ap})oin(fd 
eomisai'ios,  who  took  ])ossession  hy  inventory  and 
lield  all  the  ])roperty  suhject  to  the  order  t)f  the  gov- 
ermnent.  The  padres  scut  to  ^[exico  in  the  u^'ijji'e- 
gate  some  thii'ty  thousand  dollars,  l»ut  with  this 
exception  the  society  retained  nothing  what(.!vei'. 
The  lew  curates  in  the  country  were  instructed  to 
take  charge  of  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  natives 

Iiid.;  St.i  Marin,  •2.r>  1.  s.,  175  Iiid.;  S.  Juan,  .T  1.  s.,  l.'W  Iii.l.;  Otiititlaii,  '2  1. 
H.  w.,  .V>  Iiiil.;  Cacalotlau,  '2  1.  N.,  H  Iml.;  Sta  Cn  v  4. •-'.")  1.  s.,  2\K\  Iml.  A 
few  Hi'ttli'ia.     All  uiiiliT  a  ciirato  of  Masatau. 

ridiiiuaas,  real,  14  1.  N.  K.  Masataii,  pup.  4'2'J,  assistaiit  curate;  llosiiriii, 
real,  .1  1.  s.  s.w.  .Masatau.  pop.  •_',4'">'*)  cui'atiMind  several  elei'gy;  ;,'i)(iil  luiiM- 
ini,'s,  iiiiiu!  failing;  Cliametla,  5  1.  s.  Jiosario,  "2  1.  from  wa,  on  river,  jiop. 
5U0  Inil.,  .■>.")7  Span.;  Kseuinapa,  8  1.  K.  Kosario,  110  Iiid.,  l)i)  Sji.m. 

.San  Seli.istian,  villa,  5tM)  Sjian.  and  "J,!)!)!)  in  ranelioM  and  liaeiendan,  assi-t- 
ant  akaldo  and  eurate;  Mazatlan,  (i  1.  ,s.  \v.,  4  1.  from  .lea,  8  1.  from  i)ort,  idiii 
niulattoe.s,  as.sistant  curate;  Jacob,  a  1.  .s.  E.,  5U0  lud. ;  Sta  Catarina,  (J  1.  \v. 
HO  Ind. 

Cojiala  (S.  Juan),  real,  10  1.  N.  S.  SeLaatian,  pop.  with  real  de  Arrona. 
700;  54;{  in  ri^alea  of  lYuiuco  and  Cliarca.s;  also  eurate.s;  (luasinia,  (I  1  .s.,  It'l 
ind.;  iS.  Pablo,  "JS  lud.;  Carrizal,  7  1.  N.  i:.,  74  Ind.;  Sta  Lucia,  10  1.  N.,  !IS 
Ind. 

Jan  Javi'jr,  villa,  40  1.  N.  \v.  Copjila,  35  1.  w.  Rosario,  pop.  870,  curate 
and  alcalde;  (Jabazan,  2  1.  \v.,  100  ln<l. 

San  l^nacio,  i)op.  .'{74,  100  Ind.;  Ajoya,  12  I.  S.  K.,  442  Ind.;  Sta  Poloniii, 
15  1.  s.  K.  up  rivir,  1)2  lud.;  S.  Juan,  3  1.  s.,  192  lud.;  S.  Agu.stin,  0  1.  w. 
ilown  river,  215  Ind. 

Co.sala,  leal,  27  1.  W.  S.  Ignacio,  pop.  1,S!I7,  curate;  S.  Juan  Bautist.i 
Coristaea,  101.  s.,  152  Ind.;  Abnia,  18  1.  s.  s.  W.,  2:r)  lud.;  Tabala,  UJ  1.  N.  i:., 
115  Ind.;  Tecuiclianioua,  18  1.  .s.  w.,  12;$  Ind.;   Ijiuajja,  18  1.  s.  w.,  122  Iml. 

Alaya,  8  1.  n.  w.  Cosalil,  220  lud.,  some  Span.,  rich  niinea  of  101  (Jajmi, 
pop.  414  in  two  ailjoining  valleys,  curate;  Otatitlau,  12  1.  n.  n.  e..  08  luiL; 
larj;e  liver  between  three  pueblos  ami  Cosala. 

Culiaeau  (S.  Miguel),  villa,  ;>">  1.  x.  Cosahi,  pop.  L.^SS,  alcahle  mayor; 
pop.  of  iio'ti  in  rauchos  and  h.aeieudas;  rich  mine  of  I'alo  lilanco;  N'avit", 
20  1.  .s.  w.,  80  Ind.;  Aguila,  18  1.  s.,  58  Ind.;  Imala,  7  1.  N.  K. ,  (i;{  jnd. ;  Tc- 
pueho,  5  1.  N.,  40  lud.;  .Facobito,  12  1.  n.,  24  Ind.;  Hachigualito,  ;1  1.  w.,  I'JH 
lud.;  Olaguarato,  4  1.  w.,  102  lud.;  8.  I'ablo  Culiaeau,  4.5  1.  W.,  8.'>  Inil.; 
kS.  Pedro,  5  1.  \v.,  XV,  Ind.;  Nabolato,  10  1.  w.,  322  Ind.;  Bachimeto,  11.5  I. 
s.  w.,  04  Ind.;  Otauiuto,  12  1.  N.  w.,  20  Iml.;  Capirato,  12  1.  N.  W.,  210  In.l.; 
Camarito,  13  1.  N.  \v.,  201  Ind. 

]5adiraguato,  2(!  1.  N.  w.  Culiacan,  104  Ind.,  curate;  Cariatapa,  7.5  1.  i;., 
OS  lud.;  Xlorirato,  101.  E.,  80  lud. ;  Ciuateni|)a,  13.5  K.,  14!)  Ind.;  Damupn, 
18  1.  N..  .3!)  Ind.;  Soyatita,  28  1.  :;.,  l.VJ  lud.;  S.  Javier,  7  1.  s.  w.,  70  In.l.; 
iSuu  Uenito,  12  1.  »n.  %v.,  pop.  010  S^wu.,  curate;  StiV  Cruz,  5  1.  N.  K.  E.,  55  bul. 


THE  r.XI'l'LSION. 


•>i  / 


until  fiii'tlit'i' jirovisioii  sliould  !«•  ]iia(lt>,  l)iit  If  is  to  1k> 
I'oarcd  tliat  tin;  diitv  was  not  vcrv  ihornULililv,  li<»\v- 
tvcr  (aitlirully,  attoiidi'd  t<».  Of  t\\o  arts  and  words 
and  fi.'olini^.s  of  tlio  padrvs  on  rocH^[)rK)n  of  tlio  Mliolly 
unuxpccttHl  order  to  <^Ivo  \\[)  tlicir  missions,  their 
iieo[)Iiyti!  snl>jeets,  tliu  results  of  all  tlieir  toils,  the 
jioines  \vher(!  many  of  their  numher  had  i;'ro\\n  old, 
we  know  absolutely  nothlu'n',  sin*  (*  lor  sonu;  unknown 
I'eason  the  Jesuits  themselves  havt;  kt'|»t  silence,  and 
it  was  the  policy  'f  the  i^oveinnient  to  observe  the 
strictest  secrecy. 

AuLjust  Dth  Cancio  Avrites  to  the  i^^overnor  that 
the  .Jesuits  of  the  Fuerte,  ^[ayo,  and  ^'a(|ui  have 
asscmhled  at  Santa  Cruz  as  ordered  except  I'adre 
( \'iva,  who  is  sick,  and  Anaya,  who  has  shown  no 
.si'.;'n  uf  obedience^  and  i'or  whom  an  ollicer  has  heeii 
s<  at.  Cancio  with  twelve  of  the  padivs  is  now  at 
Camoa  en  route,  jx'rhaps  for  (luaymas,  wlK^re  ]\o  will 
I'emain  five  or  six  days  on  account  of  sickness  and  hot 
Moather.  Aujain  on  October  Ud  ha  writes  that  on 
Septomber  llith  he  despatched  nineteen  ])a(lres  from 
Las  Cruc(>s  in  two  fa kc/kis  under  a  sei'u'eant  and  ein'lit 
soldiers;  but  tluy  came  back  with  the  story  that 
they  could  not  enter  Guaymas  on  account  of  the  tide. 
Tlie  zealous  captain  ke])t  the  padres  on  boaid,  }iut 
the  masters  in  the  stocks,  and  himself  [laeed  the  beacli 
as  sentinel  all  niu['ht.  At  last,  on  the  *J"2d,  he  ^ot  a 
]'eceipt  tor  the  nineteen  Jesuits  from  Lieutenant  J^uni- 
hreras  in  command  at  (luaymas.  October  24th  the 
( loyernor  approyed  Cancio's  management  of  the  whole 
business.  December  20th  Cancio  speaks  of  rumors 
that  the  J(!suits  confined  at  Ouaymas  leayo  the  quar- 
ters at  night  to  li<jld  interviews  with  the  liuhans, 
talking  of  independence  from  Spain  and  English  in- 
terference. While  he  thinks  the  rumors  may  not  be 
well  founded,  he  has  ordered  redoubled  vigilance,  for 
the  Jesuits  might  do  great  harm  in  the  country's 
[tresent  critical  condition.''^ 

"  Cancio,  Cartft'i,  20%~4\. 

Uisi.  N.  Mks.  States,  Vol.  I.    37 


578 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SOXORA. 


The  exiles  seem  to  have  sailed  from  Guaymas  early 
ill  1708  and  from  America  late  in  the  same  year. 
Only  thirty  of  the  fifty  lived  to  reach  Spain  in  July 
17 GO.  Father  Baegert  gives  some  tletails  of  their 
sufferings  for  nine  months  in  the  Avretched  'cattle- 
sheds'  at  Guaymas,  on  the  vo^'age  of  forty-eight  da3s 
to  Matanclu'l,  and  on  the  painful  march  across  the 
country  to  Vera  Cruz/'*  No  friars  or  curates  canu; 
in  17G7  to  take  the  place  of  the  banished  missionaries, 
though  tliere  was  some  correspondence  on  the  subject. 
I  a})|)en(l  an  ali)habetical  list  of  the  Jesuits  who  served 
in  Hinaloa  and  Sonora  from  the  bef>innin<x.  For  the 
earlier  and  later  years,  as  for  the  northern  missions, 
the  list  may  be  regarded  as  practically  complete;  but 
for  the  intcrnu;diate  period  and  the  southern  districts 
tliere  are  doubtless  some  omissions.*'^ 

^'  lifii'ficrf,  XacIirirJiff)),  200-301 ;  Camp.  Jcxna,  Catulonn.  Xcntoig,  Porcm, 
.ind  ruiliH)  Dili/,  ^vo^!  aiiinnn  those  who  dicnl  before  leaving  AnieriL'a.  Of  tliu 
otlKM's  wo  have  met  in  rinn'iia,  I'liver  died  in  iSpaiii  in  1770,  Sedolniair  in 
1770,  (iarnuho  iu  17So,  and  Espiiiosa  iu  17!50.  Ignaeio  Gonzalez  died  in 
iSinuloa  in  17<i7. 

■■''The  d.ites  arc  those  when  the  padres  arc  shown  by  the  records  to  have 
been  in  the  country.  In  most  eases  tliey  give  no  indication  of  the  respective 
terms  of  service.  Xanies  marked  with  a  *  were  serving  in  other  parti  of 
Mexico  in  1707.     Dates  in  parentheses  are  approximately  correct. 


Abad,  Isidoro  Fernandez,  1750. 
Acuna,  Juan  Francisco,  1707. 
Adame,  Laurencio,  1(100. 
Aguila,  Vicente,  (UU)(1)-1G41. 
Aguirre,  JMaiiUel,  17.")0-()J.* 
Alava,  Francisco,  1~jG-7. 
Albieuri,  Juan,  Kll'.'j. 
Almela,  Miguel,  I  ,"(i4-7. 
Alvarez,  Liicas  Lud.,  17'iO. 
Anaya,  Fran.  Javier,  I7t'2-r)7. 
Andonaiipu,  i;oi|ue,  174l'.* 
Angel,  Juan,  (i(i  10- •_'!). 
Anzieta,  Juan  I'..,  (1U7S)-H)81. 
Ai'ce,  Iguacio,  \~\\(). 
Arce,  Juan  Antonio,  174'J. 
Armas,  Jose,  i7;>0. 
Arriola,  Agnstm,  174'2-50.* 
Avendano,  .hian,  17o0. 
Azpilcueta,  Martin.  (I(;.n0)-1G3G. 
Balestra,  Angel,  (l(ilO)-l(J44. 
IJaltasar,  Juan  .Vnt.  17r)7. 
Harrera,  I>icgo  tlose,  17('0-7. 
IJasaldua,  1710. 
]kisi!io,  Tomi'is,  1017. 
Uatjtii'umo,  MclcLor,  (1099)-] 701. 


Benavides,  Martin,  (1007)-17O0. 
Bentz,  Antonio  i\Ia.,  17oO-OU. 
Berra,  Fernando,  1  J07. 
Beyerca,  (lOOf)). 
Blanco,  Juan,  1748.* 
Bonifacio,  Luis,  (1000)-1G40. 
Borio,  CJuillermo,  17J0. 
Bueno,  IV  ,lro,  (1040). 
Bnrgesio,  Martin,  (lOlS-20). 
Burgo:'.,  Juan  ^Innoz,  1077-94. 
Calderon,  Josi^  ]7.'!0.* 
Calvo,  Juan,  (1000). 
Campos,   \gustin,  100.3-173,'). 
Canal,  (Icronimo,  (1044)-lGo3. 
Canas,  Cristobal,  1730. 
Capetillo,  Mi','uel,  1734. 
Cardenas,  Juan,  (lOlO-'.^l). 
CVu'denas,  Lorenzo,  (lOoO). 
Carranco,  (1000). 
Cartagena,  :Manuel,  1742.* 
Castauo,  BartolonuS  (1018-40). 
Castcllauos,  I'eilro,  (lOSS). 
CastMii.  I'edro.luan,  (1018-44). 
Castro,    ^ntonio,  17<i7. 
Custro,  X  runcisco,  1593-1C27. 


LIST  OF  JESUITS. 


579 


Cava,  Seliastinn,  17G7. 
Cavero,  Juan  I'cni.,  (1G7S)-1C90. 
Cedano,  Juan  Ant.,  17o(>-t>7. 
C'olestri,  Carlos,  (1088). 
Cervantes,  Andrews,  (1078). 
Cervantes,  Ijaltanar,  (1040). 
Clericis,  Alhcrto  (1009'. 
Clever — see  Klever. 
Collantea,  Jos.',  (10.3-?i-lG44. 
Coiitreras,  I'cdro  ]!uiz,  1007-8. 
Copart,  Juan  B.,  (1078). 
Cordaveras,  Manuel,  174'2. 
Cortes,  Jiieinto,  (1008-71). 
Covarruhias,  Josii,  (1078). 
Cruz,  L):e,,'o  de  la,  (1010). 
Cul)edu,  .Juan,  1707. 
Diivila.  Luis,  1078. 
I)iaz,  .Itiaquin  Fc'lix,  1744-60. 
I>iuz,  Manuel,  1701. 
Dicz,  I'edro  Itafael,  1707. 
])u(iue,  Iirnacio,  174"2. 
Eoliajoyan,  Juan,  17'!0. 
Kgidiano,  Andres,  (10(iO)-lGG7. 
Kscalona,  Jost^,  17.')0-r)0. 
Ksgreclio,  Felipe,  1088. 
Kspinosa,  Alonso,  17o4-07. 
Fentaflez,  IJartolomi^,  17")0. 
Fernandez,  Juan,  (1720-30). 
Flores,  Lorenzo,  (1040). 
Fraidenc!.',  (ieoryc,  1707. 
Franeo,  Jose,  I7o0. 
Gallardi,  Luis  Ma.,  (I720)-30. 
Gareia,  Lorenzo  Jose,  1750-07. 
(larfias,  Jose,  17.'i0-07. 
(iarrueho,  Jost',  1744—07. 
(ierbtnei',  ^lignel,  17r>0-07. 
Gil,  Adaii,  (I(i'.);i)-I700. 
Godinez,  Mi.L'uel,  (1G1S)-1044. 
Goniar,  Antonio,  (1018)-1700. 
(roniez,  Mareos,  !();j2. 
Gofii,  I'l  dro  Matias,  1077-8. 
Gonzalez,  Andres,  1730. 
Gonzalez,  Francisco,  (10(t9)-1702. 
(ionzalcz,  Fran.  Javier,  1704—7. 
(Jonzalez,  lc;naeio,  17")0-1707. 
Gonzalez,  Manuel,  (l(')tHS)-1730. 
Gonzalez,  Miguel  Julias,  1707. 
Gorgull,  Juan,  1703-7.  CO 
(Jraslioller,  Juan  15.,  1731-2. 
Gudiilo,  iJie^o,  1730. 
Guerrero,  Cayctauo,  1730. 
(jutierrez,  IJuenav.,  1742-,jO. 
(jutierrez,  Francisco,  17'"0-7. 
Gutiirrez,  Lorenzo  Ign.,  1740-1. 
Guzman,  ]>ie'_;o,  101.">. 
llatlenrichter,  Jos/.,  1701-2. 
llardenas,  Jiuui,  (1024-44). 
llawe,  (17")0). 
]lidaIj.'o,  Tonuls,  (1071). 
Liiaz,  I'atricio,  17o0. 


Ita,  Francisco,  17G4-7. 
Januske,  J)aniel,  J0!i:{-1710. 
Jimenez,  Josi^  (1078). 
Jimeno,  Custodio,  1704-7. 
Kappus.  Marcos  Ant.,  1004-1 71G. 
Keller,  Ignaeio  Javier,  1742-00. 
Kino,  Eusehio,  1084-1711. 
Klever,  Manuel,  1707. 
Kolul),  Wenei'slao,  1707. 
Kurtzel,  Enri(pu,  1704-7. 
Labora,  Juan,  17.")7. 
I^iguna,  I'io,  1707. 
Lauria,  Cristohal,  1730. 
Lo  Hoy,  Maximiliano,  1704-7. 
Leal,  Antonio,  1088-1701. 
Liebana,  .lose,  17(i7. 
Lizazoiu,  Ignaeio,  17.jO-G3.* 
Loaiza,  Fi-ancisco,  17.')O-04. 
Lomliardo,  hiatal,  1078. 
Loyola,  Marcos,  (1088). 
INIacida,  I'edro  I'ablo,  1707. 
Mai  res,  (1701). 

Alareiamares,  Luis  Ma.,  17.30. 
]\larjiano,  Luis  Ma.,  (1722-3). 
:Marras,  Daniel  A.,  (1073)-80. 
Martinez,  Juan,  (1078). 
Martinez,  Manuel,  10;i2. 
JLisipiina,  I'iegu,  (1078). 
Mendr/,  Antonio,  (I<i78). 
Mcndez,  Pedro,  (I.")!I2)-1035. 
aiendivil,  Pedro,  1740. 
Mendoza,  Juan,  (1040). 
MencseM,  Juan,  (l(i!)0). 
Mercailo,  Pernanlo,  17.'J0. 
!Morca  lo,  Js'ieobis,  i7(»l. 
Merino,  Liieas,  1700-7. 
Me.sa,  Josi'^  Xic,  170;{-8. 
]\!csa,  Pe<lro,  (1078). 
INIiehel,  Fiar.eisco  Andres,  1704-7. 
JMiililendorIt',  l!eruardo,  17oO-07. 
^liguel,  Domingo,  1088. 
Mine  r,  I'.las,  1707. 
Ming,  (iiiilleniKi,  (1700). 
!Minutili,  Geruniuio,  1700. 
iMiquio,  Jose,  1742 
Miranda,  'J'omas,  17."0.* 
Molarja,  Igiiarin.  (|(),"i.3). 
Molina,  Josi' Javii  r.  1737-4."). 
Monte[jio,  Fgidio,  li;iO. 
Montoja,  Fraiu  is('ii  .liiv.,  (1700), 
Navarro,  Gonzalo,  1 1()71  )-107S. 
Xentoig,  Juan,  17.")0-()7. 
Keve,  Jose,  1707. 
Nicto,  Juiin  Ivstan.,  1742. 
Och,  ■Joseph,  17oO-ii4.* 
Oliiiano,  Framisco.  (1018-20). 
Onlaz,  Manuel,  (101)7). 
Oro,  Nienlas,  1730. 
Orobato,  .luan  K,  (lo!.»2-1000). 
Osorio,  Jose,  (1078). 


PI 


5S0 


LAST  OF  THE  JESUITS  IN  SONORA. 


Ot«in,  (1019-21). 
J'ae.'.,  Melchor,  (lOuO-TG. 
I'alomino,  .lusC-  If,'u.,  \~i'2--iji. 
I'iintoja,  l'<!(li'o,  (1(139). 
I'aicdus,  Bias,  (1«1S)-]G36. 
I'aris,  Francisco,  (lG40)-lGo3. 
I'ascua,  Javier.  1707. 
I'ascuul,  Juan,  (IG18)-1G:]2. 
I'aver,  Jos(5  Fran.,  17r(0-(i, . 
I'ccoro,  Fernando,  lOSl. 
I'efia,  .Salvador,  17.")0.* 
iVi-ea,  Jos.'  'J'orres,  1741-3. 
I'erern,  Micola.s,  173{Mi7. 
Ferez,  Martin,  ir)91-lG'2G. 
Ferez,  ToTnas,  17.")()-G4.* 
rfollbikorn,  Ignacio,  17.")G-G7. 
Fimentei,  Franci.sco,  1750. 
I'istoya,  (jcroninio,  (1G78). 
I'olici,  lloracio,  (109:)). 
Frado,  X'colas,  11)81-97. 
I'roto,  I'edro,  (1728). 
Fapuani,  Alejandro,  1740-G7. 
Keute)',  Francisco,  (1078). 
Fliuen,  Fini(jup,  HoO-l. 
]{il)as,  An<lris  Ferez,  1004-20. 
l\io,  iMiffncl  Marcos,  (lG4G)-u3. 
liojas,  Carlos,  1742-G7. 
Jioidan,  Jose,  1742-07. 
Fomcrc,  Ijcnito  Ant.,  1764—7. 
l\ondci'OH,  Josi'",  1707. 
Fuliio,  Vicente,  1704-7. 
Salianzo,  i\ntonio  iJiego,  (1C7S). 
iSaclii,  Nicolas,  1707. 
iSaenz,  ]5;irtoloini'',  1730-07. 
Naet.'i,  FraiK'isco  .lav.,  1G95. 
i^alazar,  Julian,  1704-7. 
Salgado,  Juan  Loriiizj,  1  "40-07. 
Salvatierra,  Juan  Ma.,  1080-90. 
Stinciicz,  I'.aitolonie,  17r)7. 
Sanchez,  Manuel,  (1078). 
Sanchez,  Fiinion,  1707. 
ISauduval,  Fnis,  (1078). 
San  M.irtin,  .luan,  17.")0. 
Saiitarcn,  lF;ruaudo,  ilo92)-lG00. 


Santiago,  Alonso,  (1592)-1594. 
Sebastian,  Jos6  Ftili.v,  17G7. 
Sedehnair,  Jacobo,  173G-G7. 
Sogesser,  Felipe,  1731-50. 
Scpulveda,  Francisco,  (1G78). 
Siena,  Alvaro  Flores,  (lG70)-73. 
Silva,  Fcdro,  (1078). 
Slesac,  Franci.sco,  17G7. 
Sola,  Aliguel,  1750. 
Soniera,  Miguel  Fern.,  1750-07. 
Soto,  Francisco  Jav.,  (1G78)-S8. 
Steb,  Juan,  1707. 
Steiger,  (iaspar,  1733-02. 
Tapia,  Oonzalo,  1591-4. 
Tapia,  Joso,  (l(i7G-S). 
Tello.  Toniils,  17.50-1. 
Tomiis,  Gaspar,  1078-81. 
Toral,  Jose,  1730-50. 
Torices,  Francisco,  (1G32). 
Torres,  Jos(5,  1743. 
Ugai'tc,  Martin,  1G04  24. 
Urqiiisa,  Antonio,  1078. 
Valladarcs,  Diego,  17.'>0. 
Vandersipe,  Diego,  (1018)-51. 
Varela,  (iaspar,  (1G19)-3G. 
Varela,  Juan,  (1019)-3fl. 
Varilla,  CJasi)ar,  109G-1701. 
Vega,  !NIigucl,  1749-07. 
Velarde,  Luis,  1702-30. 
Velaseo,  JnaulJ..  (l,-)92)-lG13. 
Vela.sco,  Ft.'dro,  10()7-(  1021). 
Ventnr.-i,  Antonio,  17<i7. 
Victoria,  Alonso,  (107S). 
ViUafane,  liei'nando.  ( i,yj2)-lG34. 
Villalane,  Nicolas,  1078. 
Vill.'ilta,  ('ristnlwl,  1004-23. 
Viilanuao,  lUfl). 

Villaroyn,  Fiaiicisco  .Tav,,  17G3-7. 
Vivas,  Luis,  1753-07. 
Wuzet,  JostS  17()7. 
Weis,  Javier,  1707. 
Zanibrano.  I'edro,  (1031). 
Zaniora,  Marcos,  1730. 
Zer(j^uera,  Juuu,  1750. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA,  OR  DURAXGO  AND  CIIIHUAnUA, 

1701-1767. 

Government  and  List  of  Rulers — Presidios  Ay^  Indian  Warfare — 
Rivera's  Touu — Berrotaran's  Rei-ort — Presidiai.  Changes— Mis- 
sion Annals— RErARTiMiENi'os — The  Jesuit  Coi.LEfiE — Seculari- 
zation OK  the  Duranoo  Missions — Statistics — Expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits — List  of  Missionaries — The  Franciscans — Secularization- 
Custody  OF  Parral— Missions  at  Junta  de  los  I'ios — Ecclesias- 
tical Affairs  and  List  of  Bishops — Tamaron's  Visita  and  Re- 
port— Statistics  of  Popuu\tion — Local  Items  in  'iiii:  South  and 
XoiiTH— San  Felipe  el  Real  de  Chihuahua  and  Mines  of  Santa 
Eulalia. 

From  1701  to  1707,  the  period  coverofl  b}-  this  clinp- 
tor,  tlicro  was  no  other  change  in  tlio  boun(lari(\s  than 
tlic  separation  of  Sinah)a  and  Soncn-a  in  17315-4  as 
elsewhere  related,  and  none  whatever  in  the  pohtlcal, 
niihtary,  or  ecclesiastical  government  of  Nueva  Viz- 
caya.  The  capital  was  still  Dnraugo,  bnt  tlie  goveriK»r 
and  captain-general  was  permitted  to  have  jiis  head- 
(piarters  for  most  of  the  time  at  l\irral,  moi'o  con- 
veniently located  for  the  suj)crvision  of  Indian  ailairs. 
Juan  ]]antista  Larrea  was  governor  IVom  1700,  and 
dnan  Felipe  Orozco  y  ^Molina  lieutenant-governor  to 
1714,  there  beinu  no  recoril  re.-.i)eeting  intt'iuiediate 
rulers  if  there  were  any  such.  Ex-governor  I  'ardinas 
was  exiled  I'rom  New  Spain  in  17u;>  for  engnging  in 
contraband  trade.  INIanuel  de  San  Juan  y  Santa  Cruz 
ruled  from  1714;  Martin  de  Aldai  from  1720;  Joso 
Sebastian  Lopez  do  Carbajal  from  1723;  Ignacio 
Francisco  de  Barrutia  from  1728;  Juan  Francisco  de 

Vertiz  y   Ontanon,  about  1737;   Juan    liautista   de 

(Ml) 


I 


582 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Bolaunzaran,  with  Manuel  do  Uranga  as  lieutenant- 
-governor, in  1738-48;  Alonso  Gastcsi,  ad  interim,  in 
1752-4;  and  Jose  Cilrlos  dc  Agiiero  in  17GO-8.  It  is 
not  unlikely  that  there  were  two  or  three  other  rulers 
not  named  in  this  list.  The  actions  of  these  successive 
chiefs  gave  rise  to  no  important  controversies  or  scan- 
dals so  for  as  can  be  known. ^ 

There  were  five  presidial  garrisons  at  the  beginning 
of  the  century:  Pasage,  Gallo,  Cerro  Gordo,  Conchos, 
and  JanoR,  besides  small  detachments  of  troops  at 
}.)urango,  Santa  Catalina,  and  various  other  points  at 
(lifVerent  times.  Of  Casas  Grandes  as  distinct  from 
Janos  nothinij  more  is  recorded.  For  the  first  fifteen 
years  savage  hordes  from  the  Bolson  de  JMapimi  con- 
stantly infested  the  line  of  travel  northward  to  Parral 
in  spite  of  the  protectic-n  afforded  by  the  presidios 
of  Pasage  and  Gallo.  Disasters  were  frequent  and 
sometimes  serious,  though  few  particulars  are  known. 
]  [aciendas  were  repeatedly  plundered  and  destroyed 
until  the  country  was  nearly  abandoned.  Caravans 
of  traders  and  travellers  required  a  strong  military 
escort,  and  even  when  thus  protected  were  several 
times  defeated  with  heavy  loss.  The  Indians  some- 
times  fought  desperately  when  cornered,  but  generally 
avoided  a  conflict  with  the  soldiers  unless  the  advan- 
tasfes  were  all  on  their  side,reachin2f  their  inaccessible 
retreats  in  the  mountains  with  the  loss  of  a  few  men 
after  every  I'aid.  In  1704  a  junta  of  high  officials 
experienced  in  northern  warfare  was  held  in  IMexico 
and  resolved  on  a  systematic  series  of  camjiaigns  in 
the  regions  between  Nueva  Vizcaya  and  Coahuila.' 

'On  the  supocssion  of  rulers,  government,  and  Indian  nfl'airssoc:  /Jot"- 
tarun,  Iiiforme;  X.  Vizcaya,  Dor.  1114.,  iv.  G-1'2,  14-'21,  ."!)-47,  KW;  X. 
Me.r..,  Cvihilti-t,  MS.,  150-1,  3.38-49;  liivera,  Diar'io;  Arh-qui,  Crdii.  Zdc,  73, 
IIH,  202-3;  Kaciidci-o,  Not.  Son.,  CO-2;  Id.,  Not.  Vhih.,  zi;  Instrm:  Virm/<<, 
J)0-100;  Mdltmbiminito  dc  ImUox,  MS.,  no.  9;  Ccrtif.  dc  M,rccilc.<,  .MS.,  10- 
,'{;  Vdla-Snlor,  Tbcatro,  ii.  340-50,  422-3;  Vantro,  Diario,  v.  114;  Nujiarit, 
J-'rai/.,  MS.,  3-4;  Soc.  2ilcx.  ilio<j.,  Bol.,  v.  114;  Lizazoiii,  Inf.,  {j^~-H;  Hohlx, 
J)lario,  iii.  458;  Ccdidario,  MS.,  i.  217;  Durango,  Doc.  Jl'tst.,  MS.,  IHT; 
AriV'do,  Comp.,  30;  Oucctadc  Mcx.,  v.  ISO. 

"Kccord  of  the  junta  de  gueiTa  in  X.  Vizcaya,  Doc.  Hint.,  iv.  5-12.    Tlio 


SAVAGE  WARFARE. 


683 


The  result  of  these  movements  after  a  iiuinher  of 
years  seems  to  have  been  that  tlie  countiy  Mas  re- 
stored to  a  condition  of  comjiarative  security,  thouij^li 
(hmger  was  never  entirely  averted  even  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  larL,^er  towns,^  Meanwhile  the  line  of  jtresidios 
was  strengthened  hy  the  reoccupation  of  ^I:ij)inii  in 
1711,  and  the  stationing  a  garriHon  at  San  IkuIoIouio 
which  soon  became  a  regular  presidio,  l-'ioni  1715 
also  Governor  8an  Juan  claimed  not  only  to  have 
atforded  adequate  protection  by  militnry  measures, 
hut  to  have  estal)lished  an  In(Uan  j)Ucblo  on  tlie  Rio 
Xazas  with  the  most  benelicial  results.  ]  Fe  advo- 
cated the  forming  of  other  similar  towns  as  the  best 
means  of  securing  permanent  peace;  and  he  also 
i'avored  a  reestablishment  of  the  presidios  in  new 
])ositions  on  the  frontier  in  fertile  spots  where  villas 
would  take  their  jilaces  in  a  few  years.*  (Jovernor 
Aldai  had  been  a  famous  Indian-fi'-hter,  and  during 
li '.  rule  in  1720  some  of  the  W(jrst  of  the  hostile 
1  lands  came  voluntarily  to  live  in  })eace  near  Cerro 
Gordo.  In  1725  Ihigadier-gcncral  Pedro  de  Ilivera 
made  a  tour  of  inspection,  visiting  each  presidio.  } lis 
diary  was  jjublished,"  but  contained  nothing  of  his 
•  itHcial  acts  or  I'econnnendations.    In  accordance  ^  ith 


nicmbers  were  Fr.inciseo  Cuervo  y  VaUL's,  governor-elect  of  X.  Mexico,  Ore- 
f.'iiri(j  <lo  Siilirias  y  liaraoiiii,  captain  ami  ex-;,'overnor  of  ("oaluiila,  .luau  J;:nacio 
lie  Vegsi  y  Sotoniayor,  Martin  ile  Salial/.a,  ami  Captain  .hian  <le  Saiai/a.  A 
^.'iiard  of  10 men  ^\a.s  to  lie  left  in  each  of  the  )iresiiliiis,  ami  all  tln^  rest,  "J.'IO  \n 
number,  should  march  in  detachments  from  diU'eient  directiuus  to  tlie  haunts 
(if  the  hostiles. 

^According  to  ^'1 /•/''/»/,  Crdii.  Zac,  20'2-.S,  the  savages  committed  depre- 
dations in  the  outskirts  of  ]>nrango  in  17'1">,  killing  two  persons  anl  taking 
three  captives  for  torture.  At  Canatlan,  San  Juan  del  Rio,  and  Casco  within 
tu(j  years  no  Ic-s  than  40  were  killetl. 

'  Cndated  petition  of  Gov.,  or  Ex-gov.,  San  Ju;a,  in  X.  Vi.nnjn,  Dor. 
ni-l.,  iv.  14-21. 

^  Ifidrio  y  Ihrrotrrn  d<:  lo  caminado,  v'l^to,  y  Ohcrrvo.do  rn  d  dl'^rurKn  dr  la 
rlnla  ijcufral  de  PreridlnA,  xitwvlon  oi  lax  Prw'iiifiaii  liitt  runs  de  Xi(mi  EsjKinii, 
que  de  drden  de  Sii  Mii<j<M(id  i.cernto  J).  Pedro  de  llirera,  liriijiidh  r  de  lon 
rialen  exrrcitoH.  Jfurl'iido  tmusilado  jior  los  J'eino-'  drl  Nnero  de  Toledo,  <i 
<le  In  Xnera  HaUrid,  (I  de  la  Xiicva  Vheaya,  d  de  In  Kiiera  Mtrieo,  el  de  In, 
Xtiira  E>:(rem(idi(ra,  el  de  /«.«  Xiievun  Phiiqi'umK.  <l  del  Xtin'o  de  Leon.  Lrn 
jodviiiekis,  de  Sviiorn,  i)-timnri,  Siiinloa,  y  (.luaste..'ii.  Ymprrsxo  en  iluathe- 
innlii,  jior  SehiiMhiii  de  Arehalo,  lino  de  lioC.  Folio,  ,18  1.,  Mith  MS.  notes.  It 
is  a  detailed  diary  of  the  route,  witlf  .slight  descriptive  details  of  the  places 
visited. 


5S4 


NUEVA-  VIZCAYA. 


the  latter,  however,  a  new  reglamento  was  isi^iied  in 
1729,  affectinu^,  so  far  as  Nucva  Vizeava  was  con- 
cerned,  only  minor  details  of  presidio  manngenient, 
and  ncit  the  number  or  position  of  the  presidios." 

While  the  main  route  and  the  Spanish  establish- 
ments thus  became  comparatively  safe,  it  was  j'lt 
necessary  for  the  troops  to  undertake  one  or  more 
ex))editions  each  year  to  ])rotect  some  threatened 
j)oint  or  bring  out  fugitive  and  threatening  neophytes 
from  their  mountain  retreats.  Captain  Jose  de  iJer- 
rotaran,  in  command  at  Mapimi  and  Conchos  for 
tliirty-fivc  years,  made  a  report  to  tlie  viceroy  in  174M 
on  tlie  campaigns  made  ])y  himself  and  the  otlicr 
captains  during  that  period,  which  document  is  ilw. 
best  authority  extant  not  only  on  Indian  affairs  but 
on  the  succession  of  rulers.'  It  wculd  serve  no  good 
pur[>ose  to  catalogue  the  various  expeditions  nwu- 
tioned,  one  being  very  much  like  another,  and  many 
similar  campaigns  being  chronicled  in  other  parts  ><[' 
this  work.  After  1743  it  appears  that  the  southern 
garrisons  had  no  service  in  the  field,  and  a  proposition 
was  made  to  save  expense  by  suppressing  them.  Bcr- 
rotaran  opposed  this  [)olicy,  claiming  that  peace  was 
maintained  only  by  the  presence  of  the  soldier>; 
though  he  approved  some  changes  of  sites,  and  alM> 
favored  the  policy  of  founding  towns  of  Indians  aii-1 
Spaniards,  he  having  been  successful  in  1728  in  found- 
ing the  ])ueblo  of  Cinco  Sehores  with  one  hundri  d 
and  twenty  Tarahumara  families  brought  out  lioia 
the  barrancas  of  the  Sierra. 

In  1751  five  of  the  seven  presidios  were  suppress( d, 
Gallo,    ]\raj)imi,    San   Bartolome,  Cerro  Gordo,  and 

" Esciiilero,  i^^o^  Sod..  GO-1,  implies  that  the  7  presidios  were  c.sta1)h'sln  '1 
liy  this  rc'ghuiK'iito ;  hut  they  had  all  e\i>^ted  before.  The  force  at  .lanos  was 
47  men,  at  each  of  the  other  posts  '.VA  men,  a  reihiction  from  the  former  foric. 
In  L)uraiii,'o  a  pestilence  of  measles  is  recorded  in  17-S,  also  a  severe  snuu- 
storm  and  epidemic  in  \~',U'>-~. 

'  Ikrroturan,  Informc  nccrcn  do  lo'i  prcmHos  de  la  Nuera  Vizraj/n,  in  I>'"'. 
lliM.  Mc.i-.,  "id  series,  i.  K)l-2-J4,  dated  Mexico,  April  17,  1748.  The  othn- 
presidio  captains  whose  .services  arc  to  some  extent  recorded  in  this  rci)irt 
were  Francisco  .Fosc  and  .Juan  15.  Lizaola,  Martin  and  .lose  Aldai,  Juan  ilt; 
Saluiza,  Jose  de  Beusouin,  Antonio  Kodela,  and  Antonio  Becerra. 


PRESIDIAI.  CHANGES. 


C8o 


Conclios:  Icavincf  Pasaijc  in  tlio  south  and  .Tanos  in 
the  nortli-west,  besides  Paso  del  Nortu  belonging  to 
New  Mexico  in  the  north-east.  In  1752,  however, 
a  new  presidio  was  founded  at  Guajnquilla  with  a 
double  garrison  to  take  the  place  of  Conclios,  San 
Bartolonie,  and  Ccrro  Gordo ;^  and  in  1700  the  presidio 
of  Belen  was  founded  near  the  junction  of  the  Conchos 
and  Rio  del  Norte,  to  be  transferred  in  17GG  to  a 
now  site  at  Julinies,  The  marques  do  Pubi  made  a 
tour  of  ins])ection  in  17GG,  and  his  diary,  kept  by  the 
engineer  Nicohls  Lafora,  is  similar  to  that  of  Rivera 
in  1725,  containing  little  beyond  local  items."  Mean- 
while nothing  is  known  in  detail  of  either  savage  raids 
on  the  northern  frontier  from  Janos  to  El  Paso,  or  of 
campaigns  against  the  Apaches.  With  a  few  unim- 
portant exceptions  of  local  ha})penings  we  have  oidy 
the  general  complaint  in  all  reports,  secular,  niis- 
sionar}'",  and  ecclesiasticr.l,  that  each  establishment 
was  constantly  exposed  to  destruction  at  the  hands 
of  the  cruel  foe,  and  that  the  Apaches  often  actetl  in 
secret  concert  with  renegade  Taraluunares  and  natives 
of  other  tribes  nominally  converted. 

There  arc  no  missionary  annals  proper  extant  for 
this  period,  not  even  the  monotonous  local  particulars 
so  abundant  in  earlier  times;  yet  most  that  has  l)een 
said  of  the  padres'  troubles  and  triumjihs  in  the  last 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century  might  doubtless  bo 
repeated  in  a  general  way  for  the  first  half  of  the 
eighteenth.  The  period  of  trno  prosperity  had  passed ; 
but  the  tlecadence  arising  from  savage  raids,  neo})hyte 
apostasy,  and  controversy  with  ecclesiastical  and  sec- 
ular authorities,  seems  to  have  been  somewhat  less 

*  According  to  Gavcfa  Condo  in  fior.  Clvoij.  JA.i-.,  BuJ.,  v.  SiiO;  K^nithrn, 
Kot.  Chih.,  '2',i,  (k'lur.'il  Hugo  Oconor  inailo  a  tour  of  iusju'ction  iil)out  17">(', 
and  his  report  si-cnii'd  to  have  caused  the  cliani^'us.  The  autliorH  named  arc 
apparently  in  error,  however,  when  they  sjx'ak  of  tlie  presidios  of  .lanos, 
Oalcana,  Carri/al,  Xorte,  Coyanic,  8.  I'ilccario,  and  S.  (Virlos,  besides  tlio 
llyinj,'  companies  of  .Jimenez,  Nami(jiupa,  Conchos,  and  S.  Pablo  as  eatal)- 
lislied  at  this  period. 

^  Lafont,  Viuijc  d  Santa  Fii  dc  Nuevo  Mexico,  17GG.  MS. 


086 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


rapid  and  dLsastrous  tliaii  in  the  const  jn-ovlnccs. 
]jater  in  this  chapter  I  present  some  local  statistics 
showinjjf  the  condition  of  the  dillercnt  estahlishnients 
in  I  7G7.  In  acoitsiilta  of  1744  the  u^ovnnor  discoursed 
at  length  to  the  viceroy  on  tlie  condition  of  llio  mis- 
sion and  jniehlo  Indians,  showing  tliat  veiy  little  had 
heiMi  accomplished  toward  redncinjj^  the  natives  to 
\vell-ordei"ed,  dnistian,  civilized, and  Si)anish-s[)eahiini^ 
comnumities.  The  83'stem  of  i'ej)artin\icnt()s  was 
deemed  to  be  a  necessity,  and  sliould  he  of  great 
l)eneht  to  the  laborer's  as  well  as  tlie  employers;  but 
invgularities  had  practically  n\ade  it  a  curse.  Four 
]>er  cent  of  the  connnunity  was  the  ri^partimiento 
allowed  by  the  king;  but  in  reality  on  re({uisitions 
from  ca])tains,  alcaldes,  and  other  sulxirdinate  officers 
many  of  the  ])ueblos  were  nearly  depopulated  at  the 
time  of  ])lanting.  The  Indians  weru  cheated  in  the 
matter  of  time,  left  free  from  all  control  in  respect  of 
religion  and  morals,  and  forced  to  go  long  distances 
tor  their  wages,  which  were  ])aid  in  such  articles  as 
the  agents  happened  to  have  i-atlier  than  in  such  as 
the  laborers  needed.  Thus  they  were  forccMl  into  tlio 
mountains  in  quest  of  food  not  existing  at  their  homes; 
and  from  being  fugitives  they  readily  becanu^  rebels. 
'I'he  governor  favored  an  increase  of  the  repartimieiitos 
from  four  to  thirty-three  and  one  third  })er  cent;  but 
at  the  same  time  insisted  that  the  svsteni  should  bo 
subjecteil  to  strict  and  wholesome  regulations,  which 
should  a]i})h'  not  only  to  employers  in  mines  and 
haciendas  l)ut  to  missionaries,  militaiy  officials,  and 
native  alcaldes  and  governors.  Doubtless  many  sim- 
ilar con^plaints  were  made  without  any  practical 
results.^" 

I  have  before  me  a  report  on  the  condition  of  the 
Jesuit  college  at  Durango,  from  1742  to  1751.  Spirit- 
ually and  in  the  matter  of  education  the  institution 
^vith  its  eight  resident  padres  had  accomplished  satis- 

'"Sept.  1,  1744,  governor  of  N.  Vizcaya  to  viceroy,  iu  X.  Vizcaya,  Doc. 
Hist.,  iv.  39-47;  also  MS.,  in  Maltralamknto  dc  Indios,  no.  9. 


SECULARIZATION  IN  DURANGO. 


fiS7 


factoiy  results.  It  had  entertained  without  charge 
all  .sick  and  indigent  travellers  who  had  presented 
themselves;  religious  exercises  had  been  regularly 
jx.'rfornied  in  honor  of  the  different  saints,  though 
sometimes  on  credit,  the  sums  of  money  promised  not 
always  being  paid;  and  the  padres  had  often  been 
tlieered  by  miraculous  interventions  which  are  mi- 
nutely described.  Yet  in  temporal  affairs  the  college 
was  I'epresented  as  on  the  briidv  of  ruin,  thei'c  being 
no  hope  of  succor  from  human  sources.  Buildings 
were  dilapidated;  live-stock  had  nearly  disa[ipeared; 
a  debt  of  }i?27,000  had  been  incurred;  and  drought 
had  raised  the  price  of  food  to  fabulous  rates.  The 
seminary  at  Parral,  according  to  Alegre,  had  been 
abandoned  in  1745." 

As  early  as  1"4G  the  Jesuit  provincial  had  pro- 
posed to  give  up  the  Durango  missions,  that  is  those 
(if  the  Tepehuar,  and  Topia  districts,  to  the  bishop. 
Only  slight  frag  .lents  of  the  ensuing  correspondence 
for  six  years  are  extant;  but  it  appears  that  the 
bishop  was  greatly  troubled  by  a  lack  of  curates  to 
ii'place  the  missionaries,  and  there  were  bitter  com- 
])laints  that  the  Jesuits  had  not  taught  their  neo- 
jiliytes  to  speak  Spanish,  thus  greatly  increasing  the 
ditficulties  of  the  clergy.  There  was  also  trouble 
about  the  division  of  property.  The  bishop  proposed 
to  divide  it  into  three  portions,  two  for  the  church 
and  one  for  the  Indians  bv  whose  sweat  and  blood  it 
bad  been  accumulated;  while  the  Jesuits  protested, 
unsuccessfully  as  it  would  seem,  that  the  'sweat  and 
blood'  of  the  missionaries  should  be  taken  into  the 
iiecount.  Finally  the  secularization  was  accomi)lished 
iu  1753,  when  twent3'-two  establishments,  all  that 
existed  in  Durango,  with  live  of  Tarahumara  Baja  in 


||i 


",'l««rt  del  Cok'jio  dr  Diiravgo,  1742-Sl,  in  Doc.  Ilht.  Mex:,  4th  scr.  iv. 
4S-u9;  A/e/jre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jcmx,  iii.  284.  See  Braun,  Carta. .  .sobre  la 
(ipostdlira  vhlu,  t'n'tiuku,  y  scinta  miicrte  del  P.  Franc'tnco  JJermcaio  G'loii- 
durff,  Mexico,  1704,  <Svo,  33  pages,  on  tlie  life  of  one  of  the  prominent  JcsuitM 
vlio  died  at  Toniochic  in  17(>4,  after  40  yeara  of  service.  The  author  also 
solved  iu  Chihuahua. 


f 


588 


NUEVA  \  IZCAYA. 


Cliiliualiua,  were  turned  over  to  the  cluircli.  Fatli*  r 
Ocli,  who  visited  this  I'cgion  in  1750,  tells  us  tliat 
secularization  was  an  end  of  all  prosperity  on  account 
of  the  bad  character  and  inexperience  of  the  curates, 
some  of  thcni  inulattocs.  Some  establishments  were 
abandoned  within  three  n  ontlis;  and  the  church 
pro[)crty  went  rapidly  to  ruin.  Och  said  mass  at  au 
abandoned  mission,  where  the  natives  not  only  at- 
tended in  person  but  brought  three  hundred  slaills, 
that  their  dead  friends  might  share  the  beneht.  There 
is  reason  to  suspect  that  this  Jesuit  somewhat  exag- 
gerates the  destruction  caused  by  the  transfer/^ 

In  1705,  according  to  Berrotaran,  there  had  l)ocii 
seventy-one  mission  pueblos  under  the  Jesuits  in 
Nueva  Vizca^'a,  a  number  increased  to  seventy-fiv<! 
in  1748.^^  In  1751  fifty-one  Jesuits  were  so'viug, 
sixteen  in  the  college  and  at  Parras,  Parral,  and  Clii- 
liualiua, and  thirty-five  at  the  same  number  of  mis- 
sions ill  the  three  districts  of  Tarahumara,  Tepohuanii, 
and  Piastla  as  Topia  was  then  called.^*  In  175:1 
twenty-two  of  the  establishments  were  secularized  as 
just  mentioned.  In  170:3  there  remained  fifteen  mis- 
sions, or  about  fifty  pueblos,  all  in  Tarahumara  Alta.' 
And  finally,  at  the  time  of  the  expulsion  in  1707, 
nineteen  padres  were  serving  at  nineteen  missions, 
while  an  equal  number  were  stationed  at  the  college 
and  residencias.^*^  Of  circumstances  connected  with 
the  expulsion  from  Chihuahua  nothing  whatever  is 

^''Alrrirc,  Hint.  Comp.  Jcmi^,  iii.  287-0;  Ckivhjero,  Sloria  dcUa  f'dl.,  ii. 
120;  Cnsdii,  Dictdiwii  del  Padre  Provincial  sohre  la  cntrefja  de  HJ  iiiUiom x, 
IToO;  Ivstruecion  de  Virrcyes,  OS-9;  t'avo,  Trex  Si'jlos,  ii.  1G9;  Och.  Jti'r.c, 
68-71;  ill  tiie  Mciiioria  de  las  "J  rnitiones  ccdidan  jwr  la  CorDpailia  dc  Je/^n-'t 
d  la  Jfitrii  de  JJuraixjo,  d  fiiien  del  a  no  de  1763,  in  iV.  Vizc.,  J  he.  Hint.,  iv. 
CO-1,  tlie  cstalilisluiieuts  ma  named  as  follows:  Topia;  S.  Ignacio  de  Piastla, 
S.  Juan,  Sta  Maria  ilc  Utiaa  (Otais),  S.  Gregorio,  Otatitlan,  Tasiila  ('laiiia- 
ziila),  Ijaridiiguato,  Corianta(iau.  Tcpcliuaua;  Ciuco  Senoics,  Papasquiain, 
Zape,  Laa  IJocas,  8.  Pablo,  Gucxotitlan,  Sta,  Cruz  do  Herrcra,  Sta  Maria  dc 
las  Cuovas,  and  Satevo. 

^■^  llerrotitran,  Informc,  20G-7. 

^^  CulaliKjun  Pen^uuarum  Soc.  Jean.  The  distribution  is  indicated  in  lliu 
local  items  in  note  2,'?,  na  is  also  that  of  the  catalogue  of  1707. 

'•^  Tarnuron,   Vinitu,  MS. 

^^Conrp.  dtsux,  Cnfdloijo.  Those  expelled  may  be  identified  by  the  date 
in  the  list  in  note  17. 


EXPULSION  OF  JESUITS. 


fiSO 


known.  Seven  of  the  exiles  died  on  the  way  to 
lOiirdpe.  1  append  an  alpliahetieul  hst  of  one  hun- 
(lr(;(l  and  eight3'-8even  Jesuits  who  served  in  Nueva 
\'izeaya  from  the  beginning'.  Tt  is  doul^tli'ss  in'uli 
less  complete  than  the  hsts  for  Sonora  and  JL3ajaCali- 
iornia.^^ 


"  Tim  dates  show  when  each 
I'ut  nut  always  wlicn  ho  caiiiu  ur 

jUic'o,  Juan  Isich'o,  1707. 
Atacio,  .Juan,  1(11(5. 
Ai<'l)fili),  llii'u'o,  I(il()-G4. 
.\;.Tcila,  Antonio,  17ol. 
Ai;usiin,  Juan,  l.")f)8. 
Aliuiiiaila,  Luis,  1015. 
Alavtz,  Luis,  l(iO-_'-]0. 
Alvarez,  Juan,   1010-2.'<. 
y\lvart;z,  Luis,  17r>0. 
Arias,  Antonio,  1717. 

Arista,  ,  17<">">. 

Ariicila,  ]!afail,  17"»1. 
AitLaj:a,  Francisco,  l(i7S. 
i\rti>aL;a,  Manuel  (I,,  l(i78. 
Asearza,  ])(>inii>yo,  17U7. 
A  Verve,  Floriano,  1009. 
J'luuulos,  Franeisco,  107S. 
Ilairio,  Fcrnamlo,  1078. 
I'l.ii  ri'iuuevd,  Francisco,  1074. 
]i;isili(),  Jacimio  Antonio,  IOj'2. 
IJasurto,  J(ia(iuiu,  17")1. 
]'"tancur,  Juan,  10l.">. 
]'...ltoi-,  Juan,  1(;78-17'29. 
lliaun,  IJartolonie,  17r)l-G7. 
llravo,  Cristobal,  1078. 
(Maniano,  Fcrnamlo,  17.")1. 
Ciiilaveraz,  1 'iego,  1731. 
Carniiina,  ^lateo,  1707. 
(  aita_'cna,  Manuel,  1751. 
(  iistillo,  Anihvs,  1078. 
Castillo,  Ro(lri>,'o,  lO-lo-CS. 
(astro,  Dieuo,  1010. 
(  riada.  Francisco,  1078-1707. 
<'i|ii'da,  Kicdlas,  1045. 
t'liaves,  Josc',  1751. 

<  isneros,  ]k'rnai-.lo,  1008-10. 
("lite,  .luan,  1010. 

(   lutreras,  Dicj^o,  1(^78. 
("utreras,  Ciaspar,  1015-53. 
(  liri'o,  lidefonso,  1707. 

<  iieivo,  Pc<lro,  1707. 
Ciicsta,  Feilro,  1078. 
Cueto,  (lonzalo,  1009-33. 
I'ia/.,  Cosmo,  1707. 
]>iaz.  (ialniel,  lO.SO. 
I'laiiiuguoz,  Toniiis,  1015. 
I'uiiazar,  Joaquin,  1751. 


padre  is  known  to  Imvo  been  in  the  country, 
depurtetl. 

Escalnntc,  Pedro,  1005  78. 
lOscauieta,  P>ait(>liinii',  1759. 
Escobar,  Cristuhal,  1740. 
Esjiadas,  .lose,  1707. 
Es[)in(isa,  .luan  .Agustin,  1594. 
Estrada,  (ierimiino,  l(i;)U-7b. 
Estiada,  lynaeio,  1717. 
Ferrer,  Nicolas,  1(;78. 
Figueroa,  (len'minio,  1039-08. 
Flcires,  Manuel,  1707. 
Fonte,  Juan,  159S-1010. 
Foronda,  Jiuin  Ortiz,  1090. 
Franco,  Liizaro,  17(i7. 
Fuentc,  Antonio,  1707. 
Fuentca,  Juan,  1751. 
(Jand)oa,  Juan  M;inuel,  1075. 
Cicra,  Lf)renzo,  1751. 
Ciron,  Luis  Tellez,  1751. 
Clandiirll',  Herman,  1751-03, 
Godincz,  Conielio,  1050. 
Gomez,  Alonso,  1010. 
Cioniez,  Luis,  1015-5'J. 
Cionzalez,  Andres,  1010. 
Gonz-alez,  Clautlio,  1707. 
Gonzalez,  Javiei-,  1707. 
Gonzalez,  Juan  iliuinel,  1707. 
Gonzaloz,  ^Miguel,  1751. 
Gravina,  Pedro,  1010-li5. 
Gu.'idalajara,  Tonu'is,  1078. 
Gualde,  Pedro,  174-'. 
Guendulain,  .luan,  17-5. 
Guerra,  A'icente,  1707. 
Guevara,  Jose,  1078. 
Gustaml.ide,  Pedro.  17^-1 
Hcrcilia,  Juan,  lOIJO. 
Hidalgo,  Josti  Antonio,  1751-07. 
Hicrro,  Cristobal,  1751. 
Hierro,  Juan  Manuel,  1751, 
Ibarra,  Arias,  1717. 
Iranzo,  Jose,  1707. 
Is.assi,  Francisco,  1751. 
Jatino,  Leonardo,  1004. 
Jimenez,  Diego  Pedio,  1C.'{2 -78. 
Kauga,  Juan  Francisco,  1751-07. 
Kiylt,  Antonio,  1707. 
Larios,  Diego,  1015. 
Lartuudo,  Juan,  1707. 


600 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Of  the  Franciscan  cstal)lislimc'nts  even  loss  is  known 
than  of  those  under  the  Jesuits,  thougli  evidently  th(j 
experience  of  the  two  onlers  was  nuich  the  same  dur- 
ing this  j)eri()d.  Arlegui,  whi^se  standard  chronicks 
wore  published  in  1737,  j^ives  afew  (k-tailsfor  the  lirst 
years  of  the  century.  11(!  mentions  the  murder  of  the 
friars  llamiro  Alvarez  and  JJiego  Evia  by  the  Indians 
of  San  Ijernardino  de  Mili)illas  in  1702,  and  the  con- 


Lomiis,  ,T(W(\  1000-18. 

l,OJI('/,    i\ll(ll\'s,    1(10"). 

Ivo/iino,  Francisco  .liivicr,  1751-07. 
^lacz,  Vi>,'ilio,  lOJ(>-oU. 
Mullen,  .liiiiii,  1010. 
Mancu.so,  J.uis,  1717. 
Matcn,  Saiitiaj^o,  1707. 
Mcilina,  1^'nacio,  lOC'J. 
Mcdiano,  Francisco,  1078. 
Mcniloza,  Francisco,  iC'J'?-78. 
Mii|U»'ii),  .Jose,  17.">1. 
Moiantu,  tlcroiiinio,  100'2-lG. 
^Moreno,  (.'rirt'n'ihal,  17.")1. 
Mo'-illas,  Juau  Sebastian,  1751, 
^lufioz,  101"). 
Miirillo,  l)i()nisio,  1751, 
Is'ajcra,  (lasjiar,  1010-04. 
jS'ava,  Juan  .fosi^,  1751, 
Navarrcto,  Francisco,  1717. 
Korticr,  Juan,  1707. 
IS'uficz,  Juan  Antonio,  1751. 
Ocii,  Joscj>Ii,  17"iO. 
Orcnn,  Antonio,  l(i78. 
Orozco,  l)icgo,  1C0"J-1G. 
Osorio,  Dic;,'o,  1015. 
I'alacios,  liafaol,  1707. 
I'alina,  Bias,  1751. 
ranj,'ua,  Diego  Diaz,  1G15. 
I'a.scual,  Josi'',  10;59-52. 
I'astrana,  Josl".  1751-07. 
I'creini,  Jose,  1707. 
iVroz,  Francisco  Jost5,  1750. 
I'laza,  Francisco,  1(178, 
I'rado,  ilartin,  1078. 
I'ricto,  Scliastian,  1751. 
I'aiuircz,  Francisco,  1594. 
Ramirez,  Gcruiiinio,  15UG-1G21, 
iJetes,  Pedro,  1751-3. 
llico,  Felipe,  1751. 
Kinaldiui,  Benito,  1743-51. 
Kioa,  Aiitonio,  1751. 
Itivas,  AndrOa  Perez,  1G16. 
Ivivero,  Eanion,  1707. 
l!()l)ledo,  Jose,  1751-9. 
Kobles,  Cristobal,  lOGl. 
liobles,  Pedro,  1078. 
Kodero,  Caspar,  1717. 


Rodriguez,  Ksti'vnn,  1004. 
Ruanova,  Felijie,  1751-07. 
Ruiz,  Alonso,  1000-18. 
8aenz,  Diego,  1078, 
Saliizar,  Josi'',  1751. 
San  Clewiento,  (leronimo,  1G09, 
Siincliez,  Manuel,  1090, 
Sanchez,  Mateo,  1751. 
Santander,  Hernando,  I,"i09-1C1G. 
Sanniento,  Juan,  1005-78. 
Serrano,  Francisco,  1(135. 
Serrano,  Juan  Domingo,  1753. 
Sola,  Miguel,  1707. 
Soto,  Bei'nab(',  1(102. 
Stcll'el,  Maico,  1707. 
St''rkian<i\vski,  Antonio,  17C7. 
Suarez,  I'cdro,  l(i;!8-(12. 
Sugosti,  Ignacid,  1742, 
Tarda,  Josi'',  1074-8. 
Texeiro,  Antonio,  1751. 
Tobar,  Hernando,  10(JS-1G. 
Torija,  Juan,  1751. 
Treviuo,  Bernardo,  1751-3. 
Trujillo,  Caspar,  1751. 
Tutino,  Andres,  1002-lG. 
Ugaldc,  Pedro,  175.S. 
Urizar,  Miguel,  1751, 
Urroz,  Antonio,  1707. 
Urtasum,  Jose,  1707. 
Uveis,  Fi-ancisco,  1751. 
Uvi's.  Miguel,  1751. 
Vadilio,  Francisco,  1707. 
Vnldi's,  Francisco,  1078. 
Vahk'S,  Miguel    1707. 
Vallarta,  Martin,  1751. 
Valle,  Juan  del,  iOOS-lG, 
Vnlle,  Juan  del,  IT  10, 
Vaz(]uez,  Nicolas,  i751, 
Vega,  Jose  Honoruto,  17G7. 
Vera,  Francisco,  1010-78, 
Villav,  Cabriel,  104S-78, 
Vivanco,  Manuel,  1707. 
Yaiicz,  Luis  A.,  1751-07, 
Ydiaquez,  Antonio,  1751. 
Yta,  Sebastian,  1015. 
Zapata,  Juan  Ortiz,  1GC2. 


FRANCISCAN  MISSIONS. 


BOl 


sequent  transfer  of  llio  convent  to  San  rranclsco  do 
LaiaH  the  next  year,  lliis  lu'lni;  the  twentv-ei'dith 
convent  of  the  Zacatecas  province.  Arlci^Mii  records 
several  instances  of  attacks  upon  parties  of  travellers, 
in  Nvhii'h  friars  were  terrilied,  robbetl,  and  once  even 
wounded,  hut  not  killed.  Indeed  he  claims  that  the 
I'^ranciscans  wei-e  often  s])ared  hy  the  savaj^es  when 
they  had  no  pity  lor  members  of  other  orders  Sev- 
eral cases  of  mii'aculons  rescue  in  response  to  prayer 
are  recounted.  About  170.'5,  accordinLT  to  the  same 
authoiity,  the  bishop  attempted  to  secure  the  seculai'- 
ization  of  twelve  Franciscan  doctrinas;  but  by  sendinLf 
a  rej)i'esentative  to  Spain  the  friavs  obtained  from  the 
council  of  the  Indies  an  order  of  restoi'at ion. ^'^  All  of 
the  soi'thern  missions  were,  however,  turned  over  to 
the  .secular  clergy  before  17G.3,  when  IJishop  Tamaron 
nit-ntioiis  se^'en  or  eiiiht  of  them  as  being  under  curates; 
hut  I  have  I'oun  1  no  record  whatever  (jf  the  transfer 
or  even  its  dctc^ 

In  th(!  nortli,  or  the  modern  Chihuahua,  the  cus- 
tofha  of  San  Antonio  del  Pai-ral  was  formed  by  a  bull 
oF  Clemente  XI.  in  1714,  and  put  in  operation  by  the 
jirovincial  council  of  San  Luis  Pc^tosi  in  1717.  I'adre 
Antonio  ]\[i'ndigutia  was  the  lirst  custodian,  and  his 
jiU'iscHction  extended  from  San  Partolonie  to  C'asas 
(iramies.^'^  In  17  14  the  natives  living  near  the  junc- 
tion ol'the  ('onchos  and  Ivio  ilel  Norte  asked  for  mis- 


sionaries, 


tl 


leu'  CO 


try  1 


untry 


lavm 


g  b 


een  VLSI 


ted 


severa 


1 


times  in  foi-mer  years.     Accordingly  in  17  J  5  ]iadi 


cs 


( 


ireu'orio 


() 


sorio  ai 


id  Juan  Antonio  Garcia,  with  a 


guard  of  thirty  soldiers  under  sergeant  major  Juan 
Antonio  Transvina  Iletis,  went  to  the  Junta  region 
iiiid  began  the  work  of  conversion.     Five  or  six  friars 


sDon  came  to  join  tlie  [)ioneers,  and  six  missions  were 
l'i»unded,  inclu(hiig  eleven  })Ueblos.  For  about  ten 
years  all  went  well;  but  then  the  Indians  became  dis- 
satisfied at  the  ne<dect  of  tlic  irovernnient  to  accede 


Arhuni,  Crdn.  Zac,  02-3,  201-S,  2r)0-2. 

X.  Vizcuya,  Doc.  JJiM.,  hi.  KJ;  Arlnjiii,  Crdn.  Zac,  124-5. 


C92 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


KlliVA   VlZCAYA. 


Bisnorrjc. 


603 


to  tlioir  petitions  rcfxardin<jf  irriLiation  worlds,  and 
finally  revolted  in  a  <|ui(!t  way,  causing  tne  fViars  to 
retii'o  in  1725.  Tlie  abandoiunent  continued,  except 
for  occasional  temporary  visits  when  the  natives  wero 
alwavs  IViendlv,  until  1753.  ]n  this  vear  t].i>  reoccn- 
])ation  of  the  Junta  missions  was  ordered,  od  tlioun'h 
there  were  sonic  delays  in  the  mattei-  (.1'  ohtaininuf 
])ro[)er  military  escorts,  it  would  sec,  that  very  soon 
the  ohjeet  was  accom{)lished.*'  I  find  no  delinile 
record  of  the  reoccn[)ation;  but  Tamai'on  in  17(1;]  ro- 
jiorts  the  missions  as  in  existence,  thou'^h  the  natives 
were  at  that  time  rebellious,  makiuLT  objection  to  the 
presidio  lately  founded  in  their  countiy.  Tlie  pre- 
sidio as  we  have  seen  was  soon  removed  to  Julimes. 
In  these  years  the  Franciscans  had  in  Xuex'a  A'izcaya 
twelve  missions  Avith  4,000  neo])hvtes.  Thev  also  re- 
ceived  the  old  Jesuit  missions  in  17G7. 


:■ 


ImH 


VI 


h,il 


On  the  promotion  of  Bishop  Lenas|)i,  ^Manuel  do 
Escalante  Co]uml)rosy  ]\Iendo7.a  was  appointed  in  1  700 
to  the  see  of  Durango.  lie  had  been  fbui-  times  rcjctor 
of  the  university  of  Mexico,  and  to  his  name  was 
attached  a  long  list  of  eccle  iastical  tit  les.  Taking  the 
green  hat  in  ]Mexico  on  J'lly'ifl,  1700,  he  took  posses- 
sion of  his  oflBco  or'  Se])tembcr  2i),  1701,  and  held  it 
iiitil  1704,  when  he  was  made  bisliop  of  ^lichoacan. 
]*i>liop  ]']sc;dante  was  especially  noted  for  his  charity, 
lia  ing  ])l'.Hlged  oven  his  pontifical  n^bes  in  that  sacred 
r;ius'\  Ignacio  Diego  (h'  la  ])arrer;i,  who  had  been 
doct(  V  of  canon  law  and  advocate  of  the  ;  tnJIiiicia, 


^m 


-'W  Vl-rai/n,  Dor.  Jl'ift.,  iv.  l.Tl-T-,  ciint."iniiiLr  many  l^(;t^iil.^  of  tlio 
<iiii;iiiMi  idUiidinfj;  in  t'<>rtcs]Hiii(li'iic(',  witli  Jxftis'  diary  of  \n^  i'\i»cilitioii ; 
l''llti-Si '(ir,  'J7((afro,  \'\.  4'2i  ~>:  Masidcn  M< .r.,  \i.  10.'!.  llcrroiarap,  /ijhnnc, 
177-!',  M.'iitioiis  !i  (lilliiulty  iibiiut  ini,i;atioii  works  in  17'..'!),  whvn  ('apt. 
hi/.aola  ^^L■llt  to  invcstiu.ite  and  mako  immiisus;  .'-I'l' also  .S'(»-.  Mir.  <!ia\i.,  lioL, 
V.  |{i"J-ll?,  ;{l!l-!](t.  liiMT.T.,  JJiiir'io  y  Ihrraliro,  niciition.s  tin-  lovoll  in  17'-"), 
in  wlii.li  two  fiiars  arc  saiil  to  liavo  ln'i'n  takcMi  jirisoiici.'-..  'Jlu'  iiiis.sion  puo- 
lilos  ^)f  thf  .lunta  dc  Ion  Kios  wcri':  Saiili.iyo  do  la  C'it  iR';,'a  del  {.'ovaino,  Ntu 
"^ra  r.igofia  di'l  ("luliillo  I'aiiulo,  Loiilo,  S.  .)nan  liaiiti.sla,  .S.  I'l.iiu'isco  lu 
Asis  de  la  .Tunta,  Nra  Sra  dc  Aranza/n,  ( Juadahiin^  S.  .lo.so,  S.  Antonio,  and 
S.  Ciistoliiil.  Till'  fiiars  were:  ().sorio,  (iaicl'a,  Itaiiniindo  (Iras,  .\ntonio 
Aparieio,  I'lanfisco  TJpiani,  Liii.s  Martini'/  Ck'inunti',  and  Andri'.-'  Ikiio. 
Uisi.  N.Mex.  States,  Vu!,.  I.    aS 


594 


XUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


:   >t 


bccanic  1>isl)(>p  on  ]\Iay  7,  1705,  niid  ditnl  in  offico 
Se[)t(anl)(>r  20,  170i).  Barrcra  dislinnuislicd  liinisclt' 
by  ailcmjitiiiLj'  to  establish  a  collegiate  seminary,  wliieh 
howt.'Vei-  l)y  liis  successor  was  incor[H)rat(;d  with  tlio 
Jesuit  colli'^e.  This  successor  was  Pedro  Ta})i/,  a 
native  of  Andosilla,  Spain,  who  had  been  abbot  and 
viear-!4'eneral.  He;  took  ])ossession  by  Jtroxy  I<\'bruarv 
21,  171;'.,  and  died  Ai)ril  1;^  1722.  '  Three  <lays  after 
his  death  Ik;  was  a])j)ointed  Ijishop  of  Guadalajara. 
Th(!  next  incumbent  was  Benito  Crespo,  knight  of 
SantiaiL^o,  dean  of  Oajaca,  and  formerly  rector  and  ])ro- 
•fessor  in  the  college  of  Salamanca.  Ills  apjjointment 
was  dated  ^Fairh  22,  172;];  and  on  January  20,  17;{4, 
he  was  transferred  to  the  diocese-  of  l*uel)la.  Ihsliop 
Crespo  n\ade  three  extensive  tours  through  Nueva 
Vizcaya  and  the  coast  provinces,  and  was  tlie  tii'st  to 
visit  Ni'W  Mexico.  His  conliiniations  nund)ered 
foi'ty-six  tliousand,  and  he  built  many  churches  in 
Uurango.'-'  Martin  do  Elizacocchea,  a  native  of  Azpil- 
cueta,  Navarre,  <'ducated  at  Alcaki,  and  who  had  held 
high  ])ositions  in  Sjiain  and  JNIexico,  having  been  pro- 
])osed  for  the  see  of  Cul>a,  was  next  madi'  bishop  of  J  )u- 
I'ango,  which  ofHce  he  held  from  September  G,  1730,  t(» 
jMarch  H,  1747,  when  he  was  [U'omoted  to  the  see  of 
Guadalajara,  "^riiis  bishop's  term  was  marked  by  a 
controveisy  and  law-suit  Vetwcen  him  and  the  bishops 
of  Guadalajara  andValladolid  resjx'cting  the  tithes  of 
cattK'  straying  across  the  diocesan  houndaries  to  graze. 
On  April  1),  1747,  the  api)ointment  was  made  in  favor 
of  IV^dro  Anselmo  Sanchez  de'J'agle,  a  native  of  San- 
tillajia,  educated  at  the  universities  of  Salamanca  and 
Valla(lolid,and  who  had  been  senior  ujagistrate  of  tlu; 
inquisition  in  ]\rexico.  He  took  ])ossession  August 
27,  174!),  and  ruled  until  September  2(!,  I7r>7,  when 
]i(^  wa^  made  bishop  of  ^lichoacan.  At  the  same 
time  I'edro  Tamaron  was  made  l)isho[)  of  JJurango, 


2' ''/vA/io,  Mcmdrial  Ajiislnilo,  is  jin  Jir/,'\im(iit;  in  :i  l(i\v-suit  Ixtwicii  tliis 
bisliopor  iiisKiicccssDriiiul  tin."  FniiKisLjiii  ;iutli(intiis.arisiiiL;tii)m  tlic  iiiiiioint- 
tucnt  iif  a  \  Ilui'  ill  Now  '  Lxico  uml  otliui  acts  nut  iiiiiuDvoil  liy  tlio  niissioiiarii-'s. 


LOCAL  ITEMS  AXD  STATISTICS. 


m 


taking"  tlio  olTiee  in  iToS.  IE*' wasa  native  of  Tolcdi), 
Spain,  and  came  t<>  America  in  17  ID  in  the  suite  of  the 
l)ishop  of  ('ar.'iL-as,  wIk  re  ho  c()nii)lete«l  his  studies. 
]lis  rule  ended  with  liis  lift;  on  .December  21,  17(58, 
liis  death  oceuiring  in  Sinaloa.  Tamai'on  issued  sev- 
I'ral  series  (^f  instructions  i'or  priests  and  i'riars;  and 
lie  s])ent  nuicli  of  his  time  in  tours  of  inspection.  In 
obecHc-nce  to  royal  orders  he  kept  a  fid'  I'ecoi'd  of  his 
travels  and  observations,  which  record  fci  l7.3;)-(»;!  is 
one  of  (he  most  valuable  sources  of  inloimation  ex- 
tant, bein<^  utilized  in  this  and  other  cha[>ters,  espe- 
cially for  local  items  and  statistics.'" 


kVom  the  elaborate  report  of  Bishop  Tamaron's 
o]»iscoj)al  tour  of  17r)'.)-G;},  conlirmed  but  only  very 
slightly  modified  by  comj)ai'ison  with  several  other 
general  accounts  pertaining  to  the  period  covered  by 
this  chapter,  I  extract  the  local  items  ap[)ended  in  the 


i'orm  of  notes."-^    From  the  statistics  thus 


prese 


n 


ted 


■Fur  list  of  lnsli()]is  ami  ecclesiastical  affiiirs  generally  in  ITOl-IJT.  sec 


vV-o.s-  /' 


n-2,  -.iXl-'K  IVM,  •M2 


I, it: 


IK!- 4;  vi 
'J<1  st.Tics 


in  Iliisf.   Mf, 
i.  -JOT-S;  viii. 


(siati  ji  C'diiri'iitiis,   lid. 


i.  2-J-l:  Ah'filo,  J)rr.,  ii.   n-i-i!;  ])i 


V 


ix.  '-'(ill;  /,'.,/,/..<,  J); 


J)nc.  llUt.  M- 


IV, 


IHMJO,    171   •_'((!>;  Ai 


int. I,    I  ■roil.    Sciif'.,  ;"!).•{;  J/. 


(iiliij).  Jcnil.<<,   111.    "J-S; 


iJii 


( 'oiniit'iii 


i:o,  \:\,  T, 


\ I iii.it  1)1  ii'o.'^  A  fii 


I  in 


A rliijiii,  ( 'roil.  Ziii\ ,  IdS;  /;/^ sin  dc  J)iir. .  /-'<//' 


/; 


.MS. 


:nT  i!>,  :in;;  7V 


i 


ila. 


'iiiil., 
MS. 


1/  •Sdmlit-.,   'i7ii'iilr'i,\\.  ',V,\~  '.);  J'ron 


/,'..-/(>•,  MS.,  71 


]'■■ 
lia.s.sjm  I 


I'i'/a-.S 


,  :isj; 

i/iiii)ii. 


I  nor 
Castrn,  Didvio, 


:;0;   IhimhoUII,  Ks.iid  /'„/.,  i.  -JUS;   liinlim.  ( 


»/. ,  57. 


f. 


I'.'idri;   M.itias 
ssor  in  the  coUci;!!  n 


iiico  IS  (li'Si'ii 


f  S.  I'l 


ill  |iiiiit  anil  M.S.,  ilviiii.'  in  17:il.     In 
li.l.l  -     ^     .    -      - 


ilicil  as  a  (listiii^ruislud  tlicoldL'inii  iiiul  jiro- 

•  S.  I'.jl.l.i  lit    1  )uraii,!.'i>.      lie  left  HiiiiK!  WDl'k.s 

7""-!  siiinc   I'laiicisi'.-in.s  finiii  (.Hie n •tan) 


I   mission,  or  revival,  iii    Diir.'in 'u,  eausiii;,'  nuirli  cnminiitinn. 


iienino 


of  tiie  (lioerso  in  I7'.;.S,  .S(i(l,()(M).     In  I7;i(l,  S::-_>,()il(>  for  liishoj)'^  ishare.    Li  I7li' 
!?.")0.0.;!>,  liishojt'.s  share 


SI'J,.".!!).     'J'ithisfi. 


"■.(i  to  170 


were  .s»()().:;(i:t. 


I 


ili'rrii, 


y   I'^aiir/ii-,  'J'/i' 


(it  I'll 


ifi  rn 


(17'-">l;   <!iifii(liiliiiii,   Ciiiiii  (17-"));    \'i^!' 


(I7t"i),   ii.  ."toll-iu 


'J'ltiii'ir'Ki,  I'liita  {\~<')U  (I'.W,  .MS.;  Lnfi 


Jlirrotiirnii,  Jui'.iniK'  (1748); 


lV-r;/r    ,/    ,Slil,    F.     (17t''i),    MS.;     N. 


/Jsjitirm,  Itrcrr  liiKi'tini'ii  (i7<)7),    MS.,    ii.    ."Ud.     .Also   tli<!  following,  eliiolly 
leferrini'  to  tin;  e'ties  of  l)uran''o  ami  Chiliuahna:  Smitot,  Cliruii.  /fi"/.,  ii. 


•Ii; 


)-(i 


Arli;iii!,  ('ri)ii.  Zn 


!t  (;;{,  !)S  !»    1 07 -'.I; 


i;!:  iv.  Hit  -JO,   1!»."),  ;iU)-l7,  4f)' 


\  r<  rd'o. 


C 


'iiip., 


(14 


III,  J)iii\  Hist.,  iii 
74;  Mnt,i-i;,i!i!lu 


(''•III/.  X.  (!(il.,  '2-J!»,  ;ni   1,".,  ril7;  Alrjr,;  III."!.  Com]!.  J< 


•_',!);  11. 


JO; 


/.//i 


/Asms  //  Ciinri'iito- 


itiL,  :ij-j-4:  y; 


imiinario  U ini'irsdl,  ix.  / 


I 'iiriin,!,'!!,  cjipital  eity,  resiili 


h'Ulenant  g'  veri 


"t  ( iii;iili:ina. 

iuslitiitioiis 


Dun 


if  ilill. 


if  the  ;_'overiior — or  ill  late  yt  ars  of  tlit; 

)f  Nueva  Vi/eava  ;  a!si>  eatlieilral  town  of  the  liishoprio 

s.'.'.'!7.      I''imi'  eniivints  or  nmnastio 

il  several  rhiiielies  ami  ehaiiels; 


I' 


ojnilation, 


(■rent  onlers.  a  hospital,  ai 
iani.'li  of  the  rojal  treasury;  secular  ami  ecclesiastical  cahililos;  liue  water* 


"1\ 


696 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


f  'i 


U  I 


it  appears  that  in  southern  Nucva  Vizoaya,  that  is 
the  luodern  Durango  with  parts  of  Siualoa  on  the 
west  and  tlie  Parras  and  Saltillo  cUstricts  of  Coaliuila 
on  the  east,  there  was  a  Spanish  and  mixed  popula- 
tion of  about  4G,000  souls.  Only  a  small  percentage 
of  this  gente  de  razon  was  of  pure  Spanish  blood; 
and  it  would  seem  that  the  nundjer  must  have  in- 
cluded many  laborers  in  the  mines  and  haciendas  who 
were  full-blooded  Indians.  Nine  thousand  of  this 
])opulation  lived  in  the  capital  city  of  Durango;  while 
the  rest  were  distributed  in  some  thirty-six  settle- 
ments, including  two  villas,  one  presidio,  and  fourteen 
reales  de  minas,  besides  nianv  large  haciendas  which 
were  practically  small  towns.  Theie  were  about  fort\' 
towns,  or  connnunities  of  Indians  so  called,  represent- 

■works  built  by  Bishop  Crespo  about  17'2S,  at  bis  own  expense  of  about  -ST. 000. 
ihiiiy  descriptive  detiiils  of  the  city  with  its  l)uiUliiigs,  institutions,  and  sur- 
roundings, arc  given  in  the  autliorities  cited.  The  cathedral  curate  had 
eli;.rge  of  thrcj  visitas:  San  Juan  Analuo,  in  8ul)urbs  of  JJurango,  with  (ilO 
Tlas  ■altees;  Tnnal,  2  1.  S.  w.,  82S  Indians;  Santiago,  .'5  1.  s.,  i'-Jl  lud. 

Nondiro  do  Dios,  villa;  not  apparently  in  t\n'.  bishopi'ic  of  Durango,  as  it 
is  not  mentioned  by  Taniaron.  j^afora  in  17UG  found  'a  few  Spaniards,  S(jnio 
innl.ittoes,'  and  M)0  Mexican  Indians  under  an  alcalde  mayor  an<l  curate. 

Mczqui*^      ^S.  Francisco),  i'O  1.  s.  w.  Dur. ;  formerly  a  Franciscan  mission, 


I'op 
]!)3. 


'■'>!  g<       ■  lie  razon,  I'Jl  liid. ;  also  hacienda  of  Sta  Klena,  4  1.  w.,  pop. 
The  ci.. .  te  lias  charge  of  six  vi.sitas;  Sonora,  20  1.  w.,  !Mi  lud.;  Jaco 
iiosta,  '20  1.  S.,  ill  Ind. ;  8ti  Abiria,  3.')  1.,  'JG-i  Ind.;  Tenaraca,  40  1.  s.  W.,  l(i.'» 
lud.;  Ocotan,  oO  1.  s.  \v.,  10.")  Ind.;  Jicara,  ijo  1.,  70  Intl. 

(Juazamota  (Sta  Maria),  70  1.  s.  w.  Dur.,  .'iO  1.  from  Mozquit.al,  on  the 
boi'ders  of  Nayarit;  a  Franci.'^can  serves  as  curate;  ],")3  Ind.  Visitas;  S. 
llernabe,  4  1.  X.,  M  luil.;  S.  Antonio,  I  1.  N.,  100;  S.  Liicas  de  Galpa,  '2  1.  s., 
'JOO  Ind.      All  very  destitute  and  liable  to  destruction. 

Lajas  (S.  I'rancisco),  50  1.  .s.  Dur.,  00  1.  n.  (iuazauiota;  Franciscan  curatr; 
'2'JO  liid.  \i-ilas:  Miljiillas,  I  dav  N.  i'.,  .rJlnd.;  Tagicaringa,  l.odaysw., 
39  lu.i.;  Vlaiii.'tech,  1.7")  days  w..''fiO  Ind. 

I'ueblo  Mucvo  (Coiuepciou),  '2  1.  w.  Lajas,  40  1.  s.  \v.  Dur.;  formerly 
belonged  to  .lesuits;  P.  Nicolas  \'azt|uez  in  17')1;  lUS  Ind.  Under  the  cniau' 
is  tlie  mining  camp  of  San  Diego  del  Rio  with  a  population  of  240,  and  many 
silver  ndnes. 

(iuarizanie  (S.  Pedro),  40  1.  n.  Pueblo  Nuevo.  40  1.  w.  Dur.;  Jesuit  mi.-;- 
Bion  to  17.").'i;   Hl.'tlnd.     \'isita,  Tumazen,  ,S  I.  \.,  114  Ind. 

Ulais  (Sta  Maria),  4  1.  .n.  (luai-.,  74  1.  w.  Dui\  ;  secularized  in  17."):!;  --l 
{^onte  de  razon,  I'J.TInd.;  P.  .Tuan  ]''uenti's  in  i7"d.  \'isita,  liassis,  P2  1.  i;  , 
.^lO  1.  w.  Dur.,  a  real  de  miiias  iliscovered  in  170,'!  and  causing  a  great  rush, 
chief  mine  called  'i'ajo;  [lop.  "JllOO. 

San  (iregorio,  -  days  fri)m  Otais:  Kccnlarized  in  IToH;  01  Ind.;  gentc  de 
razon  at  S.  .laAier,  4  1.  vv.,  99;  L.i  Uuerta,  10  1.  N.,  84;  S.  .Juan  120  1.'  w.,  ■")J; 
llincon,  1'2S;  Sta  I'lligenia,  IJ.").  ^'isita,  Soyupa  (Soibiipa),  7  1.  w.,  114  Ind. 
r.  Mateo  Sancliez  in  I7.">1. 

Los  Ueuu'iliiis  (fornieily  S.  lldefonso?),  .Tdays  s.  Soyupa;  .secularized  17"''!: 
14()  dc  laziin,  I'JS  Ind. ;  V.  Miguel  (lonzalez  in  1701.     Visitas,  S.  .luan,  (i  1.  ^. 


DURANGO  STATISTICS. 


597 


u]<^  tlio  old  iiiissioii  pueblos,  now  under  secular  curates, 
with  an  a_L;gregate  })o})ulati<»n  oi"  ele\en  thousaiid. 
Tluis  the  nominally  civilized  and  clnislianized  inhab- 
itants luunbcred  somewhat  less  than  ;;ix.ty  thousand; 
the  number  of  jientib's  in  the;  mountains  of  Durano^o 
caimot  be  even  aj)pi(jximately  esliniiited,  but  was 
comparatively  small. 

Again  I  append  in  a  note  similar  local  statistics  for 


JlR'D- 


it    111!- 


w.,  10()  Iii.l. ;  Sta  Catalhiii,  0  1.  N.  w.,  10")  Iii'l.;  also  valleys  of  Paliiia  autl 
Amaciili,  pop.  \'S,i. 

V'allo  (Icj  Toj.ia  (S.  Podl'o),  i'.\  I.  from  Soyiipa,  foriiK'rly  I'rauiirfL'aii  iiiis- 
fiidii;  14'i  liiil.,  7S  do  razoii,  also  47  at  flii'  'J'upia  iiiiiw  ,-:  !.  lu.nli.  \'isitis: 
(".miliis,  leal  lie  iniiuis,  14  1.  \v.,  poji.  \i'X>;  Si:iiioii,  luiiiis,  •_'»>  1.  w.,  pop.  413-; 
Tal)alnR'to,   ii.iiU'H,  'JO  i.  N".,  i"ii>.  ll.'i. 

'Jaina/nla  (S.  lu'iiacio),  .'{  (lays  s.  from  .Siniiori  ■•mil  (';mcl;is;  1".  M.iaurl 
('ai-(a!;(iua  in  1731;  .sociil.  17"'.">;  •_'-.")  Iiul.  Visiui,  Au'ua  Caliciito,  •_'..">  1.  n.  k., 
II.")  liiil.;  S_'0  do  razoii  in  ramlios. 

Za]  e,  Seoul.  17');!,  7S  Iiid.  Visita.  Onanasevi,  real  do  iiiiiias,  '>  1.  n.;  mines 
of  La  I'az  "JO  1.  ]:. ;  yold  mine  (^f  Moiood  '.]  1.  v ;  ,  po[).  of  all  SO.'). 

Sunta  C.it.iliiia,  4S  1.  N.  w.  Diir.,  14  1.  .s.  Zape;  1'.  Todro  lietes  in  17")1; 
Seoul.  17r);i;  (i,")  liid.,  !»4S  do  ra/on. 

I'aj)  isi|iiiaro  (Saiitiau'o),  I'J  1.  h.  w.  Sta  Cataliiia;  P.  .\iitoiiio  Jiios  in  I7j1; 
seoid.  17"'!>;  101  Ind.;  tlio  \\  liolo  jinrisli  lias  a  pop.  di>  lazon  of  •_',7J.S.  \i.-itaij: 
Atotoniloo,  ;{  1.  N.,  "Jlil  linl.;  S.  >iioolas,  .'J  1.  s.  w.,  ll.j  Ind. 

Canatkiu  (S.  ])io;,'o),  I'J  1.  N.  \v.  ]>ur. ;  formoily  a  Fianoisoun  mission; 
\'V.i  Ind.;  al.so  many  liacioiidas  with  a  ]iop.  of 'J14."). 

San  .Inaii  dol  liio,  'J4  1.  N.  Dur. ;  formerly  I'ranoisoan  mission;  curate  lias 
4  assistants;  Mti;!  Jnd.,  "JoSS  gcnto  do  razon.  Visitas:  Aviiiito,  iial  iliMninas, 
10  1.  N.  K.  S.  .Ji'.au,  pop.  l.'J.'iO;  I'iinuoo,  iniupi  .{  1.  from  Avinito,  po]i.  1,411'.); 
(  onoto,  mines,  12  1.  s.  S.  Juuii,  pop.  7oO  in  1701,  hut  greatly  reduced  beloro 
17(i.'>. 

("ucncamd,  rcnl  do  ininaa,  pop.  with  h.-i.-iendas  of  Atotoniloo  and  Sanoillo, 
'2.I4S.  The  curate  has  (i  licut(  nants.  \  isiUis:  Santiago,  neai-  (.'ueiu  ami', 
lilO  Ind.;  Oyuila,  1.5  1.  i;.,  llili  ]nd.;  1.1  I'oumI,  10  I.  w.,  147  Ind.;  Cino 
Senoios,  1.")  1.  N.,  onoea.losuit  mis.-inn,  I'.  Felipe  Uuanova  in  I7.")l,  -'-  Inil. 
In  the  adjoining  liaoieiidas,  a  pop.  "f  .SOS. 

ra:-age,  jiresidio,  ;\  1.  n.  n.  \v.  * 'lunoami',  -.">  ■-oldicrs,  pop.  ."tOO  iii  district. 

I'liif.is  (Sta  Maiia),  (101.  1..  Ciieiioame,  l,5."i0  Ind..  .S.Sl.'i  do  razon.  Msitas: 
I'atoH,  liaeienda,  'JO  1.  v..  oN.iiod  hy  Ma!(|Ues  ilo  .\guayo,  pop.  1,'JOl;  .'{(;0,(;()1) 
slioep.  Alnni",  'J'l;isealtoc  town,  'JO  1.  w.,  4.".")  Ind.,  'J70  do  laznn.  .Morii, 
/>i((ri(i,  .3S4-00.  gives  some  partieula.s  about  this  ilistiiet,  wliioh  '.vas  V(  ly 
jToduotivo,  liut  oiii-tw  .1  liy  laud  iiionopoIist.s.  Most  of  the  land  wa.-*  owned  in 
177s  hy  three  non-i^Mdonts, 

Saliiilo,  villii  :  uo  statistics,  as  it  vis  not  in  the  liishojirio  of  Diirango,  but 
in  that  of  (hiai'.-iktjara.  With  its  haciendas  it  ]ii'o1),djly  had  a.  j>opul;iuon  of 
lint  1 'ss  than  ."i.lKK).      H  l7'Jii  there  were  over  700  TlasoalU'cs. 

Ma]  imi,  foimi'i'ly  a  i)reM.lii),  (iO  1.  w.  I'.uras,  pop.  l,'Jl)0.  It  had  b. cu 
resettled  in  171'i.  uiUr  long  abaiidonimnt. 

Kl  (I;illo,  a  presidio  until  I7.">1,  "JO  1.  .n.  e.  Mapimi,  pop.  .WO.  Top.  S(M)  in 
17(ili,  nceordin^c  to  l-itf(jra. 

El  (Vo,  r>'nl  fW  niinas.  41  I.   N.  liulln.  pop.  l.OS-J.     Visitas:  Sta  Cruz,  ■'?  1. 

■-  ^'      .V-sjui  uMs^ioii  until  I7."i;>:   I'.  < 'ri-^t^'lial  Moruio  in  I7.'l,  H.Slnd.;  'JH  do 

.  on  hacH-uthio*  FJiiciuo;  indo,  roil  de  minus,  0  I  E.,  pop.  8GU;  liticienda 


508 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


northern  Nucva  Vizcaj'n,  or  the  modern  Chihuahua."* 
Here  there  were  t\vcnt3^-thrce  thousand  Spanish  and 
mixed  ^ente  dc  razon,  Uvini^  in  sixteen  settlements 
witli  adjoining  haciendas  and  ranches,  including  two 
villas,  four  reales  de  niinas,  and  three  presidios.  The 
christianized  native  ])opulation  of  twenty-seven  thou- 
sand was  divided  in  three  classes:  five  thousand  living 
in  Indian  pachlos  under  parish  priests  as  in  Durango; 
four  thousand  in  twelve  missions,  or  twenty-three 
l)ueblos,  under  Franciscan  missionaries;  and  eighteen 


(In  IMimLrcs,  7  1.  k.  n.  k.  Indc'',  pop. — witli  cx-prcsidio  of  Ccrro  Gordo,  and 
otlu'?'  i);icic'iidas — 1,(W2;  Ti/oiiazo,  8  1.  s.,  foiTiiurly  .Jesuit  mission;  P.  Maii- 
m;l  \'iv.uico  in  17j1,  217  iinl.;  Hacienda  S.  .losii  de  lianius,  18  1.  H.  \v., 
pop.  74'J. 

I,as  ]]ocas,  19  1.  N.  El  Oro.  1.")  1.  s.  S.  ]5aitoloin(5,  formerly  .Te.suit  missi'm; 
1*.  Juan  Fran.  Kaugii  m  ]7oi,  'J.Jl  Ind.,  "JtMJ  de  razon  in  parish.  Visita,  Sun 
♦  ialiriel,  2  1.  sv.  ]5(jcas,  102  Jnd. 

^'V'allede  San  Jiartolonii'-,  pop.  1,8.^.3  (pop.  of  district  in  ]~GC>,  includinL,' 
21  haciendas,  4,7ol),  curate;  also  Franciscan  cor.veut.  Presidio  rc.'nioved  in 
17.")1.  Visita,  San  Francisco  dc  Coiichoa,  20  1.  N.  i:.,  289  Ind.;  Conchos,  cx- 
lu'e.--iilio,  pup.  1,H.'(<). 

Atotonilco,  Franciscan  niiKMion,  10  1.  e.  S.  Bartolomd  on  Rio  Florido,  2S0 
Ind. 

Gnajuquilla  (Xra  Sra  do  las  Caldas),  new  presidio  founded  in  17">2,  .")  1.  e. 
Atotoiulcd.  (iarrisnn,  ().")  men;  jx  p.  1,400  (?),  In  1700  according  to  Lafcjra 
20  men  had  been  withdrawn,  and  tlio  pop.  hesides  soldiers  was  19."). 

Pai'ral  (S.  .Jose),  real  dc  niinas,  71.  N.  N.  w.  S.  JJartolonu's  20  1.  w.  Concliiis, 
pop.  2.09.'?.  Curate,  Franciscan  convent,  and  Jesuit  colle^'e.  Parral  \sas 
often  the  residence  of  tlio  governor  and  captain-general,  w  ho  left  a  lieutenant 
at  the  c.'ipital. 

Santa.  l>:irl)ara,  real,  called  also  a  villa,  0  1.  w.  Parral,  pop.  1,020. 

'iarahumara  J5aja:  Santa  Cruz  del  Padre,  .'{0  1.  N.  N.  W.  Sta  Barli.na, 
fiirmerly  .Jesuit  inission,  P.  Crist(')l)al  Moreno  in  17ol;  .'US  Ind.,  707  ,ueiite  do 
razon  in  curacy.  \'isitas:  S.  Felipe,  10  1.  E.  n.  E. ,  near  1!.  ('(inelios,  242  Ind.; 
La  lloya  (Olla'Z),  4  1.  N.  N.  w.,  2i.S  Ind.;  S.  Jose,  10  1.  N.,  129  Ind. 

Ihicxotitla'-  (S.  Geruniino).  10  1.  .s.  Sta  Cruz,  formerly  Jesuit  niissieu; 
P.  lienito  Kinaldini  in  17ol,  112  Ind.  Visitas:  Guadalupe,  .') '.  n.,  HO  Ind.; 
S.  Iiinacio,  o..")  1.  x.,  120  Ind.;  S.  Javier,  1.5  1.  S.,  170  Ind.;  Cieuega  de  1(j.-> 
Olivos,  (i  1.,  pop.  740  dc  razon  in  vicinity. 

San  Pal)lo,  7  1.  s.  w.,  S.  Javier,  240  Ind.,  with  two  adjoining  ranchcrias, 
IJaguii'achi  lUO,  and  Tecorichi  282  Ind.  J'lunierly  Jesuit  ndssion;  P.  L;\/m'< 
Franco  in  1701.  Visitas:  S.  Mateo,  4  1.  N.,  204  Ind. ;  S.  Juan,  2  1.  w.,  4,")  Ind., 
and  an  adjacent  Spanish  .settlement,  pop.  287. 

Taraliumar;i  Alta:  Satcvo,  40  1.  N.  Parral,  448  Ind.,  700  dc  razon.  I'"r 
nicily  Jesuit  mi-ision;  P.  Juan  Ant.  Nunez  in  1751;  Visita,  Sta  Ana  de  l.i 
lloya,  i")  1.  N.,  100  Ind. 

lial)ouayagua  (Santiago),  3  1.  n'.  Satevo,  20.3  Ind.;  Franciscan  servim:  .li 
curati-;  109  gente  dc  razon.  Visitas:  C!u  idaliipe,  5  1.  N.,  100  lad.;  Couci  [•• 
cion,  0  1.  N.,  90  Ind. 

San  Lcirenzo,  28  1.  w.  Chihualuia,  8  1.  r.  Cuziiiuariachie,  "tSO  Ind.,  M'l  do 
razon.  Foimerly  Jesuit  mission.  \'isitas:  Cuevas,  0  1.  K.,  747  Ind.;  P.  1  c- 
lipe  Pico  in  17ol;  Stii  lio.salia,  '.i  1.  r..,  2-10  Ind. 

Coyachic    (.S.  Ignaei(.)],  Jesuit   mission,   8  1.   s.   S.  Lorenzo,  30  1.   E.  (w. '.') 


CITinUAnUA  STATISTICS. 


599 


24 


1.  K. 


IV.    lie 


11.     F"i- 

IKl    (!'•    '-^ 

■rviiiL'  :ii 

(.'OIK'I  [- 

'::fu- 

K.  (,«. '.J 


thousand  iu  tlic  fifteen  Jesuit  mission.^,  or  fifty  pue- 
blos, of  Taraliuiiiara  Alta.  Tluis  the  total  jtopulaliou 
of  so-ealled  eivilized  beings  in  Chihuahua  was  about 
sixty  thousand  as  in  Durango,  though  the  S)>anish 
poj)ulation  wasonly  half  that  of  the  southeni  province. 
Near  the  Franciscan  mission  of  Xonibre  de  IJios 
mines  Avero  discovered  in  the  first  years  of  the  cen- 
tury, about  1703-5,  which  proved  to  be  anumg  the 
i-ichest  in  the  new  woi'ld.  Contradict(n'v  statistics 
extant  make  the  product  of  silver  before  ISOO  iVom 
fifty  to  one  hundred  millions  of  dollars.     Tw(j  reales 

S.  Felipe  cl  Real,  3  1.  w.  Cuziguariachic,  28.3  Iiid.  Visitns:  Cnzij,'iiiiriaclii<', 
4  1.  H.  en,  '.I'M  IikI.;  Xapabecliic,  7  I.  W.  ((jr  S  1.  n.),  '_'I0  liul.  Jii  17-J.'i  theso 
three  pueljlcis  liail  014  hid.,  showing  a  gain  of  Ki!).  i'.  .hj.su  lliiialgo  in  17.">1; 
Fn.iicisco  Vadillo,  17i>7. 

iSan  Fraiiiisco  ih'  IJmja  (Tehiiacachic),  Jesuit  mission,  1.5  1.  s.  k.  r'oyacliio 
(1(!  1.  from  CariciiiLi,  U.'i  liuh  Vi.sita.s:  Sta  Ana,  4  1.  .'5.  \v.,  4.'i;{  ind.  (in  17-'>, 
Yeiiuatzi,  .'{  1.  i;.):  Tejioraeliic  (or  Tcopari),  o  1.  e.  (or  (>  1.  n.).  1 10  huh;  Sa- 
pu:iiichio  (or  .So,i;uaraohi),  3..")  1.  n.  (or  31.  W.),  ',\&2  Ind.  'J'liere  were  in  all 
417  fainilii'8  in  I  7-">.     1'.  Liii-s  T.  Uiroii  in  17.")1;  IMatco  Stellol  in  17<>7. 

Xoiioava  (Xra  Sra  ^lonsetrate),  Jesuit  mission,  J2  1.  s.  lioija,  7oO  Ind. 
Vi^'ita,  Umariza,  S  1.  .s.  (or  n.),  4i2()  Ind.  Population  of  tlio  two  in  17-.'>, 
l,t)70.     V.  Antonio  Ydiaquez  iu  17.")1;  Pedro  Cuervo  in  17(i7. 

Sisoguiehie  (Xombre  do  Miiria),  Jesuit  mission,  'M  1.  N.  n'.  w.  Xonoava, 
'XVI  Jiid.  Visitas:  Baeoina,  'A  1.  w.,  320  huh;  (aiasarori,  \2  1.  s.,  114  Ind.; 
^■aeaino,  18  w..  31<,»  Ind.;  total,  1,091.  In  17'-V>  there  were  1,900,  the  two 
visilas  being  ealled  ( luaeiiiua  a:id  Gaeayba,  under  P.  Juan  Franeiseo  Rexis. 
P.  .Martin  V.iliarta  in  17"il;  Ildefonso  Corro  iu  1707. 

(luei'.:acliic  (N'ra.  Sra  del  IVipulo),  Jesuit  mission,  oO  1.  \v.  Sisoguicliic,  400 
Ind.  X'isitas:  Pamaehie,  0  1.  N.,  021  Ind.;  (Juagueiho,  0  1.  w,,  L'OS  Ind.; 
fcjameicliic,  8  1.  i;.,  '_'■_*!(  lud.     P.  Bart.  Braun  in  17.'il;  Jus'''  Tranzo  in  1707. 

Tonaeliie  (S.  Juan  Bautista),  Jesuit  mission,  oO  1.  w.  ( iueigaehic,  400  Ind. 
Visita,  'I'eeabouaeliie,  18  1.  s.  w.,  278  Ind.      P.  Santiago  Ma  leu,  1707. 

Ilorogaehie,  or  Norogaclii  (Xra  Sra  del  Pihu),  Jesuit  mission,  18  1.  n. 
Tona-'hie,  l,52.'i  Ind.  Visitas:  Papaliioliie,  or  Paipaehi,  0  1.  s.,  1,().M  Ind.; 
Tetagaithie,  10  1.  \v.,  910  Imh;  Paguieiiic,  8  1.  N.,  ;U5  Ind.  in  172:>,  1,220 
Ind.     P.  Lorenzo  Gera  in  17ol;  AiUonio  Stcrkianov.ski.  1707. 

< 'an.  hie  (Jesus),  Jesuit  mission,  40  1.  N.  Horo'/aehic,  121.  s.  Cuziguaiiaehii;, 
507  Tnd.  Visitas:  Baca'.ueiaehie.  or  Boeariaacliie.  or  Biieaguaraehi,  .'>  1.  s., 
.504  Ind.;  'reguerieliie,  1.5  1.  s.,  270  lud.;  I'asigoiliie,  or  P;ingocliie,  4  I.  \v., 
20;i  lud.;  Taginieliie,  3  1.  w.,  184  lud.;  iu  172.5,  2,o:>4  lud.  I'.  Luis  Vuniz, 
iu  17.51-07. 

TcnKuehi  or  Tameichi  (S.  Josi'),  .Tesuit  mission,  14  1.  s.  l'asi.:o<'liie,  Ki  1. 
r,.  Cuziguariaei..e,  l.SO  Ind.  Visitas:  Ahimoa,  10  1.  r,.,  243  lud. ;  Paehera,  4  1. 
K.,  .301  Ind.;  Piehaeiii,  or  ]'iehaeliii]iii,  7  1.  W.,  20,5  Ind.;  in  172.5,  !I91  Ind. 
I'.  Jose  Miijueo  in  17>51;  Antonio  l\i_\  It,  1707. 

Toiiioehio  (Coneei>cu>n),  .lesiiit  uiissi.in,  20  1.  i;.  Temaichie,  30s  Ind.    Vis 
itas:  Tresiaehie,  9  1.  n.,  404  Ind.;  (  aburieliic,   l'^  1.  s.,  344  Ind.;  Pe.jua.diie, 
9  1.  w.,  104  lud.     In   1725,  TeuKjtzi,    with  visitas,  ,\has;i(lii  and   ('idi:ielii, 
with  2, 1 12  Ind.  under  Padre  Glandorll'.     P.  Glamlorll'  ti>  1701;  P.  .Iiian  Man- 
uel (ionzalez  in  I7(i7. 

Pa|iig(Khie  (Purisima^,  75  1.  v,.  Tomoohie,  .Jesuit  mission,  328  Ind.  Visitas: 
Paguiraehie,  ur  Piigiburaelii,  3  1.  .s.,  221  lud.;  Muguriaehie  or  Moieaehle,  3  1. 


1.3  Jl 


600 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


(](.'  miiias,  or  luinlng  towns,  were  fouiidcMl  ii  few 
k'a_<»'urs  ji[)art  iiiid  named  respectively  Sau  Feli[>(; 
and  Santa  Eulalia.  The  former  in  1718  was  made 
a  villa  under  the  title  of  San  Felipe  el  Ileal  di; 
Chihu;dnia,  tliis  l)cini,''  the  iirst  aj)f)earanee  of  the 
name  (^hihtiahua  since  applied  to  the  state,  having; 
been  prt)l)ahly  tin!  Indian  name  of  a  ranchen'a  in  the 
vicinity.  Notwithstanding  its  position  on  the  distant 
frontier,  exposed  to  constant  inroads  of  the  savage 


v.,  O;!  Iiiil.     In  17-"',  iJOO  families.     P.  Scbasti.in  Prioto  in  17">1;  Jo  ^5  Vrgn, 
17(i7. 

Siiiito  Toiiii'iri,  .Jesuit  niigsinii,  50  1.  w.  riiihiiiiliiia,  4  1.  N.  T\i]ii'rcic'!ii<',  in 
valley  of  the  l!:isnilii.  (I.'il  Iml.,  10  dc  in/.im.  Nisitas:  S.  Mi'.'ii<l,  I  1.  \v., 
'J-JS  Ind.;  (  (u-niHoiaiiiic,  I'Jl.  w.,!»iOln(l.;  in  17-'',  1,770  Ind.  I',  iilus  I'iilnia 
in  17">1;  Rafad  I'alacinj',  1707. 

M:  tai'hii;  (S.  J;afael),.f';fmit  mission.  5  I.  s.  \v.  ,Sta  Tomiis,  'JOOlnd.  Visitas: 
Tcf^olijiac'hio  (S.  (iahric'l),  4  1.  «.,  lili  liid.,  11  du  razou;  in  17-5,  O.'iS  Ind.  1'. 
Felipf  l*LU(iano\a  in  1707. 

TfiiiDt/ac'liic  (S.  Javier),  .Jf'suit  missicm,  ',i  1.  N.  Mataehii:,  on  ^'a(|ui  River, 
010  hid.  \'i-ita,  Tepomera,  o  1.  w.,  510  Ind.,  1()5  do  lazim.  In  17J5  there 
were  lliSO  Ind,      1'.  .Juan  .Alannel  Hieiro  in  1751;  ISaitoloine  ISiaun,  1707. 

Cliinanas  (Sta  Ana),  .Jesuit  mission,  0  1,  N.  r.  Chilnialiua,  across  river 
from  S.  ( 1(  rijuinio,  71  i"<l.  In  17-5  sivc  n  families  under  P.  Autoniu  de  Arias. 
1'.  1  lionisio  Murillo  in  1751;  ( 'laudio  ( Jonzalez,  1707. 

t'u/.iLTuai  iaeliic  (Sta  Rosa),  real  de  minas,  IjO  1.  w.  (Jliili,,  po|i.  l,.'>5.'i,  under 
curate.      Visita,  <'iene;ruilla,  7  1.  K. ,  rop.  5-l(),   -.vitli  ralielio  ot   l.a;cinia,  S  1,  N. 

IJaeliiniva  ( Xatividad),  I'raneisean  nussion,  5  I.  W.  CuziL,'uariaeliic,  10<J 
Ind.     A'isita,  Cosi.|uemaeliie,  7t)  Ind. 

X:imiqui]ia,  I'raneisian  mission,  '_'()  I.  N.  C\izignariachic,  121.  N.  K.  S.  linen., 
42  Ind.,  70  de  ra/.on.  In  170.'!  the  liseal  was  killed  by  the  Ini^ians  and  tlie 
padre  Il^iutjIo  l'V;?iandez  died  of  fi'ight.     Visita,  (Jruees,  0  1.  .s.  \v. ,  80  Ind. 

.San  liuenaventnra,  Spaidsh  settlement,  00  1.  N.  i:.  C'iiih.,  pop.  47!),  and 
lis  in  the  (Virnien  hacienila.  K.xposed  to  attacks  of  .savages,  and  guarded 
by  ;10  soldiers  from  (inaju(|uilla. 

Janos,  presidio,  SO  1.  N.  S.  IJuen.,  garrison  of  ,50  men,  pop.  4:M  (4,55  in 
1700),  under  a  chaiilain  curate.     ])istrict  swarms  with  Apaches. 

San  -Xmhes,  Franriscau  mission,  101.  N.  {'u;'iguariaehic,  ISI!  Ind.,  210  do 
ra/on.  \'isitas:  S.  lienuibe,  10  1.  N.  w. ,  210  Ind.;  S.  Buenaventura,  0  1.  w., 
3'J4  Ind. 

Santa  Isabel,  Franciscan  ndssion,  S  1.  .'^.  S.  AndrOs,  20  1.  w.  Cliih.,  2S5 
Ind.  \'isitas:  8.  Uernardino,  0  1.  s.,  88  Ind.;  Sta  Cruz,  7  1.  f^.,  oil)  Iml.; 
C()Uce])ciou,  7.5  I,  \v. ,  (il  Ind. 

(Miihuahua  (San  Feli|ie  el  Real),  villa,  chief  town  of  the  provine(3  in  popu- 
lation ami  comnierce,  surroumlcd  liy  rich  mini's,  lint  in  constant  diMcrer  from 
the  .\]iacli'^s.  Population  4,052,  55  at  Sacramento  rancho,  1)5  at  Fresnos, 
and  .'i7  jirisoners  and  12  Ind.  at  I'^ncinillas,  18  1.  N.  Curate,  4  priests,  and 
Ft  ])resliyters.  .lesuit  college  and  Franciscan  cdiivont,  Cabildo  with  one 
corregiilor,  2  alcaldes,  one  procurador,  .'}  cleputies  lor  trade  and  mines,  assaycr, 
etc.  Lafora  in  1700  says  tlie  town  was  visibly  (hcliniii;:  on  icC'UUit  of  non- 
prochietivenesa  of  mines  and  Indian  raids;  pop.  4\!()  families. 

.Santa  Euhdia,  real  de  minas,  o  1.  i;.  Chili.,  poji.  4,755,  under  a  lieutenant 
corregidor  antl  assistant  curate.  Bishop  Tam.aiou  in  170U  hlesscd  the  iirst 
Btone  of  a  line  clinich. 

Xouibre  lie  i)ios,  Franciscan  mission,  1  1.  n.  Chili,,  100  Ind.    Vi.sitaa:  S. 


CITY  OF  CIIIIIUAIirA. 


601 


Ai)ncli(.'s,  the  new  town  was  for  many  j'cars  tlie  most 
ll(»uri.sliini,^  Sjianish  settlement  in  all  the  North  ^\vx- 


lean  ' 


Stat 


es.      Before  1707,  as  we  have  seen,  it  had  a 
l)oj)ulation  of  nearly  five  thousand,  while  Santa  I'Ailalia 


hat 


I  tl 


le  same  numher  m  its  unmet 


liato 


Vleinitv,  111- 


I'ludinu'  many  haeieiidas.  The  grand  eathedral  v,  hicli 
is  still  shown  to  visitors  as  the  city's  chief  attraction 
is  said  to  have  been  built  at  a  cost  of  nearly  a  million 
by  a  tax  of  one  real  on  each  mark  of  siKer  |)ro(Iueed 
by  the  Santa  Eulalia  mines,  amountiiiL;"  to  about  one 
and  a  ludf  j)er  cent.  ^lost  authorities  re[)res('nt  the 
edifice  as  having  been  completeil  in  1780;  but  others 
say  it  was  built  in  twelve  years,  from  17oiS  to  I7r)().  In 
the  Gaccfade  Mexico  of  Xovember  1728  I  lind  that 
the  audieiicia  in  that  year  ap[>roved  the  oHIt  of  tliu 
miners  to  pay  half  a  real  on  each  mark  ol'  silver  for 
the  buil 


oiiil;'  ol 


th 


le  pans 


h  cl 


lurcl 


an( 


1  it  is  to  bo  no'u'd 


that  l]isho[)  Tamaron,  speaking  of  the  church  in  17G0, 
describes  it  as  "de  iabrica  sumptuosa,  which  might 
anywhere  be  a  fine  cathedral,"  not  iin[ilying  that  it  v.as 
incomplete.  The  bishop  also  blessed  the  corner-stone 
of  a  line  church  at  Santa  l^ulalia,  which  may  indicate 
that  the  tax  in  favor  of  Chihuahua  was  no  loii'jer 
collected. 

eiruninio,  4  1.  r.,  121  Ind.;  Cluiviscar,  4  1.  w.,  1'2P>  Iiul.,  witli  sitio  of  S.  Jiuiii 
Alaiiiilld,  S  1.  -N.,  pop.  'JS. 

Santa  Cruz  Taprcolinos,  Fraiicisi.an  Diission,  9  1.  s.  JiiliiuL'S,  'JO  1.  w. 
L'oiK'lios,  ()!)  liiil.;  visita,  S.  Pidro,  7  1.  :-•.  71  iinl 

Jiilinics,  FiT.iici.scaii  iiiist-ioii,  'Z'l  1.  N.  Chili.,  ."I'i  Inil.  Visita,  S.  Palilo,  4  1. 
s.,  30  liiil.  In  17t)(>  tlic  ini'.-iidio  of  Junta  (K;  lo.s  llioa  was  tianst'crr'.d  to 
JiilinuH  el  Vicjo,  according,'  to  J.aftJia. 

Junta  <lu  loa  Rios,  4  Fraui.  i-c-ui  mission  pucMos,  under  .T  padres,  not 
visited  by  IJisiiop  Taiuaron  on  aeeouiit  of  tiie  Indians  heiujc  in  icvolt  in  I7o0. 
The  missions  were  :  S.  Juan  ]):;utista,  near  tlio  C'onehos,  .">  1.  from  tlie  jnnLti')n, 
'M)  Ind. ;  two  visitas,  Me/,((uites  and  Conejos,  haviny  lieen  joined  to  the  eal)e- 
eeia;  S.  Francisco,  W.  of  the  Cunelios  at  the  junction,  1(17  lud.;  (Uiadahipc, 
across  the  ( 'oneho.s  from  S.  Francisco,  l!)4  1ml. ;  S.  Cristnlial,  1  1.  down  river 
from  Guadalupe,  117  Ind.,  its  visita  I'uliijues,  10  I.  below,  having  been  aban- 
doned. 

Belcn,  or  Junta  de  los  Rios,  presidio,  midway  between  S.  Francisco  and 
Ouadalupe.  Founded  in  17<)0,  nuicli  to  the  displersure  of  the  natives;  garri- 
lion  of  50  incu,  pop.  13S.     Trai^sferred  as  stated  above  to  Julinies  in  17(»li. 


;l 


CHAPTER   XXII. 

TEX^\S,  C0.U1UILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

1701-lSOO. 

A  Glance  at  Xew  Mexico — Coahcila,  on  Nceva  Estremadpua — Gov- 
eun.mest  and  rclellh  —  general  progress  and  statistics  —  local 
Items — Ciiiionulo(!1cal  Hecoud— Miutauy  and  Mission  Affairs- 
Texas,  ou  XrKVAs  FiLiPiNAS — Oi'EifATioNs  OF  St  Denis — TJam(in's 
Exi'EDiTioN — Missions  Refounded — Governor  Alarcon — ^ofNDisii 
OF  15i:.iAR  AND  San  Antonio— French  Invasion — Expedition  of  (iov- 
ERNoii,  San  Miguel  de  A(;uavo— Villa  of  San  Fernando — Kedi'ction- 
OF  Military  Fouce  -Qceretaro  Friars  Transfer  their  Missions- 
French  BotNDARY  Question — Succession  of  Governors — Apache 
Warfare — Penitent  Lipases — Troubles  op  the  Friars— Mission-- 
OF  San  Javier— Rabago's  Excesses — Contraband  Trade — San  Saiia 
Presidio  and  Mission— Zeal  of  Conde  de  Reola — A  Massacri;  — 
Parrilla's  (Jampaign — Rule  of  Oconor  and  Ripperda— Xouthlkn 
Establishments  Abandoned  —  Bucareli  and  Nacodoches — QuEiui- 
TARo  Friars  Retire— Efforts  of  Mezieres — Morfi's  Work — Lo<'.\r, 
Affairs — Condition  of  the  Province — Last  Decades  of  the  Centuuv. 

For  the  earlier  periods  I  have  given  a  brief  sketclL 
of  New  Mexican  history;  but  now  that  the  time  of 
cx]il()ration,  of  conquest,  of  mission-founding,  of  revo- 
lution, and  of  reconquest  was  past,  annals  of  tliu 
province  afford  scanty  material  for  a  resume.  Th»j 
country  had  fallen  into  the  condition  of  monotonous 
non-proL,n'e,ssive  existence  that  sooner  or  later  caimj 
upon  most  Spanish  provinces.  One  governor  sur- 
ceeded  another  at  intervals  of  a  few  years,  most  rul(^s 
being  marked  by  quarrels  and  complicated  legal  in- 
vestigations. The  friars  toiled  faithfully  according 
to  their  methods  and  lights  to  keep  their  mi.ssioii 
comnumities  in  the  narrow  path.  The  missionary 
force  varied   fi'om    forty  to   twenty-five  during   the 

(002) 


NEW  MEXICO. 


C03 


century;  the  ncopliyte  population  froni  fiftocn  thou- 
sand to  ton  thousand;  while  the  S[)Mnish  and  mixed 
jtopulation  increased  from  perhaps  live  thonsand  to 
twi'uty  thousand.  The  mission  Indians,  th(»ii;4h  hap- 
tized  and  conii)lvinL!:  with  certain  ii'li<'ious  ohli'-ations, 
Mere  practically  not  chatiged  l)y  their  nominal  con- 
version, and  were  still  strongly  addicted  to  their  old 
idolatries.  Hardly  a  year  pas.sed  without  lumors  of 
impendiuL,^  revolt;  but  no  great  disaster  occuriH'd. 
Earlv  in  the  century  Zuni  was  ahandont-d  I'or  a  time 
hut  recovered;  while  the  ^[ofjuis  in  desjiite  of  en- 
treaties and  force  [)ersisted  in  maintaining  their  relig- 
ious independence,  even  in  the  later  years  vvheii 
drought,  pestilence,  and  raids  of  savages  had  reduced 
their  nundjers  from  seventeen  thousand  to  less  than 
one  thousand,  though  many  individuals  of  this  nation 
were  l)ai)tized  from  time  to  time.  Shortly  alter  1707 
several  of  the  missions  adjoining  Spanish  sc'ttlements 
were  put  in  charge  of  secular  curates;  and  alter  the 
lavagi'S  of  small-pox  in  1780-1  the  missions  were  re- 
duced against  the  wishes  of  the  friars  to  nint'teen  by 
consolidation.  Controversies  were  frequent,  but  not 
very  bitter.  Santa  Fe,  La  Canada,  Alburquerque, 
and  YX  Paso  acquired  a  Spanish  ]>oi)ulation  of  over 
two  thousand  each.  Trade  was  carried  on  both  by 
Spaniards  and  Indians  with  the  northern  gentiles; 
and  each  year  a  t>'reat  caravan  of  traders  went  to 
Chihuahua  to  exchange  products  of  the  nortli  fir 
needed  articles  of  merchandise.  ]\Iean\\hile  attacks 
of  savage  foes  on  the  frontier  jiosts  wei'e  frequent; 
and  there  were  few  years  in  which  a  camj)aign,  gen- 
erally iiiv-ifective,  was  not  made  by  the  jiresidial  ibrces. 
Some  bands  of  Apaches,  Comanches,  ;i:id  Xavajos 
were  generally  on  the  war-path,  while  others  found  it 
advantageous  from  time  to  tinie  to  make  treaties  of 
peace.  AV'arfare  against  the  savages  was  more  actively 
wa«jfed  under  (Governor  Anza  aiter  the  oi'ganization 
of  the  Provincias  Internas ;  and  iinally  the  Comanches, 
alter  defeat  in  several  campaigns,  became  allies  of  the 


%. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


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^ 

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» 

Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  wist  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


1  ^jN.  Q        a.         V* 


<> 


«04 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


Spaniards  against  the  Apaches.  Details  of  New 
Mexican  annals  for  the  century  are  given  in  another 
volume  of  this  series.^ 


The  province  of  Coalunla,  also  called  Roino  do  la 
Nueva  Estreniadura,  extended  northward  across  the 
Kio  Bravo  to  the  Ilio  Medina,  which  was  generally 
regarded  as  the  boundary  between  that  province  and 
Texas,  known  also  as  Nuevas  Filipinas.^  In  17S.3 
the  district  of  Saltillo  and  P^rras  was  detached  from 
Nueva  Vizcaya  and  added  to  Coahuila,  making  the 
southern  boundary  practically  the  same  as  on  modern 
maps.  In  lGi)l-2,  as  we  have  seen,  Domingo  Teraii 
de  los  Ilios  was  governor  of  Coahuila  an<l  Texas,  and 
was  succeeded  perhaps  by  Franciscio  Cuervo  y  A'al- 
des.  In  1702  or  a  little  later  Martin  de  Alar(r(ju 
became  governor,'  and  his  authority  was  extended 
over  Texas  on  the  I'eoccupation  of  that  })rovince  in 
171G.  His  successor,  the  JNTarques  de  San  Miguel  ^\'^ 
Aguayo,  ruled  both  provinces  in  17rj-22;  as  did 
possibly  his  successor,  Fernando  Perez  de  Alnuu'.an, 
ill  1722-G;  but  later  each  province  seems  to  have  had 
a  separate  ruler.*  The  n'  of  Texas  will  be  named 
later  in  this  chapter;  i\>  )a]iuila  I  find  no  record 
of  their  names — except  tliat  Clemente  do  la  Garza 
was  governor  in  17iJ8 — until  1753,  when  Pedro  liu- 

'  Sco  ni4.  J\r.  ^f(•x.  ami  Ariz, 

'■■Tlio  hoiinilary  lino  i.s  not  n  very  satisfactoiy  one,  ns  tlio  Medina  u  a, 
branch  of  tlic  San  Antonio,  and  thercs  is  )io  iiulication  that  the  soulheiii  Icnili 
of  tliia  Btreani  near  the  gulf  was  ever  deemed  a  part  of  (baliuila.  A  map  if 
about  thi)  niiddlu  of  tlie  wntury,  copied  from  tlio  Arrhiro  (.Icueral,  in  J'r<  In, 
lliM.  TiniKtiillpiiH,  and  given  in  //ht.  Mc.v.,  iii.,  thi.s  series,  nialvos  Niievo 
Santander  extend  up  to  the  S:in  Antonio;  Imt  notiiin^elso  appears  in  support 
of  Bueh  a  division.  Again  Morfi,  in  1778,  Duirio,  4.)'2,  nays  the  Nuece;i  v.:.i 
the  lino  hetweeii  Texas  and  Santantkr;  luit  this  view  is  also  inisnpporitil. 
As  a  matter  of  faet  there  were  no  exact  hounds,  as  none  \\  ere  needed.  C'ou- 
linila  and  Santamler  had  settlements  on  the  Uio  tirande;  Texas  on  the  Sau 
Antonio;  and  tlu'rc  was  no  Kettlt.'inent  lietwt'en.  Why  tho  Mcilin.a  railici' 
ilian  tho  Nueces  or  llomlo  was  generally  spoken  of  ua  the  bound  it  is  hurd  to 
determine. 

^  Afiin-oii,  linlnr'ion,  MS.,  .lOfi,  etc.  In  170-t  Grrgorio  de  Salinas  y  Baraona 
is  named  as  ex-governor.  N.  Vi-..,  Doc.  Jlinf.,  iv.  (J. 

'According  to  Oitcrra  de  X.  K^jk,  ii.  711,  the  scpaiation  was  in  17-''- 
Yoakum,  l/ixf.  Ti-x-.,  i.  77,  following  a  document  in  tho  liejar  archives,  tells 
UB  that  seiiuruto  governors  were  appointed  in  1 7-7. 


RULERS  OF  COAHUILA. 


cori 


hi\cro  y  Toran  held  the  office,  as  lie  had  done  perhaps 
for  many  years.  In  175C  Angel  Martos  y  Navarrete 
took  the  place;  and  about  17G0  changed  places  with 
(irovernor  Jacinto  de  Barrios  y  Jduregui  from  Texas. 
The  end  of  Barrios'  term  does  not  appear;  but  after 
him  ruled  Jacobo  Ugartc  y  Loyola/  succeeded  in 
1778  Ly  Juan  de  Ugalde,  antl  he  apparently  by  Pedro 
Fueros  in  1783,  mIio  was  still  governor  in  1789." 

From  177G  Coahuila  and  Texas  belonged  to  the 
Provincias  Internas,  the  organization  and  changes  (tf 
which  government  are  noted  in  another  chapter;  and 
from  1780  Colonel  Ugalde  held  the  military  power 
as  comandantc  de  arnias.''  Also  in  1780  the  two 
jirovinces  were  attached  to  the  Intendcncia  of  San 
J.-uis  Potosi;  but  of  political  rulers  ai'ter  Fueros  under 
the  new  system  I  find  no  record.  In  judicial  matters 
these  provinces  were  transferred  in  1770  from  the 
audiencia  of  Mexico  to  that  of  Guadalajara;  and 
ecclesiastically  in  the  same  year  from  the  sec  of  Gua- 
dalajara to  the  new  one  of  Nuevo  Leon.* 

Coahuila  in  this  century  was  in  ever}^  way  more 
prosperous  than  Texas,  obstacles  in  the  way  of  progrc^ss 
thftUijh  of  similar  nature  bein2f  somewhat  less  formid- 
al)le.  The  province  was  often  raided  by  savages,  but 
tliev  came  from  a  distance  and  their  ravages  were 
local.  The  natives  as  neoph^'tes  were  not  perhaps  less 
fickle  and  lazv  and  vicious  than  those  of  Texas,  but 
they  were  more  completely  under  control  of  the  i'riais, 
and  the  Tlascaltecs  in  several  establishments  were 
<'(>mparatively  models  (tf  industry.  Many  s(^ttl(Ts  «>f 
S[)anish  and  mixed  blood  were  of  the  usual  worthless 
chnricter;  but  there  were  exceptions,  and  in  several  dis- 
tiicts  haciendas,  ranches,  nnd  even  a  few  mines  wore 
jtrosperously  maintained.  No  serious  dor('li(;(ions  are 
ivcorded  against  provincial  or  presidio  rulers;  nor  do 
they  seem  to  have  been  often  involved  in  controversies 

Mfo;/,  Diarh,  41.'),  418. 

^GuMa  de  Mrx.,  i.  70;  ZiU'ilt/rt  y  Ontirrroit,  Cal.  Man.,  80. 

■  Jiintnircioii  /ofiiniila  fii  rir/iiU  de  real-  vrdcn, 

^  Jiilethi,  /Ifioji.,  i.  pt.  iii.  '2\)l. 


eo8 


TEX^VS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


with  the  missionaries.  But  it  was  only  in  comparison 
with  one  or  two  other  provinces,  and  taking  into  con- 
sideration the  difficulties  encountered  by  a  small  and 
indolent  population  constantly  exposed  to  tlie  attacks 
of  savage  hordes,  that  Coahuila  could  be  called  flour- 
isliing;  and  mission  work  was  almost  a  complete  failure. 
The  nund)er  of  mission  Indians  was  about  1,800  in 
178G,  and  1,G00  seven  j'cars  later;  but  two  thirds  of 
the  number  were  TIascaltecs.  The  total  population 
of  neophytes  and  gente  do  razon,  including  the  families 
of  the  soldiers,  was  estimated  in  1780  at  about  8,()0<), 
but  was  nearly  doubled  by  the  addition  of  the  Saltillo 
and  Parras  district  in  1785.  I  append  some  items  of 
local  information  respecting  the  different  establisli- 
ments." 

•Monclova,  Santiago  ilc,  villa  and  presidio,  capital,  founded  10S7.  I'lo- 
sidio  wmu'tiincs  called  San  Fnuicisco.  Garrison  of  3."t  inon,  and  population  of 
4IK)  faniilios  —  ir)0  Spanish — in  1744-5.  Annual  cost  of  presidio  about  17.">s, 
§1|{,057.  Hy  the  rej,'hunento  of  177-  the  presidio  was  transferred  to  the  IIId 
<!rande,  about  "JO  leagues  above  S.  Juan,  with  43  men;  but  I  have  no  retold 
of  its  annuls  at  the  new  site  except  tlie  visit  of  <.ten.  Croix  in  177^^.  The 
villa  coHsisteil  in  177S  of  low  adobo  buildings;  public  cdiliees  in.signilicant. 

San  Mijiuel  de  Aguayo,  adjoining  Monclova  on  the  north,  founded  as  a 
mission  in  l()7.">.  Arrieivita  says  itwas  wicked  by  the  Tobosos  in  170-,  wiiirli 
may  be  an  error.  Adjoining  San  Miguel,  and  forming  a  separate  hnrrin,  aiicl 
prai'tif^ally  a  part  of  tiio  town  of  Monclova  in  later  yeiirs,  was  San  Fr.mciMi) 
do  Nueva  Thuscala,  founded  with  TIascaltecs  alnnit  Ki'.K).  The  natives,  and 
tt)  a  less  extent  the  TIascaltecs,  l>ccamc  of  mixed  Indian,  negro,  and  Spaui.-li 
blood  before  I77S,  when  there  was  a  good  church  at  S.  Francisco,  uuilcr  a 
curate.  Tithes  had  yielded  §80,000  above  expenses.  A  barefooted  friar  tonk 
charge  of  S.  Miguel  in  17S1.  In  1780  S.  Miguel  had  a  population  of  11C2,  and 
S.  Francisco  of  470.  One  hundred  anil  eighty-one  and  31)0  were  the  figures  in 
171)3. 

San  Fernando  do  Austria,  or  do  Rosa?,  villa,  founded  in  17r)3,  in  tlio 
valley  of  ],iis  Animas,  13  (or  3)  1.  s.  w.  of  the  presidio  of  Monclova,  'I'l  1.  w. 
of  S.  ,fuan  liiiutisti.  Seventy-six  families  in  1778.  Two  runchoa  of  I'atiuo 
and  .San  lldefonso  near  by. 

Agua  Verde,  presidio,  3.5  1.  from  the  Rio  Grande,  10  1.  N.  W.  of  Monclova 
presidio,  visiteil  by  Gen.  Croix  in  1778.     This  was  ap])arenlly  one  of  the  four 

Iiresiilios — Monclova,  ("crro  Gordo,  S.  Sabil,  and  Sta,  Uosa  —transferred  to  the 
{ill  Grande  by  the  reglaniento  of  177-. 

Santa  Rosa,  vilhi,  '-'(»  1.  s.  w.  of  the  presidio  of  Monclova,  near  the  Kio 
Rid)inas.  Visited  by  Croix  and  Morti  in  1778.  Some  runeJios  iind  mines  in 
the  vicinity.  Here  seems  to  have  been  the  ])residio  of  Siu'ranu'ntu,  foundt  il 
in  173(i,  and  having  a  garrison  of  50  men  in  1744-5.  No  reconl  of  the  chani.e 
from  pn.'sidio  to  villa.  I'crhaps  it  was  in  177-,  and  tiiis  was  the  presidio 
called  SUi  Rosa. 

San  Antonio  de  la  B.ibia,  presidio,  Wl\.  n.  n.  w.  of  Sta  Rosn,  10  1.  k.  of 
N.  Vizcaya  boundary.  A'iaited  by  Croix  in  1778.  This  was  another  of  the 
four  pre.-<idioa  transferred  in  177'A  the  other  two  being  beyond  the  limits  of 
Coahuila. 

Nadadores,  Nra  Sra  de  la  Victoria,  or  Sauta  Rosa,  mission,  founded  about 


LOCAL  ITEMS. 


607 


There  is  but  little  to  add  in  the  form  of  chrono- 
logical annals.  At  the  beginning  of  the  century  the 
Quoretaro  friars  obtained  a  military  guard  soon  con- 
stituting the  regular  presidio  of  San  Juan  Bautista, 
under  the  protection  of  which  they  maintained  near 
the  ]lio  (irande  several  missions  for  many  years.  At 
limes  there  was  much  j)rosperity  in  resj)ect  of  agri- 
culture and  stock-raising.  Sometimes  one  or  m<»ro 
of  the  missions,  as  in  1715,  were  abandoned  on  ac- 
count of  Apache  raids.  Sometimes  the  neo})]iytes 
ran  away;  but  others  were  found  to  take  their  places. 
The  records  are  very  nicagrc  so  far  as  details  arc  con- 
ccrned.     In  1729  there  was,  as  Berrotaran  tells  us, 


liiTT,  7  1.  w.  of  Monclova  villa.  Soon  olmndoiicil  by  natives,  vhoso  place 
was  taken  liy  Tlascalteos.  I'unnlation  ^0,'t  in  l"!^!,  nntlef  a  I'laueiseau  of  tlio 
racliiica  eollejio  Kinco  1781.  ro|>nlation  'MU  in  I7!t:{.  Notliini,'  is  luanl  of 
S.  Hneiiaventura  after  1745,  when  it  is  mentioned  l>y  ViliaSefiof. 

San.hian  liautist^i,  or  ]>resi(1iii  tlel  l{i<)(ira:nle,  f(Min<letl  in  I7(*-:  eontinned 
witii  j^'anison  of  4:1  men  by  re^^lamento  of  177-.  A  badly  einiMtnicti'd,  u;;ly 
town  in  I77S.  Tlie  captain  had  eivil  jurisdiction  over  llii>'0  missions,  a  villa, 
and  8i!Vi  ral  ranchos.     Cliajilain  got  S!|,rKK)  per  year  in  fees. 

San  .luaii  ISantista  mission,  adjoniing  the  presiiliii;  founileil  KiOO,  l-ii! 
transfei-red  to  this  site  in  1700.  ])own  to  I7(il  tli(^  |]a|itisms  liy  the  (,)iieret;iri> 
fiiars  \vi  ro  l,4;>4;  iiurials  l,(J()(!.  Pojadation  in  177>i,  •l">.  In  I7H(>  the  mission 
had  7.")  Indians,  lU)  stone  houses,  4, -(K)  sheep,  ,SSO  e.-itth'.  I'trtile  liehN  and 
e\teiisivo  in-ij,'ation  works.  Good  chnrch  and  buildings.  I'opulation  (i.'l  in 
17!»:i. 

San  I'ernnrdo,  near  the  prcsidii)  of  S.  .Tunn,  founded  in  170.1,  and  the  sito 
('li;in;.'(il  s«\eral  times.  IJaptisius  nuiuhered  I, (US  down  to  I7<JI.  Jn  1777 
diciued  tin'  richest  mission  in  Coahuila.  An  irriu'atioii  canal  '20  1,  loni,'  lii'in;,'s 
water  fioui  the  river.  Fine  churcl'.  nearly  completed,  but  ih'scijbed  a",  a 
wretched  alFair  in  17S<>.  Topuhition  in  ifsii.  I  III;  ,".,(M)()  .she.p,  ■_'.•)(»  cattl.', 
'.'70  horses,  40  stone  houses.  One  hundivd  and  three  Inilians  in  |(i!i.'t.  .V 
nii'<sion  of  San  I'raiu'isco  Solano,  transfi'rred  to  S.  lldefoiivi  Nallcy  in  170!!, 
and  to  tiie  Uio  (Jrande,  ■'{  1.  from  S.  Juan,  in  170.S,  was  linally  moved  to  tho 
Sun  .\nlonio  River  in  Texas  in  171S. 

I'eyolcs,  Xombre  <le  .lesus,  mission,  11  1.  from  the  l!io  (Irande,  founded 
in  Kiss,  and  on  later  site  perhaps  in  KiOS.  The  ]ioore<t  of  ail  the  missions, 
soinctinu's  had  no  p.-idre.  Thirty-live  Indians  in  1777;  oO  in  17si';  •">•»  in 
I7!i:». 

San  Pedro  do  (Jigedo,  villa,  adjoining  IVyotes  ndssion;  fonnded  about 
17"i3  oi'  latir  with  'tlelineuent  nudat  toes'  .■ind  otiu  r  settlers.  I'nder  sjii  ritual 
I'.jre  of  the  mission.     Two  hnmbed  :ind  seven  inhabiiants  in  I7s'!. 

San  I'r.'.ncisco  Vizarron,  mission,  near  IVyotes,  and  II)  1.  from  th.e  presidio; 
f'i\inded  17117.  Nearly  mined  when  the  barefooted  trials  took  charge.  lia[i- 
tisnis,  i;sl-7,  2S,").     i'opulation  in  17S(i,  lOS;  in  17!>:t.  Sl>. 

S;in  llernardino  de  ('andela,  ndssion,  near  the  border  of  X.  Leon,  '24  1. 
from  Momlova;  fonnded  in  l(>!M)  with  Tlascaltecs  and  natives,  the  latter  dis- 
iippejuing  later.     Tlascaltoc  popidation  in  17S(1,  4SK;  in  I70:i,  44S. 

San  (':irlos,  villa,  adjoining  S.  Hernardino;  founded  in  1774,  or  possibly 
tiansferri'd  here  from  a  short  distance  where  it  ha<l  been  established  a  littlo 
earlier.     I'upulution  381  in  1780.     Served  by  pudre  uf  the  niisaion. 


608 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  \ND  NEW  MEXICO. 


an  exploration  of  the  Rio  Grande  from  San  Juan  up 
to  the  Conclios  junction.  Cavo  says  that  two  pr(>- 
Hid'ios  were  founded  in  1730,  thirty  and  fiCty-iivt' 
leagues  respectively  distant  from  ISIonelova.  One  of 
them  was  Sacramento,  or  Santa  Rosa;  but  I  know 
nothing  of  the  other.  The  historian  Vill.vSenor  y 
Sanchez  includes  in  his  work  much  information  about 
the  condition  of  Coahuila  in  1745.  In  1771-2  tlio 
Queretaro  Franciscans  gave  up  their  missions  to  the 
Jalisco  friars.  According  to  Arricivita  they  had  ba|)- 
tized  in  Coahuila  and  Texas  10,244  natives,  burying 
6,434,  and  leaving  to  their  successors  1,0G4.  The 
reglamento  of  1772  transferred  the  presidios  of  Mon- 
clova  and  Santa  Rosa,  with  San  Luis  from  the  S;m 
Saba  in  Texas,  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Rio  Grande,  to 
form  with  San  Juan  and  with  the  garrisons  of  Texas 
and  Nueva  Vizcaya  a  line  of  frontier  defences  against 
the  savages.  In  1777-8  the  province  was  visited  by 
the  Caballero  de  Croix,  commander  of  the  Provincias 
Internas;  and  in  Padre  Morfi's  diary  of  the  expedi- 
tion we  have  an  excellent  description  of  all  the  estab- 
lishments. From  this  time  an  earnest  effort  seems 
to  have  been  made  to  render  the  military  service  moro 
effective,  and  with  much  success,  especially  under  the 
direction  of  Colonel  Ugalde,  who  both  as  governor 
and  comandante  de  armas  made  many  successful  cam- 
paigns against  the  Apaches  in  both  provinces.  We 
have  no  definite  record  of  mission  affairs  while  the 
tlalisco  friars  were  in  exclusive  charge;  but  it  was 
clearly  a  period  of  rapid  decadence  and  not  of  prog- 
ress. In  1781,  however,  all  the  missions  were  turned 
over  to  the  barefooted  Franciscans  of  the  Pacliuca 
college;  and  these  zealous  workers  in  the  face  of  great 
difficulties  seem  to  have  effected  a  marked  improvt'- 
ment  as  is  shown  in  the  reports  of  1780-7  by  padns 
Arze  y  Porteria  and  Garcia.  The  viceroy  Revilla 
Gigedo  included  in  his  report  of  1793  a  full  account 
of  the  Coahuila  missions,  recommending  their  secular- 
ization.    I  suppose   the  establishments  were  put  in 


ST  DENIS  IX  TEXAS. 


G09 


clmri^o  of  curates  before  1800,  thouuli  I  luive  found 
no  roi.'ord  of  the  eluuiyje.  liKleeil  there  is  i)r;u'ticnllv 
no  information  extant  resjiLrtinjjf  events  in  tlieso  [>rov- 
inees  during  the  hi.st  deeade  of  the  eentury.'" 

The  Texas  missions  liad  been  aban(U)ned  in  ir.O.T. 
The  friars  were  always  eager  for  a  reoeeu[)ation,  but 
their  petitions  for  government  aid  were  without  elbct. 
The  necessar}'  impulse  lor  a  new  expedition,  as  Ibr 
the  original  oecu[»ation,  was  to  bo  allbrded  by  the 
Freneh.  An  officer  from  Tjouisiana  is  said  to  have 
traversed  the  country  to  the  borders  of  Coahulla  and 
back  about  1705;  and  six  years  later  I'adre  Hidalgo 
wrote  to  the  French  governor  recpiestiiig  his  intcr- 
\t;ntion  in  some  uni'X[)lained  manner  among  the 
Texan  tribes.'^  We  have  only  a  bare  menlion  of 
these  things,  and  know  not  what  influence,  if  any, 
tj ley  had  on  later  developments.  In  171 II,  however, 
Governor  Cadillac  authori/.(^d  the  same  French  olli- 
cer,  Louis  de  St  Denis,  to  visit  the  old  Spanish  mis- 
sions for  the  j)urpose  of  purchasing  live-stock.'"  This 
Mas  mainly  but  a  pretext,  the  chief  object  being,  not 
political  encroachment  as  some  have  believed,  but 
the  opening  of  connnercial  relations  with  the  !>])anish 
scttlt.'mcMits,  St  ])enis  left  St  Jean,  near  Mobile,  in 
Se[)tember  with  twenty-lbur  Canadians,  procti'ding 
bv  water  to  Natchitoches  on  lied  Iviver,   where  he 

'"For  C();iluiila  annals  of  1700-lSOO  sec  A rnnn/d,  Cnhi.  SmU:,  01  7, 
2\C,-'2-2,  'J41  4,  4;)l)-t!l;  L'.^pliios,,,  C/non.,  U\  -l.lJ-Sr.,  ;VJS  .'U;  r;//.,.V. //.>/•  i/ 
Siuirlirz,  Thcdfro,  ii.  .'ilK»-l!>,  lUT-H;  /'<  villa  (linnln,  Carta  ./.■  J,"  (A'  JUr.  /;;*.;, 
•11-1-7,  fi'si)  MS.;  Oio'.ro  y  Jtirrti,  Cart'l  K/iki'J.,  ■■{'i);!-4;  Ar.e  ;/  J'orl  ria,  In- 
/iin/if  (lain  (d  /'.  iltturiliin  ild  ( 't/if/'o  ili-  /'n'-fiii''".  ild  /.'^iitln.  /insult)  iniiut 
('■hiat  lie  Ian  iniKiniicit  lie  Co  ihiiila,  US!',  MS.;  (iarcia,  IiijUnni'  ii'm-it  il'  hut 
Mis'iitiHH  (Id  /Ho  (Jraiitlc,  HSU,  MS.;  Moili,  l>lar,i>,  4'_'l)  ."ii»,  ir.7-S7;  /'/r..v(/;o.<, 
1!  ■jlaiit.  ('  /iixinir.;  X.  K<]iiiin,  lli-rrc  J!(  sihiK  ii,  MS.,  ji.  ;!l--l.'>;  A//<iiiiir'i. 
J'liiifo-',  MS.,  4'.t7-S;  IJcrrolaiiiii,  Infunnc,  l!)l;  Ailcjiii,  Croii.  /ac,  'Jd.'-S; 
C'tro,  Tfi  s  Si/los,  ii.  1:J7;  Mnt  i-/'ii'lill'i,  ('0.7.  \.  Gil.,  ."ill.  ."ill;  Siv.  (I'ln/. 
Mi'.r.,  liiil.,  'Jilii  t'p.  i.  .')7()  I ;  IWiiilifii,  i\'()/.  (S'jH.,  (i;f-.">;  riiiait,  Cnl.  Jh.i; 
Mrr.,  MS.,  "JJi'J-^O;  Itin-ra,  Diario  ij  lUrroUro,  lt',\;  L'ljalde,  Docuineulo»,  .M.S., 
Iiii.ssim;  Ceiiilicariuii  (If  Mirirdi  <,  .\1S.,  .'!.')-(!. 

"  7V.!-(M,  Jtnr.  Hit.,  MS.,  ICO,  lOd,  -Jl-J.  Ilidil^'d's  lottor  wii-s  .Intel  .I.in. 
17,  1711.  According  to  .Irririri/a,  Ci-on.  .SV /•■(/',  "JJI  l',  Jliiliilgo  wa.s  Maincil 
I'V  tlio  govenniicnt  for  lii.s  «iij,'L,'osti((n  »if  Kri'iicli  iiitcivcntiiin,  the  ii'nue.st 
li;ivini,'  i)ucn  merely  to  interfere  to  uiiike  peace  between  tlie  tiil)es. 

'-' I'atent  dated  Sept.  l-J,  I7i:t,  in  '/'.-.(..,  Jjor.  llisi.,  MS.,  15l)-00. 
UI8X.  N.  Mtx.  UrAi'i::ii,  Vol.  I.    6\i 


010 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


loft  a  large  amount  of  merchandise  and  part  of  his 
men.  In  the  spring  of  1714  he  wont  on  to  the  coun- 
try of  the  Tqjaa,  whore  cattle  wore  found  in  groat 
abundance.  The  natives  expressed  a  strong  dosirc 
for  the  return  of  Padre  Hidalgo  and  Captain  LTrrutia, 
tlio  latter  being  i)orhaps  one  of  the  men  who  had  re- 
turned to  live  with  the  Indians  after  the  ])adros' 
departure.  Accordingly  a  force  of  Tejas  under  tlio 
chief  Bernardino  joined  St  Denis,  who  sent  back 
most  of  his  Canadians,  and  was  delighted  to  have  an 
additional  excuse  for  visiting  the  Spaniards.  On  the 
way  they  had  a  fight  with  tlie  Lipan  Apaches  on  t])o 
Rio  San  Marcos;'^  but  they  were  victorious,  and  in 
August  arrived  at  the  presidio  of  San  Juan  Bautista 
on  the  Rio  Grande,  whore  they  were  kindly  received 
by  Captain  Diego  Ramon. 

The  Frenchman  was  entertained  at  the  presidio 
while  the  news  of  his  arrival  was  sent  to  the  governor 
and  viceroy;  and  then  by  the  latter's  orders  he  was  sent 
to  Mexico,  where  he  arrived  in  June  17 If),  and  made 
a  sworn  statement  respecting  his  journey  and  mo- 
tives." The  authorities  were  somewhat  startled  at 
this  bold  entry  of  a  foreigner  into  Spanish  territory; 
and  beo-an  to  realize  how  easilv  that  territory  miuflit 
be  lost.  St  Denis  himself  warmly  advocated  the 
occupation  of  Texas,  picturing  the  country  in  most 
glowing  colors;  and  he  even  oft'ored  to  enter  the 
Spanish  service  in  person.  He  also  urged  the  advan- 
tages of  an  agreement  making  the  Mississip[»i  the 
boundary  between  the  Spanish  and  French  posses- 
sions." The  Frenchman's  original  purpose  had  been 
to  lay  the  foundation  for  profitable  smuggling  o[)era- 
tions;  but  during  his  stay  at  San  Juan  he  had  sur- 
rendered to  the  charms  of  Captain  Ramon's  daughtei', 
whom  he  wished  to  marry;  hence  his  zeal  in  beh.ilt' 

"  N'o  loDgcr  confounded  witli  the  Coldr.ido  as  lieforo. 

'^S7  J),ii;n,  JJirhiriiclon,  17l'>,  MS.,  in  Tixat,  Jjnr.  Hist.,  lfiO-8;  rcpciiti'l 
in  Hubstanoo  in  the  ftdlowing  dirtiimeii  Jixcal.     Also  in  Miuffr  J/.s'.S'.,  no.  'J!t. 

'•'  Mitrfi,  ^f(•m.  Jlist.  Tex.,  MS.,  13^-4;  Junius  di'  (Jiurra,  MS.,  iu  Tifxai, 
Doc.  Hist.,  "JOG  ct  Bcij. 


TKXAS  REOCCLTIED. 


en 


of  the  Spanish  cjiuhc.  Two  juntas  were  licld,  at 
wliic'li  it  was  (K'ciilcd  to  despatch  an  expedition  and 
ace(!pt  tl»e  serviees  of  Don  J^nis.  ]>y  orders  issued 
in  (Jctoher  tlie  e()ni!nand  was  «fiven  to  Caj»t;»in  ])<>- 
miuLjo  lijunon,  St.  Denis  receiving  tho  same  salary 
of  live  hundred  dollars. 

For  tlie  niissi(>nH  wore  sent  five  Queretaro  Frnncis- 
cans  undei-  J*adre  Isidro  Felix  Kspinosa,  and  four  from 
Zac.'itecas  untler  the  famous  Antonit)  Maiujil  d»;  Jesus, 
besides  three  lay  brothers."*  Twenty-five  soldiers 
jiiarched  with  the  commander  from  Saltillc)  in  February 
1 7 1(5 ;  and  from  San  Juan  Bautista,  after  the  marriage 
of  St  Denis  with  the  commandant's  sister  or  nitM-e  ha<l 
been  celebrated,  tho  whole  company  set  out  in  April 
f()r  the  promisetl  land.  The  march  was  uneventful; 
in  June  they  were  well  received  by  the  Tejas  and 
kindred  tribes;  and  in  July  they  established  four  mis- 
sions and  a  presidio  in  the  region  l)etween  the  Trinity 
and  IJed  rivers,  on  or  near  the  branches  of  the  Xeches 
and  Sabinas.  Two  other  missions  were  a<ld«'d  this  year 
or  the  next."  Captain  Ramon  went  to  Natchitoches 
on  KlhI  liiver,  where  the  French  had  now  a  fort  and 
garrison,  and  whore  he  was  hospitably  entertained; 
while  St  Denis,  accompanied  l»y  Alfert'z  liamon  and 
several  Spaniards,  went  to  Mobile  to  settle  his  aifaii's, 
leturnini;  soon  with  a  considerable  amount  of  merchan- 


'"^I'Jiphiotia,  Chrdnicn,  417.  tho  author  being  tlic  prelate  iinnx-d.  Tlie  other 
Qiifn'tai'o  Iriars  were  (iabiiel  dc  Verj^ara,  IJeiiito  Saialiez,  P'raiicisco  Mi(lalf,'t), 
Manuel  ("astellaiios,  J'edro  Perez  <le  Me/i|iiia;  nml  tlie  Zacatecaiios  wcro 
Alatias  Saiiz  <U?  San  Antonio,  I'cilro  tie  Mendoza,  anil  A;itistin  I'atroii.  On  tho 
life  of  r.  Maryil,  Hee  Mdnjil  ilrjrsui,  A'•'^':«',  7-1-S'J;  Arricintii,  ( 'run.  S'nij'., 
1-1. "(7;  Ks/iiiiiiKd,  Xini'(M  L'liijinsd.i,  l-4(}. 

^' Iiitni'iii,  J)i rrii/i ro  }Kir(i  Ins  MiKioiii:i,  17 Id,  MS.,  in  Tixd.t,  l>ui\  ///.-/., 
17!l-  "JOS;  also  in  Mdi/<  r  M.SS.,  no.  '_"_'.  'J'o  it  aie  joinid  rcimrts  of  .Inly  "J-d, 
by  Kanion  and  the  ])ailres.  All  the  niendiers  of  the  company  aie  iiaircd.  Diego 
llanioii  was  .'dfOicz.  Tiu!  six  nii.-ssions  were  as  follows  -  there  heini:  no  a;;ree- 
nuiit  respi'otinnthiirexait  location:  S.  Framiscoi'J'ijas,  \eilies,  nr  N.;coches), 
4  I.  larther  inland  than  its  former  site;  rurisima  Concc])ci<>ii  (Asinais),  S  or 
!l  1.  K.  N.  i:.  across  a.  river;  (Juadalupe  (Nacodochest,  H  or  1)  1.  K.  s.  r.. ;  S.  .Io«i^ 
(N'oachis  or  Xazoncs),  7  or  10  1.  N.  or  N.  K. ;  Dolores  (Acs);  San  Miiind  do 
Ciicllar  (Adaes).  The  northern  missions  were  given  to  the  (,)nt n  ijuo  friais 
juiil  the  Konthern  to  those  of  i^ucutecas,  or  lather  their  etlorts  weie  t.i  he  made 
in  tliHse  directiuns  resiieetively.  The  founding  c)f  S.  Miguel  and  linluies  is 
dcsdibed  by  1'.  Murgii  in  a  letter  of  Feb.  13,  171S.  Ttxu.-',  Doc.  lli-t.,  MS., 
L'S4-U. 


eis 


TEXAS,  COAnUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


disc.'^  iMcaiiwliilo  tlio  IViiiis  coMtiimcd  tlicii-  woi'k 
with  sDinv  success.  The  natives  were  IVicudly,  hccaiiso 
it  was  LOW  for  their  interest  to  he  so;  l)ut  wire  licklf, 
resisting  all  efl'orts  to  reduce  them  to  regular  pu  hln 


Texas. 

life.      The  missionaries  soon    became   clan)orou.s  for 
additional  aid. 

On  December  2,  171G,  a  junta  do  gucrra  Mas  held 


^*^fol■Ji,  Mem.  Hist.  Tex.,  MS.,  138;    Tvxiw,  Did.   Fiscal,   1710,  MS., 
passim. 


FATE  OF  ST  I»i:XIS. 


013 


in  ^foxioo  to  consider  Spanish  intorosts  in  Ttxn.'-*.  The 
icconls  of  this  nicotintj,  inchwhn;^'  particuhiily  a  rc^port 
(tf  thu  lisojil  ^'clas(•<>  (hitcd  Novtinhcr  .'{0th,  foiMu  tho 
hest  narrative  extant  «>!' Texan  annals  I'ldin  17^^',).  j,m\- 
iniL^  full  details  of  all  tluit  1  have  pnsentcd  in  (tullinc. 
The  value  (tf  the  province^,  the  danj^er  oi'  I'^reiieh  eii- 
('roaehnu'nt,and  the  urgent  impoi-tanee  of  jctlini^'  the 
oeenpation  on  a  seeui'e  basis  were  set  lorth  in  tlieir 
stroUL^est  li'dit.  And  it  was  aeeordin'-lv  decided  to 
stren'jfthen  tho  niilitarv  I'oree,  to  send  a  Itetter  class  of 
soMier-settlers,  to  ado])t  sliiet  measures  ttf  precaution 
aLjainst  <'ontj'al)and  trade,  to  estahlish  a  new  mission 
nearer  Coahuila  than  those  already  existiuin',  and  to 
send  Ji  competent  <,»'overnor  to  ruK;  over  'i'exas  and 
Coahuila.  As  to  the  fortification  (»f  ICspfritu  Santo 
]iay  and  tho  erection  of  a  fort  on  the  north-eastern 
Irontier,  it  was  thought  that  there  was  no  urjj^t  nt 
necessity  for  these  measures  at  present,  a'ld  that  royal 


ord 


ers  muj 


htl 


)e  awai 


ted, 


I'j 


In  tho  re})ort  just  cite<l  St  Denis  fii^ured  somewhat 
])rominently,  and  his  actions  were  pronounce<l  .-us- 
jticious  in  juany  respects.  Several  statements  madi; 
liy  him  in  Mexico  were  (U'clared  to  have  heeii  provt'U 
false.  A  letter  from  him  to  the  Freiicli  authorities 
in  Louisiana  ui'oinnr  the  occupation  of  ]']sp!'ritu  Santo 
]iay  was  said  to  have  heeu  found.  '.\'\\c  Spanish 
<'omandante  at  I'ensacola  matk"  some  char'^es  against 
him.  The  recent  nnmdinj;'  of  Xalchitocjies,  the  visit 
of  St  Denis  and  IJamon  to  that  I'oit  and  to  ]\Iol)iIe, 
and  the  amount  of  jj^oods  hrought  hack  hy  t!ie  formei-, 
all  tended  to  put  the  [''reiH-hman's  conduct  in  an  un- 
favoiahle  lii;ht.  Then'  is  little  room  for  doulit  tliat 
the  original  purpose  of  St  ])enis,  only  slightly  modi- 
tied  hy  his  l(;ve  ail'air,  was  tt)  open  the  way  Uv  exten- 
sive and  profitable  smuggling  o]»eraiioiis.  Such  was 
the  j)ur[)ort  of  tho  tiscal's  conclusions,  and  J  )on  jjuis 
was  brouijht  to  Mexico  under  arrest.     Nothing  very 


'"  yV.m.",  Junta  ifrOnrn-ii,  17in,  MS.,  in  1,1.,  D'.c.  ll'iM.,  'J(;(>-S4;   Text 
Dktdmtn  Fiscal,  1710,  Alts.,  in  Id.,  'J'JG-UO. 


6U 


TKXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MKXICO. 


t<('ri(>n>(  was  jtrovcil  ngninst  liim  in  i]\v  ctisiiiiijjr  invos- 
tljL,'atit)ii,  till'  IViais  and  all  (ttlirrs  in  Ti'xan  warmly 
(.'SjKHisiniL;  his  cause;  but  in  his  wrath  he  indul^^od  in 
Hoiiif  vidh'iit  lanj^uaufc  and  threats,  which  prolonj^cd 
liis  iiiiprisoiiinunt.  Jii  danuaiy  1711)  his  n  lease  \\;is 
onlert'd  hy  the  kinjjf,  hut  he  was  to  he  estahlished  in 
Ciuatemala,  at  a  sale  distance  from  tlie  noitliem 
IVoidiei".  Jfe  liad  manaj,a'd,  however,  to  escaj)e,  aiul 
went  with  his  wife  to  L<t»iisiaiia.  where  he  was  .soon 


20 


put  ill  counnaiid  at  Natchitocht 

^lartiii  <le  Alarcou  was  governor  of  Coaliuila,  and 
Ids  authority  was  now  extended  over  Texas,  his  iip- 
pointment  heing  dated  February  I),  171(5.  His  jiast 
services  had  given  all  classes  a  confidence  in  his  aliili- 
ties  not  justified  by  results.  He  was  to  inti'oduce 
fifty  married  soldiers  of  good  charactir  into  the  ])rov- 
ince;  and  with  a  somewhat  smaller  number  of  douht- 
ful  cliaraeter  he  entered  Texas,  or  Xuevas  Fili|)iiias, 
earlv  in  1718.  On  the  river  of  St  Anthonv,  I'ar  iVom 
ihv  «'oast,  h(>  founded  the  presidio  of  San  Antonio  de 
]>ejar,  and  near  it  tlu;  mission  of  San  Antonio  do 
Valero  under  Padre  Antonio  Olivan-s,  who  trans- 
ferred to  it  a,  W'AV  1  'oithytes  from  his  abandoned 
mission  of  San  I'raneisco  Solano  on  the  liio  (Jrandc. 
Jiejar  was  for  a  time  considered  the  capital;  but 
Alarcon  went  on  to  make  an  exj>loration  of  ]Cs])iritii 
Santo,  and  thence  to  the  old  nussions,  wliire  he  lel't 
a  few  soldiers.  He  ri'signed  his  ])ositioii  when  tlie 
viceroy  declined  to  furnish  the  aid  he  asked  I'or.  'J'lie 
friars  cl.iimed  that  Alarcon  failed  to  cj.rry  out  his  in- 
istructions,  and  accomplished  nothing  for  the  welfare 

">  JA.j;/;,  M<m.  HiH.  Trx.,  MS.,  1.18-40.  On  St  Denis' expedition  nml  tlii^ 
reestfililisliniciit  of  tlio  Texas  missions  in  171<'>  fee  also;  A/.,  I'J-I:?,  47  "'.'i; 
7'i.fiis,  Dirt.  F'lxatI,  17 JO,  MS.,  'J4'J-.">4;  licnilht,  Comjfiitlio,  MS.;  Alldiiiirc, 
J'liii/i)^,  MS.;  Ln  llariiv.  Jour.  Il'mt.,  in  Mai/rr  A/SS.,  No.  'J!»;  /liilnlijo,  Cniin, 
J!/S,  .\]S.,  in  Tr.rii,i,  Dor.,  'J!K);  Ei/ihiom,  Cliriiii.,  ■l\^y-U't,  4(17;  Arrir.ril.i, 
Crcii.  S,ni/,  97-101,  'i'il-.");  Vllii-S, ,)oi;  T/ieatro,  ii.  nLMII.  :t;n-4;  M.i'i- 
t'fvlillii,  i'oiiq.  N.  (Idl.,  .'{S;<-4;  Tonicl,  Tcjan,  17--I;  Alrtire.-/,  L'-ifinlios,  u\. 
.Ti.'MU;  L'irilla  Ghn'ilo,  Carla,  17[>7,  v.  448;  Filixola,  Mnu.  lli^'.,  i.  :t(>--J; 
So<\  M(.r.  Ucoij.,  ho/.,  '2(la  ep.,  i.  .571;  Yonkiim'.^  Jiist.  Tv.<\,  1.  4.S-!»,  (i.'>  li; 
diniain'n  /liHf.  La.,  i.  1G5-78,  191;  Kvunedy'x  Texan,  i.  UlS-l'J;  Afayer'n  Mix. 
Jz'tfc,  j.  '2-2i}-7. 


FUKNCII  INVASION.  015 

of  tlu'  province;  but  thi y  do  not  <l»;iily  spccifv  <h(! 
natmc!  of  liis  niistlotMls.  lie  sncncdcd  in  obtain  in;; 
bii;h  jiiuisu  in  a  royal  ordrr  (»!'  17l!>."' 

War  bavin;,  boon  dcchnvd  bitui'on  Fraiire  and 
Spain,  tbe  jjfovi .  moi  of  Louisiana  not  only  attacliod 
l\'nsat.'ola,  but  auii-iizod  liostili-  operations  a^'ainst 
"^iVxas.  In  Juno  l,'[\)  a  fori-o  of  Frcndi  and  Indians 
froni  Natfbitoobes  took  possession  (»f  San  Miguel  de 
los  A«laes,  capturiuLj  tbo  friar  in  clui rijo,  w bo  escaped, 
liowever,  to  carry  tbo  news  to  tbe  |)rosui  and  otiier 
missions."  Cjovornor  Alaicon  bad,  a|iparemly,  left  tbo 
country' just  before  tbis  invasion.''  IM.e  trial's  favoi-d 
lesistanee,  or  at  least  afterwai'd  clai  ..d  to  liave  lone; 
so,  but  tlu;  soldiers  refused  to  follnw  tlieir  ;id\ice,  and 
ri  iii    d  witbout  \vaitin_u^  Wr  furtliei-  bostilitiis  to  IJejar, 


w 


10 


bitber  tbo  niissionaiies  soon  folidwed  tbiMU.  T\ 
inland  presidio  and  its  mission  of  San  At.tonio  for 
two  years  constituted  tbe  wbolo  of  Spanisb  posses- 
sions in  Texas,  and  IVom  tbis  j)ost  tbe  j^arrison  mi^lit 


easi 


Iv  1 


lavo  belli 


drivt'ii;    but  tbe   Frenebmen  made 


no  di'inonstrations,  and  do  not  aj)pear  to  bavo  crossed 
tbe  Trinity  Kiver.  Indeed,  Freiieb  policy  in  tbis 
all'air  is  not  clear.     All  mission  anil  ine-sidio  proj)irty 


'*  Aliirron,  /ifliirlon  ilr  hin  /'ni/ilins,  ilr.,  ilcl  Siini-iito  Mniiiir...rnlinlliro 
lit/  (h-ilin  tlf  Sdiilkiijo,   MS.,   ill    'J'l.i'is,  ])i,i\  lliKi.^'.liO  \',\;  Al'trroii,  l>'ir<i-- 
Iiih'i  iirridiiiK  />iirii<l  I'i'iiji,  1',  n,  MS.,  in  A/.,  'Jill    ;!()(>;  I.nyz,  .Ui^hnnH 


th  r,:m»,  .\IS.,  ill   hi.,  4i:t;  Morii,  M.„i.  1,14.  Terns.  MS.,   Itl    it;  A' 


(  /„ 


4:;7-H,  -nn-rAi 


.1/ 


rliilK,    ( 


MS.;  Mil 


mill 


MS.,  .-.()•_•-;!;  v;iin..s, 


Si  I'i'J.,  ■'I4.'>;    liiiiiillii,   Cdhi/'I  iiiliii 


'/'/■' ■III--;  ii.  .-{'JO  1,  :i:!».    £ 


li.ivc  lict'()i(!  IMC  a  (l(i/cii  (ir  iiirin-  works  wliicli  give  Ki'JJS  na  the  diite  of  fimiiil- 
iny  ilrjar,  and  a  few  wliii'li  fiivor  l(i'.)J. 

'■'-'I'lif  S|i!inisli  autlioiitit'M  imiily  that  St  Iiiiiis  wa.s  in  ooinniaml  of  tlio 
]iaity,  cciiiiiiosi'il  mainly  of  \ati:liilc>ilii's  ami  ( '.iiiixlaclKis  Iinliaiis;  Imt  sucli 
was  jiiTliaps  iKit  the  case.  I.a  llaiiii',  lli-lur'n'  I  .hnirinil,  7'-,  wlio  w:i,s  at 
Na.ssciiiiti',  wlit'ie  111'  lia<l  cstaljlislicil  a  I'lciicli  |i()st  in  ITI'S  .say.s  lio  \iKit  news 


Auir.  1st  tluit  M.  JJliiiulcl  at  NatciiitixlKs  lial  tliivcn 


I' 


.1 


til''  I'liiiiciscans  at  Lhs  Ailacs;  :ilsi>  that  th^'  Sp;,nianl.s  had  rclirud  acnis-i  ili 


nnily. 


It  njipoarH  that  lie  ri'si'^Mcd  liicaiist!  the  vii-croy  rct'iiscil  aid  to  |.i'i'Voiit 
l'"r<'iu'!i  <'iioii)at'hinents.     L.'i  liarpi',  //.>v.    'oiii\,'0  1,  ^.'ivcs  some  oorrc  |iond- 
t!R'<^  (if  May  171'.>  with  Alai'i'on  aiul   I'. 
fiiiiiKi-  jirotcst.s  airainst  tiic  Kri'iicli  (n-t 


.Mai-i'illo  i.Mari,'il?).  in  whirli  tl 


iciipatinn 


>(  N. 


lU 

s.sonitt',  mill  tlic  l.ittci* 


HtaU's  that  the  jioveinnr  will  snou   h;i\c  ihe  cduiitiy.      'f   is  hardly  ]ins-ili 


that  Alai't'on  could  have  waited  until  thi'  atiacU   U'torc  rctii'in 


.^'.  f' 


III'  biii'ii  ,'in 


ni't  wiin 


d  have  made  trouhle  for  him  in  Mc\i 


It  it  were  not  for  (In- 


lespondeiice  eittul    I    should   suppose   ihiit   he   left  the  country  colisiiterubly 
curlier  thau  Muy  171U. 


616 


TEXAS,  COAHUTLA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


was  destroyed,  chiefly  perhaps  l)y  the  natives;  but  no 
effort  was  made  to  take  permanent  possession  for 
France.  We  are  tempted  to  beheve  either  that  the 
invasion  was  intended  by  St  Denis  as  a  temporary 
scare  for  the  Spaniards,  or  that  the  coniandante  at 
Natchitoches  acted  without  orders  on  liearinji^  of  tlie 
war;  yet  a  party  was  sent  down  the  gulf  coast,  and  a 
weak  attjmpt  was  made  by  La  Harpo  in  1721  to 
occupy  Espiritu  Santo  Bay,  without  success  because 
of  opposition  from  the  natives.^*  Meanwhile  the  Span- 
iards at  Bdjar  did  nothing  but  wait  for  aid  from  Mex- 
ico, listen  to  rumors  of  what  the  Frenchmen  were 
doing,  and  finally  in  1720  establish  a  new  mission 
of  San  Josd  y  San  Miguel  de  Aguayo  near  the  pre- 
sidio. 

The  French  invasion  naturally  caused  alarm  in 
Mexico,  where  the  viceroy  at  once  issued  orders  for 
an  expedition  to  reconquer  Texas.  An  army  of  about 
seven  hundred  men  was  raised  and  i)ut  under  the; 
command  of  the  ^farques  de  San  Miguel  de  Aguayo 
as  governor  of  Coahuila  and  Texas.  So  slowh'^,  how- 
ever, did  the  preparations  proceed  that  the  army  did 
not  leave  Monclova  until  November  1720;  and  before 
this  time  news  came  of  a  truce  in  Europe,  which 
caused  Aguayo's  instructions  to  be  somewhat  modi- 
fied. In  February  1721  the  camp  was  still  on  the 
Rio  Grande  near  the  presidio.  Then,  on  receipt  of 
some  disquieting  rumors  from  Captain  Garcia  in  com- 
mand at  Bejar,  a  detachment  was  sent  there  under 
Lieutenant-general  Fernando  Perez  de  Almazan,  in- 
cluding a  force  under  Diego  Banion,  to  occupy  Es- 
piritu Santo  Bay.  In  April  the  marquis  arrived 
with  the  main  force,  and  in  May  started  for  the 
north,  having  sent  back  instructions  for  a  supply- 
vessel  to  run  between  Vera  Cruz  and  Espfritu  Santo. 
Meeting  no  obstacles  whatever  the  army  reached  the 

"i/tt  Ifarpc'n  IFixf.  Jour.,  7S,  80,  05  et  soq.  First  in  1720  Berangcr  was 
sent  tr  I  xploro  the  Iwy,  ami  left  there  live  men,  four  of  wliom  i^riahed,  ami 
one,  i.aniad  Belislc,  was  rescueil  and  returned  before  Lii  llarpe  started  in 
•V-H;.  .7:^1. 


AGUAYO'S  EXPEDITION. 


617 


COlll- 

tindoi' 

|n,  in- 

Es- 

H'ivetl 

tlu" 

Ippb'- 

Il  the 


region  of  the  abaiidonwl  missions  late  in  July;  and 
on  the  Rio  Ncches  had  an  interview  with  St  Denis, 
wlio  eame  from  Natchitoelies  and  made  no  objection 
to  the  Spanish  reoccupation.  The  natives  were  also 
found  to  be  as  friendly  as  ever,  with  an  undiminished 
capacity  for  receiving  gifts.  In  August  five  of  the 
old  missions  were  reestablished  at  or  very  near  their 
old  sites,  as  was  also  the  presidio  of  Texas  near  Con- 
cepcion,  where  Ca[)tain  Cortina  was  stationed  with 
twenty-five  men.  Later  tlie  marquis  crossed  the 
Sabinas  into  the  country  of  the  Adaes.  The  Frencli 
commandant  at  Xatchitoches,  in  the  absence  of  St 
Denis,  made  some  objections  but  no  resistance;  and 
not  only  was  the  mission  of  San  ^liguel  rebuilt,  but 
adjoining  it  and  seven  leaijuos  from  the  French  fort 
was  founded  the  presidio  of  Pilar  garrisoned  by  one 
hundred  men. 

Then  Governor  Aguavo  returned  to  Beiar,  arriving 
in  January  1722  and  tnking  steps  to  strengthen  that 
]»ost.  Here  also  was  founded  the  new  mission  of  San 
Javier  dc  Niijera  under  Padre  Jose  Gonzalez.  Thence 
proceeding  to  the  bay  Aguayo  in  March  and  Apiil 
superintended  the  erection  of  a  presidio  on  the  site 
of  La  Salle's  fort,  now  called  Santa  jSIaria  de  Loreto 
de  la  Bahi'a  del  Espiritu  Saniio,  or  Bahi'a  for  short; 
and  under  its  protection  was  founded  the  new  mission 
of  Espiritu  Santo  de  Ziiniga,  with  Padre  Agustin 
Patron  as  minister.  Ninety  men  were  stationed  hen; 
at  first  under  Captain  Diego  Pamon.  The  sites  of 
these  bay  establishments  were  subsequently  changed 
to  the  San  Antonio  Piver.  In  May  the  governor 
returned  to  Coahuila,  leaving  Almazan  in  coimnaiid 
as  lieutenant-governor;  and  after  making  full  reports 
on  the  value  of  Texas  and  the  measures  required  for 
tlie  welfare  of  that  jirovincc,  he  soon  resigned  his 
connniasion  in  favor  of  Ahnazan.^^ 


Jcr  was 
ud,  anil 
ituil  ill 


^•'Peiln,  Diario  fhi  MnrtuK'H  de  Snn  Mifjtiel  (fc  Afjunyo,  escrito  por  el  R.  1). 
Jiniii  Antonio  de  la  Po'ia,  ra/irllan  Mni/or  dil  Ixitallon  de  Sen  Miijiii'l  de 
ArtKjou,    >7M-2,  MS.     lu  l\xa^,  Doc.  Jlixt.,  SSo-iiV;    ami  Mayer  MSS., 


618 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


Governor  Perez  do  Alinazan  ruled  in  Texas  from 
172^  to  17'2G.  Ho  seems  to  have  been  a  competent 
man,  yet  the  period  was  not  one  of  prosperity.  ^Vi^uayo 
with  his  hirge  military  force  and  ample  pecuniary  re- 
sources had  introduced  a  system  of  liberality  wliich 
his  successor  was  not  able  to  continue.  The  presidio 
commandants  showed  little  zeal  for  the  country's  wel- 
fare or  desire  to  coojierate  with  the  governor.  The 
Apaches  became  troublesome  and  Almazan  was  for- 
bidden by  the  viceroy's  orders  to  engage  in  acti\o 
warl'are  against  them.  The  Indians  of  the  bay  aban- 
doned the  mission  and  killed  Cai)tain  Ramon  of  tlio 
])rcsidio.  The  padre  therefore  founded  a  new  mission 
in  the  interior,  and  the  new  captain  soon  followed 
with  his  force.  Thus  the  sites  of  La  Bahia  and 
Kspiritu  Santo  were  changed.  We  have  no  details 
of  missit)n  affairs  in  the  north-cast,  but  evitlently  the 
friars  made  little  progress  as  the  memory  of  Aguayo's 
gifts  laded  from  the  minds  of  the  natives.  Melchor 
de  Mediavilla  y  Ascona  succeeded  Almazan,  but  his 
rule  in  1727-30  was  marked  neither  by  reforms  nor 
disasters.  On  Atjuayo's  recommendation  the  kin<j: 
liad  ordered  the  establishment  of  four  hundred  families 
from  the  Canary  Islands  near  ]3ejar;  and  after  long 
delays  fifteen  such  families  arrived;  as  many  more 
were  collected  from  southern  provinces;  and  about 
1 730  the  villa  of  San  Fernando  de  Bejar  was  founded. 
The  settlers  seem  to  have  accomplished  nothing,  how- 
ever, beyond  a  bare  existence. 

no.  10;  closely  followed  in  Morfi,  Mem.  Hist.  Tnax,  MS.,  143-0,1.  Sec  .nlso 
on  111,'ittera  (•(iniieeted  witli  the  Kieneli  iiivasidii  and  Agnnyo'a  cxpeditidii ; 
lJsphi<i':ii,  C/irdii.,  4.V2-8;  Al/nniint,  I'mifon,  MS.,  504;  lioniUa,  Coutprudii^ 
MS.;  Arri'iciln,  Cniii.  .SV/-,//.,  01)-10:i,  '2'2:>;  \'ilfu-S(  ilor,  T/i(alro,  ii.  .•{•20-1, 
3;)4-.">;  Caro,  Ties  ShjInK,  ii.  107-10;  Aldinnii,  ]>'ii>rrt.,  iii.  app,  '\'1-'M  Xmii'i- 
coil,  IIIM.  Mi'j.,  V.  olO-.");  liiirra.  Hint.  JdlajKi,  i.  100-10;  Alrurcz,  Exlml., 
iii.  ;{(i4-r),  .371;  /tr/.s/w",  Mnii.,  i.  11;  FUinnhi,  Meut.  IHxt,  Omrni,  i.  .TJ;  La- 
cinizii,  J)i>iciir'<o.i,  xx.vv.  .'■)0.S-0;  Mexico,  It  of.  Ciiuhid,  '2S0-I;  Mii!^r.o  M<.i:,  iv. 
riO.S;  ^toiii'tti'n  Hint.  7>M''oc.,  i.  '2;ir)-();  Yoykinii'n  IH:<t.  Tvr.,  i.  ()7-7t>;  Shm'* 
(■((fh.  J/m,>'.,  80;  M(n/,r\t  M<.i:  Az/f,  i.  •2:{7-S;  AV»».v///'«  7V.,-.,  i.  'JIO-'JO; 
('iii/nnr^  Hint.  Louixiiuia,  '2.">7-8.  Donii'neeli,  MaillanI,  llolley,  (!ratt:Mi, 
Falfoncr,  Hunt,  and  otliers-for  the  must  part  those  who  \\\\t  the  fonndiii^' 
(if  iJi'jar  ill  1008— tell  ns  that  La  llidiia,  later  called  Lioliud,  wai»  foundid 
ill  1710. 


TRANSFER  OF  MISSK)NS. 


ei9 


-.1. 


on: 
ilio, 
IV  1, 

W'l- 
ml., 
l«- 
i\ . 
Ill  ')'■< 
-  •-'('; 
t:in, 
liii:,' 
i.ImI 


Durinjif  ]Mo(lia villa's  rule  Genornl  Pedni  T?ivcra 
was  sent  as  visitador  to  make  an  inspection  of  Texas 
in  1727-8;  and  by  his  rceoniniendation  an  order  was 
issned  in  1720,  snppressing  the  ])residio  of  Texas,  and 
redneinuf  the  aijureijato  force  of  the  other  three  i)re- 
sidios  frotn  two  hundred  and  fort>'  to  one  hundred 
and  forty  men.  The  friars  protested  aij^ainst  the  re- 
duction of  military  force,  and  the  governor  favored 
their  view  of  the  matter,  which  polic}-  was  prohahly 
the  cause  of  his  removal  in  17t50.  His  successor  was 
Ca])tain  Juan  Bustillo  y  Cevallos,  coniandante  of  the 
J^ahia  ])residio.  Deprived  of  the  i^arrison  the  (^uerc- 
taio  friai's  appealed  to  their  collejj^e  and  obtained  ])er- 
mission  to  transfer  their  three  missions,  San  Francisc(^, 
Concej)cion,  and  San  Jose,  to  the  San  Antonio  near 
the  presidio  of  Bejar,  which  was  done  in  1731,  the 
name  of  San  Jose  being  changed  to  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano.  The  Zacatecan  friars  continued  their  labors 
at  the  old  missions  under  the  protection  of  the  Pilar 
presidio.  In  the  region  of  Bejar  the  Ai)aches  caused 
great  trouble  to  the  missions,  and  though  Governor 
]^ustillos  killed  two  hundred  of  them  in  one  campaign 
their  ravaws  did  not  cease.  ]\Ianuel  de  Sandoval 
became  governor  in  1734,  and  continued  the  warfare 
a'vainst  the  savasres  without  anv  permanent  success.-" 

In  1735  the  French  transferred  their  fort  of  Xatchi- 
toches  fi'om  its  original  site  to  the  western  bank  of 
the  Ped  lliver.  This  action  was  met  with  protests 
from  Gonzalez,  the  presidio  connnandant,  and  fi-om 
Governor  Sandoval,  who  claimed  lied  Kiver  as  the 

""For  details  of  events  during  the  nilo  of  Almnziin.  Asconn,  I'listilln,  nnd 
S:ind(>V!il,  »cc  Tcxuk.  Doc.  Hist.,  'MS.,  1 1-17,  4,"):!-7,  4(i(),  .">7-',  (l(»!»-l(t,  fllit  •_•(»; 
Mori!,  .lAm.  Jlisl.  7',.r.,  MS.,  '2(i,  4:t,  47,  .VJ,  l!i:!-'J4."i;  h'sj,li>o^,t,  f  7i /(;»..  4:iS- 
()(!;  Arriiiiita,  i'rdn.  S(ni/.,  MO-'t;  Allnnunt,  I'lnil",'!,  MS.,  ,".04-S;  Vi/li- 
Sii'ior,  The  it  10,  ii,  ',\1\\  Vara,  Titk  Sii/loy,  ii.  l.'tO;  .Mot,r-l'(ni;//ii,  i'<.iiii.  X. 
did.,  ;il!t;  ]'i(i(iiro,  Univ.,  x.Kvii.  117-1'S;  Mc.rirn,  Inf.  7''.-'/.,  lid;  I'^rmlfm, 
A'o'.  Son.,  {\'2;  Fili'<nla,  Mem.,  i.  S'J;  J/((»/(  r'^  Mix.  Aztrc.  i. '2',W;  YiKiknin'fi 
Jlisf.  '/'i.e.,  i.  7S-80;  Keiiiicil>i\i  Tij\,i.  ii'O-l:  I'liibr/oii'K  Mm/.  '>''(';/.,  iii. 
'J'JIJ;  MrCiilK',-)  ('oiiipirhciiKiri'  Vinr,  7">(i;  Crinki It'n  Lij'-,  ill'iS.  Vv^mi  JUr.  nr, 
Jiiiiriii  II  Ih  rrofiro,  10,  (!()-7,  wo  l<'urn  that  Nuovas  Filipiii.'i.s  \va.s  in  .luno 
17-l»  a<ld(Ml  to  till'  liislioprio  of  (Inadalajnra  ;  also  that  in  17-.">  niajwof  tlio 
ln'oviiH'c  were  made  liy  Hurreiro  for  the  vieeroy.  Several  writers  say  that  u 
Spanish  post  ut  Xauodochea  was  established  in  17!!2. 


G20 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


boundary  between  Texas  and  Louisiana.  St  Denis, 
however,  maintained  that  the  boundary  was  rather 
the  hue  between  the  Adaes  and  Natehitoclies  tiibes, 
pointed  to  tlie  fact  that  the  Frencli  had  always  liad 
soniv)  buil(Hngs  and  corrals  midway  between  the  fort 
and  j)iesidio,  and  refused,  under  orders  from  his 
superiors,  to  suspend  the  transfer.  The  8[)aniards 
did  not  use  force,  but  were  content  to  supi)lenient 
their  ))rotests  with  orders  prohibiting  all  intercourse 
with  Natchitoches,  nuich  to  llie  inconvenience  of  the 
Frenchmen.  Kelations  soon  became  Iriendly  as 
before,  though  Sandoval  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
his  government  and  was  superseded;  but  for  many 
years  nothing  is  recorded  in  detail  of  events  in  this 
north-eastern  district.  Colonel  Carlos  de  Fianquis 
came  as  g()vernf)r  in  17^0,  and  put  Sandoval  under 
firrcst  on  several  charges,  including  that  of  having 
^ermitted  the  French  encroachment.  ]iut  Fran(piis, 
by  his  arbitrary  conduct  in  other  matters,  soon  became 
involved  in  a,  (juarrel  with  the  missionaries,  who  ac- 
cused him  of  nearly  ruining  the  missions  by  illegally 
taking  the  neophytes  as  laborers  for  his  own  benefit 
and  that  of  certain  j)artisans  among  the  settlers. 
After  several  ineft'ectual  rc[)iimands  the  viceroy  sent 
Govei-nor  Jauregui  of  Nuevo  Leon  as  visitador  in 
1737,  who  sent  the  governor  south  under  arrest  and 
appointed  a  ruler  ad  iiderim.  Sandoval  was  sul)- 
mitti'd  to  ji  residencia  in  1738,  and  Franquis  still  had 
influence  enough  to  prolong  for  several  years  the  leg;d 
proceedings  against  his  foe  in  connection  with  tJK! 
charge  of  permitting  the  building  of  ii  French  fort  on 
Spanish  soil.  Yet  Sandoval  was  substantially  ac- 
(juitted  of  all  blame,  and  the  investigations  favored 
the  conclusion  that  the  l^Vench  possessions  really  ex- 
tended westward  of  lied  River  to  a  jJace  known  as 
La  Gran  Montana."'' 


"ilfor/?,  ^fi^m.  Hist.  Trjr.,  MS.,  245- r).!;  Altamirn.  Pii,ifn.i,  MS.,  fiOS-lJ; 
Itoiiil'd,  (.'unijH ndio,  MS.;  Yoahau'ii  Jlht.  Tcxitu,  i.  81-0;  Onii,  Mem.  2^'rijoi., 
pt.  ii.  bl. 


NO  rROGRESS. 


C21 


The  jCfovcrnor  ad  infcrini  aj)j)oiiito(l  by  Visitador 
Jiiurc'u^ui  was  PriuUiiioio  <lo  Orobio  y  Jia.skiia,  a 
iiiei-chaiit  I'roin  SaltilK),  who  was  cliiefly  iuicivstud  id 
the  [dolits  of  his  ofliix'  and  who  jailed  to  a_;^ree  with 
the  presidio  eoinandaiites.  Ileruletl  in  17;?7-40,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Touuls  Felipe  Wintuisen,  whose 
term  was  in  1741-3.  Justo  IJoneo  y  ^[oiales  was 
sent  as  governor  in  1743,  with  orders  to  investiijfato 
the  Flench  bf)undary  and  Sandoval's  acts;  but  he 
died  soon  after  his  arrival  at  the  ])residio  of  Adaes. 
Francisco  Garcia  Larios  ruled  cut  iiitcriia  in  1743-8, 
ij^enerally  opposed  to  the  views  of  the  iViai's;  and 
IVdro  del  Ijarrio  Juik^o  y  Espriclla  in  1748-,')(),  prov- 
ini(  himself  a  still  more  bitter  Ibe  of  the  ]''i'anciscans 
and  of  mission  interests.  Jacinto  de  13airi(ts  y  J;iu- 
regui  was  <^overnor  I'roni  1751  to  17G0,  an<l  Ik;  also 
generally  lavored  the  coiiVindantes  and  scttleis  in 
their  controversies  with  the  jiadres,  but  he  ap]H'ars 
to  have  lived  at  the  Adaes  i)residio,  interfering  but 
sli^^htly  in  the  affairs  of  his  government,  and  exertin*'" 
himself  less  in  preventing  contraband  ti'ade  with  the 
Fi-cnch  than  in  a  fruitless  search  for  rich  mines. 

The  records  of  the  j)eriod,  though  somewhat  bulky 
in  res[)ect  of  certain  local  and  to[)ical  details,  allbrd 
but  slight  material  for  a  connected  historical  sketch. 
It  was  not  a  period  of  prosperity  for  any  Texan  inter- 
est except  so  far  as  the  oilicers,  soldiers,  and  s(jt(lers 
may  be  said  to  ha.e  prospered  in  their  gre;it  work  of 

hig  with  the  least  j)ossible  exertion.  Ollicials  as  a 
rule  kei)t  in  view  their  own  personal  profit  in  handling 
the  presidio  funds  rather  than  the   welfare   of  tlu 


])rovince. 


The   Franciscans   were   doubth.'ss   laitliful 


MS  missionaries,  but  their  inlluence,  even  over  the 
natives,  was  much  less  than  in  other  mission  fields. 
Tile  T(!xans  never  became  neophytes  ])ro[)ei*  in  legu- 
lar  mission  (communities;  and  between  the  incon- 
stan<'y  of  iheir  converts  and  the  oj)positIon  of  soldiers 
and  settlers  the  padnis  could  accomplish  but  littli'. 
In  their   many   bitter  controversies  the  I'riars  seem 


!i 


622 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  ^MEXICO. 


to  have,  been  generally  in  the  right,  as  compared 
with  their  opponents.  It  is  true  the  evidence  comes 
mainly  from  Franciscan  sources,  but  it  is  confirmed 
by  the  results  of  occasional  investigations  by  the  gov- 
ernment. Of  local  details  and  statistics  of  mission 
progress  no  reports  are  extant,  if  any  were  made;  but 
it  is  evident  that  not  one  of  the  establisjnnents  was 
at  any  time  prosperous  from  either  a  s])Iritual  or 
material  point  of  view.  At  each  missionary  work 
was  a  constant  struggle  to  prevent  excesses  and  out- 
rages by  the  escoltas,  to  protect  land  and  water  from 
encroachment  by  settlers,  to  guard  mission  live-stock 
from  Apache  raids,  to  keep  the  few  Indians  from  run- 
ning away,  and  to  watch  for  and  counteract  ruinous 
changes  projected  from  time  to  time  by  the  secular 
authorities.  A  few  general  topics  require  further 
notice. 

Depredations  by  one  or  another  tribe  of  the  wild 
Apaches  were  of  constant  occurrence,  but  involved  no 
serious  disaster.  At  first  campaigns  against  the  sav- 
ages were  made  from  time  to  time  by  the  presidial 
forces,  much  like  the  expeditions  in  other  j)arts  of  my 
territory,  and  requiring  no  description,  with  results 
often  exaggerated  for  eifect  in  Mexico,  but  of  no  real 
advantage  except  to  settlers  who  had  horses  to  sell. 
After  1741,  however,  the  comandantes  were  ordered 
to  act  on  the  defensive,  though  one  expedition  is  re- 
corded in  1745  resulting  in  many  captives.  Then  the 
Lipan  Apaches,  formerly  the  most  troublesome,  being 
hard  pressed  by  their  foes  the  Comanches  and  desiring 
to  recover  the  captive  women  and  children,  became 
friendl}',  made  peace,  and  even  begged  to  be  settled 
in  a  mission.  Their  good  faith  was  naturally  sus- 
pected even  by  the  padres,  and  through  a  neglect  of 
their  warnings  Padre  Silva  was  killed  with  several 
companions  by  the  Matages  or  Mescaleros  on  the 
Couhuila  road  in  1749.  The  Lipans  remained  at  peace 
and  the  IViars  fiivored  an  experimental  mission  for  them 
on   the  Guadalupe  River.     Captain  Urrutia  of  San 


APACHE  MISSION. 

Antonif)  also  favored  tho  project  and  it  was  apj)rovod 
in  ^loxico  as  early  as  1750 ;  l)ut  after  long  delay  it  was 
decided  in  1750  to  establish  tho  Apaehe  mission  on 
the  San  Sahil  River  and  to  protect  it  with  a  {garrison 
of  one  hundred  men.  The  results  of  this  experiment 
Avill  a[)pear  later. 

There  was  constant  trouble  between  the  friars  and 
the  captains  about  tlic  mission  escoltas.  Vicious  and 
unmanageable  soldiers  were  often  detailed  for  the 
service,  and  remonstrances  were  met  with  tlircats  to 
remove  the  guards  altogether.  Captain  Costalcs  and 
later  Basterra  of  Bahi'a  gave  most  trouble  in  this  re- 
sj)ect;  but  the  viceroy's  orders  were  unifoi-nily  favor- 
able to  the  missionaries.  The  vecinos  of  San  Fci'iiando 
were  always  trying  to  obtain  the  services  (jf  mission 
Indians  as  laborers.  Thev  sent  an  ajjent  to  jNTexico 
on  the  subject  about  1740,  without  immediate  results; 
but  a  few  years  later  by  a  new  effort  tluy  succeeded 
in  obtaining  a  decree  in  their  favor,  which  also  for- 
bade the  padres  from  selling  mission  produce  or  rais- 
ing more  than  was  required  for  their  neophytes.  This 
led  to  a  controversy  in  Mexico  with  the  result  that 
the  decree  was  annulled  in  1745  as  having  been  based 
on  false  representations.  In  connection  with  the  in- 
vestigation of  thcFrench  boundary'  and  of  Ex-govei'nor 
Sandoval's  acts  in  1744  the  Marques  deAltamu-a  made 
a  re})ort  containing  a  good  resume  of  Texan  annals 
which  I  have  cited  ofte.n  in  my  notes. 

About  1744  the  friars  obtained  pei-mission  to  estab- 
lish missions  on  the  San  Javier  Kiver,'^'' though  bitterly 
o[)])osed  by  the  governor  and  Captain  Basteiin  from 
the  first.  San  Javier,  Candelaria,  and  San  lldefonso 
were  the  new  establishments;  and  they  Wf-re  in  con- 
stant trouble  from  the  first,  through  adverse  i-eports 
from  the  military  ofiicials.  The  fi'iars  successfully 
defended  their  policy  and  conduct  against  bitter  at- 
tacks, but  acconqJished  little  else.    The  Indians  often 

'■'^It  is  not  clear  what  river  this  \v:is,  but  tlicrc  nro  iiidicatioua  that  it  may 
have  been  a  broucli  of  the  lirazos  de  Dios,  or  of  tlie  Colorado. 


604 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


ran  away  .'nul  tlio  throe  missions  iKVcrluul  inoiv  than 
tliroo  hundred  neophytes,  the  total  of  l»a[»tisnis  beiii;^' 
444.  The  <.,niard  was  at  iirst  twi'nty-two  men,  and 
was  soon  inereased  to  a  re<j;'nlar  presidio  of  iilty  men 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  auchtor  Altaniira,  and 
ol' Captain  Eeay  Muzquizsent  as  visitatlor  to  inve>ti- 
^ate  tlie  matter;  but  the  soldiers  behaved  badly  undt  r 
the  inlluencc  and  example  of  their  ofKeers,  who  were 
determined  to  thwart  all  missionary  etloit.  In  17r>l 
Felipe  de  liiibaji^o  y  Teran  was  made  ea[)tain  of  tht; 
San  Javier  presidio,  continued  the  controversy  wilh 
increased  virulence,  and  was  at  one  time  exeonuuii- 
iiicated  by  one  of  the  padres.  In  17,J2  the  missionary 
president  uri^ed  a  radical  change  in  the  whoU;  system, 
abolishing  |)residios  in  favor  of  mission  jn'uards  of  vol- 
unteer soldiers  to  become  settlers,  and  j)UttinLj  thu 
mission  temjiorahties  in  charge  of  an  intendente  ap- 
pointed by  the  government.  This  was  to  accomplisli 
great  results  at  a  greatly  reduced  cost;  but  the  plan 
was  not  ado[)ted.  Meanwhile  lliibago  went  on  from 
bad  to  worse,  and  at  last  caused  the  assassination  dt' 
l\idre  Ceballos,  for  which  crime  he  was  sent  to  M^xiio 
for  trial.  His  successor  in  l75o  was  his  brother  l*cih() 
who  was  a  friend  of  the  friars;  but  the  stream  liad 
di'ied  up,  e[)idemics  had  resulted,  most  of  the  Indians 
had  run  away,  and  the  few  remaining  were  transient  I 
to  the  Kio  San  Marcos.  Later  when  the  Ai)a(lu; 
mission  was  planned  it  was  decided  to  attach  these 
natives  to  San  Antonio,  whereu[)on  the}'  ran  away, 
and  thus  the  San  Javier  missions  came  to  an  end. 
^Meanwhile  in  1749  the  presidio  of  La  l^ahia  and  its 
mission  of  Espiritu  Santo  were  again  moved  farther 
inland  and  ten  leagues  nearer  San  Antonio;  and  (lui 
])adres  of  this  mission  are  said  to  have  established  a 
new  one  of  coast  Indians  called  apjjar-ently  Ilosario, 
whose  exact  site  is  not  recorded.  Of  the  north-eastern 
district  under  the  Zacatccanos  during  this  period  notli- 
iuiX  is  known.-'' 

™  For  details  of  the  aimuls  of  this  period  outlined  in  niy  text  sec :  Morjt, 


BOUNDARY  QUKSTIOX. 


023 


Tlic  l)()Uiularv  Muostioii  was  not  a  vorv  oxcltini;  or 
iiiijiorfaiit  OIK",  tlio  S|)aiiiar(l.s  sliowiiiL;'  a  ti'iidtiK  v  to 
atliiiit  tlu'  accuracy  of'tlie  Fiviich  view.  Tlic  matter 
caiiu!  ii|)  iVoiu  time  to  time  in  Mexico  and  Spain;  Itut 
the  decision  was  always  ai^ainst  ofK-nsixH'  nuasui'cs,  oi- 
I'ven  such  defensive  j)olicyas  luij^ht  Iea<l  to  liostlhties. 
J^vei)  a  survey  and  settlement  of  the  hound;. 'v  were 
not  reearded  as  urgent  necessities,  ^'et  furthei-  en- 
croachments must  not  he  j>eiinitted,  and  especially 
must  trade  he  prevented  at  all  hazards,  'i  heic  is 
nnieh  I'eason,  however,  to  heliev(>  that  the  ti;nle  was 
never  inteif'ered  with,  hut  rather  encotu-aged  hy  'i'exan 
oHicials.  Indeeil,  contraband  trade  with  the  l''i'eneli 
seems  to  have  heen  the  chief  oocupati(»n  (»f  all  elasses 
on  the  frontier,  including  thi'  governoi',  and  perhaps 
even  the  friais.  JJefore  1760  a  lew  Frenehnieii  settled 
among  the  Spaniards,  and  h(>came  practically  agents 
of  the  go\ernor  in  the  fur-trade,  ]>ut  later  (Jovern<>r 
Ji'inios,  deeming  his  term  of  office  nearly  at  an  end, 


am 


I  f( 


earmij'  nis  i-esi(ien<'ia,  ai 


1. 


•rested  these  foreiiJiier; 


who  were  sent  to  jMexieo  and,  as  is  stated,  to  Spain. 
]>arrios  I'epresented  the  province'  as  in  danger,  recom- 
nuMiding  new  forts;  and  iinally  in  I7aj  at  a  junta  in 
]\[exico  it  was  tlecided  to  estahlish  a  new  presidio  with 


til'tv  Tlascalti^c  famili 


as. 


The  site  was  Los  Iforcon- 
<itos,  or  llorctiquisae,  on  the  Trinidad  IJivei',  and  the 
jiresidio  was  named  San  Aijfustin  de  Ahumada. 

Angelde  Martos  y  Navarrete  came  to  ^lexii.'o  from 
Spain  in  iTaG  with  a  conunission  as  gt)Vei'noi'  of 
Texas;  but  as  it  was  desired  that  Barrios  should  at- 
tend to  the  founding  of  San  Agustiu,  it  was  ai'ranged 
that  ^[artos  should  go  to  Coahuila  instead,  where  he 
lemained  until  J7(iO,  and  then  the  two  changed  placi-s. 
The  goveiMior  of  Jjouisiana  jtrtjtested  against  the  es- 
tablishment on  the  Trinity,  but  the  vici-roy  paid  no 


Mnn.  //;>■/.  T< 


IMS.,  20-4,  2r):V-32S;   7V.(v/.t,  Dor.  ITht.,  MS.,  224,   'MV  si 


l(i;!-(tl,  r.l2-:)2,  .'■)S.-)-(»,  (I2I ;   /IohH/k,  c. 


,")(t:)-7;  J)n,:    AV/r'.v.    M< 


MS. 


i))i/ii 


>iilii>,  .MS.;  .1/^(1 


«t0.;    MS., 


1.      110. 


I;  Arriciri/ti,  Cniii    Sirnf. 


1: 


:/illlfi.'>'l, 


Ch, 


.i'J-SO.  !>7;  Mo.-<n 


4)i7;    ]'ill'iS( ilor,   Thrnlro,  ii.   320-1;    \'irrii/c.-<,  Iius'n 


iro 


.1/. 


vi.  UVX 


UlST.  N.  Mux.  Sr.vTEs,  Vol.  I.    10 


026 


TEXAS,  COAHUTLA,  AND  NEW  Mi:XICO. 


attention  to  tlio  protest,  no  quarrel  onsiied,  more 
Frenclnnt'ii  settled  in  the  country,  and  (•ontral)an(l 
tradt!  went  on  inueh  as  hefore.  In  irGi'all  ^n-ound 
of*  dispute  respectini^  boundaries  was  reuiowd,  France 
Podini(  to  Spain  that  part  of  Louisiana  west  of  tlie 


Mi 


ss 


<lSSip[)l 


•M 


In  the  nic<an  time  it  had  hecn  derided,  as  we  liave 
seen,  to  i-stahlish  a  presidio  with  one  hun<h'ed  men  on 
the  lllo  San  Sahji.  The  eause  of  Apaehe  eonversioii 
foun<l  an  entl  usiastic  and  powerful  promoter  in  the 
person  of  Peih'o  Romero  de  Terreros,  conde  deliegla, 
who  in  175G  offered  to  j)ay  the  wliole  eost  for  three 
years,  notinelu(hng  that  of  the  mihtary  estahlishment 
already  ordered,  of  as  many  missions  not  exceeding 
twenty  as  could  he  advantageously  founded  under  the 
general  supervision  of  Padre  Alonso  (Jiraldo  Teireros 
of  the  Queretaro  College.  The  offer  was  accepted,  the 
colleges  of  Santa  Cruz  and  San  Fernando  we»"e  to  fui- 
nish  each  half  the  needed  friars,  and  Colonel  Diego  Ortiz 
Parrilla  was  appointed  to  the  militaiy  eonnnand.  The 
expedition,  including  five  padres,  reached  ]:iejar  at  the 
end  of  1750,  and  proceeded  in  A})ril  1757  to  the  new 
field.  The  presidio  was  called  in  the  viceroy's  honor 
San  Luis  do  las  Amarrillas;  and  the  mission  of  San 
Saba  was  located  a  league  and  a  half  distant  on  the 
river.  The  Apaches  were  pleased  and  friendly,  hut 
declined  luider  one  pretext  or  another  to  congregate 
permanently  at  the  mission.  Padre  Terreros  was 
soon  forced  to  admit  in  letters  to  his  superiors  that 
he  had  been  grievously  disappointed  in  the  charactir 
of  the  natives,  and  that  the  [jrospects  for  successful 
mission  work  were  far  from  encouraging;  yet  witli 
two  companions  he  remained  and  undertook  the  task. 

The  real  motive  of  the  Lipanes  in  favoring  the 
founding  of  a  presidio  and  mission  was  to  utilize  the 

80  yii-rctfcs,  Tiistniccione'i,  96-7;  hiMruc,  Virreycn,  MS.,  i.  No.  4;  Texu", 
Doc  lift.,  .")!)');  CoHtro,  Dinrio,  iv.  29-30,  '207;  iV.  Mex.,  Vnliihis,  .MS.,  3Ji.'-;<: 
Morfi,  Mem.  JIM.  Tex.,  3-44-7;  lionUla,  Compeudio,  MS.;  Kennedy's  Texa->, 
i.  215-10;  Yoakum's  Iltat.  Texas,  i.  90-100. 


MASSACRK  AT  SAX  SABA. 


«B7 


Spaniards  as  allies  aiyaiDst  tlio  Coinanchos  and  oilier 
hostile  tribes,  hy  whom  they  were  hard  pressed.  The 
northern  inland  bands,  creditinij  the  Apache  boasts 
of  their  new  alliance,  became  bitterly  hostile  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  tbrmed  a  league  to  defeat  their  new 
foes.  The  Ai)aches,  well  pleased  with  the  course  of 
events,  gave  warning  of  the  approaching  dangei',  a 
warning  that  caused  so  much  terror  at  the  dilferent 
forts,  that  but  little  attention  was  given  to  the  pro- 
tection of  San  Sabil.  Yet  Parrilla  sent  a  force  of 
seventeen  men  to  reiinforce  the  guard;  and  the  next 
day,  March  IG,  1758,  the  savages  appeared  some 
thousands  strong  under  the  command  of  a  Comanche 
chief  at  the  mission.  Too  late  to  effect  a  surprise, 
they  obtained  admittance  by  pretending  friendship 
and  soon  began  their  work  of  destruction.  The 
buildings  were  ])lundered  and  burned.  The  only  sur- 
vivors were  Patlrc  Molina  and  two  or  three  soldiers, 
who  managed  to  conceal  themselves  and  escaped  at 
midnight,  l^idre  Terreros  was  killed  with  a  bullet, 
and  Padre  Santistevan  was  beheaded.  The  number 
of  victims  is  not  known,  but  they  included  a  party 
sent  from  the  presidio  and  drawn  into  an  ambush. 
Only  a  few  Apaches  were  present  to  share  the  disas- 
ter. 

In  his  report  of  this  affair  Parrilla  recommended  a 
renjoval  of  the  presidio,  an  increase  of  the  force  to 
one  hundred  and  forty  men,  and  an  expedition  to 
chastise  the  savages.  Only  the  last  suggestion  was 
approved  in  a  junta  held  at  Mexico  in  June;  and  a 
conference  of  otticers  at  Bejar  in  January  1751)  made 
plans  for  the  campaign.  At  the  same  meeting  Padre 
^Morales  presented  a  defence  of  the  friars,  who  it 
seems  had  been  blamed  for  the  late  disaster,  and  even 
offered  in  behalf  of  the  college  to  give  up  the  missions; 
but  his  proposal  wasdeclined.  The  army  of  five  hundred 
soldiers  and  volunteers,  with  a  large  force  of  Apache 
auxiliaries  in  the  best  of  spirits,  started  in  August 
under  the   command   of   Parrilla.     After   marching 


i 


m 


G2S 


TEXAS,  COAIIt'TLA,  AXD  NKW  :\n^XirO. 


some  l»un<lr((l  and  fifty  lea;:^"''^  tlicy  siirjiriscd  a  rnii- 
(licii'a,  kill'm,!^  lif'ty-livc  of  the  ftx;  aii<l  takiiii;  many 
captives.  Then  tiu-y  advaiici'd  a<^aiiist  tlio  towus  of 
the  Taovayascs,  aixl  in  tlio  i"('!L(ion  of  wliat  was  later 
(•ali»'<l  San  'I'l'odoro  found  six  thousand  Indians  of 
(lill'crojit  tiihcs  in  a  sti'onu'ly  I'oitilird  position,  many 
of  thoni  armed  witii  muskets,  and  displayiuL,^  a  Fren(  Ii 
llai;',  tliougrli  tiiere  is  no  reason  to  snj)[M)se  tliat  tiny 
wrvv,  in  any  Avay  aided  hy  tlu;  0»reiLrners,  Tin;  sa\- 
ai^i's  did  not  wait  t<>  l)e  attacked,  hut  madi;  a  sortie  in 
force,  and  the  Spaniards  lied  in  a  i)anic,  only  the 
Apaches  makin;^  a  slij^ht  resistance.  1'iius  an  ex[)e- 
dition  which  had  cost  !?G0,000  aocom]»lishe(l  nothinn". 
]']nd)ol(lene(l  hy  their  yictory  th<>  Indians  now  cx- 
ti'iided  their  I'aids  in  every  direction.  No  serious 
disasters  are  recoi'ded,  hut  the  Spaniai'ds  for  several 
yeais  were  bai-ely  ahle  to  protect  their  posts  without 
thinkiuLj  of  veUL^eanco  or  of  new  estahlishments.  Gov- 
ei'uor  JNFartos  ar-rived  in  17G0,  but  we  arc  told  hy 
^[oi-li  that  he  neglected  his  duties  and  lived  amoii^- 
the  Adaes  rather  as  an  Indian  than  a  Spaniard,  in- 
spiring no  fear  or  ivspcct.  At  the  same  time  l^irrilla 
went  to  IMexico  for  an  investigation  of  lii.s  conduct, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  connnand  at  San  Luis  in 
Octoher  17(50  hy  Felipe  do  Rabago,  of  old  the  bitter 
i'oe  of.  the  missionaries,  but  now  their  friend.  ]\Iean- 
while  Padre  Calahorra  V(Mitured  alone  to  San  Teodoro, 
scene  (  f  the  Spanish  defeat,  and  succeeded  in  making 
jieace  ^  ith  the  northern  tribes,  lie  wished  to  trans- 
fer tin  nesidio  thith(!r  and  to  establish  missions;  hut 
natural  -  his  enthusiasm  was  not  shared  in  IMexico; 
and  the  Vpaches  set  about  the  task  of  averting  this 
new  dai  :^er  to  their  own  interests,  riundering  and 
liuirder'  .ig  in  the  north  they  left  Spanish  articles  along 
their  way  as  evidence  against  their  sup[)osed  allies; 
then  they  attacked  dift'erent  Spanish  posts,  retreating 
towards  the  north  and  taking  care  to  leave  the  proper 
l>roofs  of  their  identity.  This  jiolicy  was  entirely 
isuccessful,  and  soon  the  northern  tribes  were  as  hostile 


OCOXOR,  m;i"./,  axd  i:ii'I'i:i:[>A. 


080 


na  ovrr.  TIk^  v\|)mc1i('M  liad  iii.uiircstcd  nn  o\'(\'  in- 
cj-cMsiii;^''  desire  liir  missions,  and  wvw  rcwardiMl  in 
irCil--  l»y  tlu;  riniiidiiiuf  of  San  liOfen/.o  and  ( 'ande- 
laria,  perliajis  on  tin;  ii|»i>ci"  San  Antonio,  w  li(>rc!  sonio 
I'onr  linndi'ed  natives  were  conLCrci^ated.  'I'lie  |)i*os- 
jK'cts  st'iined  l)rieli1er  than  Ixdore.  and  prepaiatioim 
were  made  to  i'e(»ecn|ty  San  Sa!>ii:  lait.  the  result  (hd 
net  (>(|ual  cxpeetalions,  and  whih'  n<»  details  are  re- 
corded \V(>  are  to](l  Miat  in  17()7  the  missions  were 
abandoned  by  order  of  the  viceroy.'" 

fjlovernor  Mnrtos  had  a  ])ers()iud  quarrel  with  Cap- 
tain I'acheeo  of  San  AL,nistin,  in  an  attemj)!  to  arrest 
whom  the  })i'esi(|i()  was  ass;iult<'d  and  set,  on  fire,  the 
ejijifain  esca|)in!4';  but  this  eausetl  tlie-  ^'overnoi-'s  re- 
moval, and  in  irC).')  ilun'o  Oeonorwas  appointed  ail 
iirterim.  Ivaids  of  the  suvain-es  eontinued,  and  Oeonor 
himself  was  once  defeated  in  an  expedition  aL;ainst 
the  Comanches.  In  17G7  the  ^farijues  de  liubi  made 
a  \isita,  found  all  tlu?  establishments  in  a  bad  eondi- 
tion,  and  rendered  a  Ioiil^  re[)ort.  ]>aron  di;  IJipeidi'i 
came  as  governor  in  1770;  and  it  requii-ed  not  only 
assui'ances   and   entreaties   on    his   part   but   posit i\e 


(1 


orders  am 


jiart  iMii,  p 
I  threats  to  pi'cvent  all  the  settlers  from 
ah;indonin<'"  the  itrovinee,  as  manv  had  ah'ead>'  done. 
"^Fhe  Quei'etaro  i'riars  also  desired  to  j^ive  up  t'i<^ 
missions,  but  the  viceroy  would  not  permit  it.     "^I'he 


governor  worked  with  nuieh  energy  and  skill,  but  b 
leason  of  his  attempted  I'eforms  made  uiany  eiiei 


IIKS. 


es[)ecially  among  the  vecinos  of  San   Fernando,  w  h 


o 


'KVorf!,  M<m.  Ilixl.  T-r.,  ^IS.,  r.-.'S-ST;  r.f.nH'f,,  n^'ir  nomp.,'SlH.:  Arrl. 
I'irUii,  Crdii.  Sii-'U'.,  .'?(iS-!»:!:  /'i/i/n  nlii,  J'f/ur.t.,  MS.,  (i_M-H;  'h.rnn,  lin'urhif. 
(If  Mi.<iiiiirn»i,  MS.,  .")!S(')  !M);  Cusfru,  J)iiirlii,  \i.  47;  Mufiini,  I'llnrhiii,  MS., 
iM.VtU;;  Ttxm,  Doc.  Ilisl.,  MS.,  .VMM!,  (i()-.'-!»:  I'tih.ii,  l/VZ-f.  lO^:!;  y„„l.;nnH 
llisl.  T.X.,  i.  88-0;  Kvinif'lii'^  7".  r. ,  i.  '111.  I'l'.  .)iiiii|it  ro  Scirn  mikI  Fi;m- 
I'isco  I'iilou,  iifterviinls  fiiiii'iiis  in  ( ';ililiiniiii,  wcii' iissi^'Mol  ti> 'l'»\;is  ;ili<iut  llio 
tiiiu' of  the  S.in  S;il);i  iikissjicic.  Imt  (lie  I'liins  were  .'^iitwc(|iu!itly  eli.iir_'t^i1. 
Accdi'diiij;  U>  AIi-'iv'ki,  ('(ir'ns,  MS.,  in  Tinis:,  J)iir,  f/li/,,  (ill  •_',  tlio  JmliinM 
of  Iv-jiiiitn  Santu  iV.iy  lose  in  I7")!t  .init  killol  liom  I'O  to  SO  ]i(  rson.s.  Aecmd- 
iii_'  til  i  'crt'Jirdf'iiii  <l(>  M(  re-ih-.-:,   N[S.,  .'i."!   S,  the  e-.-pcnsi'  nf   thi'  f  >iu'  pn.'siilin.^ 

ill  1708 — t).  Aaustiii,  I'ihir,  IJahui,  tiuil  S.  Antonio- -was  .sij'J, 470. 


6S0 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


arc  said  to  have  gone  so  far  as  to  instigate  the  Apaches 
against  him. 

In  accordance  with  the  recommendations  of  Hubi, 
and  in  connection  with  general  changes  affecting  tlic 
frontier  defences  of  the  Provincias  Internas,  an  order 
was  issued  in  1772  to  suppress  the  northern  presidios 
of  Los  Adaes  and  Horcaquisac,  that  is  Pilar  and  San 
Aijnstin,  to  transfer  San  Luis  to  the  Rio  Grande  in 
Coahuila,  to  maintain  La  Bahi'a  with  fifty-three  men, 
and  to  increase  the  garrison  of  San  Antonio  to  ei-ihtv 
men  under  the  governor's  command.  Useless  and 
un])rotected  missions  were  to  be  abandoned.  These 
orders  were  carried  out  immediately  by  Pipperda,  and 
the  few  families  of  northern  settlers  were  transferred 
to  the  south,  soon  followed  by  the  Zacatecan  friars. 
Thus  the  northern  district,  the  original  Texas  proper, 
was  practically  given  up  to  the  savages.  The  gov- 
ernor urcfed  for  that  reofion  the  enlistment  of  three 
hundred  French  scouts,  and  a  presidio  of  two  hundred 
men  at  Los  Almagres;  but  his  proposals  met  with  no 
favor  in  Mexico,  partly  because  of  oppositi<^n  from 
Ex-governor  Oconor,  who  presently  came  to  Texas  as 
inspector  to  cause  more  trouble  to  Ripperdii.  Tlie 
northern  families  transferred  to  Bejar  were  not  con- 
tent, however,  and  within  four  or  live  years  a  new 
settlement  called  Pucareli  was  established  on  th(j 
Trinidad  River  under  Antonio  Gil  y  Barbo  as  alcalde 
and  comandante.  Some  natives  were  attached  to  the 
town,  nnd  a  Zacatecan  friar  took  charge  of  spiritual 
interests.  But  the  site  was  not  a  good  one,  BueareH 
did  not  ])rosper,  and  before  1779  it  was  transferred 
northward  toNacodoches  at  or  near  the  old  mission  site. 

In  1774 — or  possibly,  I  think,  in  1772 — the  Queiv- 
tnro  friars  gave  up  all  their  missions  in  Texas  to  the 
Zacatecans.  In  1778  Comandnnte  (jrcneral  Croix  of 
the  Provincias  Internas  extended  his  tour  of  inspec- 
tion to  this  province;  and  with  him  came  a  new  gov- 
ernor, Domingo  Cabello.''^'     At  a  junta  held  at  Bejar 

'^Iii  Sobvntncs,  JJuc.  IlUt.  t'al.,  MS.,  8-111,  I  have  uu  oiiyiual  Icttci  of 


MORFI'S  MEMOIRS. 


631 


by  tlic  gcnoral's  order  Lieutenant  Atlianase  de  Me- 
ziores  was  [)re.sent.  He  was  in  connnand  at  Xatclii- 
toclies  under  the  Spanish  governor  of  Louisiana;  and 
in  all  these  years  he  was  very  active  and  successful  in 
efforts  to  control  the  northern  Indians,  extendinu'  his 
tours  to  the  rancherias  of  the  Taovayases  which  he 
named  San  Teodoro  and  San  Bernardo,  on  the  upper 
Red  River.  He  made  j)eace  with  many  tribes,  and 
advocated  trade  and  alliance  with  the  friendly  natives 
against  the  Comanches,  whose  ravages  like  those  of 
the  A])aches  were  now  constant.  Some  of  !Mezieres' 
letters  and  reports  are  extant.  Meanwhile  the  Eng- 
lish made  some  encroachments  both  in  the  nortliern 
interior  and  on  the  coast.  One  party  is  said  to  have 
landed  near  the  mouth  of  the  Neclies,  beninnini*;  the 
work  of  erecting  buildings  and  cultivating  the  soil; 
besides  attem})ting  to  conciliate  the  natives,  ])erhaps 
in  anticipation  of  a  war  between  Spain  and  England; 
but  for  some  unknown  reason  they  suddenly  departed, 
leaving  one  ship  wrecked.^ 


In  1783  occurred  the  death  of  Padre  Juan  Agus- 
tin  Morfi,  bringing  to  a  close  his  historical  memoirs, 
tlie  standard  authority  for  Texan  history  down  to  this 
date,  though  never  published.  The  same  period  is 
covered  by  the  original  documents  consulted  and 
closely  hdlowed  by  Morti,  which  have  been  freijuently 
cited  l)y  me,  and  which  contain  material  that  cannot 
be  fully  utilized  in  the  space  at  my  disposal.''     In 


Oov.  CalR-Mi)  (lattil  .T;iii.  S,  ITS."?,  wliicli  w.is  sent  to  the  viceioy  with  a  ^'ift  of 
solium  live  liull'aloos,  or  cibulos. 

33  On  iviiits  of  ITO.'J.s:}  r'vo  Murji,  Man.  Ill»t.  T,:r.,  MS.,  1  -.'},  '1?,  'X\,  TA), 
V.\0,'M\XV)-1\  /lu,:ii/n,  Jinrr  Cowp.,  MS.;  H'lppn-ilu,  /.'rpr'.-'.,  Ms.,  CIT  ;U; 
/'/.,  CaildK,  MS.,  (!;)4  !);  Mezhri'-i,  larliin,  MS.;  A'.,  L'.rpiilicion.  MS.;  Arri- 
I'iritn,  Cri'iii.  S(i-i'l',  4;!7~l!l;  I'riniilios,  Itfjlanii  itto  c  Iiifir.;  R<  I'llhi  (,'i<iiili), 
C'lrtn,  17iK!,  v.  448-51;  Arnltwin,  /iVr-o/)., 'l.H.'M,  lS'J-4;  />V»-.-.„  ,1,-  J>ortii„,ix, 
ill  Sue.  Mix.  d't'o;/.,  BoL,  -tin  ep.,  i.  571;  Ciui.r,  Curia,  in  L'ljuhli',  /)(>'■.,  MS., 
4;  I'lnnrt,  (\)K  /)o,\  Chili.,  'S]S.,  i.  17--0;  /'".'/'',  I':'.vr(;/r',  in  /li  nii.i' r,  Col. 
l'i>)/.,  \\.  ',l\;  rUi.-iula,  Ml II).,  i.  .'!;?;  Tonal,  Tija.i,  17;  J.'.irinlrro,  Kot.  Son., 
l>[i~o;  Kf  lined  if. 1  Ti£.,  i.  "221!;  liukur'n  Hist.  Tv.i\,  t)4. 

^^  Mihji,  Ml  iiiiiriii.s  piirii  bi  llisloria  ile  Te.iiis,  MS.,  4(!'J  fclins.  Copy  of 
17t('J  iiijuio  l)y  r.  Miiiiui'l  tlf  Vcya  from  the  oi'i^inal  in  tli<'  aivhivcM  ot  the 
cunvciit  iu  -.Jexiuo.     .Muili  had  visituJ  Texas  in  177S,  writiiij^  the  diary  of 


C32 


TFAAS,  COAIIUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


1785  P;i(lro  Josd  rrancisco  Lopez,  j)rL'isi(leiit  of  tlio 
Texas  missions,  made  an  elaborate  iv[)()rt  to  ihe  bislutj) 
of  Nuevo  Leon  on  their  condition  and  ]>rospect,s.  I 
a|)|>end  in  a  note  a  list  of  tiio  cstabl'sliments,  with 
sonii'  statistical  information  derived  from  tliis  re])ort 
and  sujtplemciited  to  a  certain  extent  l)y  other  similar 
]vpt)rts  of  earlier  and  later  date."''     From  the  fraL*;- 


<  Icii.  ("roix's  ('xiifditioii  which  has  1)een  puhlishecl.  Mor/i,  Did 


ptil 


1'hc  J)o 


'i/i}-^  jmrii  1. 1.  Ilititurhi  J:'i!< nitislird  y  rivil  ih'  In  J'ri 


(iniifia  I 


h  'J\ 


-MS. 


7i(i  fiilios,  is  ii  I'ojiy  (if  1uur;s  xxvii.-viii.  of  tho  An/iiro  d'lin'nd,  niiilo  in 
IS.'J  fill'  tliu  Aiidradu  collection.     Many  of  tlio  duciiiiu'iits  I  liavo  cited  ]< 


their  .sjii-'Ci 


•  ;li'(\-:t)S  iti'urntlo.i  cil 


il  (itli 


I'lio  first  ill  tlio  volumo  is  tlio  llirv  (' 


In  J' 


iiii]i< 


ilio   ill'  In 


win,  lie  Tc.cns  di  sile  fii  mnqtii^ln  0  rcilucriiui  Itn.sia 
In/cchti,  /lor  d/inini/cdf'  iiifiuili  rin  J>.  Aiiloiiio  lioitilln.  Muiro,  JOdr  AVicA  m- 
lirii  di'  J  i  /'..'.  J.'.itriiitiiiliiii  di'  rinini  rnlidct.f  y  lirdi  inx  ijiir  In-  I'iato  eii  la  (n'cndirin 
dr  I sfi'  Virc'/iKi'i),  //  di:  Init  riDiiiilos'ifi  ciKiiliriiui  de  niilo.^  i/iic  (■.ri^/iii  cii  </  I'Jicii) 
dr  ijiiliiirno  di'  J>.  dn.ii jih  d'orrni-z  i/in'.  Ininhiiit  hi'  rri'oj'rido  jirolijninriifii,  .MS., 


4Jf( 


)i,iiillii  .s  wdiK  ^^ai^  soiiicw 


iliat  uiii'avoralilo  to  tlic  1 


nars,  and  in  sex 


fral  jiartH  is  sharply  criticised  by  M.irli.     1'liis  ducnnu  nt  and  many  others  uf 
thin  c:illecti(jn  arc  coiiicd  in  tliu  collection  cited  by  iiic  as  Mni/ir  MSS. 

'■'' Liijii:.,  ('••iidicioa  di'  //.i  J/isioiics  dc   Tcra",  li.SJ,  .MS,     In  J'iiinii,  ('id. 
Jhi:  Ml 


M 


l,ill>IW-< 


4(H)-.")  t.  1'liis  i.s  a,  certilleil  copy  of  ITSit,  and  is  iu'coni- 
jianied  p.  •J>S.")-I>1."),  I>y  original  concspondenee  between  the  viciioy  and  j,'iiai- 
diaii.     S,  oaliH),  J/o/;//,  .!/( /;/.,^lS.,  pa.s.-ini;  /./.,  Jiiin-in;  'J'i.caf,  Inf.  M' 


MS,;  S.dl-t,  J)iario,  llCi'-S,  MS.;  N.  L'sjiuitu,  Bnce  Jiiimiiuii,  .170; 
Ms.;  Jariilii,  Uiiji'ln,  Cuiia  li'Jo. 

f-'aii  Auloniii  J!  jar,  jaesidio,  founded  171S;  and  San  Fernando,  \ill;i, 
founded  about  IT.'M;  tho  two  forniinL;  one  .settlement  in  llio  S.  Antonio Itiver 
ab  tho  tiitc  of  tho  modern  S.  Antonio.  Capital  aiul  lesideiu'C  of  f^'overiioi'; 
;:;>rris(ined  by  (!l)  men;  about  J40  houses,  nearly  lialf  of  stone,  of  one  story 
aid  geuei'ally  of  only  one  room.  Piiblio  buildings  of  stone,  in  a,  niiiiou-^  efni- 
ilitiou;  eoot  !;<S(t,O0L),  and  would  not  .sell  for  .^SO  aceordin^i  to  Morli.  Has  a 
curate  who  id  also  eliaplain.     iS'o  statistics  of  pojnilati 


Santa  (  rii: 


stoel 


do  fort  on  tho 


■irrovo 


del  C 


1),  \\\i\\  '20  men  from 
■■•iiulios  in   17S2  were 


liejar,     1'oui.dcd  177- for  protection  of  laiU'hos.     'i'l 

bi.x.  in  iiumln  r  willi  a  population  of  S,">.     Soino  '1T>  ranehos  liad  been  abandoned. 


San  Antonio  tie  \'a!ero,  mission,  on  tho  river  opno 


the  .Manio;  founded  Kb"^.     One  tholls.-iud  n 


huudi 


d  and 


(jar;  latir  ea 
Ke\eiitv-two 


U( 


tisies  down  to  1702,  when  the  ;K)pulation  w.;.i  27">,  ^\i!ll  l,'J()i)  latth 
horses,  1,;k)!)  sheep.  In  17''^">  tho  population  was  .i"2,  of  mixed  blood;  1 
iil'^.s- ineliitlinLC    half-built   ciinreh- and   other    chureli    property    valued   at 


;!ll() 
ild- 


!ii!iS,Oi):).     In  17'.>;i  the  popula lion 


I 


ily  4:i, 


'uiisima  Coueeiieion  (k;  Aeuna,   on  the  S,  Antonio  about  .a  le 


i''ue  Iroiu 


fr 


15ejar,    OiiLjinaliy  founded  in  tho  .s'. 


''  tho  Asinais  in  17i<>;  abandoned 


from  171'.>  to  17'-'!  duriiii;  the  I'lench  invasion;  and  in  I7.'>1  traiioferred  to  the 
south.  ]'oj)nlation  in  17l)2,  •207;  tho  number  of  ba]itisins  haviiiL,'  been  7!I2; 
(lUi)  cattle,  ov,)  horses,  •2,2;);)  alieip,  ]'oi)ulatiou  in  I7'i">  >inly  71 ;  bistehunii 
in  llio  province  valued,  with  other  property,  at  iir;t,'>,()i)().     Topnlatiou  ol  in 


i7o;{. 


Sail  .lose  y  San  ]\Ii^iiel  do  Agnayo,  near  tho  river,  iibout  a  leamic  beh 


nice.ieioi 


C 

sion  ia  flio  proving 


1,     J'oiindcd  in  1720.     Loii'  cousidertM 


1  tl 


One  thonsaiiil  and  lifiy-four  lia) 


liaiit 


most  llourishiii;,'  mis 


lU  Indians  in  that  year;  I,."i(K)  y<  Ue  of  oxen;   10(1  I 


lull, ins  111 


to  17(12; 
I7S'>.     Ciinrcli 


isms  down 


pro[)eriy 


tv   Worth  .slO.UOO.     J'o'uihiti 


lit 


!7!«.    r.  1' 


Vdro  iiiimircz  do 


d  been  the  most  noted  missionary  of  .S.  .!( 


ban  Juan  Capib 


truno,  1.0  1.  bclinv  S.  Ju;iO.     I'ouuded  in  the  N.  li. 


LOCAL  ITK>r>!. 


633 


montnry  statistics  presented  it  apjicars  iliat  Texas 
liad  a  population  of  about  4G0  mission  Jndians  in 
ei_L;lit  establislmients;  and  according'  to  ^NFoiil's  state- 
ment the  i;'c!nte  de  razon,  that  is  tlie  families  of 
soldiers  and  settlers,  nund)ered  in  17S'2  about  2, GOO, 
tliouLrli  this  would  seem  an  exairu'eratioii.     The  whole 


tlic  N.i/oiies  luiiliT  th(!  iijiino  of  S; 


111    .lOSU    HI 


ill  171) 


>;  uIn'iikIi 


11. il    17I!I--JI;  iiiiil 


ill  IT-'Il  tr.iiisfi  iiv(l  to  tlio  smith  ;iii(l  its  niiiiic  i'1i;iii.l;ci1  to  San  .liiaii.      I'c]|iiiia- 
ti.iu  111  IT'i-',  '2iK\;  li.iptisiiis  to  iliitc,  KIT;   i,<KK)  cattli',  ."ilK)  lior,si> 


-.{)■): 


|H'0|) 


litlN -fit^'lit  Jiuiiinis  ill  ITSj;  ciiuicli  i)io[)i  rty  woitli  ^1,.jOO,  ciuiivli  half  Iniilt. 
Ill  IT'.Ki  only  iH  liiiliaiis. 


!■ 


)  lie  i.i  Kspmla,  2."i  1.  Ijcli 


tlie '!'(  JMH  ill  l(i!).);  aliaiKJoiicil   in   iliil.'!;  ici  .stulilis! 


>w  Coiicrpcinn. 


1' 


ouiiih'd  among 
!   u   ivw   h'a  'lli'M 


fl- 


mil  tint  onu'iiia 


I  sit 


c,  near  the  niodiM"!   Moiiiu 


a   I' 


ihaniloiuil  ITIli  •_•!; 


iiiid  transtcrruil  to  the  S.  Antonio  in  IT'il.  jMLjiit  liumlicil  anil  filtvcii  li;i|i- 
tisiiiH  to  ITii-*;  )io]iiilatioii  "JOT;  |,-J()0  cattlo,  4^000  siiccp.  I'oimlation  ;")?  in 
\~S't;  cliiiiih  jiroperty  worth  !?!, (1(10.  Only  41)  in  ITsJ."!.  'J'lio  Ttjaa  Lidiaiis 
mIu  re  the  luissiou  wai  at  liist  imnilpci'uil  in  ITS-  only  iibimt  80  men,  living  at 
a  niiicliiiia  and  stream  calleil  S.  redro. 

J.a  ISaliia,  iu'esidio — full  name,  Sta  Maria  ilo  Loroto  dc  la  I'aliia  del  Kspf- 
ritu  Santo.     Founded  in  IT-2  on  the  site  of  La  Sall(;"s  I'ort  St.  Louis  on  l,a 


Vae;i  Liver;  traii;iferri(l   to  tiie  San  Antonio   Paver  nhout  IT'-I; 


d 


A  r,:i 


il  U])  the  1 
III'  II  after 


to  its  liiial  site     the  iiiodurn  (.J 


ajaiu 
-in  ITl'.l.     (.iariisua 


i: 


1'"!' 


ilat 


ion  iili)  ill 


i: 


Kspiiitii  Santo  d("  /,i'iiii.;a,  mission;  fonnded  nonr  tlin  presidio  in  IT-'-,  and 
tr.'insferied  with  the  |iresidii)  as  ahove  (Solis  ]iiits  the  foiindiiiL;  in  1717  and 
Levilla  (li;r<  do  ill  17-(t).  Laptisiiis  to  I7li-\vere  (iJo;  jio]. illation  .'I!l(>,  i,.")Ul) 
eattle,  I (K)  horses.  Ls  said  oiieo  to  have  had  J.">,()(H)  eatt!e.  I'opulaiion  in 
I7.S0,  IK!;  chuieh  properly  ^ll'.OUO;  cattle  ;(,OUt).  Jii  I7!».'{  there  were  '.V.l 
Luliaiis. 


J 

liMiiti 


'os;irio,  iihout  .'i  lrri;;iio  from  S.  Juan;  founded  in  17":  I.     T 


)Wii  to  17i' 


<,  v.lR'ii  there  were   0 


,(ll)0 


r 


hundred 
[T<1   t  )  I7v) 


the  mission  w;i  1  aliaiidoncd,  the  oriiainents,  etc..  In  iii;^  reiuovid  to  S.  .li 


hut  ill  )71i;>  Levilla  ( 


.l;e(lo  sav.s  tlieio  were  .1, 


;:!  IikIi 


Kaeodi 


Mis  ion  (if  ( iuadalupe  founded   in  17l'i;  iih: 


rarily  in  171'.'  -1;  an  1  ulaii  hmed  linallv  ahout  l^; 


M. 


tl 


tempo 
II'  setlh' 


laent  of  I'lucareli  wa;)  founded 


year: 


hit. 


V  wa.s  traiisl'.'rre 


it  177')  oil  tiie  ']'i  iiii.lal,  and  two  or  three 
.1   to  Naeodorhes.      Here  in  I7S.")  wen;  two  fi  iai> 


lid  a  few  SpaiiisJi  Kelllera.  'I'liero  were  two  raiielierlas  0:1  opjosite  li.'inlis  of 
the  .\toyac  Kiver,  oaeli  of  oOO  Luliana,  A'aco.lochilos  !iiid  Ahijilo.s  (tiie  ainieiit 
Aijaos':). 


j;ei 


11'.  10,  a  mission 


founded  in  17!M,  south  of  La  Lahia  and  neartli 


;ist. 


It  had  (17  Indians  in  I7'.i;!. 


Til 


e  aoaiulo 


lieil  I 


di'.ishinents  of  Texas  in  adiiition  to  those  transferred  aa 


aliovo  were:  Salila  Marui,  in  the  \echea  distriet,   fminded   IliiK). 
llili:t.      Dol. 


H'es,  ailioil'' 


1 1   li.ijiti.-iin  to  17')S;  ali.indi: 


lid.  mill 
the  A.-'s,  171li;  temporarily  ali.'iniioncd  l7l''-'-'l;  only 


177;t.     T 


iiii^si'iii,    I7I'I;  Kill 


foiin.Kd   17i;i 
1710;  ah.i 


ipi. 


d   in    17-W.     I'iiar  iiresidio.    on  tlio 


I  J.i.l  ]ireslolo,    near   I  oiieepeioii 
K.   front i.r. 


suppre; 


d    1 77-*.     Sau  Miirn 


lie    (.'llell, 


^\daes,    founded 


led    177it;     lO-t    liapti;ins   to    l7(iS.      .S.iii     'i^'Uslill   de   Allllliiada 


jirrsulio,  or  llorennuisai',  on  the    I  miiilad  liivei 


th 


d  R 


avnr,  (  an 


lelii 


and  San 


llihfo 


oiiso,  on  till'  San  .'avier 


ti.-ins;  !ind  Sill  ,l,i\ier  j.residio,  lor  the  proli"tion 


.)(!  (I 


San  Sa 


<-\,  Ai 


laelie   m 


^li^^  ions  of  S.;n 

Kiver,  1711-oS;  4tl 

>f  the  ini-sions  iiiinifd, 

is.ioii,   I7'"'7-S.     San   l.ui.i  di;   los  Aiiiarril!iis 


pre.-^iolo,  on   the  Sail 


S,  l).i   !! 


IV. 'I', 


San  Javier  11 


lo  ^■, 


near 


1; 


(i2_;  iiotliiiijL'  more  known  ut  it 


ijera,  mio.siuii 


634 


TEXAS,  COAHUILA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


number  of  natives  baptized  since  IGOO  was  loss  than 
10,000;  and  at  no  time  had  the  neophytt's  exceeded 
2,000.  The  few  still  under  the  padros'  care  were 
vicious,  lazy,  tainted  with  syphilitic  diseases,  and  were 
with  great  difficulty  induced  to  gain  a  j)recari(;vis  liv- 
ing by  cultivating  their  maize-paiehes  and  tending 
their  reduced  herds.  Nowhere  in  America  had  mis- 
sionary work  been  so  complete  a  failure.  Stone  build- 
ings and  church  decorations,  provided  in  the  early 
years  of  each  establishment,  mainly  with  funds  from 
abroad,  were  the  only  indications  of  apparent  pros- 
perity in  the  past.  The  settlers  were  hardly  more 
energetic  than  the  neophytes,  supplementing  their 
limited  agricultural  operations  by  hunting  wild  stock 
still  very  abundant,  or  by  the  easier  metliod  of  steal- 
ing from  the  missions.  The  soldiers  lived  on  tlie  sup- 
plies furnished  by  the  government  with  the  slightest 
possible  exertion,  meanwhile  protecting  villa,  ranchos, 
and  missions  from  destruction  at  the  hands  of  A[»aches 
and  Comanches  whoso  raids  never  entirely  ceased. 
The  nortli-eastci'n  district  about  Nacodochcs  was  held 
meanwhile  by  a  system  of  treaties  with  friendly  tribes, 
French  traders  living  at  many  of  the  rancherias  and 
reporting  to  the  comandante  at  Natchitoches. 

There  is  little  to  be  recorded  of  Texas  diu-ing  the 
last  two  decades  of  the  century.  General  Croix  in 
1781  recommended  the  consolidation  of  all  the  estab- 
lishments in  one  at  San  Antonio;  and  Governor 
Cabello  favored  the  project,  except  that  he  would 
maintain  and  strengthen  Nacodoches.  These  two 
officers  were,  however,  soon  promoted  to  positions  in 
Peru  and  Cuba;  and  there  was  no  action  on  their 
propositions.  Rafael  ]\Iartinez  Pacheco  is  mentioned 
as  governor  in  1789-90,  and  I  find  no  record  of  a 
change  in  rulers  before  1800.  The  military  authority, 
however,  after  178G  was  in  the  hands  of  Colonel  Juan 
do  Ugalde  as  comandante  de  armas;  and  he  is  ac- 
credited with  a  great  victory  over  the  A])aehes  and 
Comanches  iu  1790.    At  the  same  time  the  old  projects 


END  OP  THE  CENTURY. 


635 


were  again  brouglit  up  by  royal  orders  concerning  the 
proposition  of  the  governor  of  Louisiana  to  extend 
that  province  to  the  Rio  Sabinas,  and  other  propo- 
sitions to  open  trade  between  the  two  ]irovinces,  and 
to  favor  eonmiercc  with  Habana  and  Vera  Ciiu  by 
opening  some  Texan  port.  Viceroy  Revilla  Gigedo 
deemed  it  necessary  in  order  to  treat  these  matters 
intelligently  to  send  a  competent  officer  to  make  a 
compl(,'te  investigation;  some  years  i)assed  Ijefore 
complicated  routine  preliminaries  could  be  completed; 
and  in  1793  came  an  order  from  the  king  that  no 
immediate  changes  should  be  made.  Then  the  viceroy 
turned  over  the  matter  to  the  conunander  of  tho  Pn*- 
vincltis  Internas,  of  whose  measures  we  only  know 
that  he  is  said  to  have  secularized  the  Texas  missions 
in  1704,  except  San  Antonio,  which  had  been  given 
u[)  l)y  the  Franciscans  in  the  preceding  year.^"  The 
subject  of  American  aggressions  beiiinning  with  No- 
lan's  expedition  in  1800,  and  also  that  of  diplomatic 
contn.'Versies  respecting  Louisiana,  and  indirectly  af- 
fecting Texas,  may  be  more  conveniently  noticed  in 
the  history  of  a  later  period.'*^ 

»«7,Vr;//a  Ghicln,  Cirtade  ^^7  Die.  170J,  v.  447-51;  also  MS.;  Hnu/tta  .Vex. . 
no.  5,  ");!4  S;  Mr.r'n-o,  Inf.  Cum.  I'luij.,  121;  rouLum's  lliU.  Tex.,  i.  108- 'J; 
ZuiiKjd  y  OiithuroK,  Cat.  Man.,  80. 

*'See  J  J  id.  2iorth  Mtx.  St.,  ii.,  tUia  scries. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


i 

m^;^ 

■"'glMI 

'  1 

-^1 

I 

Mk^^ 

XUEVA  VIZCxVYA,   I'HOVIXCIAS  INTERXAS,   INTEXDEXCIA 

OF  DUllAXGO. 

1703-1800. 

GOVKKNMF.NT  —  OunANIZATIOM    OF    PnOVINCIAS    lNTF.n\AS  —  CaHAI.I.ERO    DP, 
CUOIX— Xr.VK,    llENCEL,  AM>  UoAUTE   IN   CoMAIANIi— VlCliUF.I'.Al,  JlllIS- 

incTioN — Division  of  tui;  riioviNtiA.s— The  East  and  Wkst— Uk.vksiai, 

rKDUO  I)i:  XaVA  —  KkKNION  and  InDEI'ENDF.NLE — GoVF.KNons  (IF  Xl  K\A 
VlZCAYA — IntF.NDFNCIA   OF    DlKANC'.O — IllLE  OF  InTKN  liKNlXS  AND  Si  F.- 

DELECADos— Indian  Affairs — Kkolamento  di;  1'uksidios— Ciianoks  in 
Sites — Instiu'ctions  of  r.ALVFi;— A  Xkw  Policy — Kksflts— See  of 
DntANoo — List  of  I'i.siiofs — Division  of  tiil  Iioiese— Contuoveii- 
siES— IjIsiiof  vekscs  Geneual — Missions— Undeu  Euanciscans  and 
SEcn.Ait  (^i.Eiinv — Condition  of  the  KsTAiiLisiniENis — Local  Iteims  — 

I'lF.FOKTS  of  GCAllDLVN,  PUOVINCIAL,  AND  ViCEKoY — AnNALS  OF  Clll- 
IIUAin'A — Al^NALS  OF  DCRANGO  —PESTILENCE  — WaII  ON  THE  ScOIU'IONS. 

NuEVA  VlZCAYA  was  ruled  as  before  by  a  governor 
and  captain-general  under  tbc  viceroy  of  IMcxico  and 
audiencia  of  Guadalajara  dow^  to  1777.  INIeanv.'lnle 
tlie  visitador  general,  Jo.se  do  Galvez,  in  accord  witli 
A'iceroy  Croix,  bad  prepared  ])lans  for  a  reoi-ganiza- 
tion  of  tbe  government,  including  a  separation  of  the 
nortbern  provinces  i'roni  tbe  viceregal  jurisdiction. 
Tbe  ciiange  was  eftected  by  a  royal  order  of  August 
22,  1770,^  wbicb  formed  into  a  new  government  tbe 
nortliern  provinces  of  NuevaVizcaya,  Coabuila,  Texas, 
New]Mexic(^  Sinaloa  and  Sonora,  and  tbe  Cabfornias. 
It  bad  long  been  a  soniowbat  prevalent  usage  to  speak 
and  write  of  tbese  countries  as  tbc  Provincias  In- 
tcrnas,  or  interior  provinces,  because  tlicv  were  in 
the  inteiior  as  regarded  I'roni  tbe  city  ol'  jMexiro;-  and 

^/!>l,'i',(,,  i:<rvp.,  i.  i>t.  iii.  200-L 

■■"I'Ili'  ii.iiik'  WHS  used  in  oUicial  documents  aa  early  aa  l~\'2-\'i.  A.  Jlixico, 
Lidahu-i,  xMS.,  322-4. 

(636) 


CABALLERO  DE  CROIX. 


C37 


iioM'  flio  name  was  (^ffieiallv  bostowed  on  t!io  new  cjov- 
ernincnl,  which  was  j)ut  undri-  the  aullioriry  of  a 
governor  an<l  coninumdant-Ljcnural  entli'vly  iiuKpeiid- 
ent  of  the  viceroy  and  res|)onsil)le  directly  to  the 
kinuf,  the  uudiencia  of  Guadalajara  retaining'  its  ju(h- 
cial  autlioritv  as  before.  l*racticallv  the  chanLfc  was 
the  settini^^-olf  of  a  new  viceroyalty.  The  man  clioscn 
to  till  the  new  and  responsible  position  was  dicncral 
Teodoro  de  Croix,  uvnerallv  known  as  the  Caballei 


'>  )-i 


I) 


deCroix,''  who  arrived  Irom  Spain  in  December  177()/ 
and  started  for  Nueva  A'izcaya  in  .\n^ust  1777.  He 
was  i-e(|nired  later  to  take   iIh;  oath  of  ollice  before 


tl 


le  avKliencia, 


but  did 


lal: 


not  visit  Uiiadalajara  in  tins 


th 


journey,  arriving'  on  September  'I'ld  at  J)urani>-o, 
while  he  was  received  by  the  bishop  with  all  the 
ceremony  due  to  so  exalted  a  personage.  The  capital 
of  the  l*rovincias  Interims  was  not  iixed  at.\ri/.j)i!  in 
Sonera  for  several  years."  Croix  continued  his  joui-ney 
as  a  tour  of  inspection  by  way  of  Maphni  to  Coaliuila 
and  Texas;  and  returninLj  crossed  the  line  between 
Coahuila  and  Xueva  ^'izcava  on  Febrnar^•  2  t,  I 


/  /  o. 


]Iere  terminates  abruptly  the  ])ubllshed  fra^inetit  ut' 
the  diary  kept  by  the  cha]>laiii,  l*adre  ]\Iorh,  which 
h  )wever  deals  cliielly  with  local  descriptions,  and  con- 
tains very  little  of  the  general's  otlii-ial  acts.  ]t  is 
stated  that  he  refused  all  oliers  of  local  authorities  to 
giv(^  him  formal  receptions.' 

While  the  comaiulante  general  was  made  indi  pend- 
ent of  the  viceroy,  with  authority  over  the    j>olitical 


<i() 


vernois,  judicial  authorities,  and  treasury  olliciab 
and  invested  with  the  prerogatives  of  the  royal  j)atr( 


nwi 


'  ITo  sicriis  a  ilecrcc:  ''IVodoro  <lo  Croix,  ciiliiilliro  <lo  Croix,  ilil  (M'iUii 
TfutiMiit'o,  I>ii,';ulii'r  du  los  RcaloH  J'".jOriiti  s,  ( li'luTiiJiiliir  y  ( 'nin.iuil.iiitc 
Milit:ir  (!(•  his  l'ni\  iiicias  JiitttiiaM  de  Niuva  ii^iiaiia,  Siiprniili'iuli  iito  (ini- 
cTal  di'  Rial  llariinda,  iti'.'  Air/i.  Cnl.,  J'lor.  ,S7.  I'lip.,  -MS.,  ii.  11!;  iv.  ."i.">. 
He  was  a  iiativo  of  J'^landcrs,  iu'|ili('\v  of  tiio  latt?  vn'iToy  ManjUt'S  do  Crui.x, 
and  si'uior  liiillwiant  of  tlii!  I'kiiiisli  coiiijiaiiy  of  royal  guaid.s. 

' Z'iiii<'>-i,;s,  ihst.  Ml).,  V.  (;_'_'. 

''Out.  1.'),  1778.   i'edidarh,  MS.,  ill.  !1   10. 

*Aii/pe  sok'cti'd  in  1780.     Conliiincd  liy  royal  order  ul  i'clj.  I'J,  17!S'2  (or 
178".).  Ar<li.  C(il.,  Pivf.Sl.  Ptiii.,  MS.,  ii.  8"J;  iii.  18-_>. 
''  Morji,  JJiuriu,  j^ias.'aiin. 


'  638 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


7wto  in  the  appointment  of  curates;  yet  his  command 
was  to  be  preemin(  ntiy  a  military  one.  His  chiit' 
duty  was  to  systematize  the  frontier  defences,  and  to 
wai,^e  war  on  savage  foes.  That  there  miglit  be  no 
obstacles  or  controversies  to  interfere  with  his  militaiv 
power  he  was  invested  with  authority  in  the  otlur 
branches;  but  with  the  recommendation  to  adoj)t  a 
conciliatory  policy  with  non-military  officials,  by  freely 
delegating  his  powers  in  civil  matters,  by  friendly  con- 
sultations with  bishop  and  governors,  and  by  accept- 
ing all  appeals  to  the  audiencia.^  During  his  rule 
there  was  no  clashing  of  authority;  but  his  successors 
liad  some  difficulty  with  both  bishop  and  governors  in 
the  matters  of  ceremonial  honors  due  to  the  command- 
ant-general and  of  the  patronato.  Don  Pedro  Ga- 
lindo  Navarro  came  from  Spain  in  1777  to  take  tlu; 
place  of  auditor  de  guerra  and  asesor,  that  is  military 
judge  and  legal  adviser  in  the  Provincias  Intcrnas." 

The  immense  extent  of  the  northern  provinces,  ren- 
dering it  impossible  for  them  to  be  wisely  governed 
by  a  viceroy  residing  so  far  away,  and  burdened  with 
the  complicated  duties  of  a  broad  realm  in  the  south, 
had  been  the  motive  for  the  division  of  New  S{)ain. 
Croix  soon  learned  that  the  north  alone  was  too  broad 
for  the  jurisdiction  of  one  man.  At  first  he  advised 
the  appointment  of  a  comandante  inspector;  but  in  a 
communication  to  Don  Josd  de  Galvez,  dated  at  Chi- 
huahua June  29,  1778,  he  urged  the  division  of  the 
Provincias  Internas  into  two  distinct  and  independent 
governments,  the  eastern  division,  including  Coahuila, 
Texas,  and  the  districts  of  Parras  and  Saltillo,  to  be 
augmented  by  the  addition  of  Nuevo  Leon  and  San- 
tandcr,  and  to  be  put  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Bernardo  de  Galvez.  It  was  represented  to  be  nearly 
as  impracticable  to  direct  the  affiiirs  of  Texas  from 
Sonora  as  from  Mexico;  and  it  was  believed  that  eacli 
of  the  subdivisions  proposed  would  afford  ample  scope 

■Croix's  letters,  in  Ufjahh,  Documentoa,  MS.,  15-16. 
*MorJi,  Diario,  311. 


rnoviNciAs  ixtkrxas. 

for  tlio  t;ilr«iit-i  and  oflforts  of  the  a])U'st  ooiimiandcr. 
The  gciicnil,  luivint^  now  survived  the  llchl,  was  con- 
fident as  to  tlie  fnturo,  l)ut  aftirnied  that  the  eomiilete 
estahhslunent  of  the  government  on  a  basis  alfordini^ 
ade(|uate  protection  to  a  country  so  vast  and  so  criti- 
cally situated  nuist  l)e  a  work  of  time,  involving  many 
ratlical  retbrms."' 

Croix's  rcconunendation,  so  far  as  the  division  of 
the  provinces  was  concerned,  was  not  followed;  and 
in  1782  Felipe  de  Neve,  governor  of  tlie  Calitornias, 
came  IVom  JMonterey  to  Sonora  to  become  coman- 
dante  inspector  of  the  Provincias  Internas.''  The 
next  year  Croix  was  promoted  to  be  vi(;eroy  of  Peru;'" 
and  General  Neve  succeeded  to  the  command,  but 
died  in  Novcunber  1784,^^  His  successor  ad  interun. 
was  Jose  llengel,  who  exercised  the  command  until 
178;"),  under  instructions  from  the  audiencia  ot"  Gua- 
dalajara." 

In  1785  Brigadier-general  Jacobo  U<>-arte  y  Lov- 
ola,  governor  of  Puebla,  was  named  as  comandante 
general  ad  intcn'n),  being  regularly  conmiissioned  e/i 
j>r(ij)ii'(hid  a  few  years  later.  This  same  Near  the 
conde  de  Galvez  became  viceroy,  and  bv  ivason  of  his 
suj)posed  intimate  acquaintance  with  northern  alfairs 
his  authority  over  the  Provincias  Internas  was  re- 
stored, and  ITgarte  was  made,  to  a  ceitain  limited 
extent  not  verv  clearly  explained,  subordinate  to  the 
viceroy  At  the  same  time  the  provinces  were 
divided  into  three  separate  military  conunands.  The 
tirst  inchuled  Texas,  Coahuila — with  the  Parras  and 
Saltillo    districts    added — Nuevo   Leon,   and   Nuevo 


'"Croix  toOiilvcz.  .Tunp2!),  177S.  ia  IT.infdr,  Dnc,  MS.,  .'{-0. 

"  Ai)|v.iiitc(l  .Inly  I--',  17S-2.  Arrh.  CuL,  I'rov.  Un-.,  .MS.,  i.  170;  ii.  4S; 
Hist,  ('(i/.,  i.  ;W3,  this  scrios. 

'- Croix  nrrivfil  in  Mexico  Sept.  20,  17S3,  and  .started  for  I'ern  liy  way  of 
Acnpulco  on  Dec.  M.  domcz,  J)iario,  vii.  I(>7,  172. 

'^Apjxiintetlby  royal  order  of  Fell.  1.'),  17SH.  Arrh.  (.'iil.,  I'ror.  Ihc,  MS.,  i. 
1(50,  ISS;  iii.  KS2;"  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  iv.  (')2-4;  Si.  Pup.,  Sur.,  xv.  |S;  luMnf. 
l'irn>/rs,  124;  Flurry,  Iiistriir.,  Ms.,  IS-lt).  Ui.s  .sulary  was  .^,S,tMX>.  On 
Nove'.s  life  and  death,  see  JJiM.  Cat.,  i.  447,  this  .series. 

"^Ir.A.  Cat.,  I'rov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  l,-)4-5;  v.  (i;i-4;  Prov.  A'«-.,  i.  201; 
Arch.  Stu.  B.,  MS.,  xi.  SS2-4;  F(or<.»,  hintruc,  MS.,  10. 


CIO 


NUFA'A  VIZCAYA. 


SantandfT,  iiiKlcr  Colonel  Jiiau  do  T^i;'al(lo  as  coinaii- 
danto  (li!  annas;  tlio  second,  Niieva  A  i/,i';iya  and  Xew 
!Mexi(,'o,  under  ( Jenoral  Josu  IJeniLfel,  the  coniandantc 
ins|)(\etoi';  and  the  third,  Sinaloji,  Sonoia,  and  tlic 
Caiilornias,  uncK'r  Uj^'artc  as  coniandante  ^cneial, 
M'ith  a  limited  authority  over  IT^aldu  and  Jvenu'el. 
The  somewhat  com[)lieatod  rt'lations  hetween  t]ie 
three  oiHcials  nnmed  and  the  viceroy  \veie  fully  ex- 
jilained  in  the  latter's  elaborate  insti-uctions  of  August 
]78(),  in  which  were  also  o-iven  minute  directions  lor 
the  prosecution  of  warfare  against  the  savjio-cs.^'^ 

Tlie  death  of  Viceroy  Gal vez  late  in  1780  gave  to 
I'garte  lor  a  hrief  j)eriod  the  inde[)en(lenc((  that  had 
been  enjoyed  hy  (,'roix  and  Neve;  hut  pii'sently  a 
j'oyal  Older  of  March  1787  gave  to  A'iccroy  Floi'es 
the  same  authority  that  Galvez  had  possessed.  !M(  an- 
while  there  had  been  some  slight  dii1i(;ulty  between 
Ugarte  and  ITgalde;  the  system  was  foiuid  to  be'  too 
comj)licated  ibr  jiractical  success;  and  by  deirt'i?  of 
Decembei"  .'b  17>S7,  Floi'cs  adopted  the  oiiginal  ])lau 
of  the  Caballero  do  Croix,  consolidating  the  three 
commands  into  two.  The  eastern  division  I'emained 
as  betbro  in  respect  of  territory,  was  called  J'rovincias 
Internas  del  ()riento,  and  was  still  under  tlu.'  com- 
mand of  L'galde,  who  now  became  comandantii  gen- 
eral. The  other  two  divisions  were  united  to  form  the 
l*rovincias  Internas  del  Poniente,  or  Occidcuite,  the 
command  l)eing  still  held  by  (General  Ugarte.  The 
two  generals  were  independent  of  each  other,  and 
both  to  a  limited  de<>ree  subordinate  to  the  vicerov. 
]\roreover,  by  a  cedula  of  ]\Iarcli  11,  1788,  tlu.'  limited 
authority    of  the   viceroy  was    made    absolute;   and 


'^  fiinfrtircion  Fovmnda  rii  r'irliiil  dc  Heal  Ordcn  do  S.  J/".,  qiir  sr-  dirli/c  al 
Si  nor  Vnnnnhhuitf  (/iiund  do  J'ruriiicld'i  Iidrriins  ]>nn  Jarolio  I'l/iirfi'  y  /-"i/- 
olit  jxirit  ijuhii  rihi  II  jiiniliKd  uhxi  rra.nrid  df  cxti'  Siijur'iof  <,'ijr  y  dc  kiih  iiniiiili- 
(ifiis  SidiijUiriios  (.M(xici),  "Jd  do  A^iosto  (]iH7S(i).  lul.,  .'"((I  [•iiL.'i's;  also  MS.  In 
'J Hi  art!i:li's.  IScc  iilso  on  I'lrartc's  aiipointniciit — datiil  (ict.  (i,  17^^.'>  -anil 
nnttiTs  connoctc'il  llicicwitli:  Diinunjn,  I  )oi\  //is/.,  MS.,  •2X)\  I'lorix,  Inslriir., 
MS.,  )!»  -JO;  /;/,sV.  Vinryc.'i,  I'it-.");  ()rdn,vs  </<'  la  Cofoiiii,  MS.,  v.  .'!!);  Jir/i. 
C'd.,  I'rov.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  V.  l-'J;  vi.  1(H>,  I'JO  I;  vii.  U(J;  Anh.  Sta  JJ.,  MS., 
xii.  '2d. 


rnOVINCIA.1  IXIKUNAS. 


841 


thoroaftcr  llio  nortliorn  pfonorals  rnnitMl  on  tluir  rani- 
paij^'tis  imhIci'  %!(•(!•(  ^al  ordci's,  tlicir  jiositioiis  lu'iiijj^ 
suljstaiitially  likf  tlmse  nf  tlu;  captaiii-i^i'iicrals  of 
earlier  times.  IMie  eaj)itals,  or  lii'a«l-(juartfrs,  woj-o 
to  l»e  wherever  eirciimstanres  inii;lit  itMjuirc;  and 
tlie  oiliee  of  eoniaiidaiite  iiisj)cetor  was  iilxtlislicd.  It 
seems,  liowevcr,  lliat  hcfore  tlu;  end  of  17.SH  tlu'ri'  was 
a  eedula  ^rantin!:;-  independent  authority  in  eertain 
matters  to  the  <^('nerals."^ 

]n  17'JO  Ui^'arte  was  made  inteiidente  of  Ciuada- 
lajara,  and  his  jdac-e  as  comandantc  iL,n'n('ral  of  the 
l'ro\in('ias  (K-l  I'oniente  was  takt-n  \>y  J>riL,'a<h('r- 
U'ciiei'al  J*e(h'o  de  Nava,  whose  ai)[)ointnu'nt  was  dated 
the  7th  of  March.  At  tlie  same  time  IJnalde,  weijj^licd 
down  with  years  and  hard  serviee,  was  or<lered  to 
S[)ain,  as  was  also  liengel  the  eomandante  inspector. 
]t  appears  that  no  rei^ndar  successor  to  Ugaldo  was 
ever  appointed  l)y  tlie  king,  but  that  Nava  assumed 


tl 


le  connnant 


I  ad 


interim  of  the  eastern  province 


The  tinal  chaii'jfe  of  the  ccnturv  was  made  hv  tlie 
king's  order  of  Novendjer  23-4,  1792,  and  carried  into 
etfect  in  171J3.  This  was  the  reuniting  of  tlie  eastern 
and  westein  })rf)vinces  in  one  new  connnand'  inde- 
]iendeiit  again  of  the  viceroj'alty.  The  (  alifornias, 
Xnevo  I^eon,  and  Xuevo  Santander  were  detached 
and  left  subject  to  the  viceroy;  and  the  l*rovincias 
Intei-nas  now  included  Xueva  A'izcaya,  Texas,  ( 'oa- 
huihi,  Xew  jNfexico,  and  Sonora  and  Sinaloa.  '^fheri! 
was  no  niodilication  of  the  system  until  1801,  tliough 
Viceroy  lievilla  Gigedo  made  a  strong  o[iposition  to 


'"/'(/'/Vf,  J^rnp.,  i.  )it.  iii.  ."TO-l;  I'lorrx,  Lflnic,  MS.,  iO-'J;  Inxlrnr. 
]'irri  !/,.<,  17.'),  IM  !),  'JOI;  (!t>iiZ'<li '.,  <'uL  N.  /.",//,  108-0;  Onl^iiiM  ,(<■  In 
I'liroiKi,  Ms.,  vi.,  (j'_*-li;  Mii!j( r  MSS.,  no.  I;  Sun.  Mhiud,  /,\/i.  Mi.,-.,  I."!; 
AldiiKiii,  //^^^  M<J.,  i.  4.V(i;  An/i.  ('aL,  I'nn-.  Sf.  J'a/).,  MS.,  vii.  lil,  11; 
viii.  .^  (),  40-1;  AV.  I'a/i.,  Mi-n.  and  I'ol.,  i.  (i4-.'i;  Mm/,  r  J/,by.,  no.  1,  "J. 

'•  J;oy;il  <-..iir  of  M;ir.  7,  17!l<»,  in  M,i>/,r  J/>'.s'.,'i)o.  '2.  Nov.  'JS,  ITfK), 
\;(va  t-;  iiniiiiii,  liiis  tukuii  jios.-icssiou  of  tlio  coniiiKuid  of  'all  tho  jnuvimias 
iiitiTnii.x,  ill  the  valliy  <if  Saltiilo.'  Arch.  Stu  J!.,  MS.,  .\i.  41.').  Jii  IT'.U, 
r;;alilo  A\as  tryini^  to  illoit  iiu  ailjustiiiciit  of  liis  Kihiiy  jiiipaiatoiy  to  siilliig 
for  Spain.  N.  JJ.s/fdiKi,  A<iii  n/n.i,  MS.,  '21.  Sco  ai.so  on  Lgaitfa  ajijioint- 
iiiciit  to  (liiad.ii.i jam.  (Soc.  Mix.  Cno;/.,  JJuL,  iMa  op.  iii.  307-14.  2Sa\a'a 
salary  was  ijlO.OOO. 

HiHT.  N.  JlEX.  States,  Vol.  I.    41 


948 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


the  now  .systeiu;   and  Nuva  remained  in  command 
until  after  1800.*« 


It  has  hoon  stated  on  vap^uo  authority  that  Jose 
Citrlo.s  de  AjLfilero  was  jjfovoinor  and  captain-jjjencral 
of  Nueva  Yizcuya  until  17G8,  and  it  is  implied  in  lutcr 
missionary  re|)orts  that  Lope  de  Cuellar  as  j^overnor 
had  eharge  of  the  Jesuit  expulsion  in  17G7;  but  I 
have  found  no  leeord  of  successors  for  fifteen  years. 
The  ruler  lost  his  military  power  on  the  formation  of 
the  Provineias  Internas  in  1777,  hut  his  civil  juris- 
diction was  unchanged,  thou;i,di  he  became  subject  to 
the  eomandante  general  instead  of  the  viceroy.  In 
1783,  and  |)rol)ably  earlier,  jterhaps  from  1774,  Felijte 
de  l^arri,  formerly  ruler  of  the  Californias,  was  gov- 
(;rnor  at  J  )urango,  but  died  in  1784,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Juan  Velasquez.^'* 

In  178G  another  measure  recommended  since  17G8 
by  Jose  de  (lalvez  and  Viceroy  Croix  was  carried  into 
effect,  and  the  whole  country  was  divided  into  inten- 
dencias.  This  measure  and  the  system  involved  ai'o 
explained  in  another  volume  of  this  work,  ])eing  of 
uniform  operation  in  all  parts  of  New  Spain."*^  Each 
intendency  was  under  o,  gobernador  intendeiito  who 
united  in  himself  the  civil,  military,  jndieial,  and 
financial  authority  under  viceroy,  eomandante  general, 
or  audiencia.  His  position  did  not  diifer  materially 
from  that  of  the  former  governors  and  captain-gen- 
erals. He  ap;H>inted  subdelegados  to  rule  over  the 
districts  and  take  the  place  of  the  former  alcaldes 
mayores,  th.'K  being  also  ayuntamientos  in  tlie  cliief 
towns.     The  Intendcncia  of  Durango  corresponded  to 

^^FeviUn  Gh/alo,  f untrue,  "MS.,  542-.52;  /(/.,  Bavdoa,  no.  G3;  Diirniii/oDor., 
MS. ,  2.").");  IiiKlnic.  (■//■/•(■//c",  201;  Mai/cr  MSS.,  no.  ^];  Soc.,Mix.  <lio\i.,  llol., 
ii.  5.  I'Y'l).  2.'?,  ITi'O,  Jose  Menendcz  Valik'S  aiipointed  asosor  ami  auditor  do 
giicrra  in  place  of  Oalindo  Navarro  promoted  to  the  nsesoria  general  of 
Mexico.  Arch.  CuL,  MS.,  Prw.  St.  Pap.,  ix.  SSO.  Nov.  24,  HUI,  Nava 
issues  a  scries  of  regulations  for  presidio  service.  Pinart,  Doc.  Hid.  Chili., 
MS.,  No.  10. 

^^ Diinni'jo,  Doc.  Ilht.,  MS.,  255-6;  Subsklio  Eclemuslico,  MS.,  105;  X. 
Vizcaii<i,  Due.  IJi-it.,  iv.  91. 

^^  See  JJitit.  Ilex.,  iii.  this  series. 


te 


'TtDiiriliii    1  jj 

'■iil..|  l.l.,(„  „ 
■    -       ^-.i 


('"uliiiraii 


\/n 


MAP  OF  DURAXfiO  AND  CIIIIIUAHUA. 


6«S 


Mom  Inn  J 


■'..JUnto     I     -  "  '  ...         __ 


^  M-.. 


B.AntiiDN)  0  ^ 

0 


AituA  Vrrilti 


Su.HiMiy^ 


Murli  } 


Trm.rm    nO 


I.PAOLO  VALLEY      / 


tUtillui)  0       flu  ciitliiia^ 


Nwai      Cinco 
Si'Uurea 


^     '   Hufimf'-'ntttM 


S^ulugu 


S.Anliiuio  o 


y^^'y^^     Pupa*  <niini^    -1        TcjMliuiinB° 
^'=''jt         i.V.u'.     .<""'*'       1  1      S.J'.nn.lHRioo 


S.JuanMclqulflil  o 


oMaiapil 


il)AiiW  o     r 


,  V^'-? 


,_.Tu„4_A 


.o»\v<V 


Noiitltrc  A.t  l>mt 

o  Smhil  ■■     / 

Sumlirf  rt- te  >?        >        /  Z 

'Cbalcbiliuitnf  j 


NUEVA    VlZCAYA,     1800. 


G44 


XUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Xuuva  Yizcaj'a,  including  the  modern  Durango  and 
Chihuahua.  The  fir.st  gDvernor-intendent,  appointed 
j\Iay  21,  irSf),  and  succcuding  Volazciucz  in  1780, 
Avas  Fuhi)o  Diaz  do  Ortou'a,  a  kiiii>'ht  of  the  order  of 
San  Carlos  who  had  been  lieutenant-colonel  of  militia 
at  BurLjos.  Ortei»a  indul<jed  in  controversies  with 
General  Cgarte  respecting  the  patronato;  and.  in  171)2 
or  a  little  earlier  was  succeeded  by  Francisco  Javier 
(or  Antonio)  Potau  de  Portugal.  In  170G  Bernardo 
Bonavia  y  Zapata,  knight  of  Alcantara  and  corregidor 
of  jMexico,  took  the  otllce  which  ho  still  held  in  1798, 
and  a[)parently  until  alter  1800.-^ 

lles[)ecting  the  ])ractlcal  working  of  this  system  of 
intendtsntes  and  subdelegados,  so  far  as  Xueva  Vicaj'a 
is  particularly  concerned,  we  have  but  little  informa- 
tion, "^riiroughout  the  whole  country  the  system  was 
genei'ally  regai'ded  as  an  im[)rovement;  but  in  the 
north  liiere  is  little  or  nothing  to  show  that  the  con- 
dition of  the  ])eo[>lt'  was  either  better  or  worse  under 
the  subde'legados  than  it  had  been  under  the  alcaldes 
mayores.  Jvscudero  and  Garcia  Conde,  rel'erring  to 
the  whole  ])eriod  down  to  the  war  of  in(le[)endence, 
and  particularly  to  the  province  of  Chihuahua,  have 
nothing  to  say  in  I'avor  of  the  sj-stem.  According  to 
these  authors  the  offices  were  given  to  S[»aniards  witli- 

'•"  Ex]i(Mliviito  on  till'  controversy  lu'twocu  Ortega  aiul  Ugnrto,  in  Biiranijo, 
Doc.  Jl'ixl.,  -MS.,  110-11,  'jri.'.d;  r< (/»/«;•;<),  Ms.,  iil.  •K\~\,  VM;  aania' li,: 
Mvx.,  viii.  77;  (•oim-:,  />i(trio,  \v,  4.'il,  •iUi.  In  Zin'iiijn  //  Itiiiivoro^,  Cnliii- 
ilufiii  Mitiiiiiil  11  (I'liin  (Ic  Fornslt i-iis  dr  J/i.iiro,  I'S'.),  ]i.  1 1  l-l,'l,  is  j.'iveu  ii,  full 
list  of  ollli'iiils  lor  ilijit  yt  r,  wKicli,  as  uliowin;.^  tlie  division  into  di.stricts, 
itc,  is  woitli  iiri'M'r\  iuL',  iis  follows:  Durango,  i'ii))ital  of  N.  V'i/.caya,  goher- 
iiador  intendeiite,  l''eli[)o  Ola/,  do  Oitega;  teuiente  Ichailo  y  asesor  ordinaiio, 
lAc.  I'raneisi'o  L'rrutia.  'J'reasury  odicials:  realeajaiirineipal,  ( 'outador  I'edro 
I'io  y  Alduan;  treasnier,  Jiauiiio  IJagucs  y  Mar'Ai;  real  caja  of  Clidiualiua, 

treasurer,    J)ouiinuo   lieregana,   eontador, .     Sulidel'.'ados;    Jiatu)iilas, 

•lose  (lutierrez  lie  la,  Jiiva;  Sta  ]>:irliara,  .lose  .Moreno;  (.'ueueanie,  ('apt.  Iran- 
eiseo  .lose  lioiiinfant  de  I'erea;  S,  iiartolonie,  ('apt.  I'edri)  Manuel  Aeevi!  de 
Arniendiii  iz;  (luaiiaei  \i,  I'raneiseo  Martinez  l^seuileid;  (iuarizanie,  .hi.iii  Zani- 
lirano;  Cliilni.aliua,  I'raneiseo  .lavier  dil  Canipo,  corregidor;  S.  .Tuan  di  1  Jlio, 
.lose  Sanelu'Z;  Mapiiui,  Mariano  <!i-  Medina;  Cosiguiiaeid,  ( 'ajit.  .luan  Ser- 
\ando  II:iniirez:  Noiiilni' de  I'ios,  I'raneiseo  .lavier  de  Mscohar;  Ileal  dil  OriJ, 
.luan  Sanclu'Z  Ituiz  de  Iadu;  l'apas(|uiaro,  Cajit.  .hum  de  l.'i  \'ega  y  Canseeo; 
i'arr.il,  Manuil  Kodriguez;  Cerro  (Jordo,  .luan  do  Soto;  Sianori,  .luan  l''er- 
liandcz  i\odrigucz.  Ivsendero,  Xal.  l.'h'ili.,  "J.'l,  says  that  tlieri;  weic  suhdcle- 
gados  at  S.  Andres  de  la  Sierra,  (.'ienegas  do  los  Olivos,  liolxiroya,  Sta  laubol, 
Julimcs,  Cuiiohos,  uud  >Stu  Cutuliuu,  uut  iiiuiitiunud  in  the  list  uf  17^'J. 


11 


10 


INTHXDKXCIA. 


f)4; 


out  (|unlifi('ati<>ns  or  ('\])erieiu'c\  whose  only  aim  was  to 
better  their  own  condition.  In  tlie  (HH'erent  l)ranclies 
of  their  autlioi'ity  tlu'V  were  hut  tlie  hlind  fools  of 
their  sufjeriors,   the  intendente,  <'oniandanti>  ^•enel•al, 


or  {iU( 


lieneia.      l^'riends   of  the   rich  and   sli'oi 


)''•  who 


ii 


lone  eould    l)rinj4'   their  causes    lu'lorc;  the   supei'ior 


authorities,  tlu-y  were  oppressors  ol"  the  poor  and  weaK, 
iiCL^lectiuijf  olHeial  dutit's,  and  atteiidini;-  to  tlieii'  (»w)i 
])rivate  iiiti^rests.  The  ayuntaniientos  exei'ted  a  hen- 
efit'ial  iidlueiiee,  l)ut  thev  were  lew  and  of  limited 
])()wers.  1  liesi' si lictures,  however,  ai'ise  lari^cly  I'roni 
rej)uhlican  o]>posili()n  to  theSj)anish  monarchical  rule 
as  a  wliole,  and  are  not  specially  applicahh'  to  the  later 
as  com|)ared  with  the  earlier  perioil  of  8[)anish  dom- 
ination." 


In  the  southern  part  of  Xucn'a  Vizcaya  tlic  savAGfcs 
seem  not  to  have  conuuitted  any  serious  depi'cdations; 
l)ut  in  Chihuahua,  as  all  alon<^  the  noi-thern  frontier 
from  Sonora  to  Texas,  the  Apaches  were  increasinuly 
hostile.  Here,  as  elsewlu.'ri',  in  this  as  in  every  other 
])eriod,  these  savag'es  lived  mainly  l)y  their  raids  on  the 
Spanish  estahlishments,  their  chief  aim  heini;"  to  obtain 
live-stock;  but  opportunities  I'or  murder,  t(Mture,  and 
destruction  of  all  pi'o[)erly  were  always  soUL;'ht  rather 
than  avoided.  Their  methods  of  warfare  have  been 
sufHciently  described;  an<l  their  s])ecial  depivdations 
ior  the  most  ])art,  have  h'ft  no  record;  but  they  kept 
the  frontier  in  c.  nstant  terror,  not  oidy  l)a)rin<^"  all 
prr.jrress  nortlr.vard,  but  at  times  threatening^  absolute 
ruin  and  ab;jr.donment  of  all  that  had  been  gained, 
IMissionary  inlhuiice,  so  ])otent  a  factor  in  the  advance 
up  \.o  this  ])()iid.  was  utterly  ])ower'less  aij^ainst  these 
brutal  rovers;  treaties  were  of  no  avail,  for  they  wei-c^ 
never  kept  by  the  Inihans  except  so  lonu^  as  it  seemed 
.)r  t'leir  interests  tokee[)  them,  as  a  means  of  putting- 
the  [Spaniards  oir  their  guard   in  ])re[>aiation  for  re- 


■,l, 


Xiit.  Chih..  '-'(»-:?:  O.ircia  Coinlc,  in  Soc.  M. 


Jlol. 


182-3,  '.'UT-'J;  JJicc.  i'uic,  ii.  UtiG-7. 


C4G 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


ncwod  hostilities;  cxtorini  ation  was  the  only  remedy, 
a  slow  operation  not  yet  fully  carried  out  after  more 
than  a,  century  of  effort. 

In  1773  the  presidial  system  was  reorganized  in 
accoi-dance  with  the  recommendations  of  the  jNIaniucs 
de  llul)i,  and  under  the  superintendiMieo  of  Hugo 
Oconor  as  comandantc  inspector.  In  most  respects 
the  reglamento  of  1772  remained  in  force  to  the  end 
of  the  Spanish  domination,  and  was  even  closely  fol- 
lowed in  later  times.-'  This  reglauiento  provided  for 
six  presidios  in  Nueva  Vizcaya,  in  the  lino  of  fifteen 
extending  from  Sonora  to  T(3xas,  each  i^arrisoned  hv 
forty-three  soldiers,  with  captain,  lieutenant,  alf'':  /,, 
chaplain,  and  ten  native  scouts,  at  an  annual  cost  i>i' 
Jii>l8,!)t)8  for  each  establishment.  Tlie  presidios  werv, 
j)laced  along  the  northern  frontier  at  intervals  of  about 
i'orty  leagues.  Janos  was  lefton  its  former  site.  San 
]iuenaventura  was  moved  to  the  Valle  de  Kuiz,  near 
the  Lagunade  Guzman.  Paso  del  Norte  was  moved 
from  the  town  of  that  name  in  the  borders  of  New 
jNIexico  to  the  pueblo  of  Carrizal.  Huajuquilla  was 
movi'd  to  the  Vallede  San  E.lceario;  J ulinies  restored 
to  its  former  position  at  the  Junta  de  los  llios;  and 
Cerro  (Jordo  was  to  be  placed  on  the  llio  Grande, 
about  i'orty  leagues  below  the  junction.  Five  *  Hying 
comj)anies'  were  also  organized  a  little  later,  one  <>t' 
which  in  later  years  became  a  presidial  garrison  at  El 
I'l'incipe.'-' 

■''''  PrriiidloK,  I'nihtwciiln  <'  fiixlnirriiw  pnrn  Iok  PrcmlloK que  se  han deformnr 
<ii  III  limn  ilr  I'roii/i  nt  (If  In  A'//<  (vt  H'<]«niii.  Jii.-'in  l/o  par  il  r<  1/  \,  S.  in  culiila 
ill'  10  i/i'  Si/ilifniliir  ill-  J'i7  .'■  Madrid,  177-;  otlii'i' iiditions;  iilsoiu  Arrilkn/ii, 
IU'i-i,p.,  IS:f4,  IJ'J  S!». 

^'  It  will  lio  I'ciiu'inlirrod  tliiit  tliorc  wns  no  jircsidio  at,  S.  Unonavciiturii  in 
ITO't,  <inly  a  guard  of  .'t()  nu'u  from  llnajiKiuilla;  and  it  docs  not  nppenr  at 
wliiit  date  tlio  piH'sidio  had  lucn  ('.stahlislu'd.  Neither  was  there  any  pre'^idio 
of  Cerro  (iordo  for  years  before  1707;  Imt  perhajis  the  garrison  of  I'asage,  not 
mentioned  in  the  reglamento,  had  been  reeentiv  transferred  to  the  old  wife  of 
Cerro  (iordo.  In  ISI  I  Simon  V.\\i\»,  in  ;v  rep'trt  on  the  jiresidios  Piinni,  J)iii-. 
JlixL  Chill..,  MS.,  I.V'2;t,  stiites  that  S.  JJuenaveiitura  was  restored  from 
Velarde — jjrohably  the  site  in  llniz  V'alU^y— to  the  S.  nuenavcntma  Valley 
'2.">  or  ;H)  1.  from  .lanos.  ]|iiajn(|iiilla  was  moved  from  S.  Klceario  to  Tilnacio 
(Tibureio?),  farther  up  tlio  Ivio  del  Norto  and  about  40  1.  from  Carri/^d. 
•luliniea  and  .lanos  remained  ns  located  liy  the  reglanu'iito.  ( 'erro  (ioi'do, 
fi'uni  thu  Hito  called  ISuu  Cdrlou,  wuii  niuvcd  lirut  to  Churrcrus.  and  then  to  S. 


MILITARY  MEASURES. 


647 


m 


The  Cahalloro  do  Croix  on  takini»'  coniiiiand  of  the 
Provincia.s  JiitorDas  in  1777  sent  back  to  Mexico  the 
most  ur<^ent  appeals  for  recnforoonients,  regarding  the 
condition  of  the  country  as  most  critical.  He  an- 
nexed to  liis  appeal  a  tal)le  showing  that  in  Nneva 
Vizcaya  from  1771  to  177G  (he  numher  killed  hy 
Indians,  not  includini^  soldiers  or  travellers,  had  been 
1,()74,  with  154  captives,  while  110  haciendas  and 
ranchos  had  been  plundered  and  0(5,155  head  of  cattle 
stolen,-^  By  royal  order  of  jNIarch  10,  1782,  a  cor|)3 
of  provincial  dragoons  was  organized  to  ai«l  in  the 
defence  of  the  frontier;-"  but  nothing  aj)[)ears  res[)ect- 
ing  the  actual  service  of  these  troops.  In  1784  it 
was  estimated  that  pro})erty  to  the  value  of  10,000,- 
000  of  pesos  had  been  destroycMl  within  twenty  years 
in  Chihuahua;  and  General  Neve  went  to  the  villa 
to  jtrotcct  the  inhabitants  and  investigate  charges  of 
a  conspiracy  between  the  Christian  Indians  an<l 
Apaches.  In  two  months  twenty-four  of  the  accused 
were  hanged  and  quartered,  and  a  genei'jd  rising  was 
])revcntcd.-''  ]>ut  it  would  seem  that  while  under 
Croix.  Xeve,  and  l^engel  nnich  was  accomplished  in 
the  inn)rovement  of  system  and  disci|)line;  and  by 
the  constant  cam|)aiL!fninijf  alontJT  the  line  a  dei^ree  of 
tem[)orary  security  was  aiforded  the  surviving  estab- 
lishments; yet  no  real  progress  was  made  in  the 
work  of  })ermanently  sul)jecting  or  exterminating  the 


s.ivages. 


(•'  nniiiio,  7  I.  from  Cliilmiilma  niul  .">  1.  frrim  tlir  Junta.  Oiio  of  tlic  flyinj» 
.onii^Miics  wjis  loiatcil  lictwctii  S.  I'lK'iaiio  ami  l.as  .rinitas  at  rilariH,  Imt 
iiiovcil  to  Ml  l'ruiii|i(',  .'i'>  I.  from  S.  (l.ic'niiiiKi  ami  '-'."i  1.  iVoiu  L.is.limtaH. 

(iarci'a  Comic,  in  Allniiii  M(.r.,  i.  'J'JIt  I,  tells  iis  that  tlic  .ApiiclicH  aliout 
177-  altaikcd  a  liaity  of  10,  killing  all  Imt  three  or  four,  who  Mire  caiitureil. 
One  was  thoi^ou  of  Cajit.  I'lrii,  of  .ianos,  who  heeame  a  violent  hater  of  all 
Indians,  and  liy  a  treaeliei'ons  jilot  eansed  the  massaere  'iml  torture  of  alnnit 
(iO  Apaches.  l''or  thin  Ik!  Mas  sns|Kiidc(l  hy  the  coniandante  (.'encral,  hut 
reinstated  hy  th(  kini:.  See  also  on  the  clian,L;cs  (if  I77-:  lli  rilln  d'n/iiln.  Inf., 
13  Aliril  JVJ.l,  I  Ml;  A/.,  Cirta,  ,.7  l)i<:  ;;;',;,'  IC^-S;  r.7.(.«-.),  Umioni,  •Jl.".-(i; 
h'urui/cro,  Xiit.  Son.,  (ilt-S;  I'ltiicn,  I'irrci/f.t,  MS.,  I'Jl ;  Jliixhnu'iiilc,  U\  Ciiro, 
Wcs  ,S'/(//o,i,  iii.  '2{i;  Zamora,  Bib.  Liy'ix.  Ull.,  '1>^\\  ib'oc.  Mcr.  Ct'mi.,  Jlnl.,  v. 
•J(i!)  70. 

"A".   Vizrai/fi,  Doc.  //'ik/.,  iv.  89-91.     The  tahlu  is  signed  liy  Felipe  do 


JJavri,  ]it-T-hai)s  governor  at  the  time, 
'^"^  ('iili»i,  ,lii:.iltiili>s  Mililiiri 
*^  Uacitaik  Mvx,,  i.  Iii3-17,  117. 


£i 


VJo-8;  Zamarois,  llUt.  Mij.,  v.  004. 


048 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


Wlicn  Viceroy  Galvez  aHsumod  control  over  tlio 
Proviiicias  Iiitenias,  ]ie  introduced  some  important 
changes  of  i)olicy,  as  fully  set  forth  in  liis  elal)orate 
instructions  of  August  2G,  178G,  to  General  Ugarte 
y  Loyola.'^^  Warfare  alone,  in  the  o])inion  of  Galvez, 
must  fail  in  the  future  as  it  had  failed  in  the  past. 
The  Apaches  were  skilful  warrioi's  and  horsemen,  they 
liad  no  homes  or  towns  to  be  defended,  and  no  large 
armies  to  be  defeated;  if  driven  entirely  from  their 
})r(.  ■'  \t  line  of  mountain  stronghokls  they  would 
Kim[  J  ire   to  another  similar  line  farther  no'  ^ii, 

increa^  their  force  by  the  addition  of  northern 
bands.  i"et  war  must  be  wa<i:ed  without  cessation  on 
all  hostile  tribes,  and  minute  instructions  were  given 
as  to  methods  of  makinoj  it  eflective.  Each  tribe  must 
be  forced  to  sue  for  peace,  when  a  treaty  was  to  be 
made  and  strictly  kept,  slight  faults  being  overlooked 
but  grave  infractions  severely  punished.  No  reliance 
was  to  be  placed  in  the  good  faith  of  the  savages,  but 
it  Mas  to  be  made  tlieir  interest  to  keep  the  ]»eacc. 
It  was  declared  that  "a  bad  peace  was  better  than  a 
good  war."  Wari'are  was  the  Apaches'  business,  to- 
gether with  hunting;  and  only  by  war  could  they 
hitherto  obtain  the  live-stock  and  other  things  they 
desiretl.  Hunting  was  in  comparison  liard  and  un- 
j)rofitable  woi'k.  J^ut  now  with  tribes  at  peace  tixide 
was  to  be  encouraged,  and  even  gifts  were  to  be  made 
at  cost  of  the  govermnent.  Thus  old  wants  and 
weaknesses,  such  as  the  fondness  for  jiorsonal  adorn- 
ment, would  be  increased,  and  new  needs  created  'x)r 

"^  Inxl nircioii /(yrmaiht  oi  rhiinl  dc  real  drJrii,  passim.  The  ftutliorliad  luid 
luucli  iieisonul  I'xjJt'rii'iKc  as  an  liulian-iiglitcr  in  Xiiova  Vizcaya  and  Soiiora, 
and  lie  consulted  many  (itlier  oillct'ivs.  lie  had  nothing  but  praise  for  what 
had  liecn  done  in  the  leeeiit  jiast;  hut  believed  that  diilieulties  in  the  way  of 
KUeeess  wei'e  now  gieater  than  ever,  and  that  it  was  ahsi,Iutely  necessary  to 
experiment  with  a  new  ]iolicy.  The  (h)cument  of  '21(1  articles  goes  very 
minutely  into  detailsand  shows  that  the  viceroy  fully  understood  his  suliject. 
He  declared  that  only  in  Alta  California  was  any  progress  being  made;  else- 
whei'o  '  hemos  perdido  mucha  parte  do  nuestros  antiguos  estableeimientos.' 
On  the  lack  of  good  faith  among  the  Apaches  he  says:  'Nadie  ignora  his 
veleidades  de  todos  los  Indios  y  su  nulla  fe,  pero  no  sienipre  la  ban  encontrado 
buena  en  niiesti'os  jnocedimientos:  hny  mil  exeniplares  antiguos  y  may  nio- 
dernus  de  esta  vcrdud  (^uc  jamas  debeu  rehrirso.' 


A  NEW  POLICY. 


049 


articles  of  which  the  supply  would  coaso  on  the  ro- 
Huniption  of  hostilities.  Intoxicatinji;'  liquors  should 
bo  lively  dealt  out  in  particular,  if  the  Apaches  could 
bo  induced  to  form  an  appetite  for  them.  IMoreover 
lire-arms  and  powder,  always  of  inl'erior  quality,  should 
be  sold  without  fear;  for  it  was  an  error  to  suppose 
a  gun  in  the  hands  of  an  Indian  to  be  a  more  deadly 
weajion  than  the  bo\V  and  arrows.  The  change  in 
wca])ons  if  widely  effected  would  be  an  advantage  to 
the  Spaniards  in  actual  battle,  and  it  would  foi'ce  the 
I'oe  to  mai  '^  jicace  for  repairs  to  arms  and  new  sup})lies 
of  ])()\v(ler.  ^vleanwhile  the  different  tribes  were  to  bo 
incited  in  every  possible  way  to  a  wai'fare  of  extermi- 
nation between  themselves;  and  extermination  alone 
was  tiie  policy  to  be  favored.  After  a  long  time  God 
might  miraculously  show  some  way  to  conversion  and 
civilization;  but  at  present  it  was  folly  to  think  of 
such  things.-'' 

As  to  the  practical  workings  of  this  now  policy  in 
Xueva  Vizcaya,  the  records  contain  no  detailed  infor- 
mation. As  early  as  1788  Viceroy  Flores  in  a  rei)ort 
to  the  king  expressed  strong  op[)osition  to  (jlalvez' 
]»lau  of  making  treaties  with  any  A|)aclie  tribes,  at 
the  same  time  declaring  trade  with  the  savages  to  bo 
impracticable  ;^''  but  it  does  not  appear  that  the  j^olicy 
was  materially  modified,  but  rather  that  to  a  largo 
extent  it  was  successful  during  the  last  decade  of  the 
century.  That  is,  the  frontier  was  efliciently  pro- 
tected by  the  skilful  management  and  constant  })re- 
cautions  of  the  presidio  commanders;  and  most  of  the 
Apaches  were  kept  nominally  at  peace  by  a  system  of 
gilts  and  I'rec  rations,  many  rancher/as  being  su])- 
ported  in  idleness  at  government  expense.  We  lu;ar 
of  no  serious  depredations  in  these  years  or  in  the 
beginning  of  the  next  century.     Neither  does  it  a[)- 

"•  Sec  also  on  the  new  policy  £'«ri((?('ro,  Xot  Ch'ih.,  230-40;  Id.,  Ohacrvn- 
c'lonrn.  If)-! 7. 

•'" i"'lori's'  report  of  1788  in  Rmtnmanlc,  Siiplpmenfo,  iii.  77  81.  In  /</.,  S'A, 
Florus  is  said  to  li;ivc  Htutioncd  a  reginitiit  of  dragoons  iii  Diuuugo  in  1788 
vitli  excellent  etl'eets. 


m 
1 

■as 


6S0 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


pear,  however,  that  the  Apaches  were  making  very 
rapid  progress  in  the  great  work  of  being  extermi- 
nated, of  becoming  drunkards,  or  in  forming  an  in- 
eradicable taste  for  Spanish  hixurics.  They  were 
rather  biding  their  time  and  awaiting  the  accumula- 
tion of  plunder.  Meanwhile  the  expense  of  the  royal 
treasury  was  heavy,  being  about  one  million  dollars 
per  year  for  the  military  establishment  of  about  four 
thousand  men  in  the  Provincias  Internas,  twelve  hun- 
dred and  sixty  eight  being  the  force  in  Nueva  Yizcaya, 
besides  the  amount  expended  in  gifts  and  rations  for 
the  savages. ''^ 


Josd  A^icente  Diaz  Bravo,  a  native  of  Tudela,  Na- 
varre, who  had  been  a  professor  in  the  University  of 
lluesca,  a  counsellor  of  the  inquisition,  and  a  bare- 
footed Carmelite,  being  the  author  also  of  several 
published  works,  was  presented  to  the  diocese  of  Du- 
rango,  succeeding  Bishop  Tamaron,  in  17G9.  He  was 
consecrated  at  Puebla  in  1770;  but  it  is  not  clear  that 
he  ever  took  possession  of  his  office,  since  he  is  said 
to  have  died  in  1771  or  1772  at  sea  on  his  way  to 
Spain.  The  next  bishop  was  Antonio  Macarulla 
Minguilla  de  Aguilanin,  from  Aragon,  who  was  pro- 
moted from  the  see  of  Comayagua,  Honduras.  Ho 
ruled  from  February  16,  1774,  to  June  12,  1781,  at 
Avhich  date  he  died  at  Laguna  near  Duranfjo.  He 
spent  his  income  freely  for  the  completion  and  endow- 
ment of  the  collegiate  seminary  begun  by  the  Jesuits 
and  since  1767  in  charge  of  the  governor.  Ho  was 
succeeded  by  Estevan  Lorenzo  de  Tristan,  a  native  of 
Jacn,  Toledo,  educated  at  the  university  of  Granada, 
and  bishop  of  Leon,  Nicaragua,  since  1776.     He  was 

"July  2,  1790,  police  regulations  issued  by  tlie  comandante  general  for 
Indian  residents,  12  articles.  Plnart,  Doc.  Hist.  Chih.,  i.  2-5.  Nov.  24,  1791, 
code  of  regulations,  in  17  articles  for  presidio  oflicers.  Jtl.,  i.  lO-l.'i.  In  JJii- 
rmiijo,  Doc.  llhL,  MS.,  207-25,  I  liave  a  valuable  descriptive  report  on  the 
Apacliea,  their  haunts,  and  their  methods  of  warfare,  wiitten  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Antonio  Cordero  in  1790  for  tlie  comandante  general.  (Jordero,  Xotician  rilu- 
ticaa  d  la  Nacion  Apache,  1790,  MS. 


BISHOPS  OF  DURANGO. 


691 


promoted  to  Diirango  in  1782,  but  did  not  assume  tho 
office  until  178G.  In  1794  lie  was  made  hisliop  of 
Guadalsjara,  but  died  on  the  way  tliither  at  Lagos. 
In  the  same  year  Jose  Joaquin  Granados,  a  Francis- 
can of  Queretaro,  bishop  of  Sonora,  author  of  tho 
Tardes  Americanas  and  other  works  in  defence  of  the 
native  races,  was  appointed  to  this  see.  He  arrivetl 
in  May;  but  in  the  absence  of  certain  documents  the 
cabildo  objected  to  his  taking  possession;  and  the 
bishop  died  the  day  after  the  papers  came,  on  tho 
20th  of  August.  Gabriel  de  OHvares  y  Benito  was 
the  next  incumbent  of  the  episcopal  office,  taking  pos- 
session on  May  21),  179G.  He  was  a  native  of  Xaloira 
Spain;  had  been  dean  of  Durango  down  to  1788,  when 
he  was  made  bishop  of  Ciudad  Real,  Chiapas;  from 
which  see  he  was  promoted  to  that  of  Durango.  He 
ruled  until  the  date  of  his  death,  February  20,  1812; 
and  distinguished  himself  hy  completing  the  fine 
church  of  Santa  Ana  at  the  cost  of  a  devout  lady  who 
gave  all  her  estate  for  the  purposo.^'^ 

]^3'  a  royal  order  of  February  4,  1781,  the  bishop- 
ric of  Guadiana,  or  Durango,  was  divided.  The  coast 
provinces  of  Sonora,  Sinaloa,  and  the  Californias  were 
formed  into  the  new  bishopric  of  Sonora,  with  capital 
at  Arizpe,  under  Fray  Antonio  de  los  Reyes  as  first 
birdiop.  This  left  in  the  diocese  of  Durango  the  prov- 
inces of  Nueva  Vizcaya  and  New  Mexico.  Two 
years  earlier  the  new  bishopric  of  Nuevo  Leon  had 
been  created,  but  this  took  nothing  from  that  of  Du- 
rango,  the  districts  of  Parras  and  Saltillo,  though 
parts  of  Nueva  Yizcaya  down  to  1785,  having  be- 
longed to  the  bishopric  of  Guadalajara.^'' 

There  were  several  controversies  to  vary  the  mo- 

"^On  the  succession  of  Mshops  see:  Lilcukis  y  Convrnfox,  liiUinon,  318-10; 
Esaidvro,  Not.  Dur.,  2'2-3  ;  Ramirez,  Not.  Dur.,  23-4,  ;")! ;  O'nafa  th  Mcr., 
iii.  30j-(5;  vi.  .377,  5;53-4;  vii.  'J9 ;  viii.  101  ;  JJicc.  Una:,  id.  144-5;  AUrdo, 
Dice.,  ii.  aO;  Gomez,  JJiario,  vii.  'J43-4,  .389. 

Titiiesof  tho  diocese  1770-!),  .S!)43,'280;  1780-9,  81,080,313.  Soc.  Mex.  Geo'/., 
BoL,  ii.  19;  llumhnhU,  K>smlPol.,  474.  Tithes  of  1777,  §'.'0,48.3.  Moi-Ju  Uiu- 
rio,  .344-51.     Royiil  ilecree  respecting  tithes,  1790.  GacetcidcAIex.,  \i.  78-80. 

^^JJehna,  liccopllacton,  i.  pt.  ii.  291. 


602 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


iiotony  of  ecclesiastical  routine  during  tliis  period, 
none  being  fully  recorded,  and  none  apj^arently  of 
vital  importance.  Curates  were  in  the  habit  of  niai- 
rying  their  parishioners  without  attending  to  the  for- 
mality of  application  to  the  bishop,  on  tlie  [»lca  of 
long  distances  and  the  prevalent  poverty.  The  latter 
in  alarm  ap[)ealed  to  the  archbishoj),  and  the  matter 
was  referred  to  the  king  and  by  him  to  the  ecclesias- 
tical court.  The  decision  in  17G8  was  in  I'avor  of  the 
curates."'* 

The  principal  controversies,  however,  were  between 
the  bishop  and  the  comandante  genc^ral  of  J?rovincias 
Internas.  The  latter  as  we  have  seen  was  at  times 
independent  of  the  viceroy,  and  invested  with  tlie  real 
})atronato  in  the  matter  of  appointing  curates.  So 
great  were  the  difficultici  of  obtaining  clergymen  or 
friars  for  the  parishes  that  formalities  were  often  dis- 
regarded on  both  sides;  and  it  is  not  strange  that  as 
these  vexations  multiplied  misunderstantlings  arose. 
The  correspondence  though  somewhat  bulky  is  far 
from  complete,  and  the  details  are  not  worth  record- 
ing. The  ceremonial  reception  due  to  General  Xava 
at  the  cathedral  was  another  topic  added  to  the  quar- 
rel in  1791;  Galindo  Navarro,  the  asesor,  engaged 
ardently  in  the  war  on  paper,  being  accused  by  l]isho[> 
Tristan  of  maliciously  and  needlessly  jirovoking  dis- 
sension on  questions  long  since  decided;  and  some  very 
severe  and  sarcastic  expressions  were  drawn  out  on 
both  sides.  The  bishop  argued  that  the  general's 
plenary  powers  were  merely  honorary  and  not  in- 
tended to  be  practically  exercised;  and  declared  that 
by  his  arbitrary  intervention  the  old  missions  would 
soon  be  entirely  ruined,  "because  the  religion  tliat  is 
now  being  planted  is  not  the  ancient  f'.iith  of  Jesus 
Christ,  but  the  modern  one  with  an  ugly  and  bad  odoi 
of  independence.  God  grant  it  may  not  come  to  l)e 
French ! "    He  could  see  no  other  way  to  secure  peace 

'* Duraiif/o,  Sohre  oposicion  del  Dean,  etc.,  MS.  A  collection  of  origiuul 
papers  ou  the  subject.     257  pages,  from  the  archives  of  the  bishopric. 


MISSION  REPORTS. 


Co3 


and  an  end  of  tlio  ascsor's  intonncddlinj^  hut  tluit  "  all 
the  missions  should  bo  i'orined  into  one  sinij)lt'  Irmio- 
fic'c,  or  cahallo'dto,  to  which  His  Majesty  should  a|>- 
l)oint  the  Licentiato  Pedro  Galindo  y  Xavarro!  "  In 
the  matter  of  ceremonials  the  royal  decision  was  favor- 
able in  certain  respects  to  the  bishoj);  on  tlu;  other 
topics  trouble  ceased  perhaps  with  the  dejiarture  of 
Galindo;  for  we  hear  nothing  of  the  controversy  in 
the  last  3'cars."^ 

There  is  extant  a  scries  of  reports  made  by  provin- 
cial, guardian,  bishop,  and  viceroy,  from  which  a  sat- 
isfactory idea  may  l)e  Ibrmed  res[)ectint>'  the  condition 
of  the  old  missions  of  the  country  (hu'ing  the  last 
quarter  of  the  century,  of  which  establishments  there 
were  Ibrty-two,  receivini^  sinodos  from  the  royal  tj'eas- 
urv,  all  beino-  still  called  missions  thouu'li  many  were 
nominally  under  the  care  of  secular  clerij^ymen.'"^ 

The  Jesuits  left  twenty-seven  missions,  if  we  add 
those  of  Jie  Chinipas  district— as  was  done  in  the 
official  re[)orts,   and  is  most  convenient  for  present 

''Correspondence  in  Pinnrf,  Dor.  I/isf.  Son.,  MS.,  0-1 1.  In  170(!  tlio 
occlcsiastical  aiitlmritics  uikUt  ;i  royal  onliT  iittciiiptccl  to  cnlloct  tithes  from 
siililicrrt  anil  (jtlR-iM  at  tiiL' military  ])ust.s;  bnt  altir  tsmm^  troulilo  and  a  [iro- 
tust  fnim  tlio  iDinandaiitc  ^.'ciu'ral,  sucli  citizi'n.s  Wfre  doi'larcd  uxempt  trum 
titlu's  ill  ISOO.  <,'<tc(f<i  df  M(x.,  xi.  TiS-SO. 

'■"^  Jji.-ii-ri/icidii  'J'ojKi'jrd/ira  di-  /«.■,•  ^l/(.s/o»(',s'  dc  Propfiijaiuld  Fiilc  dr  \iirsfra 
Si  norii,  ile  (iimilahi/f  ill'.  Ji,ica/ci'((s  <  n  Id  Slirni,  Miii//-<\  In  J  inc.  lli.-it.  Mi.i:, 
•Itli  (iur.  turn.  iv.  !H-i;tl.  Tlio  autlior  was  ii  Franciscan  friar  imt  nami'il,  and 
the  rejiort  was  written  at  the  recjuest  cif  i  ien.  C'ruix  alioiit  i7M).  Jt  eontaina 
of  coui'se  .'i  hn\i,'o  amount  of  deseriptivc  matter  tiiat  cannot  Ih;  utilized  here. 

J^iil'ii,  /iij'oriiie  ilu  div:  1/  fn'i.i  Mish>ni!i  dc  Ins  <jiic  Aw  lli'ijidiii'c-i  <  .ttiiiijiiido'i 
fi'iiiiiii  cii  (I  lliijiio  di'  la  Nmlia  ]'iziai/it,  y  unni  i-s/an.  u  vnrjo  dil  ('iiliifo. 
Ajip'^"'  dc  Nrd  Snt  dr  (.linididuiie  de  Zacrdcni'i ;  hdlin  //or  parte  dc  dir/io 
( 'nil II'-  d  o  di:  Mano  dil  cu'io  di'  17S(j,  de  ordeit  di I  E.c>""-  Si:  I'irici/  Condi-  -'<; 
(I'dl  ■(",  */  roiiforme  d  <•!  (jiic,  d  lii  ij  iiro.  Soi'.,  J)ii>-i  !c  i/iic,  *c  .sirriu  ixpi'ilii  ii, 
1 1  Panlo,  a  ,11  de  En"  de  17S./,  (/lie  itirre  de  liislnierion,  i/  (■■<  eanio  w  fi'jiie,  MS. 
'J'his  is  an  original  in  P-imrt,  Col.  Due.  Mi.r.,  ITi-'.i-S,  witli  oriL;inal  corre- 
(■jiondence  aljout  tlie  report  in  Id.,  l(i.")-!»,  "JS.")-!!,  .")1!)  'JO.  The  author,  l-"r 
Ignacio  Maria  l.alia,  was  f.;uardian  of  the  (inadahijie  college. 

Trl-<liiii,  liij'urine  dil  (JhisjK)  de  JJitramjo  siJire  lia  Misimir.i  dc  kii  f>!ur(:!<i<i 
(inn  de  i;sO.  '  Oiiu'inal  MS.  in  Piiiart,  Col.  J)oe.  Mi.,:,  X!»-1{)0.  Murliinz, 
L'n/ddo  Aitiidl  de  Ids  Jfisioiies  (pie  I'teiie  d  sit  rdi'ijo  aid  Pioriiiriii  de  X.  P.  S. 
Fi-dnrisiQ  de  los  Z(i<-iUei-(is,  l^S'J.  Original  MS.  in  /(/.,  I>.")7.  'I'iie  author, 
Antonio  I'Vrnando  Martinez,  wa.s  provincial.  And  linally — 1!( villa  (Ihiedo, 
Carld  de  J7  de  Dir'ietnbre  de  17'Jd,  v.  4oG-41.  He  follows  Luba  and  the  oth- 
ers ill  most  respects. 


654 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


purposes,  tliuugli  tlio  district  lias  formerly  boon  in- 
cluded in  Sonora — to  the  fifteen  of  Tar.iliuniaru  proper. 
At  the  expulsion  of  17G7  the  coniandante,  Lope  do 
Cuellar,  took  possession  of  and  removed  so  far  as  pos- 
sible the  property  of  the  estal)lishments.  ])y  tlio 
viceroy's  orders  fifteen  friars  were  sent  from  the 
Franciscan  college  of  Guadalupe  in  Zacatecas  to  bo 
put  in  charge  by  the  bishop  of  that  number  of  mis- 
sions; though  by  a  later  order  the  distribution  was 
made  by  the  coniandante  of  Chiliuahua.  The  next 
year  a  new  mission  was  added.  The  Franciscans  had 
at  first  nothing  to  do  with  the  temjxmdities,  though 
entitled  to  a  limited  amount  of  personal  service  from 
the  neophytes;  but  in  1770-1,  by  the  order  of  Visi- 
tor-jjeneral  Galvez,  the  missionaries  were  ol)li<j:e(l, 
against  their  wishes  as  they  state,  to  i-esume  control 
of  the  mission  estates,  and  the  property  removed  was 
restored.  That  is,  the  padres  were  allowed  to  send 
to  Chihuahua  for  herds  of  cattle,  which  boing  native 
to  the  plains  soon  died  in  the  mountains,  and  loft  the 
missions  as  before  with  a  very  small  supply  of  live- 
stock. So  says  the  padre  guardian;  but  the  viceroy 
tells  us  that  the  confiscated  pro[)erty  was  not  ordered 
to  be  restored  until  1789,  when  it  was  valued  at 
§G1,417.  But  there  was  generally  a  small  surj)lus 
of  grain;  a  little  sugar-cane  was  raised  at  the  Chini- 
pas  establishments;  and  the  friars  had  their  annual 
stipend  of  $300  or  $350.  In  twenty  years  they  built 
several  new  churches,  repairing  and  decorating  many 
others  at  a  cost  of  about  $90,000,  besides  sui)portiiig 
themselves  and  their  communities.  In  17G3  the  neo- 
l)hyte  ])0[)ulation  of  these  missions  had  been  15,000; 
in  17G7,  by  a  census  taken  by  the  Franciscans,  it  was 
12,800;  according  to  the  provincial's  reiH)rt  it  luul 
increased  to  13,300  in  178G,  though  the  total  of  items 
given  is  only  12,200;  and  in  1793  the  number  is  given 
by  liovilla  Gigcdo  as  12,800.'^ 

'^  In  the  alcaldia  do  Cuzigunriachic,  or  Cosiguriachi:  Tomocliic  anil  Arisi- 
achic,  1'.  Auyel  Futronj  77^  ludiuua  iu  1703,  41)!)  iii  17S0.     Cajurichic,  or 


CONDITION  OF  THE  MISSIONS. 


ess 


Ilcsj>oc;tin<^'  the  condition  of  tlio  mission  Indians 
numy  particulars  arc  },Mvcn.  Thoii_L,di  addicted  to 
drunkcnncHH,  licentiousness,  and  supiTstition,  £licy 
were  liarndcss,  peaceable,  jovial,  and  fond  of  the 
padres,  wuhniittinijf  to  be  "paternally  ilo<jf<jjed"  ior 
various  offences.  Very  fc'W  actually  resided  in  tlio 
communities,  but  most  wandered  in  the  mountains 
free  from  all  control.  Native  oHicials  ten  or  lifteen 
in  nund)er  were  formally  ap[)ointe(l  for  each  establish- 
ment, but  they  had  no  real  power;  police  rc'tfulations 
of  the  government  respecting'  passports  and  licenses 
were  not  enforced;  and  the  fiiar.s  could  not  prevent 
jT^rave  al)uses  in  the  enn)loyment  of  native  laborers. 
The  harvest  was  great  but  the  labonsrs  few.  "  The 
great  She})her(l,"  writes  one  of  the  friars,  "can  j)er- 
haps  leave  his  ninety-nine  sheep  to  search  for  one 
that  is  lost;  but  we  camiot  do  it,  else  we  should  lose 
both."     Yet  the  Indians  were  induced   to  cultivate 


Capiriflii,  niid  ra(|uoiit'lii,  formerly  visitas  of  Toinorl-  mado  a  inission  in 
JTlll;  TiOS  JiuliaiiH  ill  ITli.'J,  Ttl.")  ii>  178().  'I'lltiiacii  and  li[)aciii,  or  'I'i'|)i,'a(;lii, 
]'.  Mi^'iic'l  Saiitu  Alalia;  (ill  Imlian.s  in  lUi'.i,  (K)(J  in  \lSii.  Moria  and  Miii- 
colia,  1'.  Mijiiirl  Kada;  (i4(»  lnili;iiis  in  ITIilt,  ;{•_'.")  in  17S(i.  I'.atoiiililla.M,  Ifcir- 
liai'oco  or  Ualioroc,  und  .licunioiaclii  or  Xicaniorau,  1*.  .Tiian  J<anii/a,  ^>'M 
Indians  in  ITO.'l,  700  in  17M(i.  Santii  Ana  and  liOi'eto,  witii  J{cal  (!(!  S.  Agun- 
tin,  r.  Matio  Amador;  87!)  IndiaiiH  in  IUVA,  8l!jin  I7.S(;,  IM'.I  (?)  in  I7!t:i. 

In  tli(!  ulcaldia,  of  l>uto|iila8:  (Jliiniiias  anil  <  Juadahi|)i.',  with  rcalcH  Topaf^o 
nnd  Sta  (icrtniilin,  1'.  Antonio  Soiorzano;  .'tJH  Indians  in  I7<i;{,  l'2.")  in  1780. 
( inazapaicH,  'J'oinoris,  and  'J'cpocido,  1'.  .loa(|uiu  (laliardo;  080  Jmlians  in 
]70.'{,  .'{().")  in  178(i,  70.')  in  17!J.'{.  Sorocalini,  or  Scrrocoaclii,  with  Ciiiti^co,  or 
<;uiti'X,  and  Cliiiro,  or  (Jliuriic,  or  Jlcciiurro,  1'.  Antonio  L'rhina;  781  Indians 
in  I70;i,  4.">;{  in  17^0,  (i.'i.'f  (?)  in  ll'Xi.  Huegiiaclii,  orCiiicj^'iiacliic,  witli  Sanii;- 
cld,  raniacld,  and  <  Jna;,'UHivo,  or  (jliiagueij,'o,  or(  ^uajuilw,  I',  i'afacl  .linK^ncz; 
1,.')I8  Indians  in  I70;(,  1,115  in  1780.  Tnharcs  ((Joncopcion),  witli  S.  I;,'nafio, 
r.  JoS(3  Aniillano;  4.'{7  Inilians  in  170.'{,  18!)  in  1780.  'i'uliarcs  (S.  Alignil), 
with  Sta  Ana  anil  S.  Anih'is,  1'.  .lost-  Francisco  Monino;  4.')1  liidi:i  •  mi  170;!, 
;{.")!  in  1780,  .'{(J-l  in  170.'!.  ISuhorii^'anie,  (Jin<o  Llag.'iH,  liasanopa,  '  !'  ruiapa, 
'i'oahahayana,  or  Tol)ollana,  Tcnorilui,  Sta  liosa,  or  Sta  Ana,  ;iii.;  .^uuoriha, 
Siu'ratin,  or  llucauhi,  (iucraclii,  I'.  .Juan  B.  Larrondo;  1,11(1  Indians  in  170.'1, 
],'J4.'lin  178(i,  1, ;{!).')  in  170.'J.  Nabogainu,  with  Dolorca  and  Cliinatu,  1'.  Luis 
Aldrotu;  7'J3  Indiana  in  I70:i,  »•_'.">  in  1780,  2:27  in  17!>:t. 

In  tlio  alcaldia  of  Ci('iio;,'a  do  loa  Olivos:  Noro^^achic,  with  Papuichic,  or 
rapaguiclii,  and  Tutagiiichic,  1'.  Juan  do  Dioa  Larnmilo;  li,8(U  Indiana  iu 
170!1,  '2171  in  1780.  Tonauliic,  with  Ohoriachi,  Sta  Ana,  (Juacoi'hi  ami  'I'fica- 
liorachi,  1'.  Francisco  Kousot;  (J78  Indiana  in  17(j;{,  1,11!)  in  1780,  1,200  in 
179.'1.  ISafpiiacliii',  with  I'ahuiuhic,  or  I'anchi,  Navaracliic,  ;ind  'I'cguurichic, 
1'.  .]os(5  .lusto  (iomcz;  apparently  tiic  new  ini.ssion  founded  in  1708;  744  Ind- 
ians in  1780,  014  in  17'J.'1.  Guaicabo,  with  (iuizarari;  founded  iti  1701;  pop- 
ulation included  in  tiie  014  of  the  preceding.  (Jliinarraa,  a  .lesuit  niissiou  in 
1703,  is  not  mentioned.     It  was  probably  merged  in  Sail  Gerouimo. 


6^0 


NUKVA  VIZCAYA. 


little  i^atdu's  of  maize  and  bi^ana,  to  attend  reiii^nous? 
exercises  on  many  feast  days,  and  to  receive  the  sacra- 
ment annnally.  This  was  the  sum  and  sul)stanc('  <»f 
their  cliristianity  and  civih/ation.  At  each  cslaMisli- 
ment  a  few  had  a  smattering  of  S])anisli;  hut  most 
s[)oke  thi'ir  native  dialects,  or  a  prevalent  j-irgon 
called  (luaiigi'a.  The  padres  ])reached  in  the  veina<'U- 
lar  and  used  it  for  the  sacraments.  (Jhil(h'(!n,  cxeiy 
day  at  tJie  caheceras  and  often  at  tiie  visitas,  attended 
the  doctrina;  and  an  effort  was  made  in  coin)ihanc(i 
with  government  orders,  to  teach  them  Spanish;  hut 
on  growing  up  they  adopted  the  hahits  of  their  par<M»ts 
and  forgot  for  tlie  most  [>art  what  they  had  learned. 
Yet  thi!  Franciscans  flattered  themselves  they  could 
see  a  slight  improvement  in  all  res}»ects  uinler  their 
management.  In  their  con)parisons,  however,  thtjy 
were  disposed  to  consider  the  state  of  the  missions 
during  the  confusion  immediately  and  inevitahly  I'e- 
sulting  from  the  loss  of  the  former  missiona'  rather 
than  that  before  the  Jesuits  were  disturhe 

Eleven  of  the  ex-Jesuit  establishments  wan  a  rc^gis- 
tered  po[>ulation  often  or  eleven  thousand  souls  wei-e 
nominally  turned  over  to  the  bishop  in  17G7.  The 
property  taken  away  at  the  expulsion  was  never  re- 
turned, or  at  least  n(;t  until  after  17'J();  ministers 
could  be  found  for  but  few  of  the  connnunities;  and 
their  ])rogress  toward  destruction  was  rapid.  Says 
Viceroy  llevilla  Gigedo  in  1793:  "Pitialjle  is  the 
state  of  those  which  were  put  in  charge  of  secular 
priests,  since  most  of  them  are  without  ministers,  and 
those  serving  arc  doing  so  ad  inteiini  against  their 
will,  repeatedly  offering  their  resignations,  which  are 
not  acce])tcd  because  there  is  nobody  to  take  their 
places.  The  reverend  bishop  of  Durango  intrusted 
these  missions  to  the  curate  of  the  real  de  niinas  of 
Cosiguriachi ;  but  great  as  may  be  his  efforts  they  can- 
not suffice  for  the  accom[)lishment  of  the  connnission, 
because  it  is  prevented  by  distances,  the  roughness 
of  the  roads  in  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  the  condition 


STATISTICS. 


aB7 


(»r  thr  rii(Hjiiis  nliaTuloiu^d  siiici!  tlio  (lc|»;ntiir«i  of  tlic 
t'xtiiiLjiiislicd  n-t^ulars."  v\ii<l  <Iiis  is  <'oiilinii('{l  hy  <lu! 
Itisliop's  own  sliitciiKMjts."^  NiiK!  ('stul>lisInii('Ti(s  still 
rciiiaiiK'd  in  cliuriifc!  ol'tlu;  ]''riincisc;iiis  ol'  tlj((  l*n)\iii- 

(!ia  ol'  ZacattJciiH,  l>y  wlioin    tlioy  liad    I ii   lomidcd. 

Thoy  liad  u  |>oj)uiat,ioii  of  [,h'2h  in  I7S1)  and  of  !.*,():!  1 
in  I7l>;5.  ](cro  tlio  padns  luid  notliini^^  io  do  willi 
tlu!  t»'in|)oi'aIiti('s.  '^riwir  stipends  wci'c  iVoni  $--.")  to 
Jj^.'tOO  each;  hut  \V(!  Iiavo  no  r('C'of<l  ol'tlirir  n.'iincs  nor 
of  <l('tails  rcspcctinLf  the  condition  of  (Ik-  missions. 
])oui)tl('ss  tho  ('lianu'e  was  very  sli^lit  iluriiiL^  this 
pi-riod.""  Of  tho  missions  at  tiio  .lunla  Ac  los  llios 
iiothin<4  is  recorded.  'I'lM-y  had  prol)al»ly  het'ii  ah;in- 
<loned  hy  th(;  friars,  and  the  Jndians  intrusted  to  the 
cai'e  of  tlie  presidio  cli.'iplain.  I'lien;  were,  howevei-, 
iive  missions  in  tht;  j-eu;ion  of  101  l*aso,  hut  within  the 
limits  of  Nu(!va  Vi/e.'iya,  in  eli.ntrc.  of  |''j-jinciscans  of 
the   J'rovincia  del    S;into   Kvanireho    in    Mexico,  iis 


^vere  tlu!  missions  of  New  ^Mexico 


40 


Tl 


lese 


liad  I 


>een 


secidarized  in  IV.If^hut  restored  to  the  friars  in  1771, 
bein^•  unahle  to  su[)port  curates. 

'I'lu^  ])o])ulation  of  tho  intond(!ncia  of  Dunui'ji'o  (hir- 
ing tin;  last  decade  of  tho  century,  ineludinijf  all 
classes  except  ocMitih;  Indians,  was  estiinatcfl  at  ahoiit 
r20,0()().'"  Of  Chihuahua  annals  heyon<l  the  topics 
of  n'overmnent,  Indian  and  military  all'iiirs,  and  mis- 
sions, already  treated,  ther'o  is  nothing  to  he  i-ecorded, 

^•"riu'Ht!  Hccnlarizcd  missions,  witli  tho  i)o]iiil;iti()ii  in  ITInJiiihI  I7!<.'>  -  tlm 
liittcr,  I  siipiiiinc,  liciiif,'  I'niiii  i('i,'isti'iM  iiuiiii  rjiilicr  tli.iii  tln'  il.ilc  nf  tlm 
viti'iov  M  ri'poi't — were  iiH  fiilloWH:  ( '(lyiirliic,  T'^It,  Ki-;  Sim  l'.'iri;i,  I'JSO,  ,St;(); 
TfiiiciVliif,  IHI'J,  ."iSS;  l'ji|iit:ii.liir,  (;4-J,"  ."))i!»;  Xoiicivn,  I,I7<»,  l.(i()l;  rini.iiic, 
1,7(14,  I, :{!•_';  Sti)  Toiiiiis,  1,7711,  Kl."!;  Siso^^'iiiclii.:,  I,0!ll, 'J.sdS;  .\l;it;iil,i,',  :(i;i, 
■l.")S;  'J"(ini)saclii(%  7-1,  "><tlt;  Siit(ivi)  (s(icul;ir'i/iMl  li(;lori^  I7<i7  ■"nnl  mlilril  lo 
curacy  of   liatniiiluN,  Imt  ;i;,'aiii  scparatcil  uinl  j^ivcn  .-i  .sti|>('iiil  I,  ."i4>^,  i,O.V_'. 

'■^^  Miirliin::,  h's/aito.  'i'\w  iiiissiniiH  were:  .Sau  Ciisti.lial  dc  Noinlirc  ilo 
])i<is,  l!tJ  linl.  ill  I7.S!»,  '-'<;•_'  ill  I7!i;{;  San  ( Icroiiiiiio,  ISil;  Natividad  dc  l!a<;lii- 
iiiva,  1(1(1,  "JOll;  San  Amlivs,  IIS,  170;  Stii  Isalifl,  4'S).  (i:>7;  Saiiti;ij,'()  dn 
Jialioiinyalia,  I  I'J,  ID'J;  San  Aii(()ni()  dc  .IiilinicH,  7(1.  II-;  Sta  ( 'iii/ di;  'J'ci.a- 
ciiliiics,  7(1,  IOC;  San  IJiii'iiavciitiiia  di;  Atotonilcip,  •J-_'7,  .'fill. 

'"Tlu'sc;  wi'i'i.'  I'll  I'u.so,  San  liOion/o,  Sciilmu'i,  l.slita.  aii<l  Sikmiito.  Trisltni, 
Jiifiirnic.     Sfc  also  Soc.  Mi'.r.  ilioij.,  Itol.,  "iila  (p.,  i.  .")7-. 

<•  liirilla  (.'i/nh,  Cir/a  ilc  27  JJtr.  17'J.l,  \>.  4:i7;  lliiiiihuhll,  TtiUfis  EslniL, 
MS.,  17,  ■-'.">;  Kmiii/rn),  Xat.  I)iir.,  28;  .SV«.'.  Mt.i-.  (Jcuj.,  JloL,  ix.  'Ml. 
HiBT.  N.  Hex.  Siaies,  Vol.  I.    42 


m  a 


'338 


NUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


oven  in  the  fonn  of  \oca\  items  or  statistics.  It  may 
be  presumed  that,  as  military  protection  was  some- 
what efiectivc  and  the  mines  were  })r<)ductive,  towns 
and  haciendas  were  fairly  pi-osperous;  but  there  is  v.-t 
reason  to  suppose  that  the  Indian  comnumities  under 
curates  from  the  beu^inninix  of  the  period  were  more 

o  o  1 

fortunate  than  those  that  have  been  mentioned  as  ex- 
missions." 

Durango  annals  outside  of  the  general  topics  al- 
luded to — ecclesiastical  affairs  being  subsllti'ted  for 
that  of  n.issions — are  as  meagre  as  in  the  north.  The 
capital  city  of  Durango  had  about  1780  a  population 
of  about  (),000,  or  13,000  includiiig  the  pueblos  and 
ranches  of  its  jurisdiction,  numbers  which  were  doubt- 
less increased  slowly  during  the  following  twenty 
years."  Conmiercially  the  town  is  described  by 
!i\[orfi  as  stagnant  and  without  enterprise.  The  lands, 
though  fertile,  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  a  lew 
owners  too  poor  to  cultivate  them  properly.  There 
were  man}'  churches  and  convents,  and  ecclesiastical 
revenues  wei-e  in  a  flourishing  condition,  producing 
870,000  in  1774. 


^-In  1784-."!  a  torrihlc  epidemic  is  noted  as  hiivinjx  rajjcd  in  Cliiliuahua, 
000  persons  dyini;  in  tliree  uniiithn  in  the  eity  alone,  iHid  1,"J()0  in  the  lU  I'aso 
ioL.'ion.  Itexiended  to  animals  and  hirds  us  well  as  men.  ]n  17^7  there  was 
a  serious  drouLrht.  Tlie  meiiiliers  of  the  eity  aymitaniiento  tor  several  years 
are  niuned.  d'aatu  ilc  Mcx.,  \.  'l',V.\,  ■_'7ti,  'ISA;  ii.  •J'J.VIi,  4:{7  S;  iii.  (;,">-(i;  vii. 
■SO.  Aeeo'.ding  to  ('(Hide  in  .S\)''.  Mi.r.  HiO'/.,  Ilol.,  v.  '2S'2,  tlie  assays  at  Chi 
hiialma  •.)"'.  !'ar;;;!  !V;;r.i  i777  ti/  17!)."'  show  a  silver  pi.'diietion  of  S^-.0(M>  ji.r 
year,  or  a  total  of  SI,4()0,(K)().  A  tloiument  (iiioteil  i,,  ,S''i  Eiiliili'iMims, 
'S/,ilciii<iif,  it.  rejiresents  the  yield  in  17;!S-!>(»  as  .<l."),'_'l!t,.S'_'l ;  and  the  tnt:d 
yield  17o:{-!IOas  .s|()(»,0(M».(l(l(»'.  Aceordin.L;  to  I'iiyno  in  Sn-.  .]/,•.,-.  '.'(<);/.,  Jin/.. 
'Jda  ep.  i.  41.")-iS,  the  exeise  revenue  of  ( 'hihualuia.was  .S.'f-,'^^^  in  17i)l,  ami 
Sf'JS.OOO  in  17!)-.  Jn  I7!H  the  veeinos  and  woikmen  of  the  town  eoniriliulid 
^!).(IS1  for  the  war  a;.'ai';sl  IVaiiee.  C^ima  ili-  Jii.\,  vi.  'j;!S-40.  Musrarii 
(M(uttui),  J)ifirio  (III  Iiiiji'Ii'ki"^  ihnile  la  vH/n  ilf  <  'hilntnlnui  al  piichlo  ifi' 
Ariz/If  III  (it  l''iiiii-i(i  A/Id,  177l>,  MS.,  is  sulli 'iently  described  by  the  title. 
It  eoutiiins  some  sli;::ht  loeal  deserii)tions. 

*'(>,.")!)()  and  1l'.774  are  the  liirures  jriven  in  Morji,  DInrio,  Mi-'t],  f(,r 
1/77;  while  an  undat"d  talile  (i)roliably  of  17!H))in  Ifhi-iiiKio,  Dor.  ///-/.,, MS., 
'J.")4;  Ihi.-itriii-iDii  Mi\i\,  i.  ;iS-!t,  makes  the  numbers  ."i,!(.')-2  and  l.'?,l(!!l  lespee- 
tively.  Of  the  total  ])ii]iuli.tion  4, .Ml  were  ^^dMlen  ,ind  .'!,!II7  men,  the  latter 
divided  as  follow.s.  Treasury  employes  4'_»,  judieiaiy  id.  IS,  '  miuisterios  de 
pluma'  l.'t,  connnerce  !S0,  owners  of  miu'. s  'J,  mining;  IS,  haeendados  and 
administrators  'M,  farmers  "2,011,  liberal  arts  74,  meclianies  8.")!),  .'iei'vants 
.'{08,  no  occupation  4.V>.  In  Vimjiro  Cuircrydl,  xxvii.  l'Ji>,  the  ^wpulatiou 
is  given  as  0,000  funiilics  i;'  1700,  probably  an  exaggeration. 


ANNALS  OF  DURANGO. 


660 


In  1784  tlioro  was  adrontjlit  followoil  in  1785-0  by 
0  tcrriMc  opidemic  wliifh  killeil  two  thirds  of  the  live- 
stock, l)y  cxcossivcly  lii^di  ]>iices,  and  by  a  i'aminc 
aniono"  the  poor,  aflbrdiiig  to  tho  ricli  and  to  tho 
churches  a  Hue  field  for  charit\',  piavers,  religious 
ceremonials,  and  resort  to  sacred  relics."  In  1785-7 
a  war  was  waged  on  the  scor[)i()ns  which  infested  tho 
town.  A  bounty  of  half  a  ival  for  eiiiht  aJavmiK'.^ 
was  paid  by  the  goveriunent  or  by  a  tax  on  the  ])eo- 
])le,  and  the  bovseugaged  with  nuieli  zoal  in  the  good 
•work,  killing  50,044  of  tho  venoujous  iusects."  In 
1798  there  was  a  pestilence  of  small-pox,  as  we  learn 
from  a  sermon  preached  on  the  subject.*"^ 

Of  other  Durango  districts  with  few  and  slight  ex- 
ceptions nothing  is  known;  but  there  is  no  reason  to 
suDitose  that  there  was  any  imi)ort;int  chan-je  in  the 
ditferent  settlements  from  the  condition  in  I70o-G  as 
recorded  in  a  preceding  chapter.'*^ 

**Diirai)rio,  Do.-,  ///..y.,  MS.,  107;  f!i(r>/a  tie  Mvx.,  i.  314,  X^(^.  In  J7S4 
tlio  project  of  Ji  viMilK'ii  fiu'tory  \v;is  iitritatiMl,  a  citizen  ^'i\  iiiLj  S''il.<100  for  tlio 
jMirpcisc,  and  a  ooin]);iny  li'-iiiL;  rirj-'iini/cd.  /</.,  i.  14(1.  <  liand  I'l'lilir.itioji  1  .vc. 
'J'.t,  IT'S!',  t>f  acL'i'.ssiion  (if  Cailos  IV.  /(/.,  iv.  41-.'?.  Similar  ceriniunius  on  huo- 
cess  of  Sp.'inisli  nrniH  Auir.  iM,  IT!'.'.   /(/..  v.  .")"J.") -(>. 

*-'.l/;"^',  GncUf,  iii.'  I47-.")7;  Uwin  <!,■  M,:,:,  i.  '2S'2;  ii.  44.">. 

*'^ h'sijiiin I,  Si'ni((ii>  Kiiriin.-</i''ii.  Of  47Sc;',.ie.s  of  iwilnial  sniall-)i(ix  (I.T  died; 
of  ;l,S'J4  iiioonlateil  c.im  h  .'i!)  died.  ])oii  l>iij;ii  lioriea.  j;overnoi'of  ( 'alifni  iii.i, 
■\\:is  l)\iried  vitli  niiliiai  y  honors  in  ISUO.  (tdirf'i  ilc  M<:r.,  x.  177.  ]{irtii>i 
17!)()-1S00,  2201;  dtaths.'l'JM;  marriages,  4411.  /-/.,  viii.  2."i4;  ix.  17,  2Ul;  x. 

"In  Dice.  Unit'.,  viii.  7l'>7,  i.''  a  list  of  euracie°  of  wliich  tlier>'  wore  10  or 
20  in  l)urani,'0,  and  4(i  in  tlie  wliolo  inteiiiUiieia.  In  Jiiiriunjn,  l>(ir.  Hist,, 
M.S.,  1().")-13  is  a  deseri])tioii  of  ]'apas(|iii:u(>  liy  AntoTiio  do  AiitiHieli.  It  was 
lH;ide  a  villa  in  17i*-<7,  Imt  .'iuU'ered  from  «a\a.t;e  raid.s  as  late  as  17l'l.  Al">ut 
2,3(K)  I'anegas  of  m.iizi'  were  h.irvested  eaeli  year;  2,7'-'.")  iiark  animals  were 
emiiloved,  eiaiiinj,'  SK),.S7,").  At  the  mines  of  J'll  Oro  a  severe  eartii(|U.ik(^  was 
felt  Aiareh  2(i,  17S7.  Llnotd  d.'  J/r,.;.,  ii.  ;U!».  Morli,  itlarlo,  :i.'>~-><,  ;(t;.Vi), 
871-0,  400-10,  frives  a  brief  notice  of  Ma])iiiji  iind  Avinito  mining  towns,  ami 
also  of  the  ex -presidio)  of  (i.dlo  with  bOO  inhabitants,  and  the  villa  and  This- 
caltec  town  of  Saltilb  in  1777. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


SONORA    AND    SINALOA. 

17G8-1S0O. 

Elizondo's  Militauy  ExrEDiTioN— Xceva  ANPALrciA— Xoticia  Brk^tc— 
Ohhjinal  CouuEsi'd.NiiEsrE — UNsrccEs^sFL-L  Movements  on  the  CEuno 
Pkieto — Depredations  of  the  Savages— Ahiuval  of  Galvez— Par- 
don Offeueii — Revolt  on  the  Kid  Fuerte— New  Advance  on  the 
liEiiEL  Seui.s— Chance  of  Policy — Final  .Siciess  of  Negotiations— 
The  CorNTRY  AT  Peace — Discovery  of  Gold  Mines— New  Presidio 
EEtiFLATioNs  — Mission    Annals  — Secularization  —  Franciscans   of 

QlERETAKO  AND  JaLISCO — FaTE  OF  THE  ESTABLISHMENTS — GaRCES  ON 
THE  Gn.A — Ml'lUiER  OF  PRESIDENT  GlL— KeYES'  KeI'ORT  OF  177-— LlST 
OF  CioVERNoRS — PROVINCIAS  InTERNAS — AuiZPE  THE  CaIV'TAL — BISHOP- 
RIC— List  of  Bisiiors  — Ai'aciie  Warfare — Peace  at  Last — More 
Kevoi.t— DiisTiircTioN  of  Macdalkna — Anza's  Expeditions  to  Cali- 
fornia—Tue  Colorado  Kiver  Missions— Transfer  of  Sonora  Mis- 
sions— CusTODiA  de  San  Carlos — Arricivita's  Chronicle — Local 
Items,  List  of  Padres,  and  Statistics. 

We  left  the  Sonora  provinces  at  the  end  of  1767  in 
a  state  of  suspense,  all  classes  anxiously  awaiting*  the 
coming  of  the  gnind  military  expedition  that  was  to 
save  them  iVom  destruction  at  the  hands  of  savages, 
the  chief  I'ear  being  of  the  coi'st  tribes  known  as 
Seris,  J'iatns,  and  Sibubapas,  whose  strongliolds  were 
in  the  Cern»  Prieto,  north  of  Guaymas.  In  17(U  the 
king  had  ordered  relief  to  be  sent  to  the  aiflicted 
northern  provinces,  but  tor  several  years,  complaints 
nudtii)lying  in  tiie  mean  time,  lack  of  funds  in  the 
treasury  previMited  execution  of  the  royal  orders. 
Finally  in  17G7,  the  visitadt)r  general  Jo,>c  de  Galvez 
introducing  new  zeal  into  the  administration  of  affairs, 
a  company  of  one  lumdred  Catalan  volunteers  being 
sent  from  Spain,  and  contributions  of  about  .S'200,000 

(OiiUJ 


ELIZOXDO'S  EXPEDITION. 


CCl 


being  obtained  from  tlic  Spanisli  nierclinnts  at  the 
Jalapa  fair  and  from  the  Keal  Consulado  of  Mexico, 
ail  cxjiedition  was  fitted  out,  consistini,'' of  about  three 
liundred  men.  Colonel  ]3omingo  Elizondo  was  j)ut 
in  command,  and  the  enterprise  was  luuler  the  s^eneral 
supervision  of  Galvez  himself  The  latter  crossed 
over  to  California  to  carry  out  measures  fully  recorded 
in  other  chaptei's  of  this  volume;  while  Elizondo  and 
his  troops  procc^eded  to  Sonora  at  the  bi^^iiming  of 
1708.  The  campaign  lasted  until  1771,  when  the 
army  returned  to  ^lexico,  and  the  government  pub- 
lished a  brief  and  sununary  account  of  the  expedition, 
which  was  re])rcsented  as  having  been  entirely  suc- 
cessful not  onlv  in  reduciiiLj  the  savaufosto  submission, 
but  in  discovering  rich  gold  mines,  and  iiuttinn'  the 
country  generally  on  the  road  to  great  prosperity. 
The  province  was  called  Nueva  Andaluci'a  in  this 
document.^'  No  details  of  military  operations  are 
given;  and  the  same  may  bo  said  of  Galve/.'s  report 
of  1771,  and  of  other  printed  works  treating  of  the 
sul)iect.  Bv  the  latter  a  six  years'  war  is  recorded, 
ending  in  1771,  and  resulting  in  victory  over  the 
savage  foe."  Fortunately,  howevif,  there  is  enough 
of  the  original  correspondence  in  these  years  extant  to 
furnish  a  ijenerallv  satisfactorv  record.  Captain  Can- 
cio  continued  his  letters  so  often  cited  in  an  earlier 
chapter;  and  we  have  important  official  reports  to 
Governor  Pineda  from  Colonel  Elizondo  and  the  pre- 
sidial  ca})tains. 

Eii/.«jiido  with  one  hundred  and  ei'jfhtvinon  reachetl 
kSinaloa  in  February  17G8,  and  inarched  to  Alamos 
and  Guayinas,  being  attacked  somewhere  on  the  way 

'  Noticia  Brew  tJc  hi  Exprilirion  MUifar  de  Sonora  y  f'nialoa,  mi  fxifo/elh, 
y  rrntnjono  cxtudo  fii  que  ]ior  roii<criirni'in  de  flla  nc  hati  pxrsto  nmha-^  Prorlnclitx. 
Mexico,  17  tie  Jiiiiii)  (li>  1771,  folio,  I'J  p.  It  is  amiouiioed  that  full  ii-ports 
will  be  jiriiitcd  later.  Imt  1  liavi'  fonml  no  siuli  reports. 

-Gnlri':,  Ih/ornf  (/<  //  ;•"/  dtl  Marqin.-i  (/»>  Soiioru,  ,'51  T)ic.  1771,  p.  1.1S-.VJ; 
Ahrdo,  Dire,  iv.  r>7:  JCsrudi  ro,  Sot.  Son.,  ;">'.);  /If  rnniuliz,  dcnii.  Sou.,  'J'J-It; 
J/m.sto  J/('j\,  iii.  '2S-.'U  ;  I'l  lasro,  Sonora, '2'}'2.  h\  Sonora  /i'c'<iiinfn  dc  Xnl.. 
'J-3-4,  it  is  said  that  Klizondo  after  a  vigorous  warfaiv  failed  to  rediiec  the  .siiv- 
iiues;  Imt  finally  a  poliey  of  uegotiutiun  and  fiifts  wa.s  more  successful,  uud 
tiiu  Seris  lived  for  many  years  at  exiK-use  of  tlw  treasury. 


CC2 


SOXORA  AND  STNALOA. 


l>y  tlic  Seris,  who  captured  thirty  of  liis  horses  cm 
the  1st  of  May.  Before  the  middle  of  May  tliree 
vessels  arrived  with  the  reinainini^  foi'ces,  and  a  })laii 
of  action  had  heen  asrreed  uyxm  h}*  tlie  governor  and 
colonel,  Elizondo,  thoui^h  willin}^  to  take  advice 
from  tlio  captains  experienced  in  Indian  wari'ai'c,  was 
impatient  to  heij^in  operations;  the  more  so  as  Ruhi 
in  Mexico  had  tleclared  the  scheme  to  be  impracti- 
cahle.  In  the  last  days  of  ]\[av,  when  all  was  reailv, 
th(!  army  marched  toward  the  Cerro  Prieto  in  three 
divisions,  under  Elizondo,  Captain  Bernardo  Urrea, 
and  Captain  Cancio,  from  Guaymas,  Pitic,  and  I^uena- 
vista,  respectively.  By  this  movement  the  Indians 
■were  to  have  been  forced  to  concentrate  at  one  point 
for  subsequent  annihilation;  but  each  division  simply 
marched  out  into  the  desert  until  the  horses  were  worn 
out  and  then  returned;  and  on  June  Gth  the  com- 
mander frankly  admitted  that  the  reconnoissance  had 
been  a  com})lete  failure,  and  tluit  largely  through  his 
own  ignorance,  though  he  hoped  he  had  gained  expe- 
rience that  world  be  uselul  in  the  future.  After  con- 
sultation further  o]ierations  were  jiostjioned  until 
autumn.''  In  Novend)er  after  preparations  that  were 
(leemed  suflicient  Elizondo  resumed  hostilities.  At 
iirst  he  nu't  with  some  slight  success;  but  in  the 
i>rand  attack  on  the  Canon  de  la  Balma  on  the  2r)th 
a  party  of  soldiers  lu'cd  by  mistake  on  their  coiu- 
])anions,  a  hail-stoi'm  came  most  inopportunely  upon 
tlicm,  and  a  new  failure  had  to  be  reported.'* 

»  Elizondo's  l.-tto-.s  of  Fcl..  2,  Miiy  11,  .Time  «,  17(i8,  in  Doe.  ll'i^t.  Mux., 
4th  ser.  it.  14li-!(.  'Ho  lii'flio  lo  do  Ciuicii,'  lio  v  rites,  'iii/.o  lo  que  juido  y  no 
lii/.o  nuda.'  Ciimid's  letters  .M:iy  "JO,  .lime  II,  .Inly  (!,  IS,  in  ('(iiirii),  i'aiiif^, 
'J.")."')-7S,  inclndinu'  n  lull  iieeonnt  of  tli>'  author's  part  in  th<'  eanijiaiLrn.  He 
thought  one  Indian  was  killed,  hut  the  hoises  wvw  too  tired  to  yo  after  tlu^ 
liody.  Two  nativi^  women  from  tliet'ei-ro  I'lieto  testilied  at  I>eien  that  tlw 
foe,  about  400  stroiiL;,  wire  in  four intereoinnumii'atin;.^eajonesaeeessil>le  only 
by  ladders;  and  that  they  were  wt'll  armed  and  .supiilied,  knowing  that 
troops  had  arrived  from  abroad. 

■•Viceroy  Croix's  Ii'tter.4  of  Tan.  Feb.  17<!!),  J"  '.vply  to  reports  fidia 
I'^li/.ondo  and  Pineda.  Doc  //ist.  Mcx.,  Uli  sei-,  ii.  S~\;\.  Croix  aeipiits  Mli- 
zondo  of  nil  blaiiio,  and  tldnks  it  must  h.ive  been  (!od's  will  that  the 
Indians  should  not  be  exterminated  at  that  time.  Pineda  hail  reported  a  I'aid 
of  the  Sibubapus  in  Ostinmri  resulting  in  the  death  of  -Spaniards  and  7  Ind- 


ri:bel8  of  cerro  prieto. 


663 


Corrcspondenco  of  the  tiino  is  naturally  filled  with 
routine  details  of  no  s})ec'ial  iniportanee  or  interest; 
but  it  also  contains  proof  that  in  17()8 -!),  notwith- 
standing the  presence  of  the  army  and  the  ellbrts 
made  to  strike  a  crushimjc  hlow,  the  province  was  still 
a  jirey  to  the  marauders,  who  attackc'd  expos(>d  jioints 
with  alarmiiiijf  frecpieney  and  deadly  results."  The 
military  could  do  nothiiiij^  to  resist  these  raids  hy  de- 
tached parties,  hut  the  preparations  of  l^lizondo  were 
much  hindered  hy  them.  There  were  also  some  tri- 
ilinuf  misunderstandings  hetween  the  different  oiHcei-s, 
re(piiriiit;"  fre(|uent  explanations  and  apologies.  J)uriiiL? 
the  sprinjj^  ol'  17()1^  there  wei'e  several  minor  ex[)edi- 
tions  hy  ditferent  otKcers,  made  with  a  view  to  c-on- 
centrate  the  enemy,  and  to  reconnoitre  his  jtosition; 
and  ai)parently  one  or  two  movements  in  force  were 

iiiiisi,  witli  l.">  womuloil  and  '2  ciiptives.     Tho  alfiM'cz  of  Tiibac  lia«l  also  bwii 
iTpiilsi'il  l>.v  tlio  Apaulii's. 

■'l'"ili.  IS,  I'.iiS,  (apt.  Antonio  F..  Esparza  from  Trinidad  roportsan  attack 
l)y  'M  rrlxl  I'iii'.as  cuuniiandi'il  liy  a  Spaniard  with  a  'i'ar.dunnara  jniidc,  who 


jio 


ni'tiatud  to  Vc 


killin.'  l.V'JO 


jit  TsiMis  at  dili'crcnt 


;iccs,  iiiiil  ri 


iia> 


>1.      lirt'at  I'llort.s  niadi^  l>y  ('apt.   E.,  wiio  could  catch  none  of  the  fi 


Anotlicr  liostilo  jiarty  of  Ki  rcpmtcd.  Jhu-.  Hi>l.  Mt.r..  Itli  .sci-.  ii.  I'JS  ;i4. 
March  Sth,  complaints  of  dissatisfaction  on  the  Ilio  Mayo.  /</.,  ii.  'J.'il  It. 
June  'J.'id,  ("apt.  Espar/a  fri)ni  Arivcchi,  allmlcs  \;miiclvto  A 


pachir  hcistililH's 
of  the  month'.  A/.,  ii.  l.SO-ll.  Sept.  •JUtii,  1'.  l!c>  "s  apprdicnds  troiiMc  ,it 
(.'ucuipe.  /'/.,  ii.  ;<r)7-S.  Oct.  'Jdlh.  1'.  l{cyes  at  Tuapc  writes  of  7  lives  lost 
since  ho  came.  IiL,  ii.  ;{."i!(-(iO.  Nov.  I'.Hh,  Ai>aihcs  attacked  Siianica,  l)urn- 
ing  the  houses.  Padre  and  families  went  to  Cocospera.  l'"ive  men  wiie 
wounded.  A/.,  ii.  1()- II,  ;«i:i  S.  Dee.  1st,  cattle  of  Cucurpe  carried  .>11'.  /<!., 
ii.  ."(il-'J.  (_'apt.  Oalloto  patrol  Ostiinuri;  needs  moi'e  nicii.  A/.,  ii.  "JSiS-DO, 
llostilitii's   leported  jpy  (!ov.    Pineda,  as    per  acknnw  ledu'nient.s   of  viceroy. 


J)ec.    ITtlS,  -Ja   Imli 
Apacl 


attaiked   Xuri.   ">  or  (I  killed    on    Imtli   sides.     ,l;i 


leson  Sonora 


Pivcr  Killed  10.      Attn 


umac.acoii  at  nuclila\'. 


Pch 


Indians  of  (.'liai'av  revolted  and  hurned  the  stocks.     Mai 


urate  of   1! 


■a  killed.     .\]>ril,  ISac  attackc<l  and  cattle  driven  oil';  Suamca  burned   las 


aliove).     Indian  uovcruor 


>f  S. 


ste.l 


]laiieiula,   of  Toliaca  sacked,    ;{    killed;  als 


iurest  of  ;{  rchels  liv  Alt'.   Padilla. 


attac 


Mod, 


('iirlii'<.    \-'2~.     'I'wcnty-eiirht    iicrsous    killtil    from  Oct.   "Jlst  to.li 


Jh,r.  /n<f.  M< 


•nil 


•-".Ks  ;;(i|.     Ti 


It  P. 


ri. 


II.  .>,(i 


liOlli. 

SilUM' 


details    of   murder  of   curate   of   liavorcca.    Id.,    ii.    .'iOI    I,   ;!ll7  !•.      J.ist   nf 


W   killed   from    Oct.    I'.ltii    t«    March 


Id.   /./. 


:{i(; 


M; 


)th 


a  lonu'  account  of  a  raid  liy  hostiii'   I'imas  in  the  .^lauicjs  district,  )ind  of  tlic 


stA'ps  taken  to  )uiiiisli  tluin,  re]iorted  liy  jlcli 


Notl 


Iiil;  was  ell'ccteii;   hut 


every  ] 


•ttv 


•tail 


s  ilcscrioeil 


/./.,  ii.  !l(i   l(«.     Aiail  4tli, 


at  L'reat  length  as  if  a  urcat 


victnrv  h.ii 


icrll 


stilities  ill  1 


details  of  protective  i 


ii/cii  plac(  s  in  Osliiiiuri  w  iih 


res.    /(/.,  ii.  :{(l!)  i;!.      Aiail  '.Itli.  part 


iculais  lit  the 
troulile  at  Soliia.  I.y  lielcfia.  />/.,  ii.  Itri-S.  May  .'.,  I7(i'.>'.  (apt.  \ild(.s..|;i 
learns  from  n  captive  that  the  .\paclics  are  preparing  for  ii  great  raid  on  the 
northern  presidio  horses,   hi,,  ii.  ;i;W-40. 


m 


!> 


664 


SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


luado  l)y  Pineda  and  Elizondo  on  the  Cerro  Prieto 
strongholds;  but  the  records  are  very  vague,  and  only 
show  that  the  main  force  of  the  Indians  could  not  l)e 
reached,  much  less  defeated."  Yet  there  were  indi- 
cations that  some  portions  of  the  hostile  Indians  were 
becoming  alarmed  at  the  preparations  being  made, 
and  were  disposed  to  parley.  So  little  had  been  ac- 
conn)lishcd  by  force  of  arms  that  the  Spaniards  also 
began  to  think  favorably  of  negotiations.  There f(jre, 
when  Galvez  ai'rived  in  person  from  California  in  May 
ho  at  once  forwarded  a  bando  to  be  published  at 
Guaymas,  and  ordered  all  hostilities  to  bo  suspended 
until  the  result  could  be  known.  The  bando  contained 
an  offer  of  pardon  for  all  past  oflences,  with  kind 
treatment  and  material  aid  in  the  future,  on  condition 
that  the  Indians  would  come  immediately  with  their 
families  to  the  Spanish  ports  and  surrender;  but  also 
a  threat  of  terrible  venufeance  and  utter  annihilation 
if  the  offered  terms  were  not  accepted.^ 

The  rebels  when  made  acquainted,  with  the  terms 
offered  seem  to  have  shown  a  willingness  to  accept, 
mingled  with  want  of  confidence  in  the  good  faith  of 
the  Spaniards.  No  sooner  were  they  satisfied  on  one 
point  than  some  rumor  caused  new  difficulties  respect- 
ing another.  Each  band  on  the  point  of  surrender 
managed  to  hear  a  rej)ort  that  they  were  not  to  be 
included  in  the  pardon  extended  to  their  brothers, 
but  were  all  to  be  killed  or  enslaved.     It  is  probable 


Tro/.i',  Carfax,  1-27;  Galvcz's  letters,  in  Doc.  II'iM.  Mrx.,  4th  scr.  ii. 
29-Hl.  In  .Tun.  Pineda  reported  that  the  enemy  had  abandoned  Cerro  J'rieto. 
l)ut  that  seems  to  have  heen  an  error.     After  a  truitless  campaign  another  was 

tdanned  for  Feb.  'Jotli;  and  in  May  Anza  made  an  entrat.j,  capturing  a  few 
)oy.s. 

'  'Al  discmbarcarnic  d  principios  dc  Mayo  do  17Ct),  se  hallava  en  todo  su 
oalor  ha  guerr.i  eontra  los  Inclios  revchlea  Seris,  I'imas,  y  Sibubapas.  I'or  las 
insuperablcs  ditlcultade.s  dc  (juo  las  tropas  llegasen  A  nna  aceion  deeisiva,  y 
conio  repetidaa  vezes  habian  dado  esperanzas  dc  rendirse  Inego  que  yo  pasara 
<lo  Californias  y  les  asegurara  el  perdon,  pnl>lif|ue'  un  Edicto  eoncediendolo 
il  l(ps  subleva<lo.s  si  sc  entregavan  en  el  tennino  de  (puirenta  dias,  y  (pic  de  lo 
eontrario  serian  tratados  con  el  ultimo  rigor  dc  lasarmas.'  Oalrrz,  Infoniie 
(icmral,  148.  May  Sth.  (ialvez  to  Pineda  and  Elizondo,  announces  Ids  arii- 
val  at  Sta  Cruz  de  Mayo,  and  incloses  the  bando.  Doc,  Jlist.  Max.,  4th  scr.  ii. 


OALVEZ  IN  SONORA. 


C65 


that  a  few  leading  spirits  were  mainly  responsible  for 
those  obstacles.  The  original  period  of  forty  days 
from  May  8tli  was  extended  at  the  pretended  in- 
tercession of  a  friar,  expiring  June  27th.  Before  this 
date  the  Sibubapas  surrendered,  and  as  they  repre- 
sented the  Seris  and  Pimas  to  be  willing  to  yield  as 
soon  as  they  knew  that  the  others  had  been  well 
treated,  a  new  extension  of  the  truce  for  twenty-five 
days  was  granted.^ 

Another  reason  for  extending  the  tirae  was  that  the 
forces  wore  required  in  another  direction  to  quell  a 
revolt  of  the  towns  on  the  Kio  Fuerte.  This  trouble 
began  among  tlio  Charayes,  and  soon  spread  to  many 
other  pueblos,  being  aggravated  by  l^eleua's  policy  in 
certain  matters  not  specified.  The  rebels  pretended 
to  have  acted  under  promise  of  support  from  the  Ya- 
(juis  and  Mayos,  though  this  claim  proved  to  be 
unfounded;  and  they  repulsed  the  first  forces  sent 
against  them.  By  the  middle  of  July,  however,  this 
revolt  was  quelled,  largely  through  the  efforts  of  Gov- 
ernor Armona  from  California.  Now  the  visitador 
fell  ill  at  Alamos  from  overwork  and  a  severe  cold ; 
and  meanwhile  the  term  of  the  truce  with  the  gulf 
coast  foes  expired  on  the  22d  of  July.  Xot  only  had 
the  Seris  and  Pimas  failed  to  surrender,  but  the  Sibu- 
bapas had  changed  their  minds  and  again  joined  the 
enemy.  Orders  were  given  to  resume  the  war,  and 
several  minor  raids  were  made  by  Captain  Anza  and 
others.  Early  in  September  Galvez  was  able  to  visit 
Pitic  and  superintend  the  planning  of  a  gc^neral  attack, 
in  whicli  a  larcje  force  of  militia  was  to  aid  the  reixular 
troops;  but  he  was  soon  obligetl  to  retire  to  Ures, 
where  ho  was  confined  with  fever  for  several  months. 
In  the  last  half  of  October  the  general  campaign  was 
undertaken,  the  advance  on  the  Cerro  Prieto  being 
in  three  divisions  under  Elizondo,  Cancio,  and  Anza. 
As  before  nothing  important  was  accomplished,  though 

'Galvcz,  CartaaOrdencs,  1709,  30-49;  Cancio,  Cartas,  317-20. 


li    r!  ''■ 
'  HI 


'\:\\ 


666 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


Anza  captured  a  band  of  horses,  and  Elizondo  killed 
a  few  Indians.  The  mountain  strongholds  could  not 
be  reached;  yet  there  were  reports  that  the  rebels 
were  again  repentant,  believing  the  Spaniards  to  bo 
muif  enojados.  At  a  junta  of  November  9th  Captain 
Vildosola  declared  it  useless  to  attack  the  Cerro 
T*rioto,  favoring  a  policy  of  guarding  the  frontiers  and 
conihiing  the  foe  within  their  sterile  defences,  where 
they  could  not  long  hold  out  against  hunger.  Xcithcr 
the  views  of  the  other  officers  nor  the  decision  are  re- 
corded; but  it  would  appear  that  there  were  no  more 
general  attacks.  In  May  1770  negotiations  similar  to 
those  of  tlic  preceding  year  were  in  progress  Mith 
l^rospects  of  success." 

The  record  furnished  by  the  documents  cited  iu  the 
preceding  pages  ends  in  May  1770,  about  which  time 
Galvez  recovered  his  health  sufficiently  to  depart  for 
Nueva  Viscaya.  Arricivita  tells  us  that  in  May  the 
rebels  of  the  Cerro  Prieto  came  to  Pitic  and  surren- 
dered.*" Yet  Elizondo  and  his  troops  remained  in  the 
country  another  year;  and  it  is  im})lied  in  the  otiicial 
reports,  which  contain  no  particulars,  that  military 
ojierations  were  continued  until  the  last  of  the  rebels 
were  forced  to  submit.^*     It   is  probable  that  these 


®0n  the  revolt  of  the  Fuertciios,  see  Galrez,  Cartas,  49-C2;  Id.,  Informe 
Ctfucrdl,  l.")0.  On  the  visitador's  illness,  ami  preparations  for  the  canipai^'n, 
/(/.,  Carfn.-',  0.')-!).  Oct.  2!),  1700,  I'^lizondo'-s  report  of  his  expcilitioii  of  (Jet. 
1'2-'2S.  J)oc.  Jli-it.  j)hx.,  4th  ser.  ii.  Lll-S.  Oct.  31st,  Cancio  sends  diary 
of  his  campaign  of  Oct.  2t»-.11.  Cancio,  Carta,i,  320-8.  Nov.  10th,  Anza's 
report  of  his  ))ranch  of  the  campaign.  JJoc.  1114.  Jfcv.,  4th  ser.  ii.  110-17. 
Xov.  OtJi,  .luntant  I'itic  and  Vildosola's  advice.  /</.,  341-3.  Xov.  2,">th,  Ar- 
niona  on  the  health  of  ((alvez,  and  the  intention  to  remove  him  as  .soon  as 
possible.  III.,  l,")4-r).  May  9,  10,  1770,  letters  of  Br.  Francisco  Joaipiin  Val- 
dcs  on  his  eitorts  to  induce  the  rebels  to  go  to  Guaymas  and  give  tliinnselves 
up.  /(/.,  .■!13-8.  Tlie  ofUcers  named  in  coiniection  with  tlie  militaiy  move- 
ments are  Lieut.  Col.  I'adilla;  captains  Cancio,  ViMosola,  P^sjiarza,  Urrea, 
(jallo,  I'eyran,  Bergosa,  and  Armona;  lieutenants  A/.nela  and  Oliva. 

^'^ Arriiiritn,  Cnin.  (SVc//". ,  41.").  The  party  consisted  of  41  men  and  142 
vomen  and  eliihlre!i — all  of  the  surviving  rebel  Seris  except  1 1  under  a  mu- 
latto. 

"  '  Some  of  the  Seris  and  Sibubapas  surrendered,  including  two  chiefs  of 
both  nations,  but  against  the  rest  it  was  necessary  to  pnjseeute  tlicwar,  until, 
convinced  that  neither  the  inaccessible  ruggedness  of  the  Cerro  Prieto  and 
other  sierras,  nor  their  continual  flight  could  protect  them  against  the 
superior  force  and  constancy  of  our  troops,  they  went  oil  submitting  and 


DISCOVERY  OF  GOLD. 


CC7 


operations  wore  chiefly  confined  to  protective  measures, 
and  to  petty  expeditions  in  pursuit  of  detached  parties 
of  the  rebels,  wlio  M'erc  induced  one  by  one,  by  the 
representations  of  tlieir  friends,  to  surrender.  At  any 
rate  all  agree  that  by  May  1771  all  had  submitted  and 
been  settled  in  different  pueblos.  Then  Elizondo's 
force  returned  to  jNEexico  except  the  Catalan  volun- 
teers, part  of  whom  had  gone  to  California  under 
Lieutenant  Fages  in  17G9,  and  the  rest  remained  to 
aid  the  presidial  troops." 

A  detachment  of  Elizondo's  army  in  1771,  Avhile  in 
pursuit  of  a  band  of  Piato  rebels  in  the  region  of  Altar, 
discovered  the  rich  gold  placers  of  Cieneguilla.  Over 
a  large  extent  of  country  gold  was  found  in  nuggets 
and  coarse  grains  near  the  surface.  One  of  the  nug- 
gets weighed  four  pounds  and  a  half.  Within  a  few 
months  over  two  thousand  men  were  at  work  with 
much  success.  More  than  a  thousand  marks  of  gold 
were  obtained  before  May;  and  the  coming  of  the 
rains  was  confidently  expected  to  vastly  increase  tlu; 
golden  harvest.^''  Not  much  is  known  in  detail  of  the 
results;  but  the  Cieneguilla  placers  yielded  richly  for 
eight  or  ten  years;  and  others  in  the  yame  region 
throughout  the  century,  and  later.^* 

giving  tlicmsclvcs  up  successively  in  the  last  niontlia  of  last,  year  (1770)  and 
the  lirst  ut  this  (1771);  .so  tluit  finally  we  succeeded  in  ic'sta'/nsiiing  com- 
pletely the  ti'an(|uillity  of  those  licli  provinces  l>y  the  snhinij.^lon  of  dotne:itic 
foes,  ^vho  kept  thcni  for  many  years  desolated,  and  th'.catenetl  with  total 
extermination.'  0'alrc~,  Jiifo'-tneUcneml,  178. 

'- '  Three  years  the  expedition  has  lasted,  for  the  foe  in  view  of  the  irre- 
sistible force  of  our  arms  ilepended  for  defence  on  lli},dit,  fav(jied  by  the  vast 
extent  and  extraordinary  ruggcdncss  of  the  country  in  which  they  W(?re  pur- 
sued. IJut  as  constancy  and  time  con(pier  the  t;reatcst  diliicultics,  and  nothing 
can  resist  the  valor  of  troops  well  commanded,  they  penetrated  even  to  the 
farthest  strongholds  which  tlie  rebels  had  deemeil  inacccssiblo,  and  tlie  latter 
finally  know  that  their  only  hiipo  was  to  surrender,  taking  advantage  of  tlio 
pardon  oU'ered  in  the  august  name  of  his  Majesty.  .  .Many  of  tlicni  have  givn 
repeated  proofs  of  tluir  good  faith  in  the  Iastcampaign.-<,  going  with  ourdetaL-h- 
inents  to  pursue  their  own  relations,  still  fugitives  and  doubtful;  so  tliat  all 
having  surrendered  who  had  not  perished  in  war,  and  lieing  si'ltled  in  formal 
pueblos,  the  caldtnitics  of  Xueva  Andalucia  ;  ;  fortu  -atcly  at  an  end.'  2\'()ii- 
ciaJirorc,  4-"). 

^'■^ NoUcia  Brcre,  G-9,  on  reports  to  May  1st.  Hohrrt^oii's  Hid.  Ainer.,  ii. 
328-9;   l'(a.y..,v,  Uiiir.,  xxvii.  134-5;  Alccilo,  Dice,  iv.  r)7.'). 

"  Weekly  yield  in  177<J,  (10  to  Go  marks  (.*8,000).  Axr.d,  Dhino,  MS.,  228-!t. 
YieldJau.  1,1773,  toA'ov.  17, 1774, 4,832 marks.  Zaiiiucois,  Hint.  Mij.,  v.  014; 


• 


w 

Ml  III 

'I'm'' 


'008 


SOXORA  AND  SINALOA. 


Tlio  rcvo]tinf]f  tribes  liavininr  boon  roduccHl  to  sub- 
Tiiission  tlio  prosidial  trooj)s  \voi-o  f'rou  to  dofbiul  tho 
frontier  against  tho  never  ending  Apaclio  raids.  In 
tlie  rcglaniento  of  1772  four  [)rosidi(KS,  of  tho  fifteen 
which  were  to  form  a  lino  of  defence  across  tho  conti- 
nent, wore  assigned  to  Sonora;  AUar,  Tiibac,  Terro- 
iiate,  and  Fronteras;  eacli  with  a  force  of  forty-seven 
men,  inchiding  captain,  houtonant,  aHoroz,  chaplain, 
sergeant,  and  two  corporals;  and  in  addition  ton 
Indian  scouts;  all  at  an  annual  cost  to  tlio  treasury 
of  818,1)1)8.75.  Each  of  tho  four  was  to  be  changed 
in  site  so  as  to  leave  as  nearly  as  possible  a  distance 
of  forty  leagues  from  one  to  another,  and  the  better 
to  protect  exposed  points.  There  is  no  record  to  show 
exactly  how  or  when  these  changes  wore  carried  out; 
but  it  would  appear  that  some  of  tho  sites  were 
chancfod  more  than  once  in  the  followin<jf  years.  I^v 
the  same  regulations  military  discipline  and  Indian 
j^olicy  were  established  on  a  more  satisfactory  basis 
than  before;  and  service  against  the  Aj)aches  was 
rendered  much  more  effective.^''  Meanwhile  the  gar- 
risons at  San  Carlos  do  Buonavista  and  San  Miguel 
do  tEorcasitas  appear  to  have  been  kept  uj)  to  preserve 
order  in  the  south  and  prevent  the  outbreak  of  a 
new  rebellion. 

Having  thus  chronicled  the  military  expedition  and 


Mayrr'i*  Mex.  Aztec,  i.  278-9.  Velasco,  So7)orn,  li)4(!tscq.,  puts  the  discovery 
in  ilTO,  ami  says  the  niines  yielded  ricii  results  for  S  years,  to  1787,  tlio 
Yaquis  obtaining  much  gold  down  to  18011.  I'lic  largest  nugget  weigiied  '27 
marks,  and  one  man  got  over  $100,000.  In  1800  only  very  slight  yield,  and 
few  men  employed  at  S.  Teodoro,  8ta  Gertrudis,  Ciiraien,  and  Dolores  in  this 
district.  J'ijinrt,  Doc.  Hist.  Son.,  i.  1(J. 

ij  I'residioK,  Iteiilamento  6  Iiintruccion.  Also  in  Arnlldr/a,  Rerop.,  18,14, 1.10 
et  scq.  Altar  was  to  be  moved  nearer  the  gulf  coast;  but  the  change  seems 
not  to  have  been  made.  Tubac  was  to  be  moved  to  a  convenient  site  in  tlio 
same  region,  but  farther  west  if  possible.  It  was  moved  to  the  vicinity  of 
Tucson.  Terrenate  to  one  of  tho  valleys  of  S.  Pedro,  Nutrias,  (Juachuca, 
Terrenate,  etc.,  and  nearer  to  Fi'onteras.  It  was  first  located  at  Sta  Ciuz, 
40  1.  from  Tucson;  then  at  Nutrias;  and  finally  before  1814  at  the  abandoned 
mission  of  Sta  Maria.  Fronteras  was  transferred,  as  ordered,  to  the  valley 
of  San  Bernardino,  nearer  Janos;  but  was  later  restored  to  tiio  former  site, 
351.  from  Terrenate.  The  changes,  before  1814,  are  from  a  report  by  Elias,  in 
Pinart,  Doc.  Hist.  Chih.,  17-19. 


MAP  OF  SONORA. 


8.  iiii«0'i  \i  i.T 


"f    SU.RiTlruJilA 


f  ^    i''''^.      Biiflmvitt*   ("■    '    ' 


V 

%. 


iruJia 


•v^-. 


,     .  -.   -,    "t.    '' 3-  T»rrii>ii  , 


» 


/i=:?ip  r"-^K  ^  V'.  U 


:"% 


ruri.ima      '  'V  ^  - 

3?  -  i 


SL.  '"r'tV 


1 


K< 


l\.,f.T<.<t 


.•-s.m.-iiri  ■■ 

r.Tfti>t>rit>;i     \       ^ — ^ 

~^'-'(l,,l«.tW.Mll« 


Lu' TV' W . 


SoNORA   IN   TUE   ElLillTEENTU  CeXTCKV. 


C70 


80X0RA  AND  SIXALOA. 


its  results  down  to  the  year  1772,  it  is  necessary  to 
trace  the  mission  annals  of  Sonora  lor  tlie  saiiu; 
period  iVoni  the  expulsion  of  the  Je'suits.  As  in 
Nmjva  Yizcaya  the  mission  property  was  conliscated, 
1>ein<^'  rei^ardi'd  hy  the  government  as  hL'longin;^  to  thi; 
Jesuits  rather  than  to  the  Indians,  lloyal  comisarlns 
were  ])ut  in  char<,'e  of  the  property  at  eacliof  the  iilty 
cstablislnncnts  in  1707  by  Captain  CVuicio,  the  ofhcLT 
ohargt'd  with,  the  expulsion.  Xo  definite  accounts 
have  come  to  light  to  show  exactly  how  the  ('(jnflsa 
rios  fuliille*!  their  trust,  but  "there  is  no  reason  td 
douljt,"  wrote  the  viceroy  in  1793,  "that  they  eit'ur 
wasted  or  embezzled  the  rich  temporalities  of  all  of 
most  of  the  missions,  and  that  these  funds  being  lo.st, 
decadence  or  ruin  could  not  be  prevented.^'' 

Meanwhile  the  plan  was  to  secularize  half  of  the 
missions,  ineluding  all  those  of  Sinaloa  and  Ostimuvi 
up  to  the  Yaqui  Kiver,  and  to  put  those  of  Sonora 
and  I'imeria  farther  north  in  charge  of  Franciscan 
friars.  To  this  end  he  college  of  Santa  C'ru/  tic 
Queretaro  and  the  provincia  of  San  Francisco  lio 
Jalisco  were  called  U|)on  to  furnish  some  twenty-fivt; 
missionaries;  and  Bishop  Tamaron  was  instructed  t 
furnish  secular  curates  to  complete  the  wliole  number 
of  spiritual  guardians  required.  Fragments  of  tlu^ 
bishop's  correspondence  in  17G7-8,  and  of  the  visita- 
dor  general's  in  17G0  throw  some  light  on  the  progress 
of  secularization.  Tamaron  seems  to  have  been  dis- 
appointed at  first  because  ho  was  not  to  have  all  the 
missions,  thougli  it  is  not  very  clear  where  he  could 
have  obtained  a  sufficient  number  of  clero-ymen.  He 
urged  the  governor,  however,  to  give  his  clerigos  the 
best  establishments,  repeating  frequently  his  determi- 
nation to  appoint  no  friars  as  vicars;  and  he  expressed 
great  disgust  and  anxiety  at  the  prospect  tliat  the 
curates  were  not  to  have  charge  of  the  ex-mission 
property,  declaring  his  fears  that  they  would  soon 
invent  excuses  to  leave  so  undesirable  a  field  of  labor. 


() 


"  Hevilla  Gigedo,  Carta,  27  Die.  1703,  v.  435. 


MISSION  ANXALS. 


C7l 


III  tlio  spring  of  170.S  lio  came  in  person  to  Sinaloaon 
a  tour  of  c'onlirniation  ;  and  lioiv,  though  n-jxating  his 
argunKiits  against  tiic  unjust  (hsposition  of  tho  cx- 
Miission  [tropcrty,  lie  devoted  liiniself  willi  much  zi-al 
to  the  work  of  providing  and  (Hstributing  curatis, 
until  his  task  was  ended  by  death  at  IJanioa  on  the 
*JIst  of  December."  Galvez  on  liis  arrival  in  May 
]7(J'.)  also  gave  much  attention  to  tho  work  (;f  stM-ular- 
ization,  but  his  letters  are  devoted  niaiidy  t(»  calls  for 
leports  and  inventories  to  aid  him  in  his  task  of  pro- 
vidiuLT  for  tho  Indians,  and  they  show  nothin«_r  of 
results.*"^  Tho  visitador  also  seems  to  have  t;d\en  the 
grcnid  that  tho  mission  property  had  not  belonged  to 
the  .Jesuits,  and  could  not  bo  legally  confiscatetl;  but 
it  is  not  clear  that  the  curates  or  [)Ueblos  ever  received 
anv  considei'able  amount  besides  tho  church  elfects 
]»ro[)er.  Indeed  it  is  not  likely  that  tho  comisarios 
luul  left  much  for  distribution.  Bishop  Tamaron's 
I'ears  were  fully  realized.  It  was  impossible  to  keep 
tho  parishes  supplied  with  curates;  those  serving  were 
discontented;  the  ex-noophytes  wore  neglected  and 
soon  scattered;  and  in  a  few  years  tho  secularized 
missions  became  more  skeleton  connnunities.  Only 
the  Ya(|ui  ])uoblos  remained  to  some  c;xtent  ])ros- 
perous.^"    Minute  instructions  wore  issued  in  17G'J-71 

"  Tamaron,  Cartas  del  OhUpo  ile  Durango,  17C7-S,  72-80.  The  letters  are 
n(liln'>.<e(l  to  Ciov.  I'iiicdii.  CaiKio,  Carfon,  'Jl\2-.3,  oivUts  cliuicli  iiroiioity  to 
)ic  tuiiiiil  over  to  ctiratcH.  lieliila,  Carfax,  ((4-."),  .iiinoiiiicrs  on  Occ.  ;{()th  tlu! 
death  of  raiiiaroiiou  ]>ec.  '21st.  In  iiisletterof  Ani;.  -(!,  17'iS,  Taiiiaroii  iiieliiilc.-l 
11  list  of  ID  ciiiaiies,  and  the  elerj^ynien  proviih'd  furtlieiii.  'J'liis  dibtrihiitiou 
will  111'  >,'iveii  ill  a  later  note  of  this  cliaiitcr,  with  other  loea!  iteiu.s. 

'**  aalr,::,  <  'artax,  34-0,  41  .'{;  ( 'aiirio,  Carta-:,  ;{i:!l-;;2.  Nov.  '-'."),  17G0,  Ar- 
niona  sends  to  governor  [>  paekatres  of  doeumeiits  relating  to  the  teniporulitie.s. 
Jlor.  Ilht.  Mcx.,  4tli  scr.  ii.  l.'i.')  (!. 

"'  Lo8  curas  doetrinero.s  no  tenian  fondo.s  do  candalcs,  iii  arhitrios  para 
nlinientar  ii  lo.s  indios  y  sns  faniilia.s;  no  podian  ohli^'arlos  d  trai)ajar  siu 
renuuKraeion,  ni  inipedirlos  que  Imscaseu  do  eualquier  niodo  el  reinedio  do 
Kiis  necesidades;  y  do  todoesto  lian  sido  consecueneias  lastiniosas  el  ahandono 
de  kw  nii.snuis  indios,  que  olvidados  do  los  principioa  adniiraljles  dc  au  cduea- 
eion  eii.stiana  y  civil,  sc  entrej:aron  prontaniente  I'l  la  ociosidad  y  vicios,  vivi- 
endo  en  la  mayor  niiseria.  La  fn;.'a  dc  faniilius  enteras,  o  suh  tiaslaeiones 
vohuitarias,  irrenicdiables  y  scnsihles,  iX  los  niontcs  y  A  di.stintos  doiniuilios, 
dcjarou  los  puehlos  casi  sin  gcntes,  sin  gohierno  y  sin  polieja,  las  iglesiaa 
desiertas,  la  religion  sin  culto,  y  los  campossin  brazes  para  su  lahranza,  conser- 
vacion  y  fonieuto  de  sus  ganuilos,  convcrtiendose  en  esqueletos,  si  no  iodas,  la 


072 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


for  the  distribution  of  lands  and  formal  organization 
of  the  new  pueblos  of  Indians;  and  perhaps  their 
regulations  were  laxly  followed  in  a  few  instanccs.^'^ 

The  Queretaro  college,  in  response  to  the  call  of  the 
government,  furnished  fourteen  friars  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Padre  Mariano  Antonio  do  Buena  y  x\.l(alde. 
They  went  to  Topic  in  August  17G7,  and  after  long 
detention  sailed  from  San  Bias  on  January  20,  17G8, 
on  the  San  Cdtios  and  Lauretana.  One  of  the  vessels 
was  driven  l>ack  to  San  Bias,  and  the  other  to  jMaza- 
tlan,  whence  six  of  the  party  proceeded  by  land ;  and 
all  reached  their  destination  in  Sonora  in  May,  and 
were  distributed  to  their  fourteen  missions  in  the  l*imc- 
rias  before  the  end  of  June.  The  distribution  will  be 
given  later.'^^ 

The  missions  were  found  by  the  Franciscans  in  a  sad 
state.  Some  of  the  establishments  had  been  j)lundered 
by  the  Apaches,  and  were  again  plundered,  as  at  Su- 
amca  and  Bac,  during  the  lirst  year  of  Franciscan 
occupation.  In  some  cases  the  comisarios  hr.l  gi'ossly 
neglected  their  duties.  Everywhere  the  neophytes  had 
been  for  a  year  free  from  all  control,  and  had  not  been 
improved  by  their  freedom.  Not  only  had  they  relapsed 
to  a  great  extent  into  their  roving  and  improvident 
habits,  but  they  had  imbibed  new  ideas  of  independence, 
fostered  largely  by  settlers  and  soldiers.  They  regarded 
themselves  as  entirely  free  from  all  control  by  the 
missionaries,  whose  whole  duty  in  these  later  times 


mayor  parte  do  las  misioncs  dc  Sinaloa  y  Ostimuri.'  lie  villa  G'ujedo,  Carta,  -.' 
JJk.  17'J.i,  p.  4H.j. 


Arridvlta,  Crun.  Senij'.,  S!)4-();  J'ulnii,  Auticiiisi,  i.  14-21;  Vdasco, 
Sniioru,  14()-'2;  >S'i»c.  vl/cf.  U('0(j.,  BoL,  viii.  039-tJ().  Tlio  missions  wiro,  in 
tlio  lower  district;  (jumuripii,  Tccoripa,  Urcs,  Opodcpe,  Cueiirpe,  and  Oiia- 
vas;  and  in  I'iiiit'ria  Alta-  S.  Igiiufio,  Siianica,  (.luevavi,  Itac,  Tiiljiitania, 
Saric,  Ati,  d  ('alniroa.  In  I'tiKtrt,  Col,  I'imiria  Al/a,  aro  many  luIi.ls  in 
tlu!  niissiou  books,  showing  the  names  ot  padres  an<l  dates  of  arrival.  In  Doc. 
Jlinf.  Mcx.,  4th  ser.  ii.  paysini,  there  are  some  letters  from  the  padres  after 
arri>-al. 


FRANCISCANS  IN  THE  FIELD. 


673 


was  tojitteiKl  to  relii^^ious  niattors.  Tlio  ])a(li\'H  miixht 
not,  so  tlicso  in(le)toii(luiit  iiborL^iiies  tliou^-lit,  n'ivo 
orders,  but  must  prdcr  i'<'((ucsts  to  native  otKeials;  if 
tliej  required  work  done  for  tliem  tliey  must  pa}'  for 
it.  Tlie  iViars  at  first  liad  nothing  to  do  \\\{]i  the 
temporalities;  but  (jialvez  in  1770  ordered  tlie  })rop- 
crt}'  returned  to  their  ef)ntrol,  and  tlie  slight  i-enuiants 
were  thus  restored.  Tliey  reeeived  a  stii)eiid  of  .s;j()0 
each  frou'  the  royal  treasury,  and  spent  it  all  on  their 
churches  and  neophyti;s.  They  \voiK<'d  faithfidly, 
though  often  discoura^'ed;  antl  pi'esentiy  the  state  of 
affairs  be<v  me  in  all  essential  respects  similai-  to  that 
already  described  in  Chihuahua,  the  padres  keepin_<^ 
toijcether  the  skeleton  conununitic^s,  instruct in;j;'  the 
chihh'cn,  caring  for  the  sick,  and  by  gifts  and  jiei'sua- 
.sion  exei'cising  slight  and  varying  control  oxer  the 
masses  of  the  Indians,  who  A\eie  Christians  only  in 
name." 

OMicers  intrusted  with  the  ex])nlsi()n  of  the  .Fesuits 
in  orvh'r  to  reconcile  the  Indians  to  tlie  c]iaiig(;  and 
})revent  disturbances  had  tahen  [)ains  to  maki-  lliem 
regard  tlie  measure  as  a  ndease  from  bondage.  'J'his 
had  much  to  do  with  the  inde[)endent  sjiirit  that 
]»roved  so  croublesonK;  to  the  ni!\v  missionaiies.  \vt 
it  is  to  be  noted  that  tlie  J^'raiiciscans  joined  more 
rea(hly  than  was  warranted  by  justice  <»i-  good  taste 
in  the  prevalent  habit  of  decrying  the  Jesuits  and 
tiieir  system,  as  is  shovn  in  tlie  correspondence  cited, 
wh<'ie  it  is  often  imjilicd  that  tin;  dillicultics  encoun- 
tered wi're  largely  due  to  tlio  opjiression  and  neglect 
of  missionaries  in  former  years.  Naturally  tlie  friars 
M'ere  disposed  to  magnify  t  heir  troubles  and  (hrowthe 
blame  on  others;  but  tlu.-  only  chai'ge  that  Wiis  to 
some  extent  well  foundeil  was  that  the  nati\cs  had 
not  been  taught  to  s])eak  Sjianish;  the  systems  fol- 
lowed b}'  the  two  oidei's  did  not  dill'cr  in  any  impoi'- 

•' /iVi/r.",   Xnliriif;  Hirillti,  C'iiii'ln,  Ciii-la,  '27  /Vr.  ll'J.':   A rri('ir',iit,   Cron. 

X'na'.,  :l'.ltl-4U.");    Cro/r  ;.).  r,(;7r«xi  '.'-JO.  •JlJO. -JTS-SO,  •J.S4.       Lrlt.lrfnt    I'.    lUll'lKI, 

J)u<'.  I/;.-:/.  .1/.,,-.,  Uli  sor.  ii.  :i;s-M:  .if  1".  JiijxH,  /(/.,  liVJ-r,[);  of  1'.  GaroOs, 
J,L,  ;i(M  70;  of  r.  I!ii,lic,  /-/.,  •.i'M)--2. 

JilST.  N.  Mi  X.  STAXi.B,  Vol,  1.     13 


M 


C74 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


taut  I'cspoot,  and  tlio  Jesuits  wore  l)y  no  means 
responsiblo  lor  the  evils  that  now  beset  the  missions. 
The  Franeiscans  not  only  set  themselves  to  work  in 
the  old  missions,  hut  made  some  efForts  to  extend  their 
lield  of  labor.  Father  Oarees  in  Aui^ust  17(58  made 
a  tour  throuiL,di  the  IVipago  country  to  the  Gila,  and 
was  Will  i-eceived  by  tin;  u^entiles;  but  an  ai)o])leetie 
attaelc  ])rostrated  liim  at  Guevavi,  and  meanwhile  tlie 
Apaches  |ilundered  his  f)wu  missions  at  ])ac;  so  that 
his  projects  could  not  be  cari'ied  out."''  '^Die  iViars, 
haviui^  arrived  at  the  same  time  as  Elizondo's  military 
expedition,  took  an  active  part  in  attempts  to  paeily 
the  rebellious  ti'ibes,  especially  after  tht;  arrival  of 
Galvez.  ]*adre  Juan  Sarobe  of 'recorij)a  greatly  distin- 
<;'uished  himself  by  jt'oin^'  toward  the  (  "cito  i'lit'to  and 
liskliin'  his  lil'e  in  this  service.  I'n'sideiit  Hnena  made 
simihu'   tours,  and  was  very  intimate  with  the  visita- 


lor  u'eneral,  carini 


H"  foi'  1 


liin  durinir  his 


II  ess 


at  \ 


res. 


and  iiually  accom|)anyin!j^  him  as  i'ar  as  ('hihuahua  on 
his  way  to  Mexico.      ]>uena  retiri'd  in   1770  or  1771, 


d 


in  tl 


ind  was  succeeded  ni  tlie  i)resid(-'ney  i)y  .Juan 


k 


Cri 


sos- 


toino    (Jil    di'    ])ei'na\e.     At   about    the    same    time 


T 


adi'c 


osc  < 


lei  I'io  returned  from   a  visit   to  ]\[exico 


with  ti\t'  supernumerary  friars.  ]\Iea)iwhil('  San  dosd 
de  I'iinas,  a  \isita  of  'l\'coripa,  had  Ijeen  erectiMl  into 
a  mis -ion:  and  in  1771  the  indci'.i  tillable  Garees  from 


Jku-  1 


laii  niafic 


a  new  and  extended  enlr;);]a  from  A 


u- 


e-U; 


;t  to  October  to  tilt  (Jila  and  tlu>  n-^ions  about  tlu; 


o\V( 


(  'oloi'ad 


o. 


11 


e  ]ou.r!ieyed  wi 


thoul 


e.-co 


it,  as  wa> 


his  custom,  and  was  evcrywlu'i'e  welcome;  but  it  is 
not  ])ossible  lo  trace  the  I'oute  of  his  wandering's, 
thou"h    many    details    ai'e    <;'ivcn.      There    an;   sonic; 


'Ue 


.11 


UHIslolis 


here    and 


m 


lat 


er    narratives  mdi- 


catiiiL''  that  he  may  have  crosse<l  tlu'  Colorado  into 
(  alilbrnia.  Ti-esident  (l\\,  lik(>  his  predecessor,  de- 
yoted  himself  with  nuich  zeal  to  the  spiritual  interests 
of  the  forn.er  lebels  now  natheretl  at  or  near  IMtic, 


.1/ 


■iiii. 


('roll   Si  nil'.,  40.">-4.     Tlio  ]i 


liKll'c  iii;i( 


nniithcf  tdiir  as 


liiiti  tlic  iicNt  year,  aiK 


I  still  iinotlit-'r  to  tlio  (iilii  in  1770.   /■/.,  IKi-i; 


.liai)- 


KEPORT  OF  FATIlEl!  in'A'ES. 


675 


wluro  ]\Tatias  Gallo  sottk-d  ns  luissioiiaiy,  and  lie 
also,  against  liis  own  jiulgnient  antl  at  the  request 
of  the  governor  and  of  the  natives,  went  in  person 
to  establisli  a  missicju  at  Carrizal  on  tlie  coast  for 
the  benefit  of  some  Seri.s  wlio  still  insisted  on  living 
on  the  island  of  Tihuron.  'J'he  mission  vas  founded 
on  November  HG,  1772,  but  was  dcstro^'cd  by  a 
treacherous  faction  of  the  natives  the  follo\vin<>"  March  ; 
and  Padre  (Jil  was  nuirdered."'* 

In  1772  one  of  the  Sonora  fi'iars,  Padre  Antonio 
(1(!  los  Keyes,  iK'ing  in  ^fexico,  ])resented  a  C()m|)re- 
hensive  report  on  the  condition  of  the  country,  a  doc- 
ument which  I  have  used  in  deseiibing  the  state  (»f 
tlu>  missions  and  ti'oubles  of  the  missionaries  in  tlu\se 
ct\v\y  yeaj-s  of  Franciscan  I'ule,  and  which  I  shall  fur- 
ther utilize  to  some  extent  in  a.  note  on  local  progi 


ess. 


\v  author  irivcs 


I  description  of  the  routine  svstcm 


introduced  by  his  order;  and  also  (K'sei-ibes  {]\c  sys- 
tem of  secular  government  as  applied  to  local  allaii's. 
Py  no  means  all  existing  troubles  ai'ose  from  the 
natives'  new-born  independence  of  missionary  control. 
I'^ach  establishment  had  a  lar<>\'  number  of  nati\e  uHj- 
cials  who  (|uarrelK'd  among  themsdvi's;  and  the  [\'\v 
st'ttlers  i)\'  Sj)anish  or  mixed  blood  had  their  se|)ai'at(^ 
jiK'ccs  )'('(if('s,  who  were  not  slow  to  interlere  in  matters 
that  did  not  concern  them.  Tliei'e  was  likewise  con- 
I'u^icn    in    ecclesiastical    allairs;    for    the    friars  wrrn 


foi'bidden   ti 


)   exercise   CO 


ntrol  over  an\'  but    In(lian> 


The  whole  iiortliern  countiy,  so  far  as  the  so-called 
geiite  de  ra/oii  were  concerned,  was  under  t  wi»  curates 
at  llorcasitas  andTonibavi  ri'spectively.  who  could  do 
nothing  but  send  out  comisarios  foi-  the  colledion  of 
church  taxes,  leaxing  the  mulattoesand  all  w  ho  claimed 
an  admixture  of  Spanish  blood  practically  iVee  iVom  all 
moral  ix'straiiits.miich  to  thedisgu.sloft  hegood  liiar^;.-"' 


.1, 


'".' 


//:,•(()■ 


a. 


will 


■xtrncts  fidiii  ( ;;irr.-!'  iliafv  ;iii(l 


ro'ii  other  ooitl'sikiikU'Iici'. 


J.ctti  r  (if  1'.  r>urii.i  (111  1'.  S.irdlit's  cildits  in  /'(>« 


y/;.v/.  .:/< 


:!s,- 


!•: 


.k 


Xi>/.  ,s't 


4 1,    uivcs    (Ik;   date   of 


loiiiidinu'  C'liiii/iil  iiiidrrcctlv  iis  ITT'.'. 


' lt< yit,  Xolitiu  (/(/  E.4(tdo  actual  dc  las  MLtiuiif  (/('(  ell  /((  ijuUriiaciuii  df 


■.m 


m 


C70 


SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


Besides  the  missions  secularized  and  those  delivered 
to  the  Queretaro  friars  there  were  others,  as  already 
stated,  which  were  put  in  charge  of  the  Franciscan 
Ohservantes  of  the  Jalisco  province.  Eleven  of  these 
friars  were  sent  to  Topic  in  17G7  ;  but  while  they  were 
awaitinj^  transportation  an  order  came  to  them  to  he 
sent  to  California  instead  of  the  Fernandinos.  A  rev- 
ocation (^f  this  order  was  obtained  by  Padre  Palou, 
but  not  before  the  Jaliscans  had  de[)arted  for  the  pen- 
insula, where  they  arrivetl  at  the  end  of  the  year  or 
early  in  17G8,  and  presently  crossed  over  to  Sonora, 
arriving  a  little  before  the  Queretaranos.^^  The  mis- 
sions assigned  to  them  were  those  in  the  province  of 
Sonora;  l)ut  1  find  no  record  of  the  distribution,  nor 
even  of  the  padres'  names;'''  neither  is  anything  known 
<lefinitely  about  their  early  experience  in  the  new  field. 
It  is  to  be  presumed  that  they  encountered  the  same 
obstacles  and  struggled  to  overcome  them  in  the  same 
manner  as  their  associates  of  the  vSmita  Cruz  college. 
Yet  in  his  report  of  1793  Jievilla  Gigedo  asserts  that 
the  establishments  of  Sonora  proper,  notwithstanding 
the  excellent  character  of  the  Opata  converts,  wer-e 
like  those  of  Pimeri'a  Baja  less  prosperous  under  the 
new  regime  than  those  of  the  u[)per  Pimeria;  and  to 
justify  this  statement  they  must  have  been  in  a  sad 
.state  indeed.'-^ 


Governor  Juan  de  Pineda  ruled  Sonora  and  Sinnloa 
from  17G.']  to  1709.  His  relations  with  Colonel  Eli- 
zondo  in  command   of  the  military  expedition  were 

Soiora  (iilm'ui'iKlrrdi  hi.'>  pcilrcx  del  ('olcijio  ilc  PrnjKKjnnda  Fide  de  la  Saulit 
Cruz  de  (Jiu  n/';ro.  In  Dor.  1H.4.  Mix.,  .'5(1  st!i-.  jit.  iv.  "i'lA-W't.  Dated 
Mexico,  .Inly  (!,  177-. 

■'^ l'(iloii,~  Xofii-'io^,  i.  14  '21.  Ajiiil  IStli,  C.'uicio,  Cartas,  253-.'),  ai.- 
jKiiiiU'es  the  ariiviil  of  the  (.'oinrjiriaii  witli  li\'e  pailrea  on  board,  pro))ahly  n 
jiait  of  the  ()))servMiites. 

^'Sc|)t.  'JS,  ITtiS,  ( 'ajit.  lOspar/a  aiinnimces  tlic  delivery  of  Teeora  to  P. 
]'\'i'naiiil()  I'litice  lie  Leon,  Arivechi  to  I',  .lost'  Maria  Calirera,  and  Saiiiiaripa 
to  ]'.  .loaqtiin  Itaiiiiie/.  Iior.  Hist.  Mij\,  Uh  ser.  ii.  IIM-.").  Other  nii.s.sioii« 
fiiveu  t;i  thi  .laliscaiiM  ^ieenl  to  liave  lieep.  (luazavas,  Naeori,  ]>aseraca,  Bacou- 
elii,  and  ( In(|niaiiK'hi.  Sunie  years  laNr,  a.s  we  shall  see,  they  received  uLso 
til'.'  missions  of  I'inierfa  Uaja. 

'^'  Ittcilla  Uiijcdo,  Carta,  ,.'7  Die.  li'JJ,  4li5. 


GOVERNORS. 


077 


alwnys  harmful  ions;  and  Ik^  seems  to  have  liad  iv- 
markal)k'  success  in  niaintainin!^  liai-niony  between 
tlu!  ('a[»tains  and  other  snixtidinate  olHcers,  all  of 
Avliom  came  to  liim  l're(|uently  with  their  jtetty  t,n-iev- 


anees. 


General  (jralvez  of  course;  lb  Id   tl 


K,'  sin)reine 


authority  in  17G9-70,  and  there  were  lew  phases  of 
govcjinnent,  ])ro\incial  or  local,  milita)'y  oi'  civil,  iiiian- 
cial  or  judicial,  ecclesiastic  or  missionary,  in  which  he 
did  not  intei'iei'e  for  [)urposes  ot"  reform,  hut  always 


Avitliout  excitni'jf  opposition 


'I'l 


le  liceneiai 


lo  i: 


Useoio 


^'entui'a  JJelena  was  sent  hy  Galvc/C  to  Soiiora  Ix't'-i-u 
his  own  arrival  as  a  visitador  suhdele^aclo  to  attend 
to  treasui'v  affaii's;  and  this  official  took  a  j»roniinent 
part  in  all  mattei's  for  several  years,  sometimes  with 
more  zeal  than  pi'udence,  as  was  thouL;'ht  hy  some. 
Pineda  was  pi'ostratod  by  a[K)plectic  lits  in  AuL^ust 
I7(ti>,  and  at  the  end  of  that  year,  or  early  the  next, 
(Jalvcz  apj)ointt'<l  Pi'dro  do  Corbalan  as  ^oveinor  ad 
interim.  Coiljalan  had  been  alcalde  mayor  of  Osti- 
nnni  and  had  I'cndered  good  service  in  pacifying-  the 


rebel  Scris.      ]Ie  was 


succee( 


led 


m  r 


rl   i)y 


Mat 


(,'0 


Sastre,  and  the  lattei-  by  Francisco  ('res))o  in   1774. 
as  a'jain  <dven  toC'oi'balan  in  1777  on  tl 


le  otrice  w 


le 


or;4anization  of  the  l*rovincias  Internas,"' 

J"]nouL;"U  has  been  said  of  the  l*ro\incias  Intei'nas 
and  tlieii'  militaiT  government  in  the  })recedin'H'  chaj)- 
ter.  The  C  aballero  de  ("roix  as  comandante  t;'enci'al 
assumed  the  authority  fornu'rly  exercised  by  the  vico 
I'ov;  and  tlit;  o-overnor,  retaininu'  sul>stantiallv  his  old 
rs,  Ix'came  subordinate  to  him.""     ( Voix  came  to 


)owe 


Sonora  iVom  ('hihuahua  in  I  "71),  and  s<'lect.'d  j\iiz])( 
as  the  capital  of  his  jurisdit-tion  in  I7S(),  wliirh  ehojci. 
was  ap[)ro\'ed  by  a  royal  order  of  17Mi.''^    JJefoic  tlii^ 


^Soiinni,  lic.iihiii'n  de  iXotiriax,  2"24-."i;  liih  I'lo,  Curfon,  DO-IOS;  ('rni.r,  (!iir- 


/«.v 


'id;  (Icih-iz,  Iiilnriiii'  (I 


')! :  SoiKira. 


L, 


]• 


sLllilt'in, 


Nnii 


ilr  S 


oiiiityi, 


w  •_'.  (;s-!i. 


ihi,  ir:ii  MS.,  St. 


if  ('mix  iif) 


(1  |)ii\i.^cs  lii.s  iiilmiiiistrntioii  in  tl>i>  liiL'licst  terms 


,1/r, 


J)> 


ill  I   Ilii/r 


'riii.s  is  ii  (li;iry  of  tln'  coniMinl.'iiiti'-Lji'iic'nil  s  tri[ 


/(.■.(/('  ( '/till  nil  III 
■nd': 


At 


l-i, 


"-/" 


/;;.•'.  MS. 

r.so,  ('n.i\  to 


cif  C.il..  liM.s  cliii.scii  Arizpi!  us  liiiiitjil.   Anh.  Cnl.,  I'n 


giiviriiur 

Ms.,  ii.  W*      ]''i:li.  \-,  17^-,  iloy.il  oidur  of  coiitinuiiti 


SI.  I 


■it,>. 


111. 


IV.  00. 


678 


SOXORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


time  HorcasituS  liad  been  regarded  as  the  capital  of 
8onora,  Alamos  being,  however,  nmeli  of  tlie  time 
the  residence  of  the  governor.  Folij)e  do  Neve  be- 
came comandante  efcneral  in  1783,  Jose  Kensjjel  in 
1784,  Jacobo  Ugarte  y  Loyola  in  1785,  and  i'edro 
de  Nava  in  I7i)0.  The  successive  clianges  in  tlie 
j)rovinces  and  in  the  relations  of  the  rulers  to  the 
viceroy  have  been  recorded  elsewhere,  (jrovernor 
(,V)rbalan  was  still  in  office  in  1782,  and  pi'obably  for 
four  years  later. ''^  Under  the  oriianization  of  the  in- 
tendeneias  in  1780,  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  constituti'd 
the  intendencia  of  Arizpe,  and  Agustin  de  Ins  Cuen- 
tas  Zavas  was  intendente  ci'obernador  until  1780.  His 
successors  vrere  Eni'ique  Grimar(>st  until  17U2^  and 
Alonso  Tresierra  y  Cano  from  1793.^^ 

The  formation  of  a  new  bishopric  was  one  of  tlie 
measures  projected  by  Galvez  and  approved  by  the 
vicerov  as  earlv  as  1770,  and  it  was  carried  out  l)y  a 
royal  order  of  Febuary  4,  1781,  creating  tlie  bishop- 
I'ic  of  Sonora,  including  the  territory  of  Sonora,  Sin- 
aloa,and  the  Calift)rnias,  taken  from  the  old  jurisdiction 
of  Durango.  The  capital  was  fixed  at  Ariz))e.^^  The 
tirst  bi.sho{)  "vvas  Antonio  de  los  lieyes,  one  of  tlie 
Queretaro  Franciscans  who  had  served  in  Sonora  and 
returned  to  ^lexico.     He  was  consecrated  at  Tacubaya 

''-Ci)rl>alan  named  .is  governor  in  17S'2.  Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  Si.  I'd/).,  MS., 
iii.  'JO-J;  I'ror.  Ua-.,  ii,  4S-!».  }Io  recoived  the  order  of  C;ulo«  HI.  llolii  tlio 
kin;,'  on  rcconnnendation  of  the  ^enerul.  Arriuivi'.a,  Crdn.  Herd/.,  4'.);>,  naiiM.s 
]'e(lrij  Fuerios  as  '  gol)urnad(ir  de  arniasMu  177(1.  Coiiialan  beinj;  political 
jrovernor.  In  Vihisro,  Xot.  Sonora,  •iO'J,  Juan  15.  Anza  is  named  as  governor 
in  ]7s;(,  ))rol)al)ly  an  error. 

'•''  Zii I'li'id  1/  Oiitiirraii,  Culoidarlo,  1780,  113;  (7ac</a  dc  M<\r.,  v.  140;  An  ft, 
Cal.,  I'r.ii:  SI.  P(t)>.,  MS.,  xxi.  Kit);  I'tiiart,  Oar.  //i-'l.  Son.,  MS.,i.  !.").  'i'lu; 
Wvat  worU  n.imed  si)eak.s  of  Sinaloa  ami  Sonora  as  t\vodi.stinet  intendeiuia.s  in 
K'SO,  formed  liy  onleis  sid)se(i\ieiit  to  the  ori;.^'inal  one  of  17''><>.  /ava.s  llein^' 
I'ulerof  the  foi'iner  and  (iriliir.re.st  of  the  second,  lint  I  timl  iioolliei'e\  idem  e 
of  such  a  ehan^e;  and  Jluinl)oldt,  L'.'i.siii  I'ol.,  34."),  re|ire.'iiits  thetwo  prov  inee.s 
as  formiii;,'  one  iiitendeneia  in  1S()4.  Ziiniga  i.s  the  oidy  authority  for  the 
name  of  Zayas;  thouirli  in  Sonora,  Iir.'<i'iin('n,  '2'2r>,  a  eainjiaigii  of  (lo\ernor 
])on  .\'4ustin  is  mentioned  in  the  time  of  N'ieeroy  llorea.sita.s,  17''!!)  or  latii'. 

'"  (Jul re:,  Inforinr  Utiicral,  1.">0-1 ;  lirh  /'a,  Jiccojillurion,  i,  jit.  ii.  'JOI.  1  lie 
pope's  action  in  the  matter  .seems  to  have  lieeii  in  1770.  t 'orU'-f  ilc  K.-</innti, 
ISI'J,  xii.  ','AH;  Uiiclna,  L'cmiv  inlio,  'u;  Kscndvro,  Sol.  Son.,AO;  O'arcladcMix., 
i.  'Joo. 


A  NEW  BisnorRic. 


679 


Sopteml)t'r  15,  1782,  and  took  possession  at  Ari/pc  on 
May  1,  1783.  lie  formed  tlio  missions  into  a  custody, 
as  will  be  more  Inlly  noticed  in  mission  annals;  vis'ted 
all  j)arts  of  liis  diocese  except  the  Californias  lor  ))ur- 
poses  of  insjiection  and  confirmation;  and  died  at  Ala- 
mos on  ]\[aicli  (),  1 787.'''  I'l'ay  Jose  Joaquin  ( Jranados 
next  ruled  the  diocese  from  1787  to  171)4,  whin  he 
Mas  transi'ein.'d  to  the  see  of  JJuran'A),  but  died  before 
taking  his  new  episcopal  seat,  as  recorded  already  in 
the  annals  of  Nueva  Al/.caj'a.  He  also  made  a,  tour 
of  confirmation,  but  the  most  ])rominent  occurrence 
of  his  rule  was  the  ordalniuijf  of  two  natives  at  Alamos 
as  ])riests,  an  event  c<,'lebrated  by  tlie  native  popula- 
tion with  dancing  and  other  festivities  as  a  notable 
step  in  the  annals  of  their  race.^'^  The  n(>xt  bishop 
was  Fray.  Damian  ^lartinez  de  Galinzoga,  also  a  Fran- 
ciscan, who  ruled  in  1794-5,  until  transfeired  to  the 
see  of  Tarragona  in  Spain. ^'  The  fourth  })relate,  and 
hist  of  the  century,  was  Fray  I'rancisco  de  Jesus 
Rouset,  of  the  Zacatecas  convent,  who  governed  the 
bishopric  i'rom  179G,  though  he  was  ncjt  consecrated 
until  17'.)'.).     He  died  in  1814.''« 

Having  thus  recorded  the  great  military  expedition 
of  17G8-71,  resuhing  in  the  final  subjection  of  the 
southern  rebels  and  the  i-eorganization  of  tlu?  pre- 
sidial  Ibrces  fi^r  )norc  eft'ective  servici;  an'aiust  the 
Apaches  of  the  northern  I'rontier;  having  placed  be- 
fore the  reader  the  transfer  of  missions  Ibllowiiig  the 
cx[)ulsit)ii  of  the  Jesuits,  with  their  condition  in  the 

^■' Gomez,  Diarin,  \i\.  li't;  Pahm,  Xofhla-i,  ii.  I)!)4;  tlm-tta  ilc  .M'.r.,  i. 
20.");  ii.  iSO,  o-U  ;  Eifcudo-o,  Not.  Son.,  41;  Mtimo  Mcc,  iv.  !lli;  fij/i  ,iiii--  //  Ci'ii- 
ve.ilo.'i.  JUL,  'M-.  Ills  vicai'-guiioral,  ^ligucjl  Autouin  Ciu:v;is,  iiilnl  in  .miA; 
vacdiito  after  lii.s  dculi. 

^'^Gda'/adr.  Jlcc,  V.  IS,  149;  vi.  5:!:?;  J.'srwln-n,  Xol.  Sn,i.,  41;  /-/.,  Xo'. 
Dur.,'2'.'i;  llnc/ia,  Comp.,  [i~. 

"'  Gome::,  iJ'wrio,  \\.  4()1.4"_'l{.  Xcw.sof  ;ippr)intmriit  in.liiiiii;iry;  (1(  pontine 
from  Mexico  in  l)eceiiil)er  17U4.  Date.-j  of  iu!e  Sept.  7,  I7!'l,  to  June  7,  17'.'.">. 
Sec  iU'eeeiliuL,'  autlioiities. 

"''  See  lelerence  of  preoeiliiig  notes.  In  the  mission  Imolcs  of  Alt,i  riniei  i:i 
the  vi.sit  of  one  Moreno  as  icjiresentntive  of  the  bi.shop  in  I7!'7  i->  liienUoiied. 
Piiiai-t,  Col.  rimiria  Alia,  MS.,  13-14,  09. 


cso 


SONORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


oarly  years  of  ]'^ranclsc;iii  <)ceii])ati()n;  nn<l  liavliig 
n()te<l  the  succ(3S.siou  of  rulers  both  seeidar  and  eccle- 
siastic down  to  the  end  of  the  continy,  I  have  hut 
little  to  add  to  Souora  annals  for  this  period;  tliat 
is,  but  little  in  })roportion  to  the  iminber  of  ycjirs. 
The  danu'er  of  attack  from  savages  having'  been  averted 
from  most  parts  of  the  country,  the  people  entei'ed 
upon  an  indolent  uneventful  career  that  has  left  but 
meau're  recoi-ds.  The  general  course  of  aifairs  Mas 
the  sanu^  throughout  the  Provincias  Inteinas;  and 
much  that  has  been  said  in  the  })receding  chapter  of 
Nueva  Vizcaya,  particularly  of  military  and  mission 
aflairs,  might  be  repeated  almost  literally  here  lor 
Sonora.  1  proceed,  howevei',  to  notice  brielly  the  few 
topics  which  present  slight  variations  from  the  ordi- 
luuy  routine. 

Naturally  a  subject  of  the  greatest  moment  was  the 
warfare  against  the  A])aches;  but  beyond  the  general 
com])laint  oi'  their  never  ending  depredations  on  the 
iiorlhern  iVontier,  and  the  manv  indirect  indications 
of  more  zealous  and  effective  precautions  under  the 
reglamcnto  of  1772-r>,  little  is  known  of  actual  opera- 
tions. ]  )uring  the  rule  of  Governor  Crespo  in  1 774-7, 
Hugo  Oconor  came  as  inspector  to  see  that  the  i)re- 
sicHal  service  was  duly  oi'ganized  in  accoidance  with 
tlie  new  regulations;  and  during  his  visit  a  campaign 
is  said  to  have  been  made  against  the  Apaches  with- 
out nuich  succcss.'^^  General  Croix,  assuming  the 
command  pei'sonally  in  1779,  is  credited  with  having 
effected  great  I'eforms  in  the  militar}'  as  in  other 
branches  of  government.  His  corres[)()ndence  as  pre- 
served in  the  archives  contains  nmch  information  on 
llu'  methods  of  Apache  warfare,  and  on  minor  changes 
ni'cded  and  eflected  in  the  system  of  presidio  defences, 
but  very   little    respecting    events    from    month    to 


'''■*  'Xo  se  saco  vciitnja  conio  do  ninguna  do  ollaa;  porquc  el  onoinij^o  sc  re- 
lira  ;'i  Id  inati  fiagos(j  y  distante  dcjando  que  paseii  lihreiiieiito  en  muHtrori 
eanqMis  y  <lospue.s  ii  la  veiiyaiiza  vieiien  I'l  ciisenar  eoino  liau  de  liucer  cunipauti 
con  giavisinio  dafio  do  los  cristianos. '  Soitora,  lleniiincii,  '22-1. 


APACHE  W.VnFARE. 


681 


montli.^"  lioforc  1780  the  jL;"arri.son  of  racli  j»iisi(li() 
liad  Ih'cii  iiicix'asL'il  to  sovt'iity-livo  men;  aixl  in  I78t 
an  Opata  couipaiiy  was  ()r^ani/"(l  with  ]H'a(l-(|uaitt'rs 
at  Bacoat'lii.  It  was  oflicdvd  in  [)art  \>y  S[»;ii>'a'(ls, 
consisted  of  ci^lity-fivo  men,  and  icndci'cd  txcdlt'iit 
•service  i'or  many  yeai's.'*^  Tlic  viceroy's  insti'uctions 
to  General  Ugarte  in  1780,  \vi(li  tlie  new  Indian 
policy  introducetl,  have  been  already  noticed.  Ileconi- 
mendations  affectinj^  Sonora  particularly  were  that 
canipai,!j;ns  against  the  Apaches  should  he  continued 
\vitliout  cessation  with  the  aid  of  IVieiidly  ( )pata.s 
and  I'inias;  tliat  a  strict  watch  should  he  Icept  o\'er 
the  bands  that  had  rebelled  in  former  years,  troubh;- 
some  Seris  being  gradually  forced  to  concentrate  on 
Tiburon  Island  for  future  chastisement;  iind  that 
Sjjaniards  and  friendly  Indians  should  be  encouraged 
to  make  settlements  on  the  frontier.''-'  During  the 
decade  from  1787  to  171)7,  no  j)articulars  being  known, 
the  A])aches  seem  to  have  gradually  yielded  to  the 
new  policy  and  to  have  formed  treaties  which  for  many 
years  it  was  made  for  their  interest  to  keep 


Altl 


OULI' 


h   the  rebel    8eiis  and    I'iatos    had    1 


)eeii 


nominally  subjected,  and  most  of   them  were   livini 
(piietly  at  or   near  Pitic,  there   were  some   fugitive^ 


str 


it  laru't 


e  m  the  coast  reu'ions  and  on 


Til 


)uron 


Isl- 


an   ,  with  confederates  doubtless  amonu'  their  submis- 


Scc  particularly  Croix's  report  of  April  3,  1780,  in  Airh.  CaJ.,  J\ 


St. 


Mil.,  ]\]S.,iv.  l-!»,  iiii.l  lii.-ilutUrsof  Sept.  'I'l,  IT^SO.t..  lli,,' j,',.\  friior 


of  Califonii;!.   Id.,i\\  !•_'- 14.     \ni\\<^ I' lublo  (.k' Sl 
eral  iiccoiuit  of  Apiiclie  wars. 


Fob.  4,  iMJiS,  isi 


r 


li.  Doc.  Jli.^f.  ISoii. 


I-.");    Vila-fcn,  Xot.  Son.,  1.V2;  Soc.Mi.r.  d 

1 


.'  or/. 


Jjijf.,  X.  7Ut-.">.     Ziiiii.;!!,  Ji'o/ildti  Ojr/dlii,  4,  (k's.crilies  an  Ojiatii  annual  ik'sta 
in  (■oninii'moratioii  of  tin;  ilay  wlieii  tliov  liecami;  alliu'.s  of  llio  Spanianls. 


' (idlr 


In.4 


nifcioiii  .i  (I 


C 


'I'li-t 


i:si: 


lit  ri>  A'( 


S)ii..  ().)-H). 


in   ITsT 


'<'onilo,  Soc.  Ml  .c.  (I'lOi/.,  JJo/.,  v.  .'il"-'-!."],  says  good  cllucts  l)L'i.'an  toappuar 


il  in    IT'JO  the  iVjiacIies  made   pcM 


JIfvilla   (Ji'JOllo,  (,'«;' 


Ji'i'\  I'i'j",  p.  4IK),  lulls  ns  that  all  was  ]icacu  wlirn  (kii.  Xava  took  connaani 


(1  7!I0)  wiili  j.;ooil  ]iros|icctsof  its  continuance!.    Wlasco,  A'o/.  Sc 


;4)-l. 


Monte 


J. 


u'po<i<'i')ii  (/<'  Siiii.  II  Sill.,  'It,  lacntiun  a  jic:! 


jhulc 


17'J!i 
I 


los  and  were 


wiii'n  too  Apaches  formed  settlements  near  the  northern  prcsid 

maintained  at  tlie  cost  of  the  ;,'overnment,  SlS,(),)U  or  .SliU.tiOO  jur  year,     la 

lenco  of  ISI?.")  in  the  I'inart  collection  I  Iind  mention!  il  tho 


pnn 


ted 


corresiHint 


comini,'  of  .Apaches  to  Arizpe  in  \"\)Ti  to  treat  for  peace.  IkJiH,'  lod'.jed  in  tlio 
liarracks  they  rot^e  in  the  niyht,  killed  the  sentry,  and  fled  to  the  niountains, 
killiug  all  they  found  ou  the  way. 


SOXORA  A\D  SIXALOA. 


sivo  n'l.'iti\'es.  In  177G  tlic  IVijiagos  wcro  invited  to 
join  in  a  revolt  and  alliance  with  the  Apaclic^ ,  and 
tliongh  they  rev.'aled  the;  plot  no  attention  \va>  paid 
to  the  matter;  and  in  Xoxeniher  forty  S(  ris,  I'iatos, 
and  Aj)aches  fell  upon  the  mission  of  ^Mau'dalena, 
burniny^  the  buiUlinn's,  driving  ofl'  the  stock,  plunder- 
ing the  church,  and  killing  a  woman.  Next  they  at- 
tackiid  Saric,  killing  eleven  neophytes,  burning  and 
destroying  as  before,  though  the  ciiurch  was  saved; 
and  on  their  retrertthe  savages  took  some  cattle  from 
San  Ignacio.  Soldiers  wore  now  sent  in  pursuit,  but 
could  not  overtake  the  foe.  A  captive  escaped  with 
reports  of  an  impending  raid  to  destroy  the  missions; 
and  the  friars  assemljleil  for  a  time  at  Inuiris  to  ])(>ti- 
tion  for  guards  that  were  not  furnished.  In  1778 
Padre  CJuillen  was  killed  by  the  rebels  on  his  way  from 
Tuhutama  to  Ati.  In  Galvez'  instructions  of  178()  it 
is  implied  that  the  Seris  were  still  hostile  in  their  old 
haunts;  and  a  Ibrmidable  i)h)t  of  Pimas  and  Pai)agos 
is  mentioned  in  179G,  discovered  in  time  to  prevent 
serious  consequciiccs." 

The  extension  of  Spanish  occupation  northward  to 
the  regions  of  the  Gila  and  Coloi-ado  was  an  important 
topic  of  consideration  during  this  period.  Tlie  wan- 
derings of  Padi'e  Garces,  a  worthy  successor  of  Kino, 
in  1771  and  earlier,  have  been  noticed,  Garces  t"ound 
the  natives  very  well  disposed,  and  both  he  and  his 
associates  of  Alta  Pimeria  were  eager  to  found  new 
missions;  but  the  government  was  slow  to  make  the 
iiecessaiy  explorations  and  furnish  military  su])port; 
indeed  it  was  regarded  as  imprudent  to  found  new  mis- 
sions until  the  old  ones  could  be  better  protected,  the 
padres  maintaining  meanwhile  that  a  northern  presidio 
would  be  the  best  means  of  restraining  the  Apaches, 
and  aifording  the  desired  protection.  In  1774,  how- 
ever, Captain  Juan  Pautista  Anza  was  sent  to  open 


**  Arrirh-lfa,  Crtin.  Srrf'i/.,  457,  4S.')-8.  .^S-t-O;  Galvrz,  Titntriirr'imtni;  Man- 
iero-',  L'.-ijion.  Son.  ;/  Sin.,  "21;  Sue.  Mix.  Gcoij.,  UoL,  xi.  S'J;  Iludrac'njii  Mcx., 
iv.  •IIS;  O'aceta  de  Mix.,  i.  S5. 


OTLA  AND  COLOKADO. 


G83 


a  lYiuic  l»y  land  to  Alta  Califorijia,  and  tluis  tlic  dc- 
siri'd  exploration  was  clVectcd. 

Anza  left  Tuhac  in  Januarv  with  tliirtv-fouc  nion, 


]\i(livs  ( iarcrs  aiu 


I  J 


nan 


J) 


iaz  scn'viiig  as  c'ha|)lj 


uns. 


Tlioy  ])rocL'('ded  by  way  of  Sonoita  to  the  (lila,  and 
tlioncc  to  San  Cabiit'l,  rcfurniiitj^  1»y  tin;  sanu^  roufoto 
Tiil)ac  in  May.''^  On  the  i(M'('[)iion  of  Anza's  r('j)oi-t, 
made  by  liini  in  jK-rson  at  ^NEuxico.  a  new  ('XjX'dition 
was  devised   to  a('conii>lisli    two  olijccts,   tlu;    i'ound- 


uvj:  o 


f  Si 


in 


I'ancisco   ni 


Calit 


(»rnia  an( 


I  of 


nnssions 


in  the  Colt»rado  re^'ion.  Anza  was  made  lientciiant- 
colonel,  I'ccnuted  in  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,  a  force  of 
soldier-colonists  for  California,  over  two  hundred  per- 
sons in  all,  and  niarehed  from  "^I'libae  in  Oetoher  177;") 
Ibr  llie  north.  'J'lieio  wore  twentv-tivo  men,  iiu'ludin<jf 
the  cjiajjlain  Padre  Pedro  Pont,  to  return;  and  besid( 


fath 


lei's  (iarces  ai 


id  ToniJis  J']ixarch  witli  six  seivant. 


and  interpreters,  who  were  to  remain  on  the  Colorado 
duriuLf  Anza's  absence  in  the  north-west.  I'adrc^ 
I'Vixarcli  stationed  himself  on  the  ( 'alifornia,  sidi;  of 
the  river,  near  the  (Jila  mouth,  and  laboi-ed  anionnr 
the  natives  to  prepare  them  for  mission  life  Irom  1  )e- 
cember  to  ^Tay,  when  he  returnefl  with  Anza  to  I  for- 
casitas.  ^leanwliile  the  indeiatii^able  (xarces  jiad 
wandered  off  on  his  endless  cx[)lorations,  and  was  not 
to  be  foimd  on  the  return  of  the  ex])edition.  He  wtMit 
down  to  the  Colorado  mouth,  and  then  up  to  the 
]\[ojave  region.  Prom  this  point  he  made  a  tri[) 
westward  to  San  Gabriel,  and  another  eastward  to  the 
jSloqui  towns.  Returning  to  the  ^Nfojaves  in  duly  ho 
slowly  descended  the  Colorado  and  found  his  way  to 
San  Javier  del  IJac  in  September  177r..'''^ 

The  friars  luul  selected  >ites  for  the  proposed  mis- 
sions on  the  west  bank  of  the  Colorado;  and  Palma, 
a  native  chid'tain,  had  accompanied  Anza  to  ^lexic 


o 


*'^  Avza,  Di<nilirimi<n(o  df  Sctiora  it  ('alijuriiKi,  J77./,  MS,;  Arrk'iv'ila, 
Crdii.  ■SVn//'.,  4.'()  et  siq. 

^'^Airji,  ])iiin'i.  MS.;  F'liit'.-^  Joiinirtf,  MS.;  d'arrcs,  JJiurio  tj  Jji rro'iro; 
Arrkicila,  Criiit.  iScrd/.,  4(il-'J0. 


CM 


SONORA  AXn  SIXALOA. 


to  1)('^"  for  missionaries.  '^Plic  \ic(roy  faxorc*!  tlio  pro- 
j"<t,as  (lid  (ieiieral  Cioixa  little  latt-r;  and  al'Ler  Imi'L,' 
del.iys  two  new  i'stal)lisiinieii(s,  ( 'oiiceiieioii  and  San 
IN'dro  y  San  Paiilo,  wire  t'oundi'd  ii>  17S()  nnder 
])adres  (iai'ees,  Juan  Antonio  narrenecho,  Jnan  ])ia/, 
and  ^[atias  I\roren<>,  uitli  twenty  soldiers  and  a  lilu; 
number  of  settlers.  In  .fuly  17SL  the  missions  were 
ili'stroyed  by  the  revoltint^  Yunwus;  all  tlie  friars 
were  killed;  and  oidy  three  or  four  nun  sawd  their 
lives.  At  the  same  time  ('attain  Kivera  y  Moiieada 
enean)j)ed  on  the  eastern  haidv  witli  cattle  and  horses 
i'or  California  was  killed  with  sixteen  men.  This  dis- 
aster created  the  ereatest  excitement  both  in  Souora 
and  (ahfornia;  antl  a  hw^v.  militai-y  foice  v  as  sent 
atj^ainst  tlie  Yumas.  A  ie'W  of  the  latter  were  killed, 
but  there  was  no  £ittem[)t  to  reestablish  the  missions 
or  to  jL^uard  the  route. 

Anza/s  expeditions  with  the  founding  and  destruc- 
tion of  the  Colorado  ]»ueblo-missions  form  an  in- 
teresting tojtic,  respecting  which  the  records  are 
comparatively  eotnplete;  but  the  topics  belongs  proj)- 
erly  to  another  part  of  my  work  to  whi(di  I  refer  the 
]'(»ader  for  full  j)articidais  of  occurrences  presented 
here  only  in  outline.*"  The  viceroy's  instructions  of 
178(5  recjuired  that  the  Yumas  should  be  let  alono 
until  the  Apaches  were  conquered,  no  attempt  being 
made  meanwhile  to  open  the  California  routc.*^  In 
171)4  Licutciuant-colonel  Jose  Zuhiga  explored  a  route 
of  land  communication  from  Sonora  to  Xew  jNIexico 
by  way  of  Zuhi;^"  and  in  171)7  the  })roj(;ct  of  a  route 
to  the  peninsula  protected  by  a  presidio  was  again 
discussed  without  other  results  than  postponement. "° 

Padre  Jose  de  Caja  succecided  Padre  Gil  as  pres- 
ident at  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1772,'^  and  I  iind 

■"Sf'o  for  Anza's  llist  expedition,  Ifisf.  Ccl..  i.  220  4,  this  series;  second 
expedition, /'/.,  i.  2.')7  78;  piiuLlo-niissions  on  tlie  Colorado,  Id.,  i.  'Xto-~,\. 

*^  lliilrcz,  Iiixfri'ccldii. 

*^ Zi'in'iija,  /i'd/>iila  Ojcadn,  10. 
^^Arcli  Cat.,  Prof.  St.   Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.   l.'UMO.     Sec  also  cliap.  xxvi.  of 
this  volnme. 

"'  ArrklvUa,  430.     Efforts  to  obtain  additional  guards  for  the  niissious. 


Cl'STODIA  CiF  SAN  CARLOS. 


OS.- 


l\n  record  of  snhsi'quoiit  chaiiij^cs  down  to  178.""?.  As 
ojH'ly  as  1772  tlif  ijiurt'tiuo  ( 'oIIcl,'*'  desired  to  i^ivo 
up  tlitj  missions  of  I'iineria  JJaja  in  onK-r  to  woi'k  tlio 
lore  ctrrctuallv  in  tlif  north;  l)ut  tlie  vircrov  wonld 


n 


not   coiisi'n 


t.     Jjatcr,   ] 


lowcvi'i',  Iho  j>ro|)osition  was 
acocptcd;  and  in  177i,  at'tei*  the  hishop  had  dec  lined 
to  ri'ceive  tht^  estahlislmieiits,  they  wert!  tui'ned  over, 
eiglit  in  nuniher,  to  the  Jalisco  I'l-anciseans.'-  In  IThO 
the  two  missions  of  Gunymas  and  'I'aniazida  wrrc 
ceded  to  tht;  ])oininieans  in  JJaja  ( "alitornia; ''  hnt 
noth 
.1 


wmj;  IS  known  o 


f  tl 


lesc   e 


stablishments  after  tli( 


dian^e. 

Dishop  lioyes,  coming"  to  take  possession  of  his 
ofhei'  in  1783,  was  authorized  bv  a  roval  order  of  .Mav 
20,  1782,  to  form  tlie  Sonora  missions  into  a  custody 
t>f  San  Curios;  and  he  hi-oui^ht  with  him  fourteen 
new  friars  not  named.  'J'he  change  removed  the  mis- 
sions Irom  the  control  of  eolle^X!  luid  jn'ovince  to  i)ut 
them  under  a  custodian,  who  was  subject  to  the  Fran- 
ciscan comisario  <^^en(.'ral.  ]Jetails  of  the  modilird 
system  are  not  clearly  exi)lained;  but  it  is  implie(l  tliat 
the  stijiends  of  the  Iriai's  were  in  some  way  diminished. 
There  was  sti'oUL;'  op[)osition  from  the  collei^es,  which 
was  successful  in  preventint;' the  erciction  of  a  custody 
in  the  Califoi'nias,  but  not  in  Sonora.  The  two  pres- 
idents met  at  Ures  on  October  2od;  the  custodia  was 
formally  orn'anized  1>y  the  l)ishop;  and  P;.dre  Sebastian 


riores,  of  the  Queretaro  colleu' 


e.  was  made  cus 


U 


ui. 


mc  o 


f  the 


missions  woi-e  mat 


le  h 


lOSlMClOS   Wl 


.pi 


4()di 
th  th 


casa  principal  i\t  Baiiamichi.  Custodian  Flores  dii'd 
in  January  1784,  and  was  succeeded  by  Padre  Fran- 
cisco ]]arl)astro  as  Aice-(mstodio.  In  1787,  M'hen  tin; 
guardian  and  provincial  were  called  upon  for  reports 
of  the  missions,  they  replied  that  for  years  they  had 
had  nothinsjc  to  do  with  the  Sonora  establishments 

/(/.,  't.'id-f).  Boundaries  of  the  mission  field  as  specified  by  the  viceroy  in  177.'^. 
Mail' r  M SSI.,  no.  18. 

^- .' /v/'-NvVf/,  4;17-S,  400-1 ;  .SV.r.  Mcx.  Geo;/.,  Jiol.,'2da,e\).  i.  ol2~?>;  L'ivilla 
Giiji'ln.  Cnitn,  J7  l>k.  1Vj7. 

■'^Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  AJS.,  ii.  107. 


SOXOrwV  AND  SINALOA. 


rcferriniT  tlic  viceroy  to  tlic  custodian  for  the  desired 
iuforiniition;  but  if  tlie  reports  were  rendered  I  liav(; 
noti'ound  them.  At  last  in  1700  JJarbostro,  suppoi'ted 
bj'colleijje  and  province,  ap[)ealed  to  the;  kin<^^  sliowinjjj 
the  evils  of  the  system,  and  (jbtaining  a  cedula  of 
August  17,  1791,  which  abolished  the  custody,  and 
restored  the  missions  to  tlu;ir  former  manau^ement.  ' 
Finally  it  maybe  not(^d  that  Viceroy  llevilla  (Jiijfedo's 
I'cport  of  171)3,  so  often  cited  in  this  and  other  (^ha])- 
ters,  was  founded  lari'-elv  on  IJish.oi)  lleves'  reijoi't  of 
1784.  Also  that  Father  Ari'ici  vita's"  sta.ndard  chron- 
icle of  the  mission  work  of  Santa  Cruz  colleL''e,  brini^- 
ing  the  record  down  to  1 71)  I,  was  published  in  .'  71)2. 

It  is  but  a  meagre  array  of  local  ii:(-nis  tliat  I  have 
to  give  m  the  ap])ended  note,  which  also  includes  an 
al])habetical  list  of  the  Franciscans  wli.)  servcvl  iii  this 
fiL'ld  from  17G8  to  1800,  tolerably  complete  so  fir  as 


•'*  Arriririta,    r)()4-Tl;   PaJmi,    ^iil'ichi!^,    ii.    .1.");?;  C!(ir'l<l  dr  Mi 


i.    lOf); 


Pi  nil, -I,  Col.  J)o<:.    Mr 


M? 


Ci/(jri,'n,  Carta,  i.'i  JJic.  IlU-i 


ft"  .Sl'(|. 


y;. 


(A 


A'<'/.   .S''-</(.,  44;  J,''r;/ri. 


'  ( 'iiiii'ica  Si  fujlcii,  y  A/i<i,'<lu/'rii  ili  I  (.'ijli;/io ilr  Pro/i'  ijfnuhi,  Piilf  ilr  /a  Sniifn 


Cruz  ill'  (Jill  K'/aro  en.  I't  Aitira,  Us/kh'ih,  Jh  illi'inla  ri  Saii/i-^hiio  J'ufi 
S'  /iur  StniJo-cjih.     Kxrr'ita  ])or  <  I  P.  J'r.  ,Ihii:i.  J>o)  ihii/o  Arricirl' 
<liir  AiiDsliiliro.  t .c-PnJ'rvlo,  y  <'i»iii.-<ir-io  hiilnlii'.d  di'  hii<  iii'imnn 

Id  llUn.      Si  ijllhllil  JKirli'.      Ml 


il 


Tihiliir  ill  I  Si 


iiiniano.  y  sii  mn.iiiin 


i  UCCllllU'cl  \V1 


th 


ri  ilii'ii 
lil'u  ( 


.f 


Jtt),  !(1.  (J  .')  ]).  4  1.  Tliu  lii'.st  I.,iiik  of  l.)7  \nvxvn  ii 
v.  Aiitoiiiu  .>liii';;il<lcJi'.siis,  iiicliiiliiig  sniiio  liistiiiical  material  for  tlir  iiortIi(!iii 
ri'^'ioiis.  'J'lio  .second  Ixiok,  p.  ITiH-UJi),  gives  tlio  cai!y  iiiissioii  aiiiiala  of 
Niicva  Leon,  Coalniila,  ;incl  Texas  in  the  form  of  i)iograi)liic:;l,sketeln  rt  of  lialf 
a  doxcu  leading friarn  of  tiio  college.     Twelve  cliai)tcifl  of  liooli  iii.   j).  ."Jl-OI!, 

pied 
cL  it 


ro  ilevoteil  totlio  'J'exa.s  i.'ii.ssions;  mid  tlie  remain<lorof  the 


worii  1 1  ocen 


iilino.st  exehi^ivi  Iv  with  tiie  I'laneiscaii 


lis  of  Sono.'a,  on  which  .■jiih 


M  lieyonil  eoiii]iari.son 


the  li^ 


Lh  111(11'  Jited  in  the 


tith 


st  autiiotity. 


i'' 


e  thin  work  was  a  second  part.     1'lie 


first  ]iart  \Wi.s:   Cliriiiitni  A /m.'i'iJirn   y  S'  n'' iJiim  ih'  Io'Id.-i  In.i  Culi  iji  ..-t  i/i'  J 
piuianila  Fidi  ill  rsia  A'»(  rit  JJ-jiii/'ni,  dr  J/t-i. !  iih'i'im  Praiirl-'rd.iion  (Jlt-- 


vriijidii-i  roil 


aiitiii'illiid 


lOllll 


ill,  y  ri'iiiii,  jiarii  lit,  ri/oniiiirhiii  dr  Iom  Firirs,  y 


conn  I',-- 


iuii  (Ic  /of  III  iitilm.     ( 'oiifHijrndaii  1 1  iiillmjrosa  rrm  dr  /lirifrrt,  i/ii 


li'idiir  M'  vriirra  ■'« 
/•/•.  I<idro  de  Fsjii 


Kit,  jifiiHi r  riilri/io. .  .dr  (Jiirntaro.     LWrifa  /K.r  il  /',  P, 


iliriidr 


etc.   etc 


Mexico,    174(i.  41 


J 'ad 


ro 


iinosa  .s  woi  k  c  ivcrs  a 


will 


V,  iiieli  was  iiitcni 


led 


er  iMiigi'  of  teiritorv  than  that  of  Arricivita, 


IS  ;i  snii;  lemi  11 


liistorvthat  I  have  cited  it  in  tliis 


it,  Imt  it  is  only  lor  C'oahr.i'.a  .iid  Texan 


Till!  t\ 


ii-ks  ti 


if  the  hest  of  tlie  old  iiii.isionarv  chronicles.      Jioth  authors  had 


in 


L'conling  the  saintlv  virtms  of  their  associates,  t  illu 


•r  f.jrm  one 
a  wei'.kiiesii 


.1. 


<ioii 


rilio  .iiy.s- 


of  historical  facts;  mid  J'isjiiiiosa  wa.i  .■  oincwhat  aildictcd  toiiiira  ;li 

ticisin;  buteven  iiit!ies(>  resjiectsthey  eonipait   favoralily  withotl  er  ehroniclia 

of  tlicii'  kind.     The  ^^orks  are  \eiy  rare  a.s  well  as  valuable. 


LOCAL  ITEMS. 

tho  QiR'ix'taro  friars  arc  coneornod,  l)ut  iiicliullii'j^  only 
a  lew  Jaliscaiis."  Neither  is  it  |H)s.si!)lo  to  I'oriu  .sat- 
isfactory statistics  ior  the  pi'riod  in  the  i>J>sonccof  the 
mis.sii Mia ry  and  ecclesiastical  rejjorts  \vhicli  have  i"ur- 
iiished  statistical  matter  for  eit.Iier  chapters,      l^xcii 

^^  In  tlii'Ko  ycjirs  ,13  in  oiirlicr  times  voi-y  little  is  known  (if  tiic  ,-'>niii<'i'ii 
jirovinei's  ffoni  (  lianuthi  nj)  to  Sinu'oa.  'J'Irtc  is  Konu;  iit'orniaticin  cxLiinb 
rospt'i'ting  tlio  geiyriipliy  ot  tlicsu  rcirl'ins,  adiHng  notliiny  i./  c^irHcr  I'l.-'crii)- 
tions,  lint  of  L'vonis  iiiid  statistics  of  j)roL''i'n  and  (K-elinc  wo  ju'c;  Ic'ft  fur  Uio 
most  jiiii't  in  iL^norai.'cc.  1  ivf'jr  tia'  read  r  t.i  Uio  talik'.i  of  oariiel'  cliaplcra 
on  Sinai,   i,  tliurc  lioin^'  no  noid  to  repca*;  iill  the  puelilo  names  lieie. 

lloHai'io  was  nowtlio  most  jirosp-'ijii:-  ti;>vn  in  the  north-west  afcer  (!nada- 
lajara.  Jt  liadal)i>iit  .">,Oij;Huhal  iuvnts  in  1 77-,  and7,0;);j  before  liivK).  There 
Were  niiMiy  rich  mines  in  the  ii'gi(jn,  of  which  liosaiio  a;  tlio  eentro  nujiioj)- 
oli/.eil  tlie  trade.  The  ]irodnct  of  tlie  mines  for  a  month  in  I7!i">  w.-is  .S_VI.")l 
marks  of  silver,  and  70-  marks  of  ;;olil.  In  .)uno  17So  i!ie  ])riHluct  is  [;iveii 
aa  3(),!).)J  silver  and  711  ;,'old.  For  a  month  in  17'.''')  tlie  dntiei  on  lailliori 
were  co.ieeted  on  ."s,!)l.")  marks  of  sihcr  and  1, 1!I7  of  j^old.  (!nc(t'ii!c  Mi.c, 
i.  liOl;  ii.  IGii;  iv.  111).  A  eaja  real  Jicenis  to  have  hien  estahli-shed  iioon  after 
177-.  'J'he  principal  miiiev.as  the  Tajo.  'J'he  rcales  of  IMluic  )  and  Copal.'i 
produceil  ;.onu;  ■1(),(KI()  mauis  of  silver  ])er  year.  Ahont  the  f.urronndin;;  ]iro- 
vinces  and  mines  there  are  no  delinite  items  of  value.  CosaLi  ;.;ave  .'.>L;.'i  f  ir 
the  war  v.itu  S.iain  in  17'>'t!.  re.^iivi'.ies  arc  described  at  San  }di;,'iiel  de  <  n- 
liacan  in  ]1'.K>  and  ISO!)  in  celebration  of  events  in  .'^pain.  I'roni  170.")  to  17i'i 
there  wero  7->)bii'^hs,  \'.\2  marri:l;;e^:,  and  ."i7 'uleallri  in  the  ]iarish(jf  (/uliacaiK 
The  po;>nlatio:i  in  IS;)!!  i  i  given  bv  i[innb  ildt  as  1 1!.  Si;).  The  anDtuit  of  e\- 
ci.-e  taxes  in  17i'- was  !;:."i.i!;r_'.  San  I'elipe  di;  .Sinalua  had  los'',  liiue'.i  of  itj 
former  prominence,  thouijli  Jliimboldt  fi'.i's  tlie  jiopn'.ation  as  IJ.o:;;)  in  !:;.);!. 
A  llood  in  1770  destroyed  a,  portion  oi  the  town,  which  was      '     '" 


locati 


The  cu\'ates  assi^^ned  by  the  bishop  in  17 


170S 


Were  as 


full, 


Bacubirit.i  -  tiiere  v.'cre  f.anions  u'old  plaecr.i  near  the  lattei 


■^inaloa,  br 


,  ,M; 


Ldl, 


ivera;  ('Iiicor.ato,  i!r.  .Salvadoi 


•II 


Di  uiop 'i'amaron  died  in  170S  — and  Ocoroni,  Kr.  l)oni 


(in 

uel  Alvaro  Lavaudcia  -^^)eh 


i/avcand  'J'ania>  .''a-  ceded  tot  'alifornia  in  17S',) — 11 
:  puebh  ;,  li.s.  .'.  ]■'.  tSoto,  ]'rani:i.sc,)  Maria  Snarez, 

1  was  attackcil  by  Ap 


Ciiaray  a  ,;veaC  revolt  of  the  riiertefio  Indians  was  f;tarted  i 


the  Mayi.    pneblos,  Urii.   Mii;ucl  laiccnilla,  J;.^'nacio  I'crnai 
ila,  ,los,''  .Ic.aipiin  I'^Iias — a  )iew  p-.nbl')  at  ('nritnpo  was 


.;\u;;nst  17()!);  Yai]ni  imeblos,  lirs.  .I'"ranci  co  .loaipiin  \'aldcs 


iomero,  iind  liian  I'l 
durinLT  the  luiiilary  oiK-rali* 


Arceltosahs-Ui'L 


n  was  W)n 


if  1 70M  7 1  as  a  I'.h.cc  w  here  t 
snrrjnder.     Tn  17^^)  all  ihi-  \aipu  towns  were  nn<ler  ]5r.  \'idi 
prosp.c.'on'i.     Only.nf  all  the  ex-mi;.;:ii:ns  had  a  cler:'ym:ni  ii 
to  the  bishop's  report.     These  were  Jjanioa,  Vaca,  Toro,  X 
C'l  u/. 

Alamos,  rial  de  niinas,  and  centre  of  extensixo  niinini;  oper.-.tions,  Tho 
principal  minis  in  this  reL'ion  v.cru  the  (^Iriintcia,  lanoj;i,.a,  Aldcana,  ( 'erro 
('oloiado,  'l'ara;'.an,  Sntae,  l!acaiopa,  r.iid /jqiote;  auil  many  of  them  had  becu 
r.banduned  before  1771.  Jlei'eipts  for  salti-'vunu'  1770.  .v;i.47S;  for*i77.'>  0, 
!?1  I.J'Im.  Kx..'is<!  taxes,  in  17'.'-.  ,Vl',-^*7.  Alamos,  thoni^h  Hot  np])arently  tho 
capital,  was  often  the  lieatl-iiuarters  of  liigh  oliieial^,  as  is  shown  liy  eoi'i'e- 
spondcnee.     'Ihe  town  is  credited  with  ii  pcip;;lation  of  I'.OO,)  in  bs;):.. 

llorcasita.i  (San  ^Miguel),  villa  and  presidio.     Capital  until   17^^),  aiul  ila 


f.S3 


SOXORA  AND  SIXALOA. 


the  viceroy,  liaviiii^  l^cforc  liiiii  t!io  l)isli()p'i=!  report  ef 
1784,  (lid  Mot  attcinjit  in  liis  clahoratu  lejtoi't  of  1793 
to  give  the  population  of  the  Soiioraestaltlisliiiieiitsas 
was  (lone  for  otlier  pi'ovinees.  Accoi'ding  to  a  I'eg'is- 
ter  made  hv  order  of  \'isi(ador  (Jenei'al  (jahc/ in  17()9 
thei'e  WH're  in  IMnieria  ilaja,  with  its  eiuht  missions  and 

cur.ati.'  li;i(l  iliiir^o  of  iill  tiio  iKiitliiiii  gciite  <lo  iviznu.     'J'Ik;  l■ln■^sillil)  wuh  nut 


)f  til 


if  tin 
i!vt 


irovicl(Ml  liy  lli 


lililiti)  of  177-, 


iina  was  Ml 


to  I'ciiiaiu  only  tciii)vifiiiily  until  ii!l  (l;in:;cr  fioni  tli<;  Scri.s  n 
l)iit,  tlioii^^li  its  icniovnl  ti)  tlio  (Jii.i  \y:\H  inopiiHcd  just  lictoio 
iviili  iK-i"  f li:it  it  was  icniovrcl  lii'l'dii-  ISOI).      hi    ITTSit  Iiiiil  ;i 


(I   l> 


tl'iull'll 

:ist: 


17m»,  1  lind 
(.'liurcli  and 


.JS 


li 


■s  (if  (hIoIics.      I'Acisc  tax  in  IT'.'-,  ShyriS. 


.Monies  lar 


ISD.'i,  ac I'din;,' 

s 

<lo])iivca  ot  ii  j,'arnsoii  iin 
iiiiiripi  for  rcli;4ioiis  service 


i,  villa,  also  callfi I   111   FuurtL'  and  Cadurcita. 
to  Jliinilioldt,  l(),l(KI. 


]' 


ipulation  in 


San  < 'arlos  dt^   Iliioiiavista,  on  the  Vaipii  llivcr.  ]irosidio;  not  apjiari^ntly 


til  alter  ISIK).      1' 


'1' 


in   r 


ittaehcd  to  (' 


Ari/)'!',   town;  capital  after  17SI?  of  bislioprii-,    l^ovi 


Int 


I'rnas,  ant 


iutendi 


IK'l/. 


It  had  I  IS  adoht!  houses  in  I77S.     'J'l 


Viis  r."i:U,  of  whirli  I, (>'_'!)  wei'c  Jud 
uero  many  produelive  mines  of  ;,'til 


le  |io])ula 
llxriso  ta\  ill  17'.'-, 


tion  ill  that  j  ear 


!I'J 


'11 


dsil 


vei'  la  the  distrii-t,  besides  a 


hont 


40  alii 


d 


1'Ik'  mis.-ions  tif  Soiiora  {,'iven  to  the  Jalisco  ]''raiieiscaiis  in    17(1^ 


Yeeora,  \\  ilh  Zaraiclii  and  ()iia]ia,  P.  J'" 


do  I' 


L 


att.'i 


1  1 


inias  111  I  /(IS,  aiii 


le  \  isilas  al 


l.eh 


I7M;  A 


rivechi,  wi 


tl 

th  i; 


laiiiloned  or  oecu|iied  liy  n 


1 
ttoes,  etc. 


>V 


I' 


.Marfa(  'alirera  ;  Sahiiai  ii  u,  with 


'I'eopari,  I'.  Joai|uiu   itaniire/;  Oiiazahas,  with  Oputo  ainl  (lumiiiis;   IJoca  di 
(landu,  with  Nacori  and  .Mochapa;  ilaseiaca,  with  (iiiiicliiinera  and  IJuUisjie 


15; 


u'oachi;  and  <  uipiiaraehi. 


U' 


le  missions  o 


f  tl 


II!  .south  L'iven  at  first  to  tho  ()iier('taro  friars,  ;in(l  tri 


ferred  t'l  the  .l.ilisc'ins  in  1771,  were:  () 


naitas,  wi 


th  '!'( 


hi  and  Soyopi,  pop- 


ilation  in  I77l-',  1,111;  formed  into  a,  ciiiacy  lieforc  17S1;  ( 'ummipji.  iiopul 


tloll, 

in  r 


•  lO  in  I  / , 


Siiaiiisli 


ecoripa,  with  .Suaipii,  I'.  ,lnan  Sarohc  in  I7t'''^,  I'op.   1117 


famili 


coi'iiia.  uii 


til  about  I7<)!t,  f( 


(1  int 


I;  ^an 
o  a.  mission 


,1. 


de   1> 


a  visita  < 


.f  T. 


1  for  the  rel)eiitant  n  hel  I'iatos, 


•J7(i  Indiaii.i  in  l^i 


Ties  with  Sta  iCo.salia.  1".  I! 


Alcalde  in  17ti.H,  41(i 


Ind.    ill   177'-';  0|)odepe,  with  X.h 


:!tl     liid.    ill    177-;    .'ind  Cucurpe, 


Mitli  'I'liape  (iJoloi'cs  and  Sar.'iclii  lia\  Iiil:  heeii  !iliaiidoned).     This  l.-ist  mis 
.sion  was  properly  in  I'inieri'a  Aha,  and  w.is  at  lirst  gisen  to  I'.  -ViitonioUcyes, 


.1  wIh 


•  1-tt. 


rs  ot  17'i'^on  ]iett\'  matters  ot  iiiit'sion  pi 


are  extant. 


1 

th 


(Inaynias  was  the  centre  of  extensive  icilitary  o|(eratioiis  in  I7li7  71.    .Soto 


(nice  (le  '.eon  \\as  a 


I  ted  royal 


omi. 


ario  to  distiilmte   lamls  anion;'  set 


ers;  hiii.  it  does  not  a]ipi 


that 


aiiv  settlement  reniamei 


T! 


icr(^  was  also 


a,  kind  of  mission  iioiuiiially  ceded  to  tiu!  Doininii  aiis  of  California  in    17''^l>. 

The  put  was  called  als  i  San  .lost'' and    {'ajaros.      I'iticwas  ;i  piichlo  wliero 

iiilliy  of  the  repentant  Seris  asscmliled  in  1770-1.  lieiiii;  for  a  tiliKMiuder  1'. 


:si;i 


C.-ilh 


It  la 


ler    passed  into  the 


hands  of   the  .lali.scan    friars 
issued  for  the  foiiiulatioii  of  a  villa,  w 


17S!)  clahorate  instructions 

■Were  to  si'i'vo  also  as  models  for  tho  or,i.,'aiii/ationof  other  towns  in  Sc 

iu 


111 

huh 


the  i'rovincias  liitcrnas.      1  lind  no  record  of  pro,i.'ress  lieforo  ISUl);  Imttiio 


villa  was  founded  and  liecaine  known  in  latertinie.~ 
placers  o 


11 


erniosiiio 


Th 


Id 


f  Ai,i;ame,  Itii.  south  of   Pitic,  yielded  riclily  in    I7'.H)  H.     ('.•iiriziil 


was  .'i  i.cw  mission  establislied  in  177-,  and  (lestidy((l  the  next  yt 
reliel  Sei-is,   who  killed  P.  (iil,  as  elsewhere  relati.-d  in  this  cliapUr. 


Tile  follow  ill'. 


ire  itu: 


litioiicd  in  the  report  of  17'il  '■'•'!  I's  for  tli 


hv  tlr 


st  part 


deserted  liy    liidi.iiis  mid  without  clergymen:  C'uiiicuri,   with   Tepiupii  uud 


MISSION    STATISTICS. 


m 


oi'U  mu'ldos,  ,) 


1.1. 


,01  I    fiKl; 


HIS  aiK 


1  71)2 


Li'diLc (l(!  rn/on: 


wliilr  ill  tlio  c'lL^Hit   missions  and   sixtcrn    piicMos  of 
l*innri'a  Alia  there  were  •_',()  IS  Indians  ami  I7S  L^cnte 


dc  ra/oii,  besides  tin-  soldiers  and  their  f'amilie 


I 


I  77l\  aecordinn'  to  the  smnmarv  oi"  J*a(h'e  Ileves,  there; 
Were  in  Loth  U[)[)er  and  lowei-  I'imei'i'a  (i,l)(J'.)  Indians 
in  I.')  missions  or  o4  jiuehlos.      Ten  of  the  [niehlos  had 

M;iC(iy;i<|iii;  li.'itaco.sa,  only  7  fimiilirs;  Mdliiis,  witli  Xiiri  uttiifkeil  !)y  Iiiil- 
iiiiis  ill  ITd'.l-   iiiiilcf  iMirntc  of  J{ii»  ( 'liico;  MatiiiM,  w  ith  Niiuori,  Hi'ciilari/i'il: 


1" 

rdiiclii,  \\  illi  liai)iacorii.  .svi;i;Iari/<'il,  .-,  )iiii:S]i;iiiish  tainilics;   Itaiiiiiiiirlii,  A\  itii 

ii('i)ai;  and  SiiuiijiiipL',  cmaU',  casa  iniiitMiialnf  tlii;  cii.stodia  \~f<',{  iH);   liatiico, 

with  Ti'imsiic,  iiiiihl-  a  clcr^'yiiiaii  jiaiil   hy  Spaiii.sli  rcsidiiit.s;  OiMi-iira,  willi 


<i 


larojia  ami  'IVpaclic 


si'Ciuari 


:inii  (,t'  Alan 


(ii'cca,  m  tin:  n 

curate  \\:\.i  killed   liy  Iinlians  in    I 

«stie;.l  head  tuunot  the  southern 

in  i:;'-'. 


zed,  suHired  iViini  an  A]iaelie  raid  in  ITli'.';   I'av- 


o 


mines  disei>\eii'd   in  IT'.'J,  and   tli 
mibaiL  i-i  i.ientiiined  as  the  eeel^'^i- 


di.st. 


ets  a.s  lloreasitas  was  i 


.ft 


le  niiilheni 


^li.sions  <i 


(Jarei's  Ironi  .)  ni 
•  liietrina;  Imt  ec 


ieif:l  Alia:   San  .la\ier  ile!    I! 
7>JS.     Tile  neiiphyU's  wi  i' 
■ided  to  return  on  a  inon 


le,  in  ehar:.'e  ( 


if   I'.  I 


scattered  and  had  fi 


a  iiroinise 


that  th 


raneiseo 
^'otteii  tlieir 
lid  not  liave  (o 


.  or!;,      liefore  the  ind  of  l7(iS  the  Apaehes  destroy  eel  the  mission,  killiii','  tliu 
liilian  eo\ei  nor  and  eainiui.e'  two  s.ildiers;   hut  most  of  the  ne 


lit. 


titok'll. 


'J' 

In  r. 


n 

lere  were  twiral  lanTatta 


tiiere  wen 


70  Indians  on   the  reuisters. 


opliyies  \,eru 
■hall  the  niiissioii  eattle  weri' 
The  ehureli  is 


inoilerately  eaiiaeioiis 


lilt     ]!' 


oily  sup 


with  ornaments,  says   I',    k'eyes. 


If  the  Liaiid  struetnio  now  staiidin,'  in   ruins  was  Iniilt  liefore    ISdO   I    have 


d  no  dellnito  record  of  the  fact,  hut  more 


>i  tl 


lis  elsewliere. 


Sail  .los('>  ih 


iiesun,  .)  or 


0  le 


'ties  n^irtli,  an 


I, 


;iiid  ol  visita 


-f  1 


>ae,  was  a  eolleefioii 


■f 


lieaily   1,()(M)  Indians,   (diiisliaii  and   f;eiitile,   who   tilled  the  so 


ami   well! 


Iiliild 
liSOO. 


ilially  visited  hy  llie  pudres.      There  was  no  eliurell  lior  other  prominent 


th: 


■re  were  lio  S[iaiiisli  s  ■ttler: 


l),|, 


17M»,  iirobalih 


.t.  lieli 


Santos  Antjek's  de  ( liii:va\  i,  with  three  \isitas,  San 


Tun 


San  Cavetano  de  ( 'alali; 
P.  (id  in   l7(i.S.     The 


am 


1  San    l,!4ii, 


lelo  de   Soiloilae;   put   111   chal;;eot 


re  was  no  eliiireli 


Calal.i 


tl 


le  otliers  are  di 


scriliedas  poor.     The  lour  piielilos  Ijaii;i;i7  lndi;.iis  in 


T 


Mie  lea'/iie  from  the  jiresiiiio  o 
mil  Home  Willis  for  defeii 


illiiaeaeol  I  wim 
f  Tiiliae;  ami  it  had  adoln!  houses  for  the  Indians 
1 1  was  in  I7<i',)  attacked  iiy  the  Apaches  at  iiiid- 


<lay. 


lief. 


I7'"-I  IIk'  liadre  had  ehaii;^i<l  his  residence  to  'J'uinacacori,  aiK 


both  (<llev;i\i  and  Sonoitae  had  I leeii  deserted. 

Santa  Maria,  de  Siiamea,  with  visitii  Santiaun  do  ( 


if  P.  I 


raiurisco 


Itoehe  in  .liiiie  I7<i*<.      In  NoVemlK  r  of  tl 


'occispera,  ]iut  in  chai 


line  sear  l.'ie  iiiiii 


ideslroycd  liy  the  Aiiachesaftera  hard  light  w  itii  the  I'iina  neo|i!iytC'f ; 

lid  tln>  paiiru  traiislcried  his  lloek  to  (  ocu-pera,  w  liich  also  siiljered  from  tliu 

■  ...  ;|,,iilt, 

a  (.■,o( 


sa\';i;:es  ml/ 
liilt  I  lie  local 


I7d!».      In  I77-'1 


lere  \>'i.  re 


as  had:  aiicl  it  was 


ID  Indians;  aiiil  aeiiiu'eli  was  lieiii; 
to  ri'store  the  mi-^sioii  on 


d 


(site  nearer  Tern  n, lie.      In    I7'l,  liowi'\er,  Siiainea,  had  not  lieeii 


uiiied, 


and  was  jirolialily  iievir  relmilt. 


iil.itii 


San  l;_;nacio,  w  iili  visita  San 


.lose  1 


mini-:  and  Sta  .M:iri;i  M;i','daleiia,       ro|i- 


u  I77-,  -7;i.     A  liiick  I  linrcli  luiilt  \>v  the  rraiiciseans  at  S,  l';iiacii 


dak 


na  was  atiai 


177d.      I    have  fiaL'inenli'i  of  tl 
tlr 


ked  and  iieirly  destroyel  hy  the  reli'luuid  Ajiac! 


lissioii  retfistci's  of  liotli  San  T 


U'Vlaleiia,  wliKli  :  lio\^  the  [ladres  in  cliai 


J7t>>S 


Z 


mil' 'a 


l7l'-'-s«>,  Car 


ra-ei 


to  ha.vi 
.M 


licen  a.s  follow 


( (.ircia 


'iiacM  am 


1771  d  (liied  .May  !l,  I77li,  ugcd  IJo),  .\rii- 


IJiHi.  N.  Mkx.  HiA  i.H,  V<ii..  1.    it 


GOO 


SONORA  AND  SINALOA. 


clmrclics  in  cfood  coiulition,  eij>-]it  wcro  small  and  with- 
out  oniaraonts,  eight  in  ruins,  lour  in  [)rocc.ss  of  con- 
struction, while  in  four  there  were  no  churches.  In 
1778  Corbalan  reports  39  churches,  and  5  stone  houses; 
also  780  dnnx'S  of  mares,  GG8  yoke  of  oxen,  20,G47 
cows,  15,947  sheep,  3,978  goats,  1,573  horses,  and 
2,152  mules.  In  1770,  according  to  the  original  rec- 
ords of  the  hacienda,  the  excess  of  revenues  over  ex- 
penses was  $77,277;  and  in  177G  the  total  of  revenue 


qiiilwr  17S0-04,  Tobaa  1700-0,  Poroz  1700  rt  goq.  Tlirrc  wore  also  otiiors 
wliosi!  names  appwirocuasioiiiiUj',  donlitkHH  visitors  fioiuotlicr  iiiifisii)iia.  Tho 
lieul  <le  Sta  Ana,  .j  1.  s.  ic.  from  S.  Ignai.io,  liail  a  few  Sjianish  nt(ji;U-r.users. 

iKjloi'cs  do  Saric,  witii  S.  Jr)st!  Aijniniuii  as  visita.  Tlicrc  were  formerly 
two  utlicr  visitus  of  Arizona  ami  Jjii-aniilesei'teil  in  17()IJ  on  uce(niiit  of  !iav;iyo 
raids.  'J'wo  imndri'd  and  twciity-i-igiit  Indians  in  I77-;  no  clinrcli  at  Acjiii- 
mnii.  Saiiuwas  plundered  by  the  savages  in  177<J;  buttlie  cliureli  was  saved. 
1'.  Floreneio  Ibaiiei!  was  nus.sionary  in  17S3-'JO.  The  visita  was  aijandoned 
before  17S4. 

San  I'edroy  San  Pablo  dc  Tubiitania,  with  Sta  Teresa  as  visita.  President 
lUiena  took  eliarge  in  17liS,  and  several  ol  his  letters  are  e.xtant;  but  bo  was 
soon  sneceeded  by  P.  Jose  del  Kio  I7<iS-0.  Other  padres  servin;'  litre  as 
shown  by  tlie  mission  books  were;  Salazar  17()0-7-*,  J'-spinosa  i77;)-4,  (luillen 
1774-S(howaa  murdered  in  April  177S  by  the  Indians  on  bis  way  to  .\ti), 
('arraseo(wlio  died  at  Magdalena  in  177(5),  15arbastro  177>S-S.'i,  Iturraldo  17!^'i, 
Moyano  17i!>S-0(),  Soeies  1701,  and(iomez  1800.  Tlierewtro'Jl'S  Indiansin  177-. 
In  178-4  there  were  a  few  families  of  gente  do  razon.  Tubutuma  bad  a  briek 
chureh. 

San  Franeisco  Ati,  with  San  Antonio  Oquitoa  as  visita.  Two  liunured 
and  forty-three  Indians  in  177-,  a  very  small,  poor  ehureh,  and  none  at  Oqui- 
toa.  1'.  Josi'!  Soler  was  the  first  Franeisean  in  ohaij^e,  170S  7t;and  his  suc- 
eessoTs  on  the  registers — which  I  lia\e  for  both  mission  and  visitii — were: 
(inillen  177.'!,  Espinosa  1773  .",  (i(MgoU  I77.'i-S7,  Pianios  1771-"),  Fixarcli 
177(>-81,  (laniarra  1777-0  (died  at  Tubutaina  1770),  ibjrcno  17'iO,  Llorenes 
1787-00,  ikirbastro  1780,  Moyano  1700-1817,  Amorua  170G,  Lope;:  1707-S,  and 
(lomez  1707-8 — many  of  the  names  being  of  eourse  those  of  visiiors.  There 
were  a  few  Sjianish  settlers. 

Purisinia  t 'oncepcion  do  Caborca,  with  San  Antonio  Pitlqui  and  Xra  Sra  del 
Pojiulo  (or  SanJuan)  ISisanieasvisitas.  l,'2().")lnd.  in  178'_';  noehurch  orl;oiise 
at  I'itiqui.  The  padres,  as  shown  on  tho  mission  books,  many  l/eing  vi  .^itii'S, 
were:  Jiian  Diaz  17ti8-7:!,  Cab-ada  177;i-8-J  (ilicd  Deo.  "JO,  ifSL),  S(.'lcr  177:1, 
Moreno  177.V81,  Espinosa  177(>,  (iorgol  177--8(i,  (iaroi's  1770,  Mora  1700-It, 
ItauK.s  17tsl-0:.>,  (Jolhizo  170_'-1,  Simo  170-t-."),  Prado  1700-7,  S.inelie/.  17:!(J- 
ISd;!,  Mota  1707-8,  Lopez  1700-1800,  Font  1780-1,  Moyanu  178J-0J,  lairrahle 
1778,  Parbastro  17S(!,  liordoy  1700,  Ibanez  1700. 

Of  the  line  of  frontier  presidios  in  Pimcria  ,Vlta,  Altar,  Tubac,  Terrenate, 
and  Fronteras  enough  has  been  sai<l  elsowlie;  in  this  ohaptor.  Tiie/e  is  no 
rei.;ord  of  loeal  events  at  any  one  of  them.  San  Ihlefonso  do  {.'iene;;uiJa  was 
a  rich  placer  mining  district  near  Allar,  discovered  1771.  Lorj  ]j!;in(j,j;iiid  Sau 
I'ranei.ici'  wei-e  gold  placer}  in  tlie  same  district.  San  Antonio  do  l;i,  Ilv.erta, 
or  Arenas,  was  another  famous  and  ri^h  di.>trict  of  gold  placers  discjverecl 
before  177-  near  tlie  Yaipii  Uivei'.  Xot  much  is  Iciiov,  u  of  tho  place;  Ual  from 
177-  to  1770  it  was  tlio  most  llouri.ihiu;,'  iilaoo  in  Sonoi'a,  supporting  Iho 
pr.ivinoe,  as  ('apt.  Anza  wrote,  Miih  the  aid  of  (-'ienc;:uilla.  L:.oisa  la;c  at 
Cicucguiila  1702,  §080;  at  La  Iluerta,  $4,180.     Tho  Ari,;ou;i,  mines,  or  idaii- 


LIST  OF  IT.A\'CISCAX.S. 


601 


Wfis  .$18.'l,7r.7,  tlio  largest  itonis:  l)t'ing  ,^ilvur  duties 
6:'.;3,840,  gold  $24,812/ quicksilver  s2;f,502,  sdt  si  1,- 
8G5,  toljaceo,  [xnvdcr,  and  cai'ds  !i?.")(),4  1 4.  The  ex))eiis{3 
of  the  presidios  was  !irl28,8!)3,  and  the  balaiiee  sent  to 
Mexico  waf4  .SloG, 924.  In  179'.)-1800  Soiiora  .-itizeiis 
contril>nted  about  5^2,500  for  the;  wai  with  rnince. 
For  17!);)  Hun)boldt's  statement  of  population,  resting 
apparently  on  a  census  taken  by  viceregal  order,  was 
9:3,:59G. 

chos  (Ic  rinta,  arc  by  several  ^vritcrs  paid  to  linvo  lucn  Moi-kcil  lato  in  tlio 
ct'utury,  Ijiit  tliia  seems  to  liave  been  .iii  error,  for  tli  y  liiul  been  long  aban- 
doned. 


List  of  I'ranciscans  serving  in  Sonora 
Adaii,  Manuel. 
Ahuniada,  Antonio. 
Anioros,  I'edii). 
Arriijuibar,  I'edro. 
IJarbastro,  I'raneisco  Antonio, 
IJarrenethe,  dliau  iVutonio. 
Beltran,  Francisco. 
]>ordoy,  Mariano. 
Uuena  y  Alcalde,  Mariano. 
Cabrera,  Jose  Maria. 
Caja,  .lose. 
Cal/ada,  Ainbrosio. 
Carrasco,  Manuel. 
(  arrillo,  lialtazur. 
Co!la/.i),  .Vngf  1. 
]Jia/,  Antonio. 
L)iaz,  Juan. 
Ei.xarcli,  Tonii'is. 
Fspinosa,  Jose  Maria. 
Felix,  lldefonso. 
Flores,  Seljastian. 
Font,  IVdro. 
(iallo,  Matias. 
( laniarra,  I'Vlix. 
Ciai'ces,  J''raneisco. 
(Jarei'a,  Dieyo  Martin, 
(iil  do  Bernavo,  Juan  C. 
Gome/,  .lose, 
(ionzalez,  Fiiustino. 
(lor;iiil,  .)uan. 
Gudleii,  Felipe. 


from  ITCS  to  ISOO: 

(luttierrez,  Xai'ei.so. 
Ibafiez,  Flurcncio. 
llurralde,  l''rancisto. 
Jui',''do,  Fiancisi.'o. 
Llorenes,  Juan  B. 
L\)pez,  JIanion. 
Maduefio  y  Cobo,  Fenian. 
Monares,  Jtoque. 
!Mora,  Josi5. 
Moreno.  .lose'  Matfas. 
Mota,  Pablo. 
!Moyano,  Francisco. 
Ocabi,  Antonio  (1. 
I'crez,  .Jose. 

I'onci,  lie  Leon,  Feniando. 
Praiifp,  .Alonso. 
Lainirez,  .loaipiin. 
Kanios,  Ant'  ni(j. 
Kio,  Josi':  del. 
lloclie,  Francisco, 
lioniero,  Fraiiciisco. 
iSalaza,  Ivstevan. 
Saiicliez,  Andres. 
Sarobc,  Juan. 
Sinii),  Liirenzo. 
Soeics,  ilartoloniL'. 
Siilcr,  .bise. 
'i'obas,  l''raucisco. 
Velarde,  Joaiiuni. 
Villaseua,  Franei.sco. 
Zuiiiya,  Francisco  S. 


(.  « 


II 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


FRANCISCANS  AND  DOMINICANS  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 

17G9-1774. 

TlIK  VlSIT.\l>(>i;'s  I'l.AXS  KOIi  Lf)KETO — De1'AH.TUKE  ANIJ  ReI'OUTOF  Gaia'ez — 

CiiAi'i'i.  ;i"AriEi!0('iiE— (iov'EUNuri,  Aumona — Conzalez  and  Toledo — 

El'lDE.MKJS — DlSSATlSFAfTIUN — RaMOS  SenT  TO  SoXOKA— NeWS  FI'.OM 
MONTEUEV — iloUENO     IN     C')MMAXD  —  BaSTEKUA'S     MeMOIIIAE— NeW 

Fuiaus— GovEUNOR  Bakui — A  Bitter  Fefd — P  alou  Aiu'Eals  to  <  Iiak- 
dian    and  Vkjekoy — The    Dojiinican'    Claim— Iriartk's    Efeorts — 

ItoVAL  U1:DE1;S— (ll  AUniAN'  and  VtCAU-OENERAL — A.MD'AI'.LE  AoREi;- 
MllNT      Fi;  INCISCANS     SiKIlHNDER    Till',     FeNINSI'I^V  —  MoTIVES    OK     THE 

Two  (tin>Ki;s— More  Ti;oi])le  with  J5ai;ri— Arrival  of  the  Domin- 
icans—Departpre  of  the  Fernandino.s — Palou's  Final  Peefara- 
TioN.s — TRoriiLEs  \vx III  President  Mcjua — Reglasiento  of  Presidios — 
)>AKRi  Si;(.'CEEDi;i>  i;v  Felife  de  Neve— Instructions— Arrival. 

AFTi:it  coiicludinLj  liis  labors  in  coimection  witli  tlio 
exj»c(lltioii,s  to  San  Diego  and  jMontei'oy,  as  narratctl 
in  an  ciii'lii  i'  cliajifi'i',  ])on  Joso  do  (kUvcz  canio  to 
J^orcto  in  tliu  niitldi*'  oF  A]tril  17G9,  accompanied  by 
two  IViars  newly  arrived  I'roni  Mexico,  patb'cs  Juan 
Escudero  and  Juan  Benito  Sierra,  and  was  receiv(xl 
witli  nuicli  lespeet  by  Fatlier  Paloii,  actin<^  as  pi'es- 
ident  since  Sena's  dej)ai'turo  for  the  north.  Loreto. 
thouL^h  ilio  nominal  cajiital,  w.is  now  in  a  reduced 
condition  iVoni  its  j>oor  soil  ;uid  lack  of  water,  bein*^ 
abandoned  by  its  ori^'inal  iidiabitants  except  a  few 
I'aniilies.  Wt  on  account  of  tne  jiri.'sidio  ;wm1  ware- 
houses there,  and  tlio  (oK  I'able  harbor,  (:i^al\ez  ro- 
L;retted  the  ilecadence  of  this  oldest  of  the  }>eninsula 
establislmients,  and  n.'solvei]  to  restore  its  population 
and  pros[)ei'ity.  Jie  tlu'id'ore  di'ci'ee(l  that  ono  hun- 
dred families  should  be  brought  from  the  otlirr  niis- 


PLANS  FOR  LOllKTO. 


G03 


sions  as  soon  as  Loroto  could  be  ptvparcd  for  llicir 
I'ocL'ptioii.  Xoat  Wiiituwaslicd  d\VL'lliii;^-.s  of  uniform 
plan  wore  to  l)o  built  on  rei^ular  trco-<lcc'oratecl  streets 
about  the  ever  essential  plaza,  each  house  ha\ing  an 


enclosure 


for    1 


IVe 


tock    and    jxiuHi'v.     Aljout    lour 


aci'cs  of  fei'tile  land,  with  a  well  lor  irrigatinn,  were 
to  be  assigned  to  each  l;iniily,  and  each  was  to  receive 
a  small  allowance  of  maize  I'or  >ne  3'ear  fi-om  tlic  royal 
stores,  ]^ut  ni)tallwei'e  to  I)o farmers;  for  boys  were 
to  be  trained  to  the  arts  of  fishing,  [)eai'l-(livin'4,  and 
navigation  in  a  school  established  for  that  pin'[)ose, 
under  tlie  [ladres,  but  sup[ioi'ted  f(»r  a  time  by  the 
government.  After  the  native  pueblo  lia',1  beiii  at- 
tended to,  a  Spanish  settlement  foi-  ollicei's,  sohfiers, 
mechanics,  and  otliers  was  to  be  laid  out  according  tt) 
a  ])lan  ])re[)ared  by  the  zc-alous  visitador.'     Trnl\'  the 


Cal 


liornian  c 


Llplti 


iJ  wa^ 


to  1 


^e  a  mo( 


lei  t 


own. 


.Besides  proj(;cling  these  schemes  for  the  future — 
never  to  be  carried  out — (Jalvez  studied  the  existing 
state  of  all'aii's,  an<l  made  changes  more  oi'  less  impor- 
tant in  several  details.  He  corrected  laxities  in  the 
keeuino'  of  the  roval  accounts,  lie  reduced  the  sol- 
diers'  pay  to  four,  five,  and  six  reals  ])er  day  for  those 


serving   in 


th 


south,  nortli 


aiK 


I 

heh 


n   ex[>e(liti()ns  ro- 


il t 


HI' 


|iri>'e 


S])(.'ctive!y ;  but  at  tlie  sametmu;  lie  lowf'r(( 
of  sup[)ries  at  the  almacen,  and  obliged  tiKs  iiiissioii.s 
to  Sell  at  pro[)ortioiiately  lower  I'ates  to  the  govi^rn- 
ment."  Thus  the  missions  and  not  (lie  king  had  Ih': 
burden  to  bear.  Leaving  in  writing  his  orders  tui  all 
these  [joints,  ;ind  iiianv  iiioi\,' 

Itl 


th 


gui-iaiiee  ol  gov- 


ernor, jiresident,  and  tne  royal  comisiona 


do  J 


uan  (jtu 


tierrez,  tlu^  visitador  sailed  on  i\iv.  Sail  .foyctlv  lirstof 
]\Iay  for  Sonora.''  .^fterhis  departure  l*alou  went  to 
San  Javier,  putting  i/e  Iro  Escudero  in  charge  there, 


i.  47 


I  (;alvo/:",s  ilccTi'L-.s  of  Aiiril  ■_';!,  .'iO,  ITDl*.    .h-r/i.  <\fl.,  J'lvr.  ,V/.  /'. 


■  J'dloii,  \i'li 


1.  (j... 


Mi 


ruiUii'C'l  fi'<im  Si  t<) 


"(): 


■'1, 


fit's,  jr<j  ti)  .S4:  Irosli  iiic-it,  7")  ooiits  to  "J.*;  ilriu;l  liu'iit,  il  Ui  ij; 


MS. 


to  .*:!; 
;  to  .":.) 


por  L'uartillii;  a^iian 


liciit..,  81. •-'.')  t( 


I'tc,  etc. 


Hi.s  fjciKTiii  icjiiirtot  Dec.  :n,  1771,  (inlnz,  /ii/nniif  Gmrrul  <iii'-  in.  rh' 


ill'   mil  (irden,   iit-^/rni/u   y  iiili-njij  el  E.mno  Sr  Mani'M  dt  .> 


oicui'u,  ait/di 


rtml 
lo 


ii^ 


oot 


FRANCISCANS  IX  THE  PENINSULA. 


and  (ihtaiiiinuf  twcuty-fivo  nativo  faiuilics  foi-  llu!  pro- 
JL'cti.'(l  piiublo  at  Loi'uto.  Not  iiiucli  more  was  over 
doiu'  to  cany  out  the  plans  (jf  (Jalvez  in  this  matter. 
l*a(h('  Sierra  was  sent  to  MuhM>-e,  and  l*adre  Gaston 
took  charge  of  l^urfsima. 

On  May  IDth  tlierc  ancliored  near  tlie  cape  one;  of 
the  Caliloruia  transports  from  San  ]>his,  havin-^-  on 
board  a  ]»arty  of  French  and  S|)anish  scientists  under 
]\[.  (Miap[)ed'Auteroclie  of  the  Koyal  Acach-ni}',  whose 


purjtose  w 


as  to  oljsei've  the  transit  of  A'en 


us. 


Ti 


le 


visitors  were  entertained  at  San  .fose  del  Caho  hy 
l\i(lre  ]\Ioran  and  Captain  Morales,  who  rendered 
every  assistanci'  IVee  of  charLjc.  The  scieiitiiic;  obser- 
vations weic  very  successful;  but  innnediately  after 
their  c(jmplrtion  the  i>ai-ty  was  attacked  by  a  pestilen- 


tial f 


ever  w 


hicl 


I  cari'iec 


lolf 


seven 


memlxM's,  hk 


•hid 


UILT 


]\[()nsicui'  Chappc  himself  'J'liree  years  later  the  ri'- 
sults  of  the  observation  were  jiublisiied  at  l*ai!s,  with 
n  n.'irrative  of  the  jouiMiey,  which,  howe\''.'r,  contains 
no  infoi'mation  of  value  respectinsji;  ( 'alilbrnia.' 


Matins  de  A rmona  had  been  the 


governor  a{)j)oui 


ted 


to  fill  i^)rtol;L's  pl;ice,  when  it  was  dc'cided  that  the 
latter  should  lead  the  northern  expeditions,  .lie  ar 
rived  .lune  I  2,  I7(!'.),  at  luoreto,  where  he  found  a  letter 
Irom  Chdve/.,  re([uesting  a  conierenco  at  Alamos.  Ar- 
inona  at  once  pre[)ared  to  obey  the  sunnnoiis,  intending 
to  take  foi'inal  possession  of  his  otiiee  upon  his  return; 
butha\ing  learned  fi'oni  the  acting  governor  Gonzalez 
that  the  ]»eninsnla  was  in  the  future  t(^  })ay  its  own 
soldiers,  and  be  ollierwise  self-supporling,  he  declared 
his  resolution  not  to  come  back  at  all  unless  (Jalvez 


won 


Id 


nioi 


hfy  1 


us  n-'-'u 


kit 


ions. 


Pal 


t)U,  ueenmiLr 


IJ 


on 


ri'<i/iiilov  ijfvi  rill  (If  exff  mjno  td  E.rrmo  Sr  Virnij  JVi;/  JJ.  Aiitonio  liii'-arohj 
y  Urnnu,  110-8,  coiit.'iins  ii  goiieral  account  of  liin  pvoccodiiigs  in  Calit'uiiiui. 
^  loi/ii'/r  III  Calij'i  rii'ii'  pour  t'oliservdfinii  dii  yjK.s'.svfi/c  »/<;  Wnin.-^  siir  /<•  tlisijin' 
till  Snliil,  li>  ,i  Jii'in  I'ldO;  Cnii/ciKtiif  Ics  olwrratioiin  ilr  re  jihi'iionn'iii',  lO  In 
d(  scrijitiiiii  liis/oriijiic  <l<:  Id  raii/c  ile  l^dilciir  t\  h-dn-i-uli'  .]fi\r'ri!ir.  I'arj'vit  M. 
('lid/ijK'  il'Aiilrriiclii\il('  rAcdil'  tilir.  etc.  Iliili'ir  A-  inihlir  )iav  M.  <li'  r'(/.<.s/i/(.,_///.s, 
<li' In  M(  nil  Afinh'iiiic,  etc.  I'ari.s,  177-.  4tr).  Two  S|iaiiisli  astrdiKiiiuTs,  |)oz 
(iiiil  Mi'dina,  assisti'cl  in  llic  (lUxcrvatiDnH  at  Sail  .losi'',  wliilc  a  McNJcan,  \'i'- 
la/(iui'/.  lie  Loon,  was  wry  siU'fi'ssfnl  at  Santa  Ana.  Sec  also. >»i)r.  .l/r.c.  (/<oi/., 
U'jL,  i;dcp.  iv.  iUO-4;   Uiiik  I  l^lalcs  Cuud  iini-n  i/,  Hijil.,  l6~4,  i;jl-o. 


rESTILENCi: 


C95 


]\[atia.s  a  n^cxxl  iiinn  for  i\\o  ])lac'o,  rot^i'cttt'd  iliis  dc- 
tt'fijiiiialioii,  hut  li()|)c(l  ])y  tlu'  ('oinhiiicd  iiiiliiciici'  of 
the  twolhc  visitador  nii^Iii  Ix'  induced  torrjx-al  soiuo 
ol"  lli(i  iniidvatioDs,  iiotaMv  that  i('(hi('iMiL;"  the  jiric(! 
ol"  mission  [>ro(hicts.  Thi;  j^ovfi  uoi'  sailed  lor  the  main 
on  the  241  li  olMunc' 

Ahout  this  time  a  deadly  epidemic  hrokeout  in  the 
sontli,  j)ai'riculariy  at  San  .lose  and  Saiitia^'o.  l*a(h'(; 
]\luiuu fa  was  attacked  and  luul  to  he  removed  to  Todos 


Santos.      J'adi'e  IMoian  died  t 


(  lO    s 


iddeidv  io  1 


cceix'e 


the  sacraments.      No  sooner  had  this  ])estil(;nc{!  sid)- 
.sided  than  anotlier  hi'okt;  out,  followed  hv  a  thii'd  still 


more 


fatal. 


causinij' dreadful  rava-jes  in  all  the  missions. 


Over  three  hundred  persons  died  at  Todos  Santos, 
^vhile  many  ])erished  in  the  mountains,  whither  they 
had  vainly  lied  foi'  safety.  llendercMl  desperate  hy 
the  mortality  which  tlu'  vaunted  reliufion  scH'Uied 
j)o\verless  to  cheek,  the  Guaicuris  ahout  Todos  Santos 
los',,'  in  revolt,  and  Governor  Gonzalez  had  to  go  in 
person  to  restrain  them;  hut  nuich  to  the  disjjfust  of 
that  potentate  the  Indians  stole  his  diniiei-on  th(;  day 
of  his  arrival  ;uid  the  su])])lies  provi(h'd  for  hisdepart- 
Ul'e.  in  August  a  vessi'l  l)lougIit  to  Ijoindo  cloth  to 
the:  v;due  of  eight  thousand  (fjllai's,  sent  hy  (ai\]\v'/ 
'V  to  the  Indians  as  a  comi)ensation    fir   mi:..i:)n 


or 
oil 


taken  for  the  north. 


aloM  'jfratefulK'  d 


•II)- 


uted  tlie  cloth,  hut  annoiuiced  that  the  missions  could 
no  longer  hear  the  e\[)enst;  of  clothing  tlie  neophytes 
uule;.v>  the  prii.'cs  of  j)roducts  wer*;  I'aised. 

G()nzale;c  vras  now  ]iei'mitt('d  toi'elii'e  from  tliecom- 
m;i:r.! — v.'hethei'  fi'om  di.-gust  at  tlie  i>urloining  of  his 
dinn  T  in  the  south,  or  fir  more  weighty  reasons,  d.>es 
not  a[)pear — and  a  )iew  comisario,  Antonio  l^ope:'.  do 
To]j;!o,  was  sent  as  lii'ut'.'uanl-govej'nor  to  rule  in  his 
stead  until  Ainiona   ,-ho;:ld  ictuni.      llean'i\-ed   ,:id 


a.s.'.uiuea  commainl  m 


1  OetolH' 


lirlnuiii'''  iiistri; 


Ci.oU;- 


inteUvli'd,  so  wioie  (laK'e:'.,  to  remove  all  diiiiculi  i 


aiitli 


llii:,   \<i/.iriil.'i   (/(■    fit   AlllhpiH    CllliJ', 


iiily  t.ijr  ;ill  •■vents  ,,\\  th"  ;>  iuii>;lil;i  m  IIumj  jcars, 


Cii'i  ft  Mt[.,  i.s  the  .stiiiiilurd 


090 


FRANCISCANS  IN  THE  TENINSCLA. 


)(MMnsula  affairs.     These  instructions  were  to  furnish 


fVoni  thi'  nhnacen  all  utensils  needed  at  Lor<'to;  hut 
they  re(|uired  that  the  native  lahorers  at  the  salt- 
Moi'ks  of  Carmen  Island  sJiouliUvorlc  for  their  rations 
uithout  other  ]>ay,  and  that  these  salinas  should  he 
reL,''ularly  settled  with  mission  Indians,  i'alou  oh- 
jcet(Ml  to  the  clauses  relatinif  to  tlu^  salt-works,  and 
declined  to  o1)ey  them,  asserting'  that  there  must  he 
sonit.'  crrf)r.  He  wrote  to  his  i^uardian  on  th(.'  suh- 
ject,l)ut  that  <li<j;'nitary  deelar.'d  it  im|>o]itic  to  consult 
the  viceroy,  and  K-ft  the  ])ri'si(Knt  tosetth;  tiie  matti-r 
M'ith  Galvez.  l^dou  accord in<'lv  wrote  to  the  visita- 
dor,  and  then  determined  to  cross  the  <^ulf  i'or  a  jiei'- 
sonal  interview,     ^[eanwhile  all  the  friars  were  con- 


su 


Ited,  and  unanimouslv  au'reed  that  tlic  (»idv  com' 


left  was  to  resiu^n  all  care  of  tlie  temi)oralities.  I'aloii 
tinally  decided  to  send  Father  Ramos  to  Sonora  instead 
of  troinir  in  person 


V 


and  the  latter  sailed  in  Decemher 


carrvinjjj  theoffer  of  resignation — ^respectiui*-  the  entire 
sinc(>rity  of  which  under  tlie  circumstances  there  is 
nuicli  I'oom  fordouht — signed  hv  all  the  missionai'ies 
and  exj)lained  hy  a  letter  from  the  president.  The 
late  lieutenant-irovcrnor  Gonzalez  sailed  on  the  same 


vessc 


■I. 


Ramos  was  not  successful  in    his    missi 


on,  tor 


h 


found  that  Galvez  in  had  liealth  had  gone  to  Chihua- 
hua on  his  way  to  Mexico.  Therefore,  after  sending" 
a  Utter  to  the  rctirini>'  visitador  he  returned  to  Loreto, 
arriving  on  March  14,  1770.  It  was  now  decided  to 
semi  a  fidl  report  to  the  guardian  of  San  Ferna.n<lo, 
and  leave  the  colleger  to  settle  the  matter  with  (jJalvtz 
and  the  viceroy.  This  rci)ort  was  sent  to  ^Mexico  hv 
Padre  i3ionisio  Rasterra,  who  was  retiiiii'j:  on  account 
of  ill-health,  and  who  saik'd  the  19th  of  March.  Padre 
Ivamos  then  started  for  Todos  Santos,  with  instruc- 
tions to  send  !^[urgula  in  his  jilace  to  Loreto. 

In  the  mean  time  Governor  Armona,  havinijf  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Sonora  wars,  had  sent  in  his 
resignation,  which  the  viceroy  refused  to  accept,  per- 


AIJMONA  AND  MOlJllXO. 


007 


ortif)t,<)rily  <»f<U'i'iii,!^^  (lie  riM-;iI(Itr;nii  ruler  to  iljo  witliotit 
(Ifhiy  to  liis  post  ill  ( 'iilifoniia.  at  tlie  same  liiiu'  proiii- 
isiniL^    to  I'ciiiovi)  the  <liHiriil(ics  {t\'   whicli   coiniilaint 


lia.l 


\u;v\\  made 


Ani.'oiia  liad   no  excuse   for  di^ol) 


dii'iiee,  and  arrived  in  tln'  sniitli  on  the  l;!tli  olMune, 
Avi'itin^"  to  J'aloii  iVoni  J^aiita,  Ana,  and  calling-  Icr 
a  rejxirt  on  mission  allairs.  T\\v  [U'esideiit  liaxiii^',  as 
M'e  liavo  noticed,  a  londiiess  for  jtei-sdnal  conrereiK'es, 
sailed  Cor  the  south  on  the  -Itli  ot"  July,  and  |)re|iared 
the  I'ejiort  at  Todos  Santos  with  the  aid  of  |*a(he 
]\anios,  in  whom  he  seems  to  luive  jilaci'd  i^Teat  eoii- 
iiih'iiet'."     Then  he  went  on  to  niei't  the  !>(>v<'rnor,  and 


till'  two  returned   to  'I'odds  iSant 


OS,    w 


heri'   the  '2i\  of 


Au,'4'Usttliey  tir-st  heard  ofthe  oeciqiation  of  Monterey, 
joyliil  tidini^s  eelehrated  l»y  a  solemn  mass  the  I'ol- 
]o\\iiiM-  day.  Soon  the  \icei'oy  eliaiigi'd  his  mind  and 
]»ermitted  Armona  to  retire;  and  alter  wailing-  lor  tin.' 
stormy  season  to  jiass  he  sailed  lor  San  iJlas  on  the 
Dth  of  Xoveinhei',  leaving'  l^ei'iiardino  Moreno  in 
rominand  as  lieuteiiant-goNernor.  Annoiia  cari-ied 
to  ]\lexieo  vai'ious  petitions  from  l*alou,  proiiiisine-  to 
vise    all    his    intiueiiee    in    favor    of  the  reforms    de- 


iuan( 


led: 


and  III  some  resi)ec 


success 


ful. 


1' 


•ts  1 


le  seems 


to  1 


lave  heeu 


pli'tc 


'I'liis  report,  liustily  iirifiarcil  ami  prolKihly  proliiiiinai  v  to  a  nicno  ('oni- 


one,  IS  no 


t  extant.      It  ajiji' 


It  I'ali! 


oil  calli'd  ii|K)n  eacli  jiai 


Wv  l'< 


Ktatenient  I'esjiecting  his  own  nii.stiion;  Imttlnse  local  niiorts  are  also  inissin 


^Vltll   (iiie 


exeeptioii,   that  of  railit;  L; 


it  li 


rjii 


late.  I  A I 


:!i,  i: 


Full  local  details  of  the  mission  with  its   I  1,")  neoiihytes,  he.'-iile.s  those  li\i 


in  SIX  ranclienas 


Arr/t.  Sin  JJurUtrfi,  .MS.,  i.  -.M-.Tt. 


.asueii  niauis  an  elo- 


quent ap])eal  for  two  jiadres  at  each  nii.-sion,  h'ss  perhaps  hecanse   lie  neeileil 


lii.lp  th 


heeaiise  he  ion''e(l  for 


eoni|i!iny. 


AV 


e  can  in  some  deu'rt'e  nnaLrine 


the  desolate  l(jn(.'lines,s  ot  u  padre's  lite  at  a  frontier  mission;  hut  the  reality 


ist  ha\e  heen  far  \\(jiso  than  anythini;  our  fancy  can  picture, 


'J'l 


vcre  mostly  cdncateil,  in  many  eases  learnc 


men;  not  used  to  nor  ni'edinLr 


use  Iriars 
ii 


the  hustle  ^^i  city  life,  hut  wanting'  as  tiny  did  their  daily  food,  intelligeiit 
companionship.  'I'liey  ^^(■re  not  alone  in  the  stii<'te.-.t  sense  of  the  word,  for 
there  were  cnou^di  people  around  them.     lUit  wliat  weie  these  peopK' ?  -igiu)- 


rant, 


dirty, 


dUv,    tleachel 


half-tamed    savages,   with    whom    no 


decent  man  oouhl  ha\i:  anytliin.:.'  in  common.  Even  the  almost  hopeless  task 
of  .saviiijL,'  their  miseralile  souls  must  have  rccpiired  a  martyr  lor  its  jier- 
foriiiance.     Father  Jlae^'ert,   Narhrivlidn,  "JIS-'JU,   jircsents  in  a  humorously 


th 


lii^ht  th 


llUL 


dill 


nes.s  of  existence  on 


th. 


1" 


even   lliulil 


le  most  favorahle  eircum.^iaiices.      Ife  dee!, ires  that  I'ortohi  could  not  have 


licrii  more  severely  pluiiBhe<l  than  hy  his  exile  to  this  country  if  1 


le  had  he  ell 


U  traitor. 


'  I'alou,  Nollcuu^,  i.  82  -3,  mentions  the  following  of  his  reipiests  as  liavi 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


1.0 


I.I 


1.8 


1-25     1.4      1.6 

^1 

6"     

► 

V 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  145S0 

(716)  873-4503 


i 


? 


i>.^ 


<lf 


5 


%° 


i 


COS 


FRANCISCANS  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 


Meanwhile  Padre  Basteira  liad  readied  Mexico  willi 
the  president's  remonstrances  and  the  offer  to  resij^u 
the  teinporahties.  Galvez  was  then  in  better  health 
and  willitjg  to  listen;  but  in  order  to  avoid  confusion 
the  padre  was  requested  to  present  all  his  demands  in 
writin<^  in  one  memorial.  This  Basterra  was  glad  to 
do,  and  on  Jul}'  10,  1770,  the  visitador  was  confronted 
with  a  petition  iii  which  were  embodied  all  of  Palou's 
ideas.  It  was  a  petty  s\veej)ing  reform  bill,  but 
promises  are  cheap  at  all  times,  and  were  particularly 
so  in  that  time  and  country.  So  Galvez  had  no  hes- 
itation in  giving  a  verbal  promise  to  adjust  everything 
to  the  satisfaction  of  everybody.  He  kept  the  j)a[)er, 
but  not  his  word,  for  so  I'ar  as  he  was  concerned  not  a 
point  in  the  petition  was  ever  acted  ujjon.'* 

liocii  subswiucntly  praiited:  Tlitit  tlic  comisjirio  should  settle  his  mission  nc- 
fonntn;  tliiit  piii'fs  of  iiiissioii  jji-oiliicts  should  hi'  liolcer  ri';^uhiteil;  that 
Ijoroto  sliotdd  rocfiv*!  thf  halanco  duo  at  the  t'Npid.sioii,  and  \\  liat  had  lie*  a 
taken  from  the  raiielio  since;  tliat  iUi:  khIIi  ros  at  Sta  Ana  should  return  to 
thiir  niissioiis,  the  |ihili  of  j^'ivin^'  tin  in  iustrurtion  not  having  heen  eariied 
out;  tiiat  tiio  mission  Indians  should  not  work  on  the  San  lllas  transports. 
"The  items  of  the  memorial,  witii  important  explanations  liy  i'ahm  not 
ajiJK'aring  in  tiio  original,  were  as  foUous:  'J'iie  Indiai.s  to  receive  .s|  jht  day 
for  work  for  l^o  kiii;^  as  ordered  hy  (!alve/  (throu;.'li  the  inlluenee  (  f  (!ov. 
(iutierrez — (ionzidez?— this  j)ay  had  lieen  refused).     'I  1  ■    [iriees  of  meat  to  ho 


.0  wi're  w 


ihl. 


d 


sehold  utensils  to  ho 


rai.sed,  for  at  jjresent  pri;'es  tliere  was  a  loss.  ('Jli 
or  s(!\"en  va(|Uero8  liad  to  he  hired  and  fed.)  'J'i 
delivered  to  I'alou,  and  tlie  old  lialaine  due  the  nii>.-.  n  under  the  .Jesuits  to 
he  paid  (tiu'  utensils  had  formerly  helon'.'ed  to  the  niis-i.uis.  'I'lie  h:danee  iiad 
heen  ordered  to  Ik*  paid  except  at  Loreto).  Don  Fraucisect 'I'rillo  to  j),iy  for 
10  tiitijd^  of  brandy  (lost  hy  his  carelessness).  Mis.sion  accounts  to  he  ad- 
just<'d  (there  were  numj- errors  atrainst  tlie  missions).  Mi.ssions  toheix'rmitteil 
to  huy  cloth,  tohaeco,  etc.,  at  (inad.ihijara  ami  .Mexico  insteail  of  from  tho 
royal  iitorehouse  (several  l.umlreds  of  ilollais  couhl  lie  thus  .saved  every  yeai). 
The  order  for  .^lO.OOO  -.•r!S,(HMl?~-of  elotii  for  the  Indians  tohe  rej.eat.  d.  ('I'lie 
missions  could  not  l>ear  the  exjiense  of  clothing  the  Indians.)  Only  such  cat- 
tle to  he  I'.elivered  to  the  ahn.vccn  as  liore  its  hran<I.  ( r>y 'I'rillo's  eironeout) 
re))orts  the  alniaeen  had  received  more  cattle  than  hi'lonireil  to  it.)  Tho 
missions  to  sell  surplus  pioducts  when,  where,  and  how  they  plca.se,  and  to 
leicive  ciisli  i'rom  the  almacen.  'The  coniisano  claini'd  all  the  ]irohts,  wliicli 
I'alou  thought  shouhl  go  to  tlie  Indians.)  Tlu'  governor  and  cmiisario  to 
he  forhidden  to  meddle  with  the  tempoi'aliiit's;  for  at  (ircscnt  they  seemed  ti.> 
regard  the  p\clres  as  thiir  suhaltcrns.  Tlu'  Lori'to  padre  to  he  rcliexed  of  tho 
liicessityof  dclivei'ing  to  the  governor  and  comisario  the  product  of  a  garden. 
(The  comi»ar:;>clainu'd  not  only  a  sup|iIyof  fi\iit  and  vegelaliles,  asoiiginally 
ordcrcfl,  liut  thewhole  |)iodiU'tof  tiie  garden.)  Thegovcrnoriind  comi.-^ario  tc» 
live  outside  of  the  college,  so  that  the  dooi's  might  lie  closed  e.-.rlicr.  (It  was 
not  fitting  so  closely  to  unite  religion  and  trade. )  The  Indians  to  lie  lidu'Vcd 
of  the  trihute  imposed  on  them,  they  lieing  harely  ahle  to  proviile  for  tiiem- 
sches.  (The  trihute  was  the  harvest  ot  one  lanega  of  mai/.e  at  each  mission 
in  the  south.)     The  governor  and  eohiisario  nut  to  interfere  with  the  niissiuii 


GOVERNOR  BARRI. 


COO 


() 


In  August  of  this  vcar,  1770,  the  viceroy  IkkI  luard 
f  tlu'  .success  at  ^[ontei-ey,  and  so  liopcful  of  fill  lire 


c< 


)nq 


lie's 


ts  did  tlie  news  make  liiin  that  lie  resolved  to 


I'ouiid  not  oidy  live  new  missions  in  tlie  upper  countiy 
hut   live   otliers    l)et\veen    A'elicatil  and    8an    DicLTo. 


Gal 


vez  ca 


lied 


u 


pon 


the  LTuardian  of  San  Fernando  for 


foity-{"our  friars,  lately  arrived  from  ]un()j)e.  The 
guardian  ivfused  to  sj)are  so  many;  hut  finally  it  was 
aj^reed  to  furnish  thirty  hy  seculariziniif  the  Sierra 
(lorda  missions.  They  left  the  capital  in  Octoherand 
awaited  at  Tepic  an  oi»p()rtunity  to  cross  the  gulf. 
l'\lij)e  ]>arri  had  now  hi-en  appointed  governor  of 
California,  and  with  J?adre  Juan  Antonio  lii(»hoo  ho 
saiK'd  iVom  Tepic  in  January  1771,  not  ai-riving  at 
Sant.i  Ana  mitil  March.  Thence  he  wrote  to  Palou, 
and  ohtaiiied  permission  for  Kiohoo  to  take  charge  of 
the  cajie  towns,  not  meddling  with  the  tiMn[>or;'litits. 
])arri  also  sent  the  viceroy's  orders  resj)ecting  the  new 
missions  to  he  founded  us  soon  as  possihlc.  They  were 
to  he  named  San  Joacpiin,  Santa  Ana,  Sun  l*ascual 
IJailon,  San  Felii)e  Cantalici(»,  and  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano;  each  endowed  witli  one  thousand  dollars,  and 
to  he  administered  hy  two  friars  with  a  stipend  of  two 
hundred  and  si>venty-live  dollars. 

(jovtiiior  IJairi  came  with  his  family  to  Loreto  in 
Ai)ril,  and  was  disposed  at  lirst  to  act  in  harmony 
\\\{\\  tlu'  presi<lent,  taking  dei'p  intei'est  in  the  mis- 
sions. ]>ut  such  a  stati'  of  things  could  not  he  cx- 
])ecte(l  to  last  long  in  California,  and  soon  the  spiritual 
and  temporal  authorities  were  once  more  set  hy  the 
eais.  ]n  .lune  the  Lmiirtditd  hrought  had  news  of 
the  i'riars  at  Te[)ic.''     Tlu-y  luul  sailed  in  Fehruary  (tn 


Ixiiits  mill  tlicir  crews,  (>xct')it  in  ('iiicrL'i'iicios.  (Tliovliml  iiscil  tlifm  fur  tlicir 
own  privjitc  i(in\  ciiiciicc.  I  San  .Josi' I'.d  CiilMiiind  SantiiiL'o  ti>  lir  cipnliMncd 
lis  ( iiijuiiM,  Mill  nut  tiinit'il  iivtT  to  tin'  Iriiirs;  tor  tlir  jiiillniii  tuiu'lii'l  tlirir, 
ami  till'  1  ail  I  IS  mi  t.'lit  lie  aci'iisfildf  trailiiiir.  ( I'lilmi  I  mil  liianl  tliat  tiir  cmato 
liail  j^iiiii' to  Mcxiio  t<i  Work  till' till' cliaiiLri'.)  |ln  1771  I'.  lliiil»iii>  timU  cliafirn 
(if  San  .Ins  •  fur  want  of  ii  ciirato.  I'ltlon,  ^iotkia",  i.  l;!.S  !I.J  The  inilnorial 
ill  /(/.,  i.  Su-!)7. 

"  Tlu'ir  nani'-s,  so  far  lis  ciiii  Iw  ili-tcrniiiicil  fi'olii  I'alnu's  simicv  liat  innfnsiMl 
imirativt',  wire  us  follows:  Juau  I'icatiiiiiero,  lUinion  Ussoii,  .Miiioelino  .Seiiia, 


700 


FRANCISCANS  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 


tho  S(n)  Carlos,  but  had  boon  driven  down  past  Ara- 
puloo.tho  vessel  liavingsuKseqnently  grounded  at  Mjui- 
zaiiilio,  and  the  padres  beiuLf  landed  in  boats.  Finally 
jtadi'es  Senra  and  Fiijfuer  reenibarked  on  ihc  Son  Cur- 
ios and  i-eaehed  Loreto  in  Auj^ust.  The  others  pid- 
ceeded  northward  by  land,  one  of  them  <lyinLj  on  the 
wav,  and  iinally  were  brouixht  over  to  the  i)eninsiila 
on  tlie  Coii<'('iH'ioi},  arr'w'wrf  on  the  24th  of  Novenibei-. 
IMeanwhile  Palou,  while  in  the  north  niakin!jc  prej)- 
arations  for  the  new  establishments,  had  been  recalled 
by  a  litter  from  liarri,  announcing  a  revolt  at  Todos 
Santos.  lie  disregarded  this  sumnicjns,  asserting  that 
the  revolt  could  amount  to  nothins;.  On  his  return 
in  September  the  new  friars  Senra  and  Figuer  weio 
sent  to  ]>t)rja  and  Todos  Santos.  The  CoixrjiciuH 
liad  niJide  one  unsuccessful  trip  to  bring  tlu;  other 
IViars,  but  now  started  again.'"  The  revolt  was  not 
seri(tus  in  itself,  but  it  led  to  some  unpK'asant  consi'- 
quences.  The  Intlians  had  com])lainod  of  the  cruelty 
of  a  nijijordomo.  Such  com[)laints  from  the  Outiicuris 
wei'e  Ireijueiit  and  almost  always  unfounded,  so 
the  padre  refused  to  act  in  the  matter.  Then  tho 
neophytes,  instigated  by  ciu'tain  slin>wd  malecon- 
tents,  appealed  to  the  governor,  iniduding  in  their 
complaint  other  charges  against  the  padre,  notably 
one  to  tho  eifect  that  he  denied  the  ijfovernor's  iMLcht 
to  interfere  in  the  nnssion  management.  ]3arri  was  a 
stubborn,  hot-headed  ujan,  and  was  very  ani^rv.  Noth- 
ing  that  Palou  or  others  could  say  had  any  efl\'ct  to 
mollify  his  wrath;  and  thus  began  a  feud  which  in- 
creased in  bitterness,  until  the  governor  openly  ordered 
the  padres  to  confine  tliem.selves  to  preaching, teaching, 


Toni;58  lip  III  Pcii'i,  yicoiite  Turns,  Francisco  Ecliasco,  Martin  Palacios,  Manuel 
JjU^o,  l\(lri>  AiTij.'iiii'l)ai',  .lust'^  Lcuniiii,  <irt\i;ori()  Ainnrrio,  iln.-in  KiLTUcr,  \'i- 
coiito  rusttT,  Aliloiiio  Lin:iiV8,  VicuiiUf  Santa  .Maria,  Francisco  .lavicr  Tc- 
jaila  -l(>  iif  wliat  I'alou  calls  a  list  of  '  tlicac  'JO,'  10  liavint!  gone  to  Alta 
California.     Tlic  other  fonr  were  np|  urcntly  .lose  Hcrrcra  (who  iliid  Itcforo 

reaching'  I'ul.l,  .Iomc  Loj^'crniera,  .Miguel  Sanuhe/,  anil \'illiicnilaa.   i'liloii, 

Ao/lii'L^,  i.  !I1S   KM,  i:i(M;  ii.  I.")(i. 

'"There  is  some  confusion  about  these  trips,  but  tho  matter  is  not  impor- 
tant. 


PALOU'S  TROUBLES. 


701 


and  s;ivini»'  mass;  not  mcnldlini^  witli  tlie  tomporalit'u'S 
nor  with  nunislinunt  of  Indians.  ]t  was  a  threat 
tiiunipli  lor  the  hitter,  who  thx-kcd  to  IJarri  with  coni- 


1 


ilaint.- 


dl 


s  on  all  occasions. 


1 


hev  became  saucy  and  in- 


dej>en(Kiit,  Mastinj,'  tlie  i>rojtertv,  until  it  seemed 
tliat  the  evil  days  of  the  coniisionados  had  I'clurned. 
Palou,  Idled  with  j^iief' and  indii^nation,  wjx»te  a  pas- 
sionate letter  to  his  guardian,  entreitii;*^  him  to  appeal 
to  the  viceroy.  The  letter  was  seikt  hy  ]*adi(^  lOscu- 
dero,  who  sailed  in  Octobir  and  reached  ^lexico  in 
l)ecend)er.  On  learning  the  ])adre's errand  the  guar- 
dian p]'('|)ared  a  long  nu-morial  lor  Viceroy  IJucareli. 
A  notahli!  clause  was  the  ivquest  that  sor.ie  <>!"  the 
missions  might  he  transferred  to  the  care  oC  some 
other  order.  This  niemorial,  though  answered  in  a 
lavorahle  strain  by  the  viceroy  the  Ibilowing  ^larch. 


produci'd  no  direct  or  immediate  residt;- 

On  the  arrival  of  the  new  padres  in  Xovenihei", 
Palou,  writing  from  Comondu,  notititsd  IJarri  Ihat  he 
was  ready  to  found  the  ni'W  missions;  hut  the  gov- 
ei'uor  nplied  that  there  were  no  soldiers  to  spaic,  and 
he  had  in  vain  demanded  a  reetdorcement  fror.i  (gov- 
ernor Coihalan  of  Sonora.  The  |>resi(k'nt  thti-eftti-e 
gav(!  U[»all  hope  for  the  time,  and  (hstrihuted  the  mis- 
sionaries amonijf  the  old   establishments."     Then  he 


full. 


"  The  iliiiisos  of  tlic  gminliairs  iiu'inoi'ial  rclatiiifr  to  tlic  ])riiiii.su!ii 


M. 


>l.lir 


ll  III' 


IIIISSIIIII.S. 


li; 


'J'('in|i()i'alilii'H  siioiilil  niiiaiii  in  cli 


(•  clniiili  |:aia|iliiriialia  iiiidtil  im'  llic  IVontiii' 


laM'JxiWiT  tc)aii|Miiiit  and  roiiiovo  nil  Mixaiits  and  xoldiiis 


I'' 


di 


il.l 


Th 


11'  iiii4  nii>sicinH 


lid  1 


lavo  ntiirni't 
d 


I  to  tl 


111  tl 


w  aiuina 


Is,  vU 


fii 


nii>in'd  fur  tlir  iu\v  <iius. 


iv  roval  uai'i'lKUi 


SI-  sliuiild  jiay  its  dilits  to  tlic  missions  in  ;;oods  ur  drafts. 


•fill 


Till 

'Jilt'  waifliDiiso  slioiild  not  rt'ciivc  nii.-siun  prodiu'ts  <'xrc|it  tor 

p)ods.      Indians  should  rcccivf  just  ua^'is.     'I'lic  ti'aiis|iort  should  sail   from 

San  lihis  iii'iiiiio.     A  ]iro|n.'r ////«)-;/'i   shoidd   In;  allowcil   to  jiadns  )_'oiii.' or 


I'oiniliu'  fi'iilii  tlin  now  luissiniis.     .*l,(IO(l  should  lie  ^'laiittd  lo  S.    I'tiiiaiidi 
The  l>oliiillii'alis,  or  Some  other  order,  .■-hould    take  eare  of  S.    .I.ivier.  S.  .Iom' 

TU.' 


del  ("alio,   Santia''(),  T01I08  Santos,  I'm  isiiiia,  tiiiadal 


>hl 


lers  sliou 


Id 


upe.  Mill 


1  M 


Ul(l;i', 


ri 


ited  Dee.  I'lt,    1771, 


VI'  adei|uale  rations  lur  eseort  duly. 


'11 


lis  memorial  \mim 


d  « 


IS  alisw  el'ei 


I  Mareh  Ls,  177-'.     'II 


11  |i|y  Was 


a  vai'iie  a.<siiraiiee  tluit  the  vi(  cidv  iiad  iiislrueted  <  lo\ .  liarii  todn.ill  he  could 


to  ai 


Itl 


had 


i'e|)ort.     This  reply  did  not 


Hint  hiiii  the  lucessaiy  ])a|>i  is,  and  hai 


I  (irdcred  hjni  to 


I'aloii  till  l»ee.  177".';   toil  latetodoaiiN  uooi 


if  it  had  lieeii  satisfactory.   I'lilmi,  Xnt.,  i.  II'J-'J(». 

The  distrilmlion  was;  S.    Kernaiido.    Kuster  and    l.iiiares  with  Camjn 


Sta  tlertriidi 


Vn.urrio  wi 


th  .Sa 


|. 


1. 


e\  tia:  .^lu 


Kosulia,  Arreyuibur  with  Sierra;  (iiimlaiui/e,   l..ago\\iih  N'illaumliiali  s;  I' 


702 


FHAXCISCANS  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 


sent  to  Bani  a  formal  rcnnnciation  of  Todoa  Santos, 
rccoinnuMulin^  that  tlio  I'cw  and  Incorriujibly  bad  Ind- 
ians should  be  distiil)Utod  in  other  missions,  and  su<^- 
jijestinLf  a  transfer  of  Spanish  settlers  from  Santa  Ana 
to  Todos  Santos.  The  j^overnor  positively  I'efused  to 
accept  the  renunciation  until  he  could  consult  the 
vicero}'.  This  refusal  served  to  widen  the  existing 
breach  l)etvvccn  the  friars  and  the  captious  ruior,  it 
being  evident  that  the  latter  would  oppose  the  fathers 
at  every  point.^'  As  the  Franciscans  were  now  exas- 
])erated  beyond  measure  at  being  thus  crossed  and 
thwarted,  all  attempts  at  reconciliation  soon  came  to 
an  end.  The  natives  were  not  slow  to  take  advantauje 
of  this  state  of  affairs;  they  became  more  insolent  and 
refractory  every  ilay;  and  more  than  once  open  rebel- 
lion was  barely  averted. 

At  his  wits'  end  lor  a  remedy,  Palou  at  last  had 
recourse  to  the  means  of  redress  so  often  and  inolfec- 
tually  adopted  before,  and  sent  Padre  IJamos  to 
]\Iexicothat  the  whole  matter  might  be  laid  l)erore  the 
viceroy.  Ramos  sailed  in  January  1772,  reaching  the 
capital  in  ^Tarch.  At  this  time  the  question  of  c<;ding 
a  part  of  the  missions  to  the  Dominican  order  was 
beiuLT  discussed,  and  the  arrival  of  the  envoy  with  his 
long  string  of  grievances  contributed  materially  to  the 
final  surrender  of  the  entire  peninsula  by  the  Francis- 
cans. After  Kamos'  departure  Palou  received  in.'l  ruc- 
tions to  prepare  a  full  report  on  the  condition  of  the 
missions,  which  he  did  under  date  of  February  12, 


rfsima,  Echasco,  nn<l  Pnlaoioa  with  rSnaton;  Comondi'i,  Prr?i<-amoro  ami  Pnfla; 
S.  .liiviiT,  I'tiMou  with  I'aiToii;  Lorcto,  Stii  Miiria  with  iMiin,;iii.i;  'I'oiios 
SniitoH,  Siinclu'Z  withSoiirn;  SautiaL'o  and  Sun  .Four,  Vilhirndiif,  v  ilh  Kiolido. 
I'dl'ii,  S<t..  i.  i;{l-"J.  Figuer  is  not  iiiinicd  though  ho  liad  arrived;  'I'cjudii 
liad  ln'cn  k't't  sii'k  at  Topic,  and  did  not  arrive  tiil  April  1772;  wliilu  J^cguna 
•W118  jicrhaps  tho  one  wlio  died  on  the  land  j<inniev. 

"•Ill  hi.s  rejiort  of  Feh.  I'i,  I77-,  I'alou,  Noi'idaH,  i.  17.T-4,  raya  in  answer 
to  iin  inijuiry  if  Arnmna's  orders  for  tlie  t;o(id  of  th(!  Indians  were  li(^iii'.(  ear- 
rie<l  ont.  '  Arinona's  name  cannot  even  l»o  mentioned  in  tho  pren'iiee  of  (iov. 
IJarri,  who  openly  says  that  he  eanic  to  ruin  tho  peninsida.  In  \\\v  \tvvnvmvi 
of  1'.  l\seuil''ro  ho  ileelared  that  he  did  not  wish  to  he  in  harmony  with  in<'.' 
Sometiiiiig  shonhl  he  (hmu  to  pruvtnt  his  interference  with  missionary  clRirts 
in  behalf  of  the  Imtiaus. 


CESSION  OF  THE  MISSIONS. 


703 


1772  '*  But  long  bofoio  tliin  (locument  reached  its 
de.stinatioii  the  wurreuder  of  all  the  missions  had  been 
settled. 


The  Dominican  occupation  of  the  peninsula  liad 
its  oiioin  as  early  as  17()8.  In  that  year  Fatlnr 
Juan  IV'dro  Ii-iai'te  y  Laurnajja,  procurador  at  ^la- 
drid  of  Dominican  missions  in  New  S|)ain,  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  extendiii'jf  the  labors  of  his  order 
into  California;  and  with  encouraj^ement  from  men 
of  inlluence  at  court  he  jietitioned  the  kin,:^  ibr 
license  to  establish  n)issions  on  the  west  coast  be- 
tween latitudes  'Jj"  and  28 \  represent! nnj  that  rej^ion 
as  a  rich  and  unworked  missionary  iicld.  Iriarte 
may  have  credited  I'ahulous  rumors  respeotim^  the 
natural  advantages  <jf  the  country  in  rpiestion;  but 
it  must  be  remembered  that  his  petition  preceded 
the  fitting-out  of  the  exiiedition  to  San  Diego 
and  ISEonterey;  and  it  is  <piito  possible  that,  with 
a  hint  of  what  was  to  be  tlone,  he  simply  wished 
to  })ut  his  order  in  a  position  to  occupy  the  northern 
regions  if  such  occupation  siiould  prove  to  he  desirable. 
l>y  a  cedula  of  November  8,  1708,  the  king  I'el'erred 
the  j)roposition  to  the  viceroy  Ibr  his  opinion.''  TIic 
viceroy,  probably  inlluenced  to  somii  extent  by  the 
Franciscan  authorities  in  ^Mexico,  leported  uni'avor- 

^*  Piiloii,  fii/orme  sohrf  rl  EKtndo  Actual  de  laJt  Mtuhni's  ilfi  la  Pfiivixiil'i, 
1772.  Ill  Id.,  Not.,  i.  l;t.S-7'J.  'I'liis  lupDit  conlaiiiH  a  bUiIi'Ii  of  tin;  liistnrv, 
luc'iitioli,  ami  t'oiidition  of  cicli  culalilislmiciit;  with  also  a.  ri''>uiii.'  cf  lliu  ]i;nt 
grii'\. ■lines  anil  iicctHsary  iTfiHUis.  llistdiicul  iti  ins  liii\o  Imcii  iitiluc  I  ilsi> 
vlic'iv,  and  l(icatii>ii.i  aru  fliown  on  tlio  map.  'I'lio  rc^isti  riil  |)i)])ulati(>n,  a 
large  jiait  wandi'iin;,'  in  tin;  inniintiiiiis,  was  "i.OTt  in  I.'!  (■stali!i>^liiiK'iits  (lial- 
vc/,  in  liis //',/(((•/)/(■,  I  lit, -avi- till' total  i"iii',ilaliiiM  in  ITiJH  as  7.S'^*>,  iucliidiii^' 
gtn'ic  ilo  ra/i)ii).  liorjji  with  l,l7.l\\as  tin- laigvst;  San  .lusi'' ilil  ('.ii)i)  uiili 
T);)  llic  sinalk'st.  Most  of  the  ini-<siiiii  f  itlii' wiio  riinniii;,' u  lid.  I'ali.ii  d.'- 
mands  at  least  100  soldit  is  fur  t'scurt  duty;  and  tin  ir  iiay  slimild  !);•  iiicn  ax  il 
frtmi  .')  reals  a  day,  wliiili  .siiiii  l>it  nulliiii;,'  fur  tlie  Miii|i(prt  of  ,i  family;  iiikI 
the  men  were  always  in  dilil  to  the  almaeeii.  liarri  liroii.dit . ":<•_'_', (10),  hut  of 
this  hu  left  §H,0<)0  or  JjlO.lHM)  lor  tin;  Sta  Ana  nii.-sion,  and  wi'.li  the  re-i  itg- 
tilarly  jiaid  Inn  (ami  salary,  5rt,(/llO  a  year,  .so  that  he  soon  had  no  inoiuy  left 
for  the  soldiers. 

'^  I'.ilon,  Kuti'lin,  i.  ISI,  re))reseiits  the  kin;,'  lis  gniiitili;,'  the  desired  per- 
luissioii  in  the  ci-diila,  whioli  is  an  ei.or;  ami  he  also  says  that  Iriarto  at  oiieo 
Bent  some  missionaries  to  Mi'\ii'o  ami  ^  oon  followed  them,  tin;  ohstacles  cii- 
cuimtei'cd  buiujj  after  his  anival.     I  think  this  alsu  must  he  iiieunuct. 


704 


FRANCISCANS  IN  Till:  PENINSl'LA. 


tililv  OH  Ajn'il  22,  irr.I),  lKTu'\iiiiL(  that  the  {jroposctl 
liivisiciii  would  ii'sult  in  coiittntuuis  hetwci-ii  the  two 
orders,  lie  Iwid  rcffrred  thu  siilijcft,  however,  to 
(iidvez,  wlio  ill  a  riportot'.Iuiio  iOth  aIs(MUsa|t|»roved 
the  iii'ojeet,  deeluriii^jf  tliat  it  ri'sted  on  an  eironeou.s 
heliel"  in  thi;  existence  of  fertile  Ian<is,  n^ood  jtorts,  and 
a  large  population  in  the  north-wi'stern  peninsula.  As 
a  matter  oi'  fact  the  desirahh;  spots  were  all  oeeupied, 
tho  Franeiscan  f'oreo  was  amply  sutHeieiit  i'or  tho 
\vork,  and  tho  introduetion  of  new  missionaries  in  tho 
narrow  peninsula  would  I'ause  (»nly  trouble;  moreoscr 
thoro  was  no  laek  of  teriitoiy  on  the  frontiers  for  tlio 
Dominieans  to  utilize  all  their  zeal  in  ioundinn"  new 
missions.  Iriarto  was  not,  how(>ver,  a  man  to  ho 
crushed  l>v  one  defeat,  lie  still  urned  his  cause  at 
couit,  obtained  favorable  I'eports  from  the  archbishop 
of  Mexico  and  others,  found  lavor  in  tiie  council  of 
Indies,  and  finally  obtained  fn)m  tho  kinjjf,  under  <Iato 
of  April  8,  1770,  a  new  cedula  ordering  a  division  of 
tho  missions,  on  tho  ground  that  it  was  not  to  tho 
interest  of  tho  crown  that  one  order,  much  less  one 


college,  should  have  solo  control  of  so  vast  a  province."* 
Tho  Dominicans  desired  tho  northern  districts,  in- 
cluding San  Ignacio,  (uiadalupo,  and  ^lulege;  iind 
also  that  of  liolou  in  Honora.  Their  j)urpose  was 
clearly  to  obtain  an  o[»en  way  to  the  north.  IJut  tho 
royal  ortler  cited  left  tho  details  of  the  division  to  tho 
viceroy,  who  after  consulting  the  bishop  of  (Juachda- 
iara  was  to  make  such  a  <livision  as  mi^ht  soom  best 
for  all  concerned!,  leavinsjf  to  each  order  a  tield  for  ex- 
pansion  toward  tho  north,  with  limits  so  tixed  as  to 
avoid  futui'o  contentions.  Tiieii  were  circulated  among 
all  tho  Dominicans  of  S[)ain  circulars  signed  by  Juan 
Tomas  dc  Doxadors,  general  of  the  order,  and  by  Iri- 
arto himself,  callinu"  for  Volunteers  for  tho  now  crusade 


4.  17(iH, 


'  Ivin.n'M  onliT  of  Aprils,  1770,  with  icfcrciice  to  former  ct'ilula  of  Nov, 


iiiiil  to  rcpoi 


ts  of 


vuxToy  an 


1    (iillvcZ,    ill    '  'il/'l't 


j\(Ji 


XoH 


•:irta 
i.    l;i'2-4. 


iii.  S-l'.l.     (Jiiivc/'   i-i'port  of  .IniK!  10,   1770,   in    J'dl  i 

Tlii'i-i'  arc  soir.n  I'xpl.'iMiitory  no'.i's  in  Itotli  works.     Tlnj  royal  order  of  April 

bill,  also  in  Maijcr  MSlS.,  no.  14. 


tki:ms  of  TIIK  T>IV1SI0X. 


705 


iuaiiist    ln'atlii'iiisni. 


Two    liiiM(lf('tl    iViai':;    olTcrcd 


their  siTvicis;  and  tucnty-Hvo  wdc  «liost'ii  iVoin  <Iio 
prnvinccs  oi' ('astil(\  Arai^on,  and  Andaliici'a.  With 
tlic'se  rnllowrfs  Jriarti;  sailed  IVoni  ( Vidi/ and  landed 
at  A'era  Crn/  on   Aii'^iist  11),  1771,  alter  a  \ovam'  nf 


sixtv-ono    da\-.« 


At  tliis  tinii^  the    n 


e\v 


1' 


raneisean 


iViars  were  on  Ihcir  wav  to  (  anroinia,  and  it.  will  he 
I'eineinhered  that  In  lort'  the  end  of  the  vi'af.  and  pn- 
liaps  Itel'oi'e  the  \\r\v  older  was  known  li»  him,  tin- 
l^iiai'iiian  of  San  J''<!'nando  had  volnntaiily  sML,'i^t'sted 
a  eession  ot'jiart  ol'tlu!  missions.  Thns  thei-e  was  no 
I'urther  reason  for  dilay,  or  Lrromid  lor  eonlroversv 
e\eej)(,  in  arran'^ini.;-  the  details  of  divi.^ion,'"  and  this 
matter  hy  a  junta  of  M;ireh  21,  177"J,  was  i-t  I'.iii'd  for 
amieahle  setlleiufnt  <••  the  J'' raneisean  i^iiardian  I'adi'e 
liafael  ^'er^^r,  and  tin;  J)ominiean  \  irjii'-'^eneral 
1 


y.) 


riarti 
A'er^'er  and    liiarie  siij^ned  a  roiicniuhifo,  or  a;_;'ri'(> 


ment,  on  A{»ril  7.  i 


Jn  LTt'iieral  terms  it  '•'•ixe  ti 


the  ]  )oinini('ans  the  entire  peninsula,  with  all  the  old 
missions  Uj)  to  a  point  just  below  San  J  )ieL;'o,'""and  the 
linht  to  extend  (heir  settlements  eastward  and  north- 
eastward to  and  past  the  head  of  the  L;"ulf;  while  tlu; 
Franciscans  were  to  I'etain  the  missions  aho\c  San 
Dieo'o,  and  to  extend  their  estahlishments  without 
limit  to  the  north  antl  north-west.-'  The  arn'innents 
between  the  two  friars  and  their  adviseis,  if  thei'e  wu're 


anvsiieli,art! 


not  recorded.     At  first  thoiiLiht  it 


won 


Id 


seem  that  the  surrendi'r  of  all  the  old  establi>hments 
must  have  been  rei^ardi'd  as  a  great  saeriliec^  on   the 


"  Dfiti'il.Tiinc  10,  1,'{,  1770,  inul  urM'ii  in  full  in  ('ii/ihiniiii,  Xc'irii, 

i!)-4r>. 

'"riicllt'  Sales,  <'(ll.,  .\'(,/lrhf/t,  (■;iltll  iii.    IS,  s.iv«  llii'  xiiri-nv  Slisiicii 


■arfa 


I.mI  iUo. 


^tai  Ifs;  imt  this  wmilil  scini  t 


11  III'  an  <iiiir. 


clcr  ami  iiitri  posctl  ih  \ 
'^  J'u/iiii,  A'k'.,  i.    iS!!,  I!HI.     It  a|i|ic;ir.s  that  tin-  junta  also  (ndcrfd  ns 


liasi' (if  tilt"  <li\  ision  that  tln'  i''i'anci.->caiis  ^'h^lllhl  i 


■U|iy 


t!i 


<ion  of  Vcli- 


Lata,  and  tin!  l)iiiiiini<'aii  <  the  .--iti'  <<(  San  .liian  dn  l>iu.~,  a  litlh'  taitln  r  cast. 


T 


uir  nni-tJK'ininost  niissinn  was 


to    III 


>n   till"  arii'VD  ot  Smm  .luan  IJail- 


tistii,  anil  its  Luuls  WL'ic  ticNtirid  .">  Kayiits  fartlu'i' tn  a  imint  ttiriiiid  hj- a 


spill' 


)f  tilt!  Sierra  near  the  luaili 
The  eoiunrdatii  cf  .\]> 


17 


is  L'iven  literally  in  /'ulmi,   \of.,  i. 


l.ST-(»;  als..  ill. !/•./).  Ci,/.,  /'mr.  S'.  J'(i}>.,  Ilni.,  MS.,  i.  i;(-LS;  Arch.Ula  liar- 
barn,  MS..  i\.  :!(;()  70. 

IJiHi'.  N.  iii-x.  8r.\TtB,  Vol.  I.    13 


706 


FRANCISCANS  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 


])art  of  till'  FcriKUulinos;  hut  prohaldy  tlioy  did  not  so 
iVij^ard  it,  ujkI  wo  may  HUpposo  that  the  noLCotiations 
MiTo  harmoiiioUH  and  the  result  satislaetory  to  hoth  par- 
tics.  Jriarte  liad  doubtless  tlesired  the  northern  coast 
rcLfion  lor  his  order,  but  he  could  hardly  insist  on  this 
claim  now  that  the  Franciscans  were  in  actual  posscs- 
hion;  moreover  the  north-eastern  reij^ion  was  re^ardi'd 
as  a  land  of  wonilerful  and  mysterious  possibilities, 
moie  desii'able  in  several  respects  as  a  missionaiy  iield 
than  the  coast;  and  it  was  obviously  preferable  that 
the  two  orders  should  follow  distinct  lines  of  spiritual 
conquest  rather  than  mingle  their  establishments. 
We  may  supj)ose  the  Franciscans  at  first  wished  to 
retain  some  vi'  the  southern  missions;  but  doing  so 
they  could  hardly  refuse  to  give  up  some  of  the  nor- 
thern also;  clearly  u  division  of  the  ])eninsula  estab- 
lishments wouKl  jiresent  many  inconveniences;  tluy 
were  disgusted  with  current  difficulties  in  the  south; 
and  they  were  bcitter  ac(juainted  than  their  rivals 
witli  the  attractions  of  the  north.  It  isdcmbtful,  how- 
ever, if  the  Fernandinos  fully  realized  at  the  time  how 
excellent  a  bar'jjain  they  had  struck. 

Though  the  agreement  was  somewhat  different  from 
what  had  been  expected,  there  was  no  reason  for  op- 
position on  the  part  of  the  viceregal  government;  in- 
deed Bucareli  was  only  too  glad  to  escape  so  easily 
from  what  had  threateneil  to  be  a  very  tedious  contro- 
versy. The  concordato  was  approved  in  a  junta  of 
April  30,  1772,  which  also  arranged  the  formalities 
and  minor  details  of  the  surrender."  The  Dominicans 
were  to  receive  a  sti})end()f  $350  from  the  pious  fund, 
one  year's  j)ay  in  advance,  and  travelling  expenses. 
$1,000  was  to  be  given  for  each  new  mission,  besides 
the  necessary  ornaincntits.  The  Franciscans  were  to 
deliver  the  missions  by  formal  inventory.  In  a  letter 
of  June  lOtli  the  guardian  announced  the  result  to 


''Junta  of  April  30,  1772,  in  Fonsera  and  Urrvtia,  Il'mt.  Jlaciemln,  vi. 
."iOG-lO;  Palm,  Not.,  i.  l<JO-r);  Arch.  Sta  Ji.,  MS.,  ix.  .S70-0;  Mai/vr  JISS., 
no,  18^.     The  viceroy's  tlecrce  of  approval  was  dated  May  I'Jth. 


FKUD  WITH  r.Annr. 


707 


I^mIou,  «lirt'(tliii;  liim  to  siirivndcr  tlu'  pnnuM'ty  and  to 
Hviul  the  Fiaiiciscans  to  tlir  collrm',  oxci-pt  lour  lU's- 
tiiu'(I  tor  tlio  Moiitorcy  t'staMisliiiioiits. 

Wo  rctuin  to  Caliloniia  with  the  «nianliairs  lottt*** 
airiviiiLj  at  Ijori'to  late  in  AuL,n»st.  Tim  news  was 
wi'IcoiikhI  with  (Icinonstrations  of  iov.  I'alou  iu- 
stiucti'(l  Iho  friars  to  pn-paro  their  accounts  v.wd  \n) 
ready  lor  the  surrender  when  their  '  Itrothers  and  suc- 
cessoi's'  sliould  arrive,  one  reinaininn"  at  i-ach  niissiiui, 
ami  tlie  rest  coininj^Mo  lioreto.  OnOctolxM*  Itth  ten 
Dominicans  ari'ived  on  the  hoirrfaiKi,  ami  wen^  hos- 
]»ital)ly  ent*'rtain(!d,  di'dininjjj  to  accept  a  transfer  of 
the  missions  until  l?resident  Iriarte  slxtuld  arrive, 
l"]inht  ]''ianciscans,  however,  departed  before  the  cud 


of  the  vear.-'^ 


In  J  )eceml)er  tlie  fi'ud  with  Covernor  Barri  rcM'civi'd 
a  new  im|)u]se.  The  viceroy's  reply  to  the  memorial 
of  Docemher  1771  in  an  evil  hour  now  came  t>  hand, 
and  was  made  known  to  the  friais  in  a  circular  letter. 
It  would  have  heen  nuich  more  prudent  for  Palou  to 
lei^ard  the  do<Hunent  as  a  thint^  of  the  [;ast  with  the 
issues  of  which  it  treate<l;  hut  he  could  not  resist  i\iv. 
tem[)tation  to  let  his  partial  victory  he  known  to  his 
associates  and  to  the  governor.  Jiarri  heard  of  the 
circular  and  was  j)erhaps  misinformed  as  to  its  con- 
tents. At  any  rate  he  sent  to  l*alou  an  c.r/iorfo,  in 
which  he  charged  him  with  having  announced  the  re- 
ceipt of  orders  conferring  ahsohite  authority  upon  the 
presitlent,  and  called  Uju)n  him  to  sIkav  his  oi-ders  or 
retract  what  he  had  said,  as  the  circular  had  caused 
nuich  insubordination.  I'alou  (piiitly  denied  that  he 
had  rece'ived,  or  pretendi'd  (o  reci'ive,  any  such  in- 
structions. Soon  ho  learned,  however,  through  the 
Dominicans  that  ]Jairi  had  secretly  planned  to  have 
the  Indians  of  San  Javier  <jo  on  a  certain  day  to  Lo- 
reto  to  protest  against  the  intolerable  cruelty  of  the 
Franciscans,  who,  as  they  were  to  declare,  had  lately 

"  pp.  Maithiez,  Krlinaco,  Somcra,  Pulacios,  Iinas,  Arreguibar,  Parroii,  ami 
Lago.  I'uluti,  2t'ul,,  i.  -08. 


708 


nOMIXKANS  IX  TflK  rFA'IN'SL'LA. 


received  orders  froin  Mexico  l)v  virtue  of  wliidi  tlu) 
natives  woidd  sooii  I»e  nil  desli'oyed.  J*aloii  at  ov.cm 
siniiMioiH'd  padics  ]\rurjL;'uIji  aii<l  Santa  Maria  to 
i.oreto;  and  tlit;  Dominicans  jtersuaded  tl.e  Indians 
not,  only  to  eonresstliat  tliey  aeted  under  Ilarri's  insti- 
gation l)ut.  to  j'oreiLjo  theii'  )>in"|Htse,  since,  the  mission 
l»einiL(  now  transl'erred  to  a!n»tlier   order,  the'  appeal 


con 


Idd 


o  no  <''oo( 


1.      Thus  was  the  shal)l»v  scjieine  iVu.- 


tiated  to  the  ^•icat  vexation  of  t he  i;()Vei-nor,  who  is 
said  to  lia\i!  indul'^ed  in  Nfry  \  iolent  written  and 
vei'l)al  ahuse  of  the  ))resident,  and  to  have  tried  — 
ithout  success  at  thu  tiino — to  stir  up  i-nmity  l»e- 


w 


tween  the  two  ordei's. 

Meanwhile  the  rest  oi'tlie  Dominicans  sailini^^  from 
San  Jilas  on  the  Sm  Car/us  jiad  heen  wrecked,  sut- 
i'ci'in'^  tei'iiiily  both  I)y  sea  and  land.  Four  of  the 
nuiiiher  died,  iuchidinu;'  I'rosideiit  Triarte,  who  thus 
perished  het'ore  tastini^  the  lirst  iVuits  ol'  his  t^i-cat 
enter|irise.-*  '{'he  news  came  to  I^oi-cto  inAj»ril  I77-'!. 
I'adre  X'icente  ^[(»ra,  then  in  ('alil'ornia,  hecjime  act- 
in;^'  presidiMit  on  the  deatii  ol'  liiarte;  hut  de(  line(l  to 
lormally  accept  thi.>  missions  until  -onlirnuMl  in  his 
otlic(>.  lie  consented,  however,  to  ,ak(!  the  property 
helonn'iii^'  to  tlu!  proposed  new  estaMishments,  and  to 
iK'liin  work  on  the  ifiventories.  Lon-to  at  o\u-c  he- 
came  a  sc-eue  of  uiuisual  industry.  The  Fi'anciscans 
insisted  on  the  urreatest  care  in  every  item  of  the 
accounts,  because  the  vindicti\o  Harri  had  accused 
them  of  having-  })lundered  the  missions.     The  result 


irove( 


1— 


so   savs 


]?al. 


>u. 


and    there   is   no  n-ason  to 


douht  it— that  all  was  in  perfect  order,  mission  funds 
and  dues  liavini*'  increased  from  }?S, '.)(!()  to  !?1 0,040 
since  the  ex])ulsion  of  the  Jesuits;  and  IVesident 
^foia  was  satislied  that  lie  had  not  been  cheated. 

The  rest  of  the  JJominicans  arrived  on  the  Om- 
i'cpclon  and  JjtxrcUma  the  12th  of  ^Eay,  and  after 
cereuK)nies  of  thanksLrivini;  and  welcome  thev  were 


'•'A  full  account  <>f  tlic  journey  by  I'adre  Sales,  one  of  tlio  sufl'erers,  in 
Cat.,  A'oticiaa,  carta  iii.  4t)-54. 


MISSION'  PROrEnXY, 


TOO 


S(Mit  Jit  onco  to  tlu'ir  n'S|H<('tivt'   missions,  wliidi  in 


tlu 


itl 


soiitli,  ns  »'V('i 


traiisl'i  ri-((|    to    tlicic 


ylliini,' 


r  was  rcadv.  wn-t 


proiii] 


itb 


.\t,    J^ordo    tliciT  wtrc 


sjX'cial   (Ticiiioliirs,  iiicli;,'i|'^f   s])('(  rjirs  of  colii^rjitula 
tioii  jiimI  larfwi'll  l»v  iiniiil)  yy.  ttfUotli  ordi  is.     It  iii>\\ 
only  I't'iiiaincd  for   I'.idrc   l?alou  to  jittmd   to  a   lew 
niattci's  jir'iiai'atoi y   to  Ids  dc|»;iiliii('  i'm-  Alta  (';di- 
loi'nia,  whitlH'i-  he  Iia<l   rcsoKcd  t 


<•  <?'<>  \\itli 


n  ol 


liis   associates,  iustrad  o|'  lour  as  at    lirst  intend •'!.'■'' 
First    tlirre  was  tlio  collrctini^  of  sonu;  cattle  wlucli 


l.vtl 


le  viceroy  h  order  \\( 


I'e   to  l»e   rund^li  •  '    loi-   )'l( 


nortli.      JJai'ri  liail  i»revente(l  the  carr\  in'^'-imt  ol'  tli« 
order,  and   i,»w  ^Fora,  seemed  disposed  also  to  in    'r- 
])(»se   ohstacles,       Paloll   <lei'ide([    to   leave    tli<     m.itter 
in     '  ari^o  of  I'ailie  ('ampa,  witli  in.striiclions  to  nr-;*! 
the  demand   hilt  not  insist  to  the  extent  of  niakiii''' 


trouMt 


Tl 


lere  W 


as  also  antlioritv  to  take  twenty 


live  Indian  families  for  ^Tonterey,  and  thes(!  lie  hoped 
to  olttain  <»n  the  wav  northward.     J  lo  started   with 


ton  ])ominicans  on 


M. 


IV  4.  ] 


I  f  ■>,  m  a 


ooi)  and 


with 
t  w  <i 


boats  for  Mule^v,  sul)se(]Ueiitly  visitinj,'-  and  deli\erin'4' 
sucees>i\-ely  ( Juadalupe,  San  ln'iiacio,  Santa  ( Jeit  rudi>, 
IJorja,  Santa  Maria,  and  San  l'\'rnando.  lie  ohi.dned 
ii  few  families  at  Santa  (  o-rtrudis,  not  witliout  ti'oulile, 
for  the  Dominicans  declared  that  l*i'esident  M<'r;i 
luid  forhiddeii  it;  and  at  iJorja  they  showed  a  writ- 
ten order  forhiddinn"  it.  Nevertheless  he  took  sexcn 
families.  Soon  Palou  and  six  companions  started 
from  San  Fernando,  where  supplies  had  heen  col- 
lected for  San  J)ieL;o,  an-ivinuf  at  the  end  of  .Xu'^nist. 
]*adre  Camhon  was  left  behind  in  chai"_!.;e  of  cotain 
chui'ch  pro[)erty. 

This  propei'ty  was  a  p(»i'tion  of  the  oj-nann-nts  and 
utensils  which    bv  order  of  ()ialv(.'/.  aad    been  taken 


to  th' 


'''Si'i<  Hi-if.  ('ill.,  i.,  tlii.-f  nciii's,  fur  particulars  aliimt  the  juulrcs  .vjio  went 


rth 


■"•Miini  ami  linrri    jiroiniscil  f'anijia   in  Octohcr  177'<>  to  iittctiil  to  tli 
iiiattrr;  lint  hf  tonlil  not  pt  tlic  i  attic      Kxi'ii.sis  foljiiwi'd  cxiusfi 
last 


<1  at 

tliat  tlu'  uovcrnor  iiail  w  ritti'n   to   Mcxiiii  to  linak  iij"  tin-  «  liolo 

raiij;i'nicnt   lu^  rci>oi-ti'il   to   Talon  in  .\|i!il  1771,  ami  sailed   for   .Mexico  tu 


consult  widi  tliu  guunliau.  J'uloii,  \ul.,  ii.  loU. 


710 


DOMINICANS  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 


from  the  old  for  tlio  now  missions.  The  visitador  had 
no  tloubt  full  ]»o\veis  to  a]t[)ro|)riato  the  pro[)erty,  and 
he  h.id  also  })aid  for  it  more  or  less  fully  in  cloth  for 
the  natives  and  in  other  ways.  Pahni  sent  a  mule 
train  fiom  San  Diego  for  sui>[)lies  and  for  a  part  of 
the  church  effects  in  question.  Governor  Barri  saw 
here  a  last  o])])ortunity  to  annoy  the  Franciscans,  and, 
insisting  that  the  pro})erty  had  been  stolen,  ordered 
]jieutenant  Velaz(juez  in  conunand  at  Velicata  not  to 
jiermit  its  removal.  Cambon  could  do  nothing  but 
leport  this  fresh  annoyance.  In  some  way  I^arri  had 
induced  President  ^[ora  to  act  in  concert  with  him, 
either  j)ersuadinghim  that  he  had  really  been  cheated, 
or  forcing  him  to  vindicate  himself  from  charges  of 
ccjmplicity,  or  because  the  Dominican  wislu;d  to  prove 
by  investigation  that  the  Franciscans  had  been  wrong- 
i'ully  accused.  Whatever  his  motive  the  president 
ioined  the  iiovernoi'  in  a  demand  to  bo  allowed  to 
.••earch  for  stolen  property.  Cambon  refused  on  the 
ground  that  complete  inventories  and  recci})ts  satis- 
factorv  to  both  parties  had  already  been  sin'ned. 
Thus  the  matter  remained  until  Juni'pero  Scrra  re- 
turned from  ^Mexico  to  ^Monterey  with  an  order  iVom 
the  viceroy  that  the  property'  should  be  forwarded 
^^'ithout  delay.  This  order  reached  Velicata  in  July 
1774,  but  it  was  nearly  a  year  before  the  last  of  the 
goods  were  delivered,  President  j\Iora  having  been 
more  active  in  interposing  l>etty  obstacles  than  even 
the  stubborn  governor."''  The  Franciscans  had  now 
no  further  claims  of  importance  upon  the  jieninsula 
missions;  the  surplus  friars  had  de})arted  for  Mexico;^ 
and  the  Dominicans  were  in  full  possession. 

]^y  the  reglamento  of  presidios  in   1772  the  Cali- 
fornia  establishments  were  continued  on    the    same 


^'Full  (Ict.nils  of  the  controversy  in  Pahii,  JVo^,  ii.  ir)8-20.'). 

-**  I'l'.  (iaston,  Sani'lio,  Siinta  Maria,  Hiolioo,  Linares,  and  Tejnda  linil 
B.'iiled  on  the  Coiin /iridit  May  -7,  177'{.  I'P.  Villaunilfralea  and  Sierra  vitli 
tlie  sindico  Miinnel  <Iarcia  Morales  sidled  on  another  vessel  ,Ti;no  ].">,  to  toueli 
at  (,'eri'alvo  for  the  southern  [ladres.  I'P.  Veytia  and  VilUuiinhrales  died 
before  reuehiiiL'  the  eolleife. 


GOVERXOR  XEVE. 


711 


basis  as  before  witli  an  annual  allowance  of  $3.^,000.'" 
Kclievestc's  rotilanioiito,  to  take  elfect  from  the  l)i\^in- 
niiii;  of  1774,  and  resultiii<_r  indireetlv  from  the  cfioi'ts 
of  Padre  Serra  in  his  visit  to  ^loxico,  intro<lue(.'(l 
some  slight  changes  in  tlie  mihtary  administration. 
This  regulation  aj)])lied  to  both  Californias  and  the 
San  Bias  «U'[)artincnt,  containing  vory  htth'  atfccling 
the  peninsula  alone.  For  details  thercfoio  the  reader 
is  referred  to  anotlicr  volume  of  this  work.  Thirty- 
seven  men  was  the  garrison  allowed  ti>  the  foit  at 
Loi'eto,  or  Presidio  de  Californias  as  it  was  often 
called,  at  an  annual  cost  of  ^:^LL^450,  besides  the  gov- 
ernor's salary.'"* 

(jit»vernor  J^arri's  constant  quarrels  with  the  })adres 
could  have  but  one  result.  The  friars  had  nuich 
intluenco  at  the  capital,  and  rarely  a])peale(l  in  vain 
v.hen  it  would  cost  nothing  to  satisfy  them.  1  [ow 
]>arri  au'reed  with  the  followers  of  St  .Dominic  is  not 
recorded;  but  in  any  case  it  was  now  too  late  to  mend; 
bis  doom  was  sealed.  At  his  own  recjuest'"  he  was 
leinoved,  to  be  given  soon  a  better  jiosition  as  gov- 
ernor of  Xueva  A^iscaya;  and  Peli[»e  de  Xeve  was 
a[i])ointed  on  October  28,  1774,  govi'rnor  of  the 
( 'alifornias,  his  instructions  being  dated  still  earliei', 
the  -jOth  of  Sei)tend)er.  According  to  this  doc- 
ument the  change  was  made  in  oi'der  that  the 
country  might  be  under  a  ruler  of  wisdom,  zeal,  and 
administrative  ability,  not  disposed  to  ci'eate  scandal 
by  quarrelling  with  the  friars,  it  being  thus  ini]ilie(l 
that  Parri  was  not  sueli  a  man.     Xeve  was  t(^  follow 


100  JUT  cent  (lisL'iiuiit,  wliK'li  inhuiil  tin;  actual  tnst  to  .s|ll,!M).i.  J  liciu  aio 
mine  errors  in  I'ulou's  version,  partially  corrected  liy  JJoylu  in  liis  icjuint. 
ii.  S!». 

="  Viceroy  to  Riveia,  Oct.  US,  1774.  J/r/t.  ('«/.,  Vrov.  S(.  I'aji.,  MS.,  i. 
lUl. 


8< 

iii 


712 


DOMINICANS  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 


Galvcz'  instruction.s  when  not  conilictin;:^  with  the 
reglameiito  or  l.'iter  orders;  and  lie  was  to  niaintain 
harmony  witli  tlie  nii.'^sionaries,  .sii])erintendinL;"  and 
re})oriiii,L;"  ov.  tlieir  work,  hnt  not  iiitcrferiiij^  in  llieir 
lei^itimato  (hities,  the  care,  instruction,  and  punish- 
ment ol'iieojdiytes.  Xeitlier  nnist  the  lather  president 
in  any  way  ini[)ede  the  legal  acts  of  the  governor 
or  liis  suhordinates.  The  Indians  were  to  be  ])ro- 
teeted  and  well  treated,  l)ut  hy  no  means  allowed  to 
lo.-;c  tluir  resjiect  lor  the  secular  authorities.  The 
governor  liad  no  direct  authority  over  the  connnan- 
dant  in  Alta  Calilornia,  though  nominally  his  political 
superior  and  entith'd  to  resj)ect  and  lull  i-eports. 
Every  p()ssil)li;  j)reeaution  was  to  be  taken  to  ])revent 
the  {.Mitraiice  of  foreign  vessels,  and  als(»  all  trade  with 
S[)anis!i  wssels,  not  excepting  tlie  ^lanila  galleon. 
Owners  of  cattle  must  be  compelled  to  brand  them, 
in  order  thjit  the  lierds  of  wild  cattle  might  be  api)ro- 
])riati'd  to  th(,'  use  of  the  troops,  tlie  navy,  and  the 


Ind 


lans. 


Accounts  must  be  strictlv  investigated  and 


regulatt'd;  and  especially  was  attention  to  be  given 
to  the  Santa  Ana  mines,  which  though  worki'd  on 
his  majesty's  account  at  great  expense  had  yielded 
not  an  ounce  of  silver  for  the  treasury.^^  Owners  of 
private  mines  were  also  to  be  compelled  to  pay  the 
royal  lilllis  as  thev  had  not  rei>ulai'lv  done.  Finallv 
the  governor  was  enjoined  to  preserve  })eaceful  rela- 
tions with  tht!  comisario  and  other  royal  olhcials  as 
his  predecessor,  always  in  u  (piarrel  with  Toledo,  had 


failed  to  do.-'' 

Such  being  the  s])ecial  instructions  received  directly 
fi'om  the  \  iceroy,  Neve  left  the  ca[)ital  on  October  i)th, 
the  day  alter  his  formal  aj)pointment,  and  the  4th  of 
March    1775   he  arrived  at  Loreto.      He  took  imme- 


"Tlio  vii'iToy  s.'iys  tliat  l,.'il.Sllis.  f)f  i|iiit'ksilv('r  li;i(l  boon  usod,  wliich 
ouplit  t(»  liavi;  jjivoii  iiH  many  marks  iif  silvor.  Jii  Arrb.  ('<il  ,  I'ror.  Itn'.,  ^IS., 
i.  I.")1-"J,  liii\vo\n',  it  is  roiMiriloil  tiiat  in  1770  1. 408  k.iarkss  of  silvor  wero 
eliijipod  fi(im  Sta  Ana  to  (iuailalajarii  on  inyal  aciount. 

'■'^  lliiciinii,  limti-iiri-ioii,  JO  cle  liVy/.  Ji7.'/,  -MS.,  in  .1 /•(/(.  Cnl.,  Si.  Pap,,  M. 
and</.,  MS.,  i.  ;fO'J-'JO. 


DEPARTURE  OF  RARRI.  yjg 

diato  posso.si.>n  of  tl.o  office,  and  ox-^ovor„o.-  Tla.ri 

to  the  relief  o    Jus  old  adversaries  ih.  friars  -  *    \  !v'e 
was  a  very  al.le  ,nan,  but  ].is  aets  and  eharacte;  will 
h;  mud.  n.ore   fully  show u   ia   the  Ill.tur^  ,/ J/ 
tiihJonn<i  than  in  this  volume.  '^ 

''Arch.  CuL,  Prov.  L'cc.  MS.,  i.  1;  Pror.  SL  Pap.,  MS.,  i,  IST-O. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

ANNALS   OF   BAJA   CALIFORNIA. 

1775-1800, 

Neve's  Rcle— Refokjis— TnorrxES  with  Padres— Rosario  and  Santo 

DOMINOO — RiVEUA     y     MONC'AUA     IN     COMMAND — INDIAN     TuoriiI.ES — 

Dominican  RECoiiDs — San  Vicente — Small-pox — IIidaloo  riiKsiiiENT 
— Neve's  Reglamento— Rivera's  Death— Cl'stodias  Thueaiened — 
Faces  CJovernou — Hard  Times — Arrillaca  in  Command— Explo- 
rations—San  iliurEL— Mission  Reports- Padre  Sales"  Noticias— 
Governor  Romeu — President  Gomez— Santo  Tomas — New  Friaks — 
San  Pedro  ^Lvrtvr — lioiiicA — Oeficial  Chances — AiiitiLLACA's  Tom 
— Santa  Catalina — War  with  Kngland— President  1>elda— A  ]>rit- 
isH  Fleet — Governor  Arrillaca — Financial  Items— List  of  Do- 
minica; — Local  AiTAiiiS. 


Though  a  man  of  marked  ability,  and  of  the  Lest 
intentions,  Governor  Neve  soon  discovered  the  diffi- 
culties of  ]iis  position.  A  few  days  after  his  arrival 
we  find  him  oom})laining  to  the  viceroy  that  the 
country  is  destitute  of  everything  necessary.  Ships, 
horses,  clothing,  and  especially  arms  are  needed.^ 
Next  he  finds  the  thirty-four  soldiers  of  the  Loreto 
garrison  an  inadequate  force  and  asks  that  it  be  in- 
creased.' At  the  end  of  the  year,  visiting  the  south- 
ern missions  he  reports  it  impossible  to  suj)port  tluMU 
as  the  lands  are  barren  and  there  is  no  one  competent 
to  till  them.  He  is  disappointed  that  Galvez'  pro- 
jected renovation  of  Loreto  has  not  been  put  into 
I'lfect.  The  vifsitador  had  left  elaborate  rules  for  the 
management    of  the    royal    revenues   from   tobacco, 

'  Miivcli  ."^O,  177'),  Ncvc  to  viceroy.  Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  lit^c,  MS.,  i.  2.  May 
24,  200  miik's  niiil  100  liorsos  to  bo  purchasud  in  Sonora,  says  viceroy  to 
Rivera.  /(/.,  I'ror.  S(.  Pap.,  i.  174. 

^  July  24,  177o.  Id.,  Proc.  Ike,  MS.,  i.  153. 

(VU) 


NEW  MISSIONS. 


ri3 


quicksilver,  salt,  the  king's  fifths  of  bullion,  pearl- 
fisheries,  and  other  sources,  in  all  estimated  at  {?34,000. 
But  how  can  these  rules  be  carried  out,  laments  tiie 
poor  ruler,  when  there  is  no  revenue  except  some 
§200  from  pearls  and  salt?" 

At  the  same  time  Xeve  betrays  sio-ns  of  havinij;" 
met  the  fate  of  his  predecessors.  J)L'spito  the  vice- 
regal injunctions  it  is  evident  that  lie  was  already  on 
bad  terms  with  the  friars,  at  whose  door  he  lays  many 
of  the  existing  evils.  It  had  been  Galvez'  aim  to 
make  the  Indians  self-dependent;  but  this  does  not 
suit  the  ideas  of  the  padres,  who  would  thus  be  de- 
prived of  their  absolute  control  of  mission  })roducts. 
Therefore,  lie  claims,  the  natives  will  never  be  freed 
until  the  viceroy  takes  decisive  steps  toward  seculari- 
zation, and  especially  until  a  president  is  appointed 
who  is  free  from  the  spirit  of  faction  and  lust  of  gain.* 

The  governor  by  no  means  gave  all  his  time  to 
grumbling,  however,  but  took  a  deep  interest  in  the 
missions'  welfare.  With  much  satisfaction  he  informed 
the  viceroy  of  satisfactory  progress  at  the  new  mis- 
sion of  liosario  founded  in  177-4;"  and  also  that  an- 
other new  mission  of  Santo  Domingo  had  been  estab- 
lished north  of  liosario  by  padres  Manuel  Garcia  and 
Miguel  Hidalgo."  Neve  was  also  active  in  carrying 
out  other  sjiccial  instructions.  One  Carpio  was  ar- 
rested for  sailing  from  a  California  ])ort  without  per- 
mission; and  intercourse  with  the  galleon  was  strictly 


'  '  'lin^  could  lie  (lone  to  secure  the  royal  fifth  of  pearls  from  the  few 
pooi  {(,  ;,/i.'(/o/r.s'.  It  had  become  the  custom  to  accept  a  tixod  sum,  say  8'iO  l)y 
cuutiait.  Formt'ily  the  fifths  \\cro  paid  ou  liii.'  good  faith  of  tlu'  ariuachircs, 
tind  yii-hk'd  '21  ll).s  in  1714,  'A  lhn  in  17-1'">,  ami  'to  lbs  in  1747.  Xcvc  to  vice- 
roy, llco.  30,  I77.">,  in  /'/.,  Prov.  Rn\,  i.  ir)()-l. 

*/'/.,  i.  14!)-."iO.    The  southern  missions  badly  administered.  /-/.,  i.  147. 

''March  'J.'{,  177r».  P -(jv.  J'rc,  .MS.,  i.  5-0.  1'.  Francisco  (ialistis  was 
the  miiustcr,  and  the  site  is  culled  Vinaraco.  In  C'al.  Xoticirtx,  carta  iv.  (iO, 
it  is  called  Vifiatucot,  and  in  a  table  its  positi(jn  is  given  as  17.'i  1.  .v.  w.  of 
Lorcto,  in  hit.  'J!)~'  'M',  long.  'J.V)''  (from  Fcrrol?).  Aug.  S,  177'>,  .VJS  baptisms 
here  and  at  S.  Fernando.  Prui\  lUc,  M.S.,  i.  \7A.  Date  given  as  17>S-  in 
Z(.'.sv',<  lllxt.  Outline,  10. 

"Nov.  20,  177."i.  Pror.  Her.,  MS.,  i.  l.")7.  The  founiling  was  on  or  about 
Aug.  SO.  Sto  l)omingo  "20  1.  lieyond  liosario,  11)4  1.  N.  w.  Lorelo,  lut.  'M'  30', 
long  i2j4^.  t'ul.  XotkiuK,  carta  iii.  04,  and  table. 


710 


ANXALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


forltidden/  Inspection  proved  tliat  tlie  Snntn  Ana 
muies  liad  been  abandoned  i'or  threi;  vears,  l)Mt  this 
<lid  not  prevent  Neve  from  estiniatini^  their  vahie  to 
the  trcnsury  to  tlie  fraction  of  a  real  as  over  one 
tliousand  jx'sos.'^  Two  more  small  vessels  were  added 
to  the  mission  flotilla.  The  j»lan  for  a])i)id]triatinn' 
unhranded  cattle  seems  to  have  proved  impracticable. 
Fifty  head  were  slan^htered,  but  the  expense  was 
Ufreater  fhan  the  beef  would  have  cost  at  the  mis- 
sions.  This  was  a  staufu'eriuL?  blow  to  the  theoiy  that 
the  padres  demanded  exorbitant  [)rices.'*  Complaints 
■were  liceded  to  some  extent  by  the  viceroy.  lie* 
ordered  the  drawin^j^-up  of  n  formula rio  with  the  aid 
of  Padre  ^Fora  for  the  better  ijfovermnent  of  the  mis- 
sions;  and  he  directed  the  president  to  cairy  out  the 
orders  of  (lahez  respectinu^  the  transfer  of  native 
families  from  the  north;  thoUL;h  !^[ora  evaded  com- 
])liance  on  the  plea  that  it  was  not  contlucive  to  the 
liberty  and  health  of  the  Indians.'" 

In  the  lattei-  part  of  177(5  (jlovernor  Ni-ve  receiveil 
orders  to  take  u]>  his  permanent  residence  at  Monterey, 
while  Ilivera  y  ^[oncada  was  to  come  to  Jjoreto  and 
rule  the  ])eninsula  as  lieutenant-i»'overnor.  A  leading 
motive  of  this  change,  besides  the  growing  im|)ortance 
of  the  northi'rn  domain,  was  the  controversy  of  Ili- 
vera with  the  Franciscans,  by  one  of  whou)  he  had 
been  excommunicatetl,  and  with  Colonel  Anza,  whom 
he  had  refused  to  assist  in  carrying  out  the  viceroy's 
instructions.      Jn  the  minds  of  many  l\ivera's  conduct 

t.' 

called  for  I'emoval  from  the  sei'vice  I'ather  than  a  new 
connnand  of  such  responsibility;  but  his  past  s.'rviees 

Kirch.  Cal.,  Pror.  /.',<•.,  :MS.,  i.  4;  I'ror.  Sf.  /•,;/».,  MS.,  i.  0-10. 

^Anli.  ('ill.,  I'mr.  Jt'rr.,  MS.,  i.  \')'2.  In  I77<i  "iili'i's  not  tn  liiiiili'i"  the 
sliip))iiig  (if  Inillidu  from  Sta  Ana,  .so  work  may  have  hceii  resiiiiu'il,  Jil,,  i. 
50;  hut  all  is  vague  alxiiit  these  iiiiiif.s. 

"Oil  May  \'2,  1771',  Neve  ,suj.'i,'i'.sti'(l  thnt  ns  an  experiment  tlie  admiiiistra- 
tioaof  Olio  iiii.ssiuii  .shuuiil  lie  put  iiiireserveilly  in  hi.s  haiuls.  Air/i.  Cul.,  I'mr. 
Iter.,  MS.,  i.  ;■)■_'  :<.  'i'here  is  no  reply,  but  probably  sueh  sunuMaiy  sceuhiri- 
wition  met  with  no  favor. 

"Feb.,  April,  1770.  Arch.  Cat.,  "^rov.  Ihc,  MS.,  1.  51,  58  9;  I'rov.  St. 
Fill).,  MS.,  i.  'JS3  5. 


4i.  :^r  H%- •■ 


I.S  M*f?£iA'nrA^'" 


^^^<J?/i^        'A  ) 


1        S-iiitliifo'  y 
S..I...,',I.Vciilio^.S..I..> 


\. 


Baja  Califounlv  in  1800. 


71S 


ANNALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


and  undoubted  abilities  ^avcd  him  at  this  juncture." 
In  November  Xeve  i)ut  Lieutenant  Cailete  in  tempo- 
rary connnand,  and  started  for  Monterey,  wliere  lie 
arrived  in  February  1777;  and  a  little  later  liivera 
started  Tor  the  south  and  soon  relieved  Caneto.  Xeve 
did  not,  however,  lose  sight  of  peninsular  aflairs.  lEe 
soon  found  cause  of  com[»laint  aL;ainst  the  comisaiio, 
Francisco  Alvarez  y  Osorio,  and  reconnnended  tlie 
appointment  of  Alierez  Jose  ^[aria  Estrada  in  his 
place  as  (juarda  ulmacen  at  a  reduced  salary. ^- 

Rivera  also  showed  commendable  diliyfence  in  his 
new  position;  but  it  was  not  long  before  disputes 
bejLran  to  arise  with  the  Dominicans.  In  May  1777 
President  ISIora  asked  for  more  sokliers  on  the  fron- 
tier, where  some  fugitive  neo[)hytes  had  joined  the 
pagans.  Ilivera  declined  to  increase  the  guards  witli- 
out  consulting  Xeve,  and  this  drew  from  the  presi- 
dent a,  ver}'  sharp  letter.  He  claimed  authoi'ity  to 
obtain  such  militarv  aid  as  he  needed,  declared  con- 
sultation  with  the  governor  an  unnecessary  farce,  in- 
sisted that  the  government  had  done  all  in  its  [>ower 
to  humiliate  the  padres,  and  threatened  to  al)andon 
the  frontier  missions  if  the  guard  were  not  sent.  The 
captain,  however,  was  quite  umnoved  by  this  outburst 
of  ecclesiastical  wrath,  and  retorted  that  the  padres 
might  retire  from  the  frontier  whenever  they  pleased; 
but  they  did  not  carry  out  their  threat."  Yet  it  was 
not  from  mere  caprice  that  JMora  demanded  more 
soldiers;  for  just  now  the  Indians  were  particularly 
troublesome,  and  not  altogether  by  their  own  fault. 
The  Dominicans,  with  less  experience  as  missionaries, 
were  harder  masters  than  either  Jesuits  or  Francis- 
cans had  been,  exacting  comparatively  excessive  labor 

"  See  Hist.  Cal.,  i.,  this  series,  for  a  full  account  of  Rivera's  troubles  in 
tlie  north. 

'-.I)yA.  Cal.,  P,-ov.  Si.  Pop.,  MS.,  i.  78.  Tlic  change  was  made  in  1780. 
Galleon  at  S.  Jos<5  Dec.  '24,  1770.  Prov.  /iVc,  i.  08. 

'^Correspondence  in  ^l/'cA.  C'«^, /Vor.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  2G5-8'2.  Another 
cause  of  controversy  was  Rivera's  refusal  to  arrest  one  Sccefiawho  had  failed 
to  keep  his  contract  to  pay  the  California  tithes  of  .^CiO  a  year.  He  jiut  an  em- 
bargo on  his  property,  but  refused  to  arrest  a  man  on  whom  a  family  depended. 


VAGUE  RECORDS. 


7ia 


ami  adiniiiisteriiiu^  scvoro  |nniisliiiu'iits.  At  Santa 
(Jcrtiiulis  aiul  San  Boija,  the  Jndians  roiilcssed  their 
intention  to  plunder  and  burn  the  missions,  boldly 
deelariuLj  tliat  they  were  weary  of  bein<^  beaten  and 
inipiisoned  by  the  padres  and  would  endure  it  no 
lon<ifer.  It  was  necessary  to  make  an  example  of  surh 
hardened  offenders,  and  a  munber  of  them  after  beinj^' 
tried  at  Loreto  and  found  <,aiilty  of  reljellion,  were 
severely  Hogged,  the  leaders  being  also  banished  to 
the  south." 


We  have  now  reached  the  beginning  f)f  a  period 
extending  over  many  years  of  which  it  is  impossible 
to  write  a  coherent  chronolouical  history,  so  scantv 
arc  the  reconls.  Salvatierra,  Yenegas,  and  the  ivst 
have  furnished  a  copious  account  of  the  Jesuit  period; 
Palou  and  his  associates  have  left  satisfactory  material 
for  the  Franciscan  occu[)ation;  but  the  Dominicans 
have  left  no  account  of  their  labors.'"'  This  is  the 
more  strange  when  we  consider  that  the  niend>ers  of 
this  order  were  in  a  general  way  men  who  surpassed 
the  Franciscans  in  education,  learning,  and  cultun-. 
It  would  appiMir  that  they  accomplished  nothing  in 
Californiti  worth  recording  even  in  their  own  estima- 
tion. To  make  the  matter  worse  the  secular  archives, 
elsewhere  so  invaluable  for  filling  gaps  in  the  sys- 
tematic chronicles,  are  here  singularly  barren  of  in- 
formation. They  are  bulky  enough  it  is  true,  but 
treat  of  such  trivial  matters  in  so  (hsconnected  a  way 
that  they  can  hardly  be  called  historical  material.  In 
fact  there  was  little  to  be  recorded.  The  reader  is 
ac(iuainted  with  the  monotony  of  provincial  annals  in 
other  Hispano- American  legions  after  the  era  (jf  con- 
quest had  once  passed;  but  nowhere  was  life  more 
monotonously  uneventful  than  in  liaja  California. 
From  the  scattered  items  of  routine  military,  tinan- 

^*Arrh.  Cal,  Prnv.  Rir.,  MS.,  ii.  98;  Pror.  St.  I'np.,  ii.  10  12 
^^Thv  Xoticin.i  dr  I '(ili/orHi(t'<  o(  I'lulro  Sak's  will  Iju  uoticoil  later.     It  is 
for  the  luuiit  part  uot  historiual  but  duscriptive. 


7-20 


AXXAli;   OF   BA.IA  CAUFORXTA. 


ciiil,  Mild  missionary  rcpoi'ts  T  sliall  l>c  mMi'  laltr  in 
tliis  cliaiitcr  to  pri'si'iit  soiiu'  statistics  of  considcraldo 
inteivst.  Occasionally  iVoin  the  ocean  ol' iVaLriiicntarv 
(lata  on  the  nninlM'i"  of  muskets  and  lances  ;it  l^oreto 
or  other  similar  toj)ic  looms  up  as  an  island  a  loyal 
ci'dii/ii,  a  vicei'e<Ljal  iiisfj-nci'itn),  the  roiindiiin'  of  a  mis- 
sion, an  (  pideiiiic  or  i-cNolt,  the  arrival  ol"  a  vessel, 
an  ecclesiastical  scandal,  or  a,  petty  ijuarrel  iMtween 
ofHcials.  These  are  the  piers  on  which  the  histoiian 
lias  to  huild  a  Trail  l»rid<;<'  to  cariy  the  reader  ctver 
the  gull*  of  years  that  have  no  record. 

Tn  1779  rjovernor  Xi'vn  rcne\ve<l  Iiis  efturts  to 
transfer  nati\cs  from  nortii  to  south,  and  with  them 
to  form  jiuehlos  jis  (Jalvez  had  planned  and  as  tho 
vict'roy  (lesire<l.  The  ])resident  olijected  to  this  policy 
as  a  coNcrt  attem|)t  at  secularization,  and  the  Indian 
families  were  for  th(>  most  part  sent  hack."^  Ahout 
this  time  Mora  sent  I'adrc  Xii-ohls  Xuhe/  to  Arizjto 
to  solicit  aid  lor  a  new  mission  and  to  ask  from  (ieii- 
eral  (Voix  certain  privileges  foi-  the  friars,  some  of 
"which  Were  i>'ranted.''  The  new  mission,  named  Sail 
A'iccnte  I'V'ri'er,  was  founded  in  1780  hy  ])adres  ]Ii- 
(lalii'(>  and  Joa(|iiin  A'alei'o  at  a  spot  some  twent}'" 
leagues  nortli  of  Santo  iJominn'o.'^  The  year  1781 
was  made  memorahle  bv  a  ti^rrihle  idaLi'm!  of  small- 
pox.  The  Indians  i\vd  atfri^hti'd  from  tlu'  missions, 
many  of  which  wi-iv  entirely  des{>rted.  '^i'he  mountain 
caves  and  canons  were  tilled  w  ith  the  dyin;^;'  and  dead, 
wlio  had  thou-'lit  tt)  elude  their  foe  l>v  concealment. 


'■■Xi VI-  to  t'loix,  June  4,  177!'.   Airh.  (\il.,  P, 
I 


Ms..i.  lj<)-;n.     Ii 


Sntil  ji  Mr.i-ifiniii,  I  ('(,'/( ,  iipi).  10-17,  JM'C  ^oiiio  },'L'oyraiiliii.;il  ilatii  lui  the  iioiiiu- 
tsiilil  <'l;it('(l  1770. 


"'i'lio.if  were  uoii-intoifiioiue  vitli  mission  scnvaiit.s  ami   tlic  en 


-f 


mission  vessels  cxi'oiit  m  cases  ot  urgent  necussity;  the  mi.ssion  vessels  to  lio 
llowed  t"  earry  t^oods  for  otluTS  on  jiayment  of  tliities;  (iiiaymas  and  Tania- 


ii 


Zula  missions  in  Sonora  to  lie  eeded  to  California,  one  fiiar  iiein,!,'  .sent  to  each; 
missions  to  bo  paid  for  snpplies  fui'nished  ;  Indians  to  he  exensed  so  far  as 
jio.ssilile  from  courier  service.  Other  niatter.s  to  hu  considireil  later.  Arch, 
Cal.,  I'ror.  67.  /'(i/).,  MS.,  ii.  104-.S. 

'"Oct.  24,  17S(),  XevotoCom.  (Itn.  Arch.  Cal.,Prov.  l!,r.,  :^l«!.,  ij.  29-.30. 
San  Vicenti',  2141.  N.  \v.  Lorctu,  in  hit.  3r  25',  long.  254".  Cal.,  yulicias, 
curta  iii.  lUo. 


TIIK  SMALL  roX. 


i-'l 


ns    mnny  <l_vin'^  <»r  starvall«>»i    as  of  tlic    jx-stilnict'. 
]']a('li  jHTsoii  !itta('kf('  was  al  <>iic»'  aliaiidoind  l»v  liis 


friiiiils,  and  K  I't   to  battle  witli  \\\v  disra 


SI'  accord  I  Ml;" 


rs 


to  liis  own  luctliods,  ItiiniiiiLj  the  pustuli's  with  torch 
and  bathiiiix  in  cold  water  liciiiy;  I'avoiitc  i'iiikmHcs. 
Th(>  ])a(h'cs  and  soldiers  did  what  thiv  could  l»y 
.search i 1 1;^^  lor  deserted  or  oiphaii  children;  and  I'adre 
(^iis()stoino  (J<»nie/  is  said  to  havt-  saved  many  of  the 
Indians  at  San  I^-iiacio  hy  inoculation.  I'lie  di.-^e.ise 
^vas  sui)j)osed  to  have  been  hroui^ht  hy  souu*  families 
from  S(»noia,  and  it  ray^ed  j'oi-  nearly  ;i  year.'*  It  was 
in  this  year  or  the  ni'\t  that  l''ather  Mora  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  presidency  hy  Miguel  llidal 


« '•( ». 


In  August  17SI  J^ieutenant  l)ie;^(»  (J(»n/.alez  was 
a|>[ioiiited  to  succeed  Vela/(|ue/-  in  command  ol'  (he 
iioilhern  iVontier  with  head-(|uarters  and  half  a  dozen 
]»icked  soldiers  at  IJosario,  subject  to  thi'  orders  ol* 
( 

1 


U'tam    i\ivera 


'1 
•l<»Ved 


T\ 


le   soldiers    We 


re   not   to   he  ein- 


in    hrin^in!4 


hai'l 


li    runaway    neoplivti's 


am 


I 


[•cceijits  weie  to  he  jj^iven  for  all  su[)plies  rurnished  hy 
the  missions.'-'  'I'wo  months  later  the  kiuLj  deiL^iied 
to  turn  his  attenti(.a  t(»  the  peninsula,  issuin;L;'  on  the 
2  Itli  of  October  a  new  i-eu'lann-nto  Ibr  the  miUlary 
ostablisliment  w  hich  had  been  prepared  two  or  three 


'ears 


bet 


ore 


by  c; 


overnor 


X 


eve. 


It 


mcreasei 


I  tl 


10 


'Mr--/).  Cal.,  Pror.  Ifrr.,  MS.,  ii.  ST,  01:  Cat.,  AV,/;,-m.v,  .•:irt;i  iii.  C.T  <M\. 
FiitlitT  Salt's  iliiiliis  tliJit  tin-  friiirs  witc  not  allDWid  to  visit  the  iiiouiitiiiii.s  as 
often  .'IS  tlii'V  wislicd ;  tlsi!  molt'  lives  wouM  liavc  liccn  miviil. 

■-".Ici7(.  ('ill.,  I'rui'.  /i'i'<\,  MS.,  i  I'JT,  ISO;  ii.  OCi  7.  Morn  rt'tircil  on  iiccoiint 
of  illiM's.s.  Ill'  lift  no  ai'ooiint  of  the  titlie.s  collecti'd  in  the  south  for  the  liist 
tivi'  veuM.  Mora's  tiual  departiue  seems  to  luivo  been  in  Sept.  or  Uct.  \1>>',\. 
/(/.."iii.  ISl. 

"Aug.  15,  17SI,  Ncvc'.s  instructions.  Arch.  C<il.,  Pror.  St.  Pd}'.,  MS.,  iii. 
309  17. 

'-.Veer,  npiihtmnito  <*  Tns/niriinii  1710,  MS..  7">  pa;;os.  Some  of  tiie  !■  ail- 
ing features  of  this  reLul.ition,  for  more  iletail-i  of  whieli  see  Hist.  Cnl.,  i., 
this  .series,  were  in  siilistanee  as  follows:  l,ists  of  supplies  needed  to  lie  .sent 
unnnally  hy  tiie  captain  to  vieertiy  dinet.  Troops  to  (lay  for  suiip!ir>.  in- 
clu^lin^'  arms  and  lioises,  at  eivst  piiees.  The  eomisario  to  attend  to  pj\  ni'iit 
of  troops  and  distrilmtioii  of  .supplies,  suKjeet  to  intervention  of  tlu'  eaptain. 
The  iiresidio  to  have  '21  nudes  at  eostof  tn  asury,  to  he  maintained  at  i\p<  use 
oi  J'iMiilit  ill-  ijrii!inriirin/i.  Fone  to  eonsist  of  eaptain,  J?!, .'(00;  lieiiti  iiant, 
$:>')[):  ahVre/,  .SlOO;  •_>  :<erc.'e.ints  at  SJl'.'J.riO;  :i  eorporals  ,it  .*'_'-'."i;  .'!!»  privalr-.  ;it 
§-217.''<':  totid.  \vithy;)/(iAi  'A  ,iriilun-iir„,ii,>:\t)  fore:iih  sohlii  r, .'?  I 'J,  •">•-'■.'.. "ill.  .\ 
aurgeant  and  (»  men  to  he  stationed  at  St;i  Auaj  Ik'utcuuut,  '2  cor]^)oral.s,  aud 

UUT.  N.  &l£X.  SrA1£8,  VuL.  I.     IG 


722  AXXALS  OF  n.\,TA  fALIFOHXIA. 

iiiilltnrv  fon'c  to  forty-six  men.  iiicluiliii'^^  nfTiccrs,  to 
cost  Sll,r>IH  |M!r  yi'iir,  iiicliidiiij;  (lie  <\])(iisc  «>♦' tlio 
naval  «'stMltli,slmH'iit.  Tlui  rcvfiilatiim  also  ciiilji-accd 
an  older  I'oi'  tlu;  iimiicdiato  cstaMislmiciit  ol'  tlic  new 
missions  to  coiuu-ct  tlio  ix'tiiiisula  scltltiiicnts  with 
those  ol"  Alta  (  ahtoriiia.  One  pache  only  was  allowt'd 
for  i-aeh  mission,  ('X('e|»t  at  Loreto,  wlu'r*'  one  of  the 
two  seived  as  chaiihiin,  and  in  tht;  two  frontier  mis- 
sions. Tlie  jirelutes  c()uKI  not  m<«ve  IViais  from  on*; 
mission  to  another;  and  the  royal  jiatronato  must  he; 
stiietiv  ohserved. 

The  J  )oriiini('an.s  sooiii  to  liav(^  taken  hnt  litth*  in- 
terest in  the  extension  of  tlieir  missions  to  the  far 
north-east;  at  h-ast  we  hear  (»f  no  protest  from  tiiem 
wlien  the  (^)ueretaro  Franciscans  founded  two  estal)- 
lishments  on  th(!  (Colorado  (hrectly  in  t!i<'  line  of  wiiat 
should  have  hoon  ])omini('an  atlvanee.  These  mis- 
sions were  desti'oyed  hy  the  savaLT^s  in  I  "SI;  and  at 
the  time  ('aptain  Rivera  was  killed  while  on  his  way 
with  colonists  for  Alta  Caiif(»r'nia.  I'ull  particidars 
of  this  disaster  are  jjfiven  elsewhere.'-'  Allcrez  Jose 
!Maria  iOstj-ada  assumed  the  command  at  iioreti»  al'ter 
Kivera's  death,  until  in  17H'2  the  place  was  nivi'ii  hy 
the  coman<lante  general  of  l^rovincias  Internas  to 
Manuel  de  Azuela,  lieutenant  of  the  Santa  Fe  com- 
pany and  hrevet  ca])tain.  Azuela  j>erhaps  did  not 
come  to  Loreto;  for  soon  Lieutenant . J oa(|uin  (.'aneto, 
who  shortly  hefore  Ijad  succeeded  X^ela/cpie/,,  was 
made  captain  that  he  mijjfht  retire  with  that  rank,  as 
lie  did  at  the  end  of  178:5,  when  (apt.  in  dose  .Ioa(iuin 
de  Arrillaijja  was  p  omoted  from  the  Texas  jn-esitlios 
to  the    eonunand  <>     Loreto.     Meanwhile  Felipe  de 

23  men  at  tlie  northern  mis  ns.  Naval  department  to  eonaist  of  carpenter 
at  8i;J-;  sniitli,  81-0;  caulker  'I'JO;  for  tlie  nluop  /'/Var— nmster,  >^}'2();  keeper, 
$84;  8  sailors  at  8"-;  expcns  iip])lies — repairs,  1  sloup  and  2  liirliters,  etc., 
400.  Total,  81, !•!)!>  per  ycai  the  crew  of  the  lighter  .S'.  Juan  Xcjuiiiiiirciio 
being  supi)res.Heil,  and  the  er  t  kept  ready  for  any  eMier;;eiu'y.  'i'lie  liahili- 
ia<lo  was  to  continue  coUecti  ;  a  (ixcil  sum  fi-oni  jtcarl-lislicrs  in  place  of  tho 
royal  lifths.  J)ctails  of  miiitiiry  system  and  routine  were  suh.stantially  the 
Siime  as  in  Altu  (Jalifornia. 

'■'^Sce  //^1^  ('((/.,  i.  ch.  xvii.,  this  scries.     The  same  volume  contains  all 
that  id  known  of  Itivuru's  life  and  chui'acter. 


rusToni AS  Tim  i: at kn ed. 


T'J.T 


0»nT(Hcli('a  tiM»k  Caut'tr's  placi'  as  liciitfuatii  in  17h;{, 
and  was  succctdcd  tlic  iir\t  viar  l»v  .losi-  I'vamixo 
Oitcj^a.  This  left  Anillana,  Ortt-j^a.  and  Estrada  as 
till'  CKinniissiunrd  otliccrs.'-" 

Tlio  J)()iniiii<'ans  wmi  seriously  disturlu-d  in  ]7s:\ 
by  a  ri'iiort  tiiat  Uw  missions  wrrt;  to  hf  takm  I'loni 
tlu'in  and  ^ivcn  to  tin;  Franciscans,  not  rniiaiidinos, 
liowT'Vcr,  but  ( )l)s("rvantis.  ]iisho|>  Ju'vcs  had  bionnhfc 
sonic  friai's  IVoni  Sjtain,  and  was  bent  on  csfablishniLf 
two  custodies,  on«.'  in  Sonora  and  the  other  in  tin; 
peninsula.  "JMien!  was  violent  f>|>|)osition  from  San 
Feinando  and  the  other  ]''ranciscan  colle<_jes,  as  well 
as  IVouj  the  J)ominieans.  I'resideiit  liidaino  went, 
over  to  Soiiora  Ibr  a  jKTsonal  inteiview  witli  the 
bi>ho|),  who  finally  abandoned  his  jirttject.  Ami  so 
]ileased  was  lieyes  with  tlu;  J )(»minican  administration, 
that  he  not  only  advised  their  continuanci'  in  the 
jHiiinsula  but  also  their  substitution  for  the  L'ernan- 
dinos  in  tlu;  north,  on  account  of  the  lattir's  oiiposition 
to  Neve's  reglamento.'-* 

Neve  liad  now  been  made  comandante  jLif(>neral  of 
the  Provincias  Inte'rnas,  and  I^edro  Ka^es  had  become 
(j^oveinor  ol'the  Californias.  Fauces  visited  Loreto  in 
17H'"b  and  busied  himself  in  arranijin''  a  vaiii'tv  of 

'  Oil*.' 

military  details,  and  in  regulatinjL,'  the  relations  be- 
tween soldiers  and  Indians,  especially  in  the  north. 
Th(!  force  of  twenty-one  men  on  the  frontier""  seems 
ahsurdlv  small,  yet  it  was  almost  always  sullicient  to 
maintain  order,  which  shows  either  jL,nvat  eflieieiicy  on 
the  j)art  of  the  troopers,  or  singular  apathy  and  cow- 
ardice on  that  of  the  natives.  It  was  a  liard  life  for 
the  friars,  nnuth  less  zealous  missionaries  than  tlnii' 
]iredec(^ssors  and  Jiuch  more  j)articular  in  tluii"  idi'.'is 
of  bodily  comfort;  and  in  this  year  their  p(jsiti(jn  was 

^'Arrh.  Cal.,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  10,  2."),  .T2,  .W,  2121;  Iil.,  lini.  Mil., 
xxii.  !». 

'■'  I'alou,  Xoliriay,u.  .T.)-t-5,  beiiift  the  laxt  item  rocordi'd  in  I'mUiu's  •  t.iiiil 
anl  work;  (/«/.,  yt,tiftai<,  carta  iv.  71—"),  iiicliuliiig  u  lelttr  of  the  hishop  to 
Cleii.  \evo,  ihited  Dec.  l.'l,  ]~S'A. 

■^».l;v/i.  Cdl.,  Prov.  lt,r.,  M.S.,  iii.  22S-.'50.  Tlicro  are  2  men  at  S.  Far- 
nandu,  5  ut  IvOijai'io,  G  at  8to  Dumiiigo,  and  10  <it  Kun  Vicente. 


724 


AXNALS  or  BAJxV  CALIFORXIA. 


more  unbearable  than  ever.  One  vessel  was  lost,  and 
only  one  small  hnicha  must  suffice  for  the  supply  ser- 
vice, so  tliat  all  classes  were  reduced  to  destitution.^' 
Though  there  was  but  one  friar  at  most  of  the  mis- 
sions, many  of  the  iunid)er  wished  to  retire,  but  were 
not  permitted  to  do  so  by  the  governor  and  general. 
Nevertheless  some  of  them  managed  on  one  pretext 
or  another  to  pass  over  to  the  mai!i,  including  the  ex- 
])resident,  !Mora;  and  one,  Padre  Xaranjo,  was  expelled 
for  misconduct."'*  Governor  Fages  did  what  he  could  to 
remedy  the  de))lorablc  condition  of  aftairs,  as  is  shown 
l)y  his  many  instructions  from  INEontcrey.^'  But  he 
was  far  away,  and  the  natural  poverty  of  the  country 
witl)  the  disaffection  of  the  padres  made  reforms  well 
nigh  im[)ossihle.  Orders  were  given  to  strictl};^  enforce 
the  revenue  laws,  but  there  was  no  revenue.  And  in 
vain  the  Indians  were  shifted  from  one  part  of  the 
peninsula  to  another  to  equalize  popidation  and  re- 
sources. Xo  more  progress  was  made  in  ecclesiastical 
than  in  civil  affairs. 

Such  was  the  country's  condition  when  at  the  end 
of  November  Captain  Arrillaga  arrived  as  lieutenant- 
governor.  Being  a  man  of  considerable  ability  and 
(•neriiv  he  at  once  set  himself  to  mending  matters. 
lie  })rocured  another  small  vessel  for  transportation, 
and  in  178-1:  obtained  $8,000  worth  of  supplies  from 
across  the  gulf.*'  Early  in  JTSa  he  made  a  tour  of 
inspection,  finding  the  people  eveiywhere  struggling 
to  live.  A  drought  had  ruined  all  crops.  There  was 
nothing  but  meat  to  eat;  not  a  sh()|)  or  a  dealer  in  the 
country;  mining  entirely  suspended.     The  best  lands 


"■'Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  Per.,  MS.,  iii.  180,  20,-);  7V(»-.  W.  P„p.,  iv.  47-8;  xxi. 
83.  Anilhigii  in  ITS.'J  found  tlio  wdldit'is  \v<':iiing  any  clutlu'n  tluy  could  get; 
many  families  unable  to  go  to  I'liuieli  by  reason  of  nakedness;  and  only  40 
fanega:)  of  maize  in  tlie  I'oyal  stoieliouse.  No  niomy  or  sup])lie.s  ia  17S1,  very 
little  in  17<S'-,  uolo  in  17iS.'{. 

■'^Inh.Cul.,  I'ror.  A'.r.,  MS.,  iii.  181,  18.3,  207;  Prov.  ,<^f.  Pap.,  v.  75-0. 

•"Wruv.  AVi'.,  MS.,  iii.  214-24.     I'aitieidaily  in  .lune  and  .Fuly,  178;$. 

'"/';•()!'.  St.  /'((/'.,  MS.,  V.  71,  01-2;  xxi.  K\.  A  new  tarill'for  native  ])rod- 
nets,  /f/.,  ^•.  70.  'J'lie  Sun  Frain/.iro  ilr  /'(tiiln,  or  J/i  ri-iiics,  tuuelied  at  S.  .luso 
in  Novend)er,  '7S4,  and  grounded,  but  vas  got  oil".  /(/.,  v.  134-5;  vi.  120. 
Site  was  a  privateer  from  i\liieuo,  uudor  (.'ouiit  Sail  Doiiua. 


FOUXDINO  OF  SAN  :SIIGUKL. 


were  monopolized  by  tlic  missions,  tliougli  Arrillai^a 
now  ventured  to  make  some  grants  to  settK>rs  pro- 
visionally. The  Intlians  weie  sadlv  neu'lectcd,  esi)e- 
cially  in  the  south.  The  prices  tixotl  hy  the  tariff 
were  so  high  that  the  olHeci-  intrusted  with  the  sale 
of  the  wild  cattle  had  not  done  a  stroke  of  business 
for  eight  years."'^ 

])espite  th(!  miserable  condition  of  existinu"  estab- 
lishments,  the  founding  of  new  missions  was  now 
conteni})lated,  in  order  to  close  up  the  gap  between 
those    of  baja    and    alta   California.     Early  in   178.") 


Fi 


lad 


iGfes  maile  some  ixp 


•lorat 


ions,  an( 


1  ch 


lose  a  i»iace  ca 


died 


Encino  as  the  be.st  mission  site  near  the  boundary  and 
the  west  coast.^'  l\idre  Luis  Sales  of  San  A'ieiiite 
was  instructed  to  find  an  interineiliate  site  between 
his  mission  and  the  Encino,  and  started  with  a  party 
of  soldiers  under  Lieutenant  Ortega  in  Aj.ril  1785, 
discovering  the  I'uture  site  of  Santo  Tonuis  de  Acjuino 
in  the  (^Irulla  and  San  Solano  mountains.'''  Early  in 
178G  by  the  general's  orders  to  found  the  new  mis- 
sions 'IS  soon  as  ])ossible,  Fages  si;nt  another  expedi- 
tion t(^  ]']ncino,  but  the  Indians  ke[)t  the  frontier  in 
such  a  state  of  tni'inoib'*  that  nothing  was  accoinjtlislu'tl 
till  March  1784,  when  the  mission  of  San  ^liguel  was 
founded  bv  Padre  Sales  at  or  near  l^ncino,  the  sit(> 
beinix  several  times  c1ian!>:ed  in  later  veai's.''^  The 
new  mission  was  put  in  the  mihtaiy  Jurisdiction  of 
San  ])i(>'''o,  from   which   i)residio  was   sent  a   u'uard 


" Arrilla^^ii's  ivport  nf  Fil).  l.'i,  IT'^"',  in  An-Ii.  Cnl.,  Si.  I'd/'.,  Mi''<.  nml 
Col.,  i.  1-4. 

■'-i'dir.ijii,-.,  jyiiiri''  1/  .)/:ijri  /,'>'.;,  MS.:  /•;■'. c.  /.'..•.,  MS.,  ii.   1(17  s,    |!)!. 

^•■"Orti'^'a  to  KiL'i-s  .V'piil  I.".,  iTv.'i.  /'roi:  ,S7.  yV/y-.,  MS.,  v.  •JIKMI;  r,,/., 
2i()lii'iiis,  tjirta  iii.  77  Mi. 

•"On  liiiliau  troul.lo^  .«cf  Anii.  ('«/.,  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  vi.  ."C,  W\)  11, 
ir.l-(i,  174  (!. 

'■^'I'roi:  St.  Pd/i.,  MS.,  vii.  40.  Mnveil  to  S.  .rnaii  15aiitista  Cafiaila  in 
17SH.  I'na:  /,'<■<:,  .MS,,  i.  -.'ll.  Ni'ltcIc,  .V."'.  .1/.  ,-•.  </<.;/.,  U"'.,  \ii.  X,i,  trlls 
lis  it  wa.s  latiT  ivstmi'il  to  tlif  oii-iiial  .sito.  I'ailn;  Salr.x,  (tiL,  An'""'-, 
carta  iii.  SI  ctscii.,  «  ho  (.'■•  I's  .soiui' lirtails,  ^ays,  liowcvir,  that  tlic  <iiis;iiial 
)<ito  was  Sail  .hian,  not  iiiiiitioiiiM'4  any  liiaiij^'c  ;  and  hi'  iiiiiilics  that  ills  (  x- 
Iilniatioii  for  Sto  Tomas  was  Mili.-^fi|iiiiit  to  tlir  foiiiiiliiiL.' of  S.  Mi-ncl.  .\i- 
I'oiiliiiL;  to  .1 /•!■/(.  Cal.,  St.  Pup.  Sdr.,  MS.,  viii.  4.">,  iiiul  /,tt<srjiit'<,  lUijaCdL, 
lUd,  San  AligiU'I  "  as  fouiulLil  at  least  lt>  years  before  17S7. 


726 


AXXALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORXIA. 


of  six  men  under  Serj^eant  Iijcnaeio  Alvarado.  Five 
men  were  also  f'urni.shed  by  the  coniandante  of  the 
frontier.  Rough  fortifications  weio  erected,  and 
tlioui^h  the  surroundinn:  Inchans  were  liostile  tlie 
lieutenant  succeeded  l)y  chastisements  and  bribes  in 
recUicing  tliem  to  comparative  order.  In  ^lay  1787 
Ortega,  being  appointed  to  a  command  in  the  north, 
was  succeeded  by  Lieutenant  Diego  Gonzalez.^*' 

In  1 780  two  important  reports  were  made  on  the 
concHtion  of  the  missions  by  order  of  the  viccro\',  one 
by  President  Hidalgo  and  tlie  otlier  by  Governt»r 
Fagcs."''  They  agree  substantially  on  the  miserable 
condition  of  the  country,  though  they  give  but  few 
statistics.  The  natives,  noted  for  their  stupidity  and 
indolence,  generally  understood  S[)anish,  es[)ecially  in 
the  south;  and  preaching  was  in  that  language.  Tlu.'ir 
numbers  had  been  greatly  leduced  by  pestilence,  and 
nearlv  all  the  survivors,  accordin!>;  to  Fauces,  were 
suffering  from  syphilitic  diseases.  Deaths  outnum- 
bered births  more  than  three  to  one.  In  the  north, 
where  the  neo|)hytes  were  still  somewhat  numerous, 
most  of  them  lived  in  the  mountains,  only  nomiiudly 
attached  to  the  connnunities.  There  were  few  cattle 
excei)t  at  two  or  three  missions.  Fertile  lands  were 
of  very  limited  extent.  For  two  or  three  years  there 
would  be  no  rain;  and  then  would  come  a  Hood  d(>- 
stroving  the  crops.  No  nev  friars  hatl  conu^  for 
fifteen  years;  many  had  died,  and  some  lost  their 
reason,  and  now  there  were  twenty-one  in  charge  of 
sixteen  missions.  Thei'e  was  no  revenue  exce[>t  the 
jiroducts  of  the  little  [)atehes  of  maize,  wheat,  ligs, 
dates,  and  a  few  vines,  added  to  the  padres'  sti[)ends. 

="vhT/i.  Vnh,  Proi:  J!,r.,  MS.,  iii.  17,  2(10-4;  Pror.  St.  Pup.,  vii.  7S  S,'), 

no-!>. 

'"'  nh/iihin,  fin'ormc  solirc  hi  romlicioii  (ft  mil  ili>  Im  ^fi.■^iollr■1  ili-  /jftj'i  t^iill' 
fonii'i,  /;si:,  MS.,  in  Pimirt,  J>n,:  Hist,  .l/r.c,  '2\:\  ,VJ,  ilatod  in  Mexico, 
Marcli  "20,  iinil  inrludinit  sonio  jjrcliiiiin.ny  I'cirii'siiiinilcnti'. 

/•''.(;/(  .f,  liihiriiii'  ill !  K-ifinli)  ilr  /ii.<  .\/i.<li)iii'f  ipn'  latiihnii  ill  Vdrijo  ili'  /o\  rnjil- 
Ifirf-  i.iiiiiiiini/o-",  Ji'SU,  MS.,  uiAic/i.  Cal.,  St.  Piqi.  Ml-^s.,  i.  'J -17.  l)iiU;d 
Moutcicy,  Oct.  '20. 


TADRE  SALKS'  WORK. 


727 


Yet  sonu;  impi'ovi'ineiit.s  had  been  m;u]c  at  several 
})laccs  at  a  cost  of  !? "J  1,000.  Cliiircli  decoi-atioiis  ami 
t'urniture  were  <^('nc'rally  in  g'ood  condition.  Jii  justico 
to  the  IJoiiiinicans,  as  Fagcs  uri^cd,  the  lar_L,n'  contri- 
butions to  the  Jesuits  iu  former  times  should  h(;  taken 
into  account.  Tlie  pohcy  of  transferrin^;'  ln<hans  i'vom 
north  to  south  was  a  bad  one;  yet  certain  cliaiiu^es 
Were  favored  by  both  piesident  and  governoi'.  Somo 
local  items  will  be  given  later.  To  his  report  Hi- 
dalgo added  an  elaborate  set  of  regulations  in  one 
hundred  articles  which  he  had  jirepared  for  the  routine 
duties  of  })adres  and  of  ne(jphytes.*'* 

xVmong  the  juidres  who  left  the  counti'y  in  I7SS  or 
the  next  year  was  Father  Luis  Sales,  author  of  the 
only  work  on  California  published  by  the  Dominicans. 
The  book  is  largely  descriptive  and  doc\s  not  [•ui[iort  to 
present  a  connected  historical  narration  evi  n  of  the 
J)ominican  period;  yet  it  affords  mucli  useful  infor- 
mation and  has  been  often  cited  in  these  chapters.'" 

'^  llhhihio,  Ovilciic^  1/  YiiKlriici'ioncK  'irueralcH  quo  en  I'nu.-cipti'hciK,  ilc  l<i 
v'lsUa  hirliii,  /I'lr  d  li.  P.  Fr.  Mhjiui  JJida/ijo,  t;tc.,  .MS.,  iu  J'iiini/,  Ihn:  J  lint. 
J/..r.,  L'.j;{-(il. 

Fii'.'t's  cld.se.s  his  report  as  foUow-s:  '  Y  para  ilccirlo  tmln,  l.is  luisiniitH  ilo 
San  .liisi',  Siintiairo,  'I'imIiks  Sunto^^,  Sail  Javier,  Lori'to,  ( 'oiiifiiiili'i,  ( 'ailcL;<)iiii>, 
(iuad.ilii]!!',  y  Miilcgi''  \aii  ;i  jiasos  gi^'.'iiiteH  ;l  .su  total  cxtiiiri'iji.  I.a  r.i/.oii  cs 
tlo  tal  <\  iilcinia  ijiio  no  ilija  (liida.  Kl  iiial  galico  tloiniiia  a  aiiilms  si  i>os  y 
cu  tai  ^lailo  (jiie  ya  lab  inailivs  no  coneilicn,  y  .si  contili(jii  :  ale  1 1  I'l  to  eoii  poeii 
I'speran/a  iK:  la  viila.  Hay  iiiisioii  do  la.s  eitada.s,  ([iio  jia  mas  de  iiii  aiio  y 
liiest'.s  (jiic  1 11  ilia  no  se  lia  liaiiti/ado  criatuia  al;^'iiiia,  y  la  ijr.e  mas  no  lle,i;a  j'l 
I'iiiro  liaiitizadiis,  bieiido  cosar  di;.;iia  d(!  admirar  (jiii^  cseedin  Ics  niuertos  eu  el 
alio  ]iasado  do  los  do  edad  do  1  I  alios  paia  aliajo  a  lus  iiai  idcis.  ("on  todos 
los  adultos,  son  tiip!<s  los  miiertos  (jiio  los  iiaeiilos,'  'i'li(^  [ii  iiis  in  IT'^S  were: 
Mlieat,  .S'i;  maize,  .';<1. .">();  lior.sc,  ,s7;  mule,  Sl">;  Inill,  ij.");  eow,  .•?();  sheep,  .S2; 
go.it,  Si;  ass,  ;?l.  ('«//.,  Xitliiiii't,  eartaiii.  KU. 

'•''■'  X  III!  rill  ■■<  lie  hi,  J'roriiiiia  ilr  <'iilij'<iriii(i-'<  cu  Ires  riir/>i.<  <li  nii  nun  rib  If  ffti- 
i/ioxo,  liijo  i/cl  mil  cuiiriiifi)  ite.  jinillidi/nn'fi  ili>  I'ulni'ia  I'l  iin  (uiu'i/k  miijo. 
Valeiieia,  17!'^,  Kinio,  Kll,  '.HI,  101  pp.  and  sheet.  'J'ho  lelteiM  are,  si^jnetl 
'  F.  li.  S.'  and  the  aii  liivi  s  eontain  ample  material  to  ideiitily  liiin  \\\\.n  Fray 
Luis  Sales,  tliou';li  this  identity  is  now  ainiouneed  for  lln'  lii'.-t  fiiii  ■.  'i'iio 
lirst  letter  treats  ol  j,eoL;iapliy  and  the  Jndians  ;  tlio  sceoiid  inelude.s  Historical 
material  on  the  Je.^uit  and  Franeisean  jieriods,  with  a  rei^'.t  on  Xootkii 
till'ai:s;  ;ind  the  third  treats  lar;.'ily  of  the  i)ominieaii  ih  ciipati'ii  and  tlio 
liilthor'd  own  ixperieiice.  'J'ho  htteis  hear  no  datts;  <Iio  lirst,  and  .seeoiul 
Were  written  from  .San  Mii,'UeI  mission,  Calihiniia,  anl  the  third  fnun  Sail 
Migtli'l,  A.'.ores  Jslands,  v.  hilhei'  tin!  aullmr  had  eoi^e  as  e!ia|)!ain  un  a,  man- 
of-war  fmui  \  eia  (  ru.^.  In  carta  i.  'J'j;!,  he  .spia'.s  of  a  p(  slilciieo  and  revolt 
in  17f>.S  !•,  till' d.itrs  liriii!,'  doulitless  misprints.  To  .'dMiut  this  date  ImIohl.'J 
u  ^'ood  ai count  of  CalUuinia  liuiii  I'timjit.i,  and  t'uL,  yoiiciiis,  cto.,  in  \  iu'jtro 
L'liii:,  wvi. 


728 


ANXALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORXIA. 


NotliiiiLj^  li.appcne(l  wortliy  of  inontioii  for  several 
years.  In  the  spring'  of  1791  Jose  Antonio  Konieii 
arrived  at  Loreto  and  assumed  command  of  the  Cali- 
fornias  as  f^^overnor,  sufcceding  Fages,  and  soon  ])ro- 
oeeded  to  Monterey  by  land.  About  tliis  time  Lieu- 
tenant Gonzalez,  dissatisfied  with  his  jjosition  on  the 
frontier  and  involved  in  (juarrels  with  the  padre  at 
San  Vicente,  was  retired  and  replaced  apparently  by 
Jose  Francisco  Ortega.  Alferez  Estrada  dieil  in 
1791,  and  was  soon  succeeded  by  Ildefonso  Bernal.*" 
The  padres  were  still  restless  and  many  of  tlumi  were 
kept  in  the  country  against  their  will;  and  a  reen- 
forcomcnt  of  four,  not  named,  arrived  this  year,  with 
two  scientific  men  sent  by  the  king  to  make  observa- 
tions. About  this  time — or  perhaps  some;  years  earlier, 
since  Hidalgo's  report  of  178G  was  written  in  ]\I(\\ico — 
Padre  Juan  Crisostomo  Gomez  became  president  of 
the  missions,*^ 

On  the  24th  of  April  1791,  after  some  controversy 
between  the  governor  and  president  about  the  site,  in 
which  the  latter  had  his  way,  the  mission  of  Santo 
Tom;ls  de  Aquino  was  founded  at  San  Solano,  between 
San  Vicente  and  San  Miguel,  being  ])ut  in  charge  of 
Padre  Josd  Llorente.  Gomez  proposed  to  establish 
three  more  missions  in  the  north,  but  it  was  forbidden 
])y  the  viceroy  until  a  presidio  could  be  founded  in 
that  ivgion.*^  In  April  1792,  on  the  death  of  Gov- 
ernor Pomeu,  Arrillaga  became  acting  governor,  and 
()rte'_ra  lieutenant-governor,  the  fornu'r  beinn'  ordered 
to  Monterey  the  next  year.  Eighteen  more  friars 
arrived  in  1792,  twelve  in  August  and  six  in  S(^p- 
tember.     The  latter  had  a  narrow  esca[»e  from  dr(nvn- 

*Wrrh.  Crl.,  Pror.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  x.  .W,  .38,  iVJ,  .-.?,  9.1,  V2\,  l-JS,  172-.3; 
xi.  4J  7,  Hit;  Si.  Pup.  Snc,  v.  S(>-7;  A,rh.  Sta  A'.,. MS.,  xi.  411-1,'). 

"Ar</i.  CuL,  SI.  Pfip.,  S<i<:,  MS.,  i.  'JS-!),  104;  iv.  :i;  v.  ii;!-l;  Pr(,v.  St. 
Pnp.,  lis,  ;{;{.  The  scientists  wcic  .liiiiiic  Si'ii«i4)(!  iuul  .lose  J.oiiyiiios  .Mar- 
tinez. As  (loiiit'Z  is  callotl  .sdiiu'tinu's  .1  nun  Antonio,  ami  as  Juan  ( 'risi'stonio 
Iuul  tiii'd  to  lotiri',  it  is  possible  lliat  tlioio  were  Iwo  of  the  name,  tlie  presi- 
dent l)ein;4  Antonio. 

*-Arrh.  Cal.,  St.  Pap.,  S<i.r.,  MS.,  v.  89-00;  i.  '^  8;  Prov.  St.  JV  ,  x 
yil  .">;  \\i.  7!».  \ej,'rete  in  Sor.  .!/..<•.  Cio;/.,  Jlol.,  v\n  '^.-^  u;.v\  Khi'i  Stc  To- 
luati  was  moved  a  league  weatwuril  in  1794,  bein>{  thus  JO  V  I'l-'jin  S.  \'ieoDte. 


SAX  TKDRO  AND  SAXTO  TOMAS. 


729 


ini,'  when  their  vessel  was  wrecked  and  most  of  the 
cai'^'o  lost  some  twenty  miles  from  j^oreto.  As  the 
missionaiy  i'oree  was  now  larger  tlian  was  needed, 
sonic  thirteen  got  leave  to  retire.  I'adre  ( Joniez  was 
one  of  the  number,  and  Padre  Cayetano  Pallas  became 
president/^ 

Vicerov  Pevilla  Gi'>edo  in  his  mission  report  of 
1793  furnished  for  the  king  a  general  view  of  the 
California  establishments,  their  past  history  and  pres- 
ent condition,  containing,  hovevcT,  no  s[»ecial  informa- 
tion which  i'e(|uires  notice  here."  In  this  year  alscj 
cx})lorations  ^\ere  made  by  the  viceroy's  order  result- 
ing in  the  iiudiug  of  a  site  between  Santo  Domingo 
and  Ilosario,  where  the  new  mission  of  San  ]*edro 
^^faityr  do  Verona  was  cstal)lished  on  April  '27,  17'.)4, 
by  Pi'esident  Pallas,  the  site  being  called  (  asilijx^  by 
the  natives.  Tlui  [)agans  gave  much  trouble  to  Ser- 
geant Jose  ^Manuel  lluiz,  connnandant  of  the  guard, 
stealing  the  cattle,  threatening  an  attack,  and  extend- 
ing their  hostilities  to  Santo  Tonias  an«l  San  jSliguel. 
Pefore  the  end  of  the  year  San  l*e(h'(>  was  moved  a 
short  distance  to  a  place  wheie  the  natural  defences 
were  stronger  and  the  soil  more  fertile,  Santo  Tomas 
bciuLT  also  moved  somewhat  hiu'her  up  the  cahatla 
of  San  Solano.^' 

The  newly  ap[)ointed  governor,  Don  Diego  do 
Borica,  ai'rivrd  at  Loreto  on  the  I'ith  of  May,  1794, 
took  possession  of  his  office  two  days  latei',  and  in 
July  stai'ted  for  Monterey,  Arrillaga  returning  pres- 
ently to  his  I'ornier  [tosition  at  Loicto,  and  being  [»ro- 
inoted  to  be  lieutcnant-eolonel  in  1795.      Ortega  was 


*Kirrh.  ral.,  Pmr.  Si.  Pop.,  :NrS.,  x\.  70;  \xi.  T'2,74,  TO,  lOO;  /,/..  n.,i.,  ii.  1. 

♦'  III  v'lllii  aUinIo,  <  '.irl'i  >tchi-<'  Misiniif.f,  ■::7  <>'•  />l<:,  ir.i.i.  v.  -I-JT  ;»).  Also 
in  MS.  in  Air/t'C(i/.,S/.  /'up.,  Mls<.  uml-Cof.,  MS.,  i.  I-'2S;  .]/„.rr  .l/N.s'.,  iic.  1 1. 

*-'An/i.  Cii'.,  /'ror.  SI.  /''ip.,  MS.,  xi.  4!t,  ,S7,  M.'i  I;  xii.  1(17,  117;  xxi. 
70-80,  111,  i:;0  I,  1!)_';  /./.,  /I'H.  Mil.,  x\-.4;  /'n.r.  /,',,•.,  i.  •Jll  IJ;  vi.  l.'is  ;»; 
iS7.  I'(ip.  .l/;.sN.,  ii.  ;{ii-S;  St.  i'lip.  Sa-.,  ix.  SO;  Anii.  Ar.',l>.,  MS.,  i.  .•17;  l.'xr.ia 
di>  Mi.i\,  vi.  rtW.  'I'liyior,  Cnl.  Fnrini'r,  Miircli  '21,  IS(i2,  tii(>ii(i)n.-;ly  jjivva 
tin!  (1:it(!  iif  fduiidiiii;  S.  I'liliK  as  April  '20.  Tlio  locality  if^  goiu:rully  given  us 
ll!  to  11  I.  ca.st  of  Sto  Dominj-'o. 


730 


ANNALS  OF  B/\JA  f'ALIFORNIA. 


retired  at  this  time  and  his  place  as  lieutenant  taken 
by  Francisco  de  Iloa,  who  came  with  IJorica.  But 
Koa  [)roved  to  be  "effeminate,  more  loud  oC  amuse- 
ments than  of  attending  to  his  duties,  ;uid  ruled  by 
his  wile,  who  disgusted  everybody ;"  and  at  his  own 
request  he  was  transferred  to  the  mainland  in  171)5/" 
A  much  more  efficient  officer  was  Alfere/  Bernal, 
who  early  in  1795  was  sent  to  make  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion in  the  south,  visiting  every  establishment.  After 
Bcrnal's  return  JSei'geant  Luis  Lopez  was  put  in  com- 
mand of  the  southern  district,  being  furnished  with 
elaborate  instructions.  Among  the  latter  was  a  clause 
ordering  him  to  "observe  good  conduct,  en-  at  least 
pretend  to."*^ 

For  several  years  it  had  been  contemplated,  with 
the  consent  of  the  friars,  to  suppress  some  of  the 
poorer  missions;  and  this  measure  was  finally  carried 
out  in  April  1795  with  respect  to  Santiago  and  (lua- 
dalupe.'*''  ]\reanwhile  the  country  east  of  San  ^liguel 
and  Santo  Tomas  was  being  explored  with  a  view  of 

*Klrch.  Cul,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  141-2,  1.V2;  xii.  '  U  Tl,  T.")-S,  88, 
1,")2;  xiii.  iW;  xxi.  lllit,  '.'Ul-.'.,  21.'{-14;  Id.,  lien.  MIL,  xxi.  7;  Prnr.  /.Vf.,  i. 
21-2;  vi.  2:!,  27,  IV-Mi,  'M,  l."J4;  Arch.  Ar-<,h.,  MS.,  i.  40.  ^{ov.  JU>ric;i  was 
jilcast'd  with  tlic  crmtlition  of  affairs  on  his  vfiy  north.  Ho  fciunil  at  Loroto 
good  bread  and  moat,  honic-niado  wine,  olives,  and  oil,  {luits,  vci^ctuhk-.s,  anil 
lish.  He  sent  a  lianel  of  brandy  and  another  of  olives  to  a  friend  in  Mexico; 
also  sonic  oetapmal  winc-colorcd  stones  which  jiroved  of  no  value.  Fr, 
Mariano  Fernandez  in  named  as  vice-president  of  the  missions  in  \~,[)\.  Anh. 
Aizi'h.,  MS.,  V.  88.  Koa  .seems  not  to  have  gouo  to  the  frontier  hut  became 
liabilitailo  at  Loreto  during  his  stay. 

*'•  I'lernal's  diary  of  his  tour,  Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  l.'i2-8. 
Arrillagii's  ins  ructions  to  Lopez,  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  viii.  110-l."r.  Some  infor- 
mation about  Ikrnal  in  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  i.  5.');  v.  78',).  Ho  was  Xi  years 
old  in  171'.'),  and  had  Ik'CU  in  seven  campaij^ns  against  the  A])ache.s.  Leport 
by  Arriila;ja  on  condition  of  missions.  St.  Pup.  Misi.,  MS.,  ii.  [iW-H.  On  re- 
sources of  the  country,  timber,  etc.,  Caalro,  l)oc.  IliM.  ( '«/. .^MS.  ,i.  1.  17It."i-l), 
coircsj)ondence  on  a  ISaja  California  contribution  of  yl,48(>  fortlie  war  against 
France.  I'nn'.  I'u:,  v.  ;il8,  IHO;  Proi:  St.  Po)k,  xiii.  !t;;-4.  In  the  same  years 
there  was  considerable  correspondence  on  the  subject  of  education,  caused 
by  a  royal  order,  and  resulting  apparently  in  the  founding  of  a  primary  school 
at  Loreto.  Prov.  J,',r.,  v.  ;<;jl)-40;  vi.  79;  viii.  lt)4-r),  207;  7'/oc.  St.  Pap.,  xvi, 
127;  /(/.,  Jidi.  Mil.,  xxvii.  3. 

■•Mn/t.  Cal.,  Prur.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  110-11,  141;  xiii.  84;  M,  Brn.,  i. 
4.'3-4;  /(/.,  III)!.  Mil.,  xxii.  ti;  Prov.  liic,  viii.  l!)."i;  xi.  48;  St.  Pap.  Miys., 
ii.  80-1;  Arch.  Ar:.(>l>.,  MS.,  i.  31).  The  ne()|ihytes  of  Santi.'igo  were  added 
to  San  Jos('',  and  tiiosc  of  (iuadahipc  to  I'urisima.  At  (!uadaluj:e  the  mission, 
property  was  put  in  charge  of  Luis  Agnilar  and  his  heirs  on  joint  account  of 
liimself  and  the  government.     The  mission  was  restored  in  VSoi. 


ARRILLAGAS  TOUR. 


731 


extending  the  occupation  towards  the  Colorado  as 
soon  ns  ])racticable.  In  October  1794  Serjeant  Ruiz 
and  Padre  A^aldellon  examined  a  site  called  Santa 
Catalina  midway  between  Santo  Toniiis  and  the  head 
of  the  gulf,  and  another  near  it  called  Poriezui-lo. 
Alferez  Bernal  continued  the  cx]>lorations  in  17'J5 
until  the  region  was  pretty  well  known;  and  there 
are  indications  that  some  elforts  were  made  to  exi)loi'e 
the  up[)er  gulf  coast  by  water/^  The  western  coast 
was  also  explored,  but  not  in  a  manner  that  pleased 
the  Spaniards,  by  John  Locke,  the  captain  of  the 
Jlcsohidon,  an  English  whaler.  This  vessel  well  laden 
with  oil  touched  at  San  jNIiguel  in  the  middle  of  17!);'), 
afterwards  obtaining  some  sup})lies  at  Tcxlos  Santos, 
and  leaving  San  Jose  in  October.  The  visit  drew 
out  from  (jiovernor  Borica  strict  orders  that  foreign 
craft  should  not  be  allowed  to  remain  in  Calil'ornian 
poi'ts  longer  than  hospitality  demanded,  trade  being 
prohibited,  and  constant  precautions  urged,  esp)ecially 
ai^ainst  the  En<jlish.'^'' 

Lieutenant-governor  Arrillaga  started  in  June  171)0 
to  explore  in  person  the  northern  regions.  ]ianding 
at  San  Ijuis  lVt)m  the  Satiiniiiia,  he  visited  San  Ft-r- 
nando,  Itosario,  and  Santo  Domingo,  arriving  at  San 
Vicente  on  the  13th  of  July.  Here  he  found  much 
excitement  in  consequence  of  troubles  with  the  Ind- 
ians. Xot  only  were  the  pagans  hostile,  but  the  neo- 
phytes of  San  Pedro  had  deserted  in  a  body,  icfusing 
to  return  unless  a  new  padre  were  aj)[)ointed.'''  Ei'om 
San  Vicente  Arrillaga  went  on  to  the  Santa  Catalina 
site  with  eleven  men.  ]lere  some  iive  lumdre(l  na- 
tives had  been  gathered  in  five  ranchen'as  awaiting 
the  ijromised   mission,      lleturniii!''  he  started  airain 

'"('oiiTsjioiKlcnco  niul  ]^)ii'n;irs  diary  in  Arch.  Cal.,  Prnv.  Si.  Pa/i.,  MS., 
xii.  117;  xiii.  l'JS-;W;  -Jlt-rit;;  /'ruv.  J.W.,  v.  ;iU7-10,  :{i;;-ll;  Arrh.  Arzoh., 
MS.,  i.  4;'.;  i'fisiro,  Doc.  I  list,  (at.,  MS.,  i.  I. 

w,l,r/».  Cal.,  I'rov.  St.  i'lip.,  MS.,  .xiii.  l(iS-(),  'J(JI  -1;  .\iv.  Ill  ll';  I'roo. 
liec..  V.  ;):!!;  viii.  '202. 

•''  IVii'.ul  liad  l)ci'ii  sent  in  May  ami  Jiiiio  to  iiivcstiL'ati'.  'i'liciv  liad  liccti 
Bomi' soldii'r.i  \\<.mniliil  and  Indians  kilKd  in  tlic  tmuliKs.  Ilii  nal'.s  jmniuil, 
dated  Juno  '_'5,  i.i  in  Anh.  Cal.,  I'rov.  SI.  J'ap.,  MS.,  \iv.  1)  lii. 


732 


ANNALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


for  tlic  cast,  and  south,  visitiiif^  Santo  Domingo,  San 
Pedro,  and  San  Felipe  on  tlie  gulf  coast,  and  reached 
San  Vicente  again  tlie  31st  of  August.  On  Septeni- 
her  5th  he  started  on  a  still  more  extended  tri^)  I'ar  to 
the  north-cast,  past  Santa  Catalina,  and  to  the  Colo- 
rado on  October  18th.  Here  he  had  a  fight  with  the 
Indians.''"  Thence  the  explorer  turned  to  the  north- 
west and  reached  San  Diego  on  the  27th  of  October. 
Ileturninix  to  the  south  he  dated  his  diary  at  San 
Vicente  the  9th  of  Decenibcr,^^  returning  to  Loreto 
in  January.  Arrillaga's  leading  object  had  been  to 
learn  if  it  were  practicable  to  open  connnunication  by 
land  with  Sonora.  It  had  been  his  opinion  l)efore, 
and  it  was  contirmcd  by  his  tour,  that  it  was  useless 
to  open  such  a  route  unless  it  could  be  protected  by  a 
strong  garrison;  and  he  did  not  now  favor  the  meas- 
ure. Yet  he  suggested  two  plans;  the  first  to  found 
a  presidio  at  Santa  Olaya,  with  detachments  at  So- 
noita  and  San  Felipe;  and  the  second,  which  ho 
l)refcrred,  to  place  the  presidio  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Coloi'ado  to  secure  a  supply  route  and  line  of  retreat 
by  water. ^* 

First,  however — and  last  as  it  proved — it  was  nec- 
essary to  found  the  new  mission  of  Santa  Catalina 
]\I;lrtyr,  some  twenty  leagues  north-eastward  of  San 
Vicente,  as  a  base  of  supplies  for  the  proposed  presi- 
dio. This  was  ordered  by  the  viceroy  and  governor; 
and  after  some  delay,  for  it  was  regarded  as  a  danger- 
ous post  to  be  strongly  fortified  and  garrisoned,  the 
founding  was  accomplished  on  November  12,  171)7, 
by  padres  Jose  Llorentci  and  Tomiis  Valdellon.  Of 
the  mission's  early  annals  in  addition  to  the  founding 

6-r.(3rica'R  letter  of  Nov.  17.  Arch.  Cat.,  Pror.  Rcc,  ISIS.,  v.  SoS-.l.  The 
fight  i.;  Hot  inc'iitioncil  in  Anilhi.L,'a'.s  jimniiil.  One  soldiur  was  killotlunil  seven 
were  woiUKled.     The  Imliiins  had  seven  killed. 

^'■^Arril/'iiia,  .louriutl  dcuiia  Kxplorarioii  en  lafronUra  delXortr  1700,  MS., 
ill  Arch.  V<iL,  I'rvv.  til.  I'fip.,  xiv.  !(;{-!).  lli!  also  .-ippears  to  have  written 
anoilicr  narrative,  I'/.,  xvi.  ]'2(l-7,  wliieh  lie  called  Subre  A  rtiiluruti  dtl 
Camhio  jtrira  Saiiord.  y  Niicro  M<  .vicn,  prepared  at  Loreto. 

"*<)et.  •-'(;,  IT'.tT,  Ariillai^a  to  Uorilla.  An/i.  Cal.,  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xvi. 
130-40.     Nov.  7,  Id.  told.,  Prov.  Ike,  v.  352-3. 


WAR  WITH  ENGLAND. 


733 


nothing  is  Known. '''  In  171)G  also,  ami  this  was 
another  motive  of  Ari'illai^a's  tour,  M'as  ai^itated  the 
schonie  of  soparatini^^  the  two  Californias  into  distinct 
governments.  Governor  IJtjrica  advocated  the  meas- 
ure, and  no  opjjosition  froni  any  <|uarter  is  recorded; 
yet  notliing  was  accomplislicd  until  after  the  end  of 
tlie  century. °" 

It  had  been  known  to  the  Californians  that  Spain 
was  on  the  verge  of  a  war  Nvith  England,  the  ellect 
being  much  foolish  excitement.  All  forei<'ners  were 
regai'ded  as  possil)le  foes;  harndess  traders  were 
arrested  and  sent  to  IMexico;  and  coui'iers  dashed  to 
and  i'ro  with  orders  and  reports  as  if  the  country  were 
already  invaded.  The  mere  rumor  of  possible  war 
causing  all  this  ado,  the  reader  may  imagine  the  e.K- 
citement  when  it  was  known  in  1797  that  war  had 
actually  been  declared.  The  records  overflow  with 
martial  correspondence;  nearly  $2,000  was  contril)ute(l 
for  defence;''"  muskets  by  the  half-dozen  were  sent  to 
exposed  points;  the  militia  was  organized;  and  elabo- 
rate instructions  were  issued  to  subordinate  ofHcials." 
There  were  only  about  fifty  soldiers  in  the  whole 
peninsula;  and  the  garrison  at  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  one 
of  the  p(jints  regarded  as  inost  important  and  most 
likely  to  be  attacked,  was  five  soldiers  and  two  arnu'd 
citizens.  But  the  people  were  not  discouraged;  and 
the  governor  was  confident  that  the  invader  would  bo 
repulsed  with  ignominy.  The  drowsy  8])ell  i^ver 
hanging  over  the  [)eninsula  was  for  a  time  exorcised; 
and  more  paper  was  used  for  official  correspondence 

^'-Arch.  Cat.,  Prov.  Hcc,  MS.,  v.  .%->-«,  .SOO-TS;  vi.  .^S-.l,  i",  02-3,  100- 
200;  I'roi:  S/.Pnj:.,  xv.  ITS,  '_'0-J,  •Jlio-O;  xvi.  07,  10-_'-3,  l-J.Vd;  xxi.  S  II; 
(SV.  Pdji.  J/ks.,  ii.  114-17;  J.a'-r'.^  Jli../.  OiitliiK-,  II;  J.ds.-^cjxi.--,  Jiajit  t\il.,  llU. 
'J'lR'.><e  two  writcis  incorrectly  date  the  foniidinf,'  in  1705. 

'*''  Poririi,  Prmjcifo  nnlirc  iliri^ion  dc  <  'alhhrin'iH  Jl'tX!,  MS.  Dated  jit  Mon- 
terey Sei)t.  lull.  Apiii'oved  t)f  fiscal  in  -Nlcxico — Arrh.  <'(il.,  Prn-.  Si.  J'a/i., 
MS.',  ItO-'J;  also  references  in  I'ror.  l!<c.,  iii.  'J(iS;  v.  .'M:{-4;  viii.  l.JO.  lie- 
vivul  of  tlic  scheme  in  I80'2.  Anh.  Sla.  Jl.,  MS.,  xi.  420-;32, 

'•''Arch.  Cat.,  Prov.  Her.,  MS.,  vi.  ISl;  v.  W",. 

'•'■Arrh.  CuL,  Prov.  Uec,  M.S.,  viii.  lOS-0,  117-18;  Pror.  SI.  Ai/>.,  MS.,  xv. 
129.  lieiii;,' Arrillaga's  instructious  to  Aguilar  eoinmunding  in  tlie  ^-uuth  and 
to  KuLs  ill  the  north. 


J 


734 


AXNALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


than  for  citjfarottos.  The  sliabby  unpaid  trooper 
I)atehe(l  uj)  his  h>athern  armor  in  ^'rim  anticipation  of 
a  brush  witli  a  foe  worthy  of  his  Spanish  valor;  the 
vecino  fnrbisiietl  up  his  rusty  firelock,  an  lieirlooui 
from  tlie  days  of  Otondo,  more  deadly  to  the  patriot 
at  the  butt  than  to  the  invader  at  the  muzzle;  and 
even  that  poor  cowed  creature,  the  neophyte,  twanged 
the  bow  of  his  savage  sire  and  footed  it  in  the  war- 
dance  to  show  his  anxiety  to  defend  the  country  he 
had  lost  in  belialf  of  those  who  had  robbed  him  of  it. 
Unhappily  for  those  who  hoped  to  earn  glorious 
laurels,  but  fortunately  for  the  navies  of  Great  Britain, 
the  conquest  of  California  was  not  atteuipted.  True 
a  licet  of  sixteen  sail  was  sighted  off  San  Miguel,  but 
after  .$1,000  had  been  spent  in  publishing  the  alarm, 
the  disappointed  and  warlike  watchers  had  to  admit 
that  they  had  been  threatened  by  nothing  more  for- 
midable than  an  armada  of  clouds." 


In  August  1797  eight  new  padres  arrived  at  Lo- 
reto;  and  the  next  year  a  number  of  the  old  friars  were 
permitted  to  retire.  Among  the  latter  was  President 
Pallas,  who  was  succeeded  by  Padre  Vicente  Pelda.*" 

Meanwhile  Santa  Catalina,  counted  on  as  abase  of 
supi)lies  for  a  new  and  important  extension  of  Spanish 
dominion,  had  not  prospered  as  had  been  expected. 
The  mission  was  barely  self-supporting,  and  the  Do- 
minicans had  no  other  direction  in  which  to  extend 
their  field.  However,  the  padres  of  Santo  Tomds 
were  permitted  to  occupy  the  fertile  valley  of  San 

''Urch.  Cal.,  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  viii.  71,  75,  213-14,  37G;  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
M.S.,  xvi.  2."')G.  Viceroy  Branciforte — Instnic,  MS.,  3'2-8 — gives  some 
attention  to  California  and  its  defenceless  condition.  See  also  Azanza,  Iiistruc. 
187. 

""The  new-comers  were:  Codina,  Lilzaro,  Rivas,  Escala,  Fontcubcrta,  Cau- 
las,  Surroca,  and  Sanz.  Arch.  Cal.,  Prov.  /iVc,  MS.,  viii.  212-13.  Those  ob- 
taining leave  to  retire  about  this  time  were:  Rafael  and  Antonio  Caballero, 
C'()iu'C])cion,  Salgado,  Tejeiijo,  Coello,  and  Llorente.  Pallas  did  not  leave  the 
country  till  1800.  Llorente  is  praised  by  the  governor  as  a  very  able  mission- 
ni'y,  who  has  extended  his  travels  as  far  as  San  Francisco  in  Alta  California. 
Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  XV.  220;  xvii.  87,  22G;  xxi.  45;  Prov.  liec,  v.  401,  40,".; 
vi.  .')4,  91,  108,  UK),  1J)5-G,  220,  277;  viii.  9;  St.  Pap.  Miss.,  ii.  118;  Arch. 
Arzob.,  MS.,  i.  54,  5G. 


A  NEW  ALARM, 


788 


Rafael  on  condition  of  iH'ins,'  always  ready  to  fiirnisU 
supplies  at  tixi'd  priecs;  and  at  tlio  sanii;  time  a  mnn- 
ber  (»r  i'aniilies  were  sent  I'roni  other  missions  to  Santa 
Catalina.'^i 

The  warlike;  excitement  of  1797  had  nearly  subsided 
into  the  normal  calm,  when  in  \7\)[)  the  c(tuntry  was 
rudely  awakened  from  its  lethargy  by  an  incident  that 
caused  a  is])eedy  renewal  of  precautions  against  tho 
Eimlish.  ()n  the  Dth  of  ^lav  four  vessels,  unmistak- 
ably  British  and  not  clouds  this  time,  anchored  near 
Ca[)0  San  J^ucas.  One  captive  and  three  deserters 
fell  into  tlie  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  Once  six  boats 
put  oif  ir(»m  the  fleet  towards  the  mission  San  Jose, 
but  were  frightened  back  by  hostile  demonstrations 
on  shore;  the  shijis  sailed  away  on  the  loth;  and  tho 
prisoners  were  sent  to  Loreto,  and  lattn-  to  San  Bias, 
representiuir  themselves  as  belon<;inLr  to  an  Enylish 
whaler.  "'- 

This  event  of  course  caused  a  repetition  of  former 
defensive  measures.  Sergeant  Aguilar  in  the  south 
was  ordei'ed  not  only  to  organize  a  militia  com[>any, 
but  to  arm  the  natives;  "for,"  said  Arrillaga,  "tho 
Englisli  have  a  great  dread  of  tho  Indians,  especially 
in  theii"  war-[>aint  and  featliers;"  and  there  was  soon 
an  oj)portunity  for  the  display  of  these  aboriginal  ter- 
rors. On  June  10th  two  strangers  appeared  at  Santa 
Ana  and  told  their  story  to  Aguilar.  Tlui  Men-cdcs, 
a  Spanisli  eoasting  sloop,  Captain  liernardo  Suarez 
Infanzoii,  liad  been  ca[)tured  near  the  Tres  !^^arlas  by 
one  of  a  lleet  of  four  English  privateers,  Infanzon 
had  siiven  exaLJO'crated  accounts  of  the  defences  of  San 
Bias,  and  liad  offered  a  ransom  of  .$.'^5,000  for  himself 
and  vessel,  hoping  to  warn  tho  Califoinia  trans[)ortto 

«Mr</,.  CaL,  I'rov.  Ihc,  MS.,  v.  381-5;  vi.  97,  200,  211;  Anh.  Arzob., 
MS.,i.  4!)-r.O. 

"^Thtir  nanifs  .ire  given  as  Eihveird  Hanckton,  .I;iinr;s  Idelsh  (WoIhIi?), 
Thotiias  Millar,  and  Wni.  Tlionipsoii.  The  vessel  was  tluj  Jlir-ci/  (M(  r.^i  i/  /}, 
owner  lulward  IJennett,  niantor  Obed  Clark.  The  j)ri.s(>iicr.s  are  .said  to  have 
been  oH'on'd  to  an  English  eaptain,  who  refused  to  take  tlicni,  advLsin;.'  that 
they  should  ho  hanged.  Arfk.  t'nL,  Proc.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  Ki,  '2'Jl-',i;  xxi. 
17,  22-3;  /(/.,  B,:n.  Alii.,  xxvii.  5;  Prov.  Ilec,  viii.  20,  2'J,  12-1-5,  102-3. 


730 


AXXALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFOUXIA. 


sail  oil  Juno  ntli.  TIic  i>rivjd(.'crs  |)i-(  rcn-cd  supplies 
to  money,  and  came  io  Caliroj-uia  to  oKtaiu  tlieui, 
semliiiiLf  a  sailor  and  passenu'ei"  ashore  as  iiiesseiiu^crs. 
Iiilan/ou  also  sent  a  letter  askinijf  the  e(»iiian(hintf  to 
])ay  the  I'ansoni,  but  with  the  "greatest  possihK;  delay. 
Au'uilar  went  to  the  shore  with  a  lew  cattle,  and 
promised  to  have  the  full  amount  ready  hy  the  Kith, 
whi<'h  was  done,  and  the  jn-ivateers  set  sail  next,  day, 
no  Mood  ha\ini|^  heen  shed.  The  delay  I'ualtled  tho 
ti'ansport  Artiro  to  es(,'ape,  for  she  arri\ed  at  Jjoreto 
the  very  day  of  the  i)rivateers'  de[)arture,  when  a 
stranii'e  sail  was  also  seen  olf  C^)ronado  Island.  Ou 
the  'JOth  two  forei^ii  ships  anchored  near  the  eaj)C, 
laiidiiii^'  some  men  to  ohtain  watei'.  'J'liis  ])arty  was 
attacked  next  day  and  I'oreed  toreiimhark  under  cover 
of  the  ships'  j^uns,  from  which  live  rounds  of  jL;ra])0 
were  Ih'ed.  'JMicn  the  strangers  put  to  sea,  d(jubtless 
disgusted  at  so  inhi>sj)ital)le  a  reci'[)tion.*^^ 

Naturally  the  panic  increased.  Strange  vessels 
were  continually  being  sighted  ut  one.  point  or  an- 
other, often  the  .same  craft  seen  over  and  over  again, 
until  tln'  Spaniards  imagined  themselves  surrounded 
by  a  great  ]>ritish  fleet  seeking  an  opportunity  to 
seize  the  iieninsula.  These  fears  were  tloubtless  for 
the  most  part  groundless.  There  w^ere  ])erhaps  a  dozen 
English  vessels,  mostly  whalers  or  iishermen,  with 
heavy  armaments  for  defense,  \\\  these  wateis  at  tho 
time."'  They  were  ready  enough  for  mischief  should 
a  transport  vessel  come  in  their  way;  and  occasion- 
ally ap[)roached  the  land  for  vv'-.ter  or  sui>i)lies.  That 
they  had  no  intention  of  taking  the  peninsula  is  best 
proved  by  tho  fact  that  they  did  not  do  it.  VnAh. 
viceroy  and  governor  came  finally  to  this  conclusion. 

•■'^Tlio  vessels  were  recorded  as  the  BcMor,  Claar,  master  and  eonininiidcr 
of  tlit>  Ucct;  the  J!<l-»  if,  Captiuii  Moos;  tlie  I'lTia-',  ('apt.  Moore;  ami  the  J'd- 
jti ro  ([Vivil':),  Capt.  I'oull.  All  were  armed  witli  12-poiinders  and  swivel- 
guns  and  luid  crews  of  ^iOmen.  There  were  four  others  in  thelleet,  not  named. 
Arch.  Cn/.J'rov.  Mr.,  MS.,  vi.  i;U;  viil.  21-7,  li.'4.  J-J7,  •-'.•1-4;  i'ror.  St. 
Pap.,  xvii.  -IW.V,  xxi.  1S-1<J,  12I;  Id.,  Uen.  Mil.,  xiii.  10-Mt;   cxvi.  !). 

*' A;;iiil;ir  puts  the  nundjer  ut  IK.  Arch.  VuL,  I'rov.  St.  Piqi.,  MS.,  xvii. 
230;  and  otiiers  aa  liiyh  as  24. 


E\D  OF  TllK  CKN'TURY. 


737 


Soon  tli<'  mvstcrious  vessels  wore  noon  no  more  in  tlio 
Li^ult';  tlu>  militia  was  ^nuliuilly  (lisl»an(lt".l;  and  Uu; 
c-oinitry  rdajiscd  into  its  custoniaiy  state  of  n'^osr, 
rendered  donUly  sweet  to  the  people  <loul)tless  by  tin; 
pi'oud  oonsei(jusness  that  they  had  tViLjhtened  oil'  the 
invader."^ 

Early  in  1800  Governor  Borlea  left  California,  and 
(lied  at  Duranj^o  in  July  of  the  same  ye-ar.  Thus 
Arrillaga  hecamc  governor  ad  interim,  though  ordi'ved 
to  continue  his  resideneo  at  Loreto.  The  last  year  of 
the  century  was  a  quiet  and  uneventful  one  on  the 
j)eninsula. 

I  append  Lhrco  notes,""  compiled  from  material 
furnished  by  the  bulky  but  fragmentary  records  pre- 
served in  the  Spanish  archives  of  Alta  California,  on 
peninsular  affairs   for  the   last   twenty  years  of  the 

"''  Misccllnnoous  coiTOspondcnce,  showing  the  presence  of  a  few  vessels  in 
1800  iiiitl  iiililitioniil  nieiisufes  of  preeiintioa  Jtefuru  quiet  was  coniiiletely  re- 
stored:  Arch.  Cul.,  I'ror.  ,SV.  I'n/).,  MS.,  xvii.  '-'.'{T-H,  '21\,  'J77  S,  'Mi-i;  \\\. 
•20  1,'-'.'.,  '27-31,  4;i:  A/.,  J!>-)i.  Mil.,  xxvi.  17;  xxviii.  l-'2;  I'rov.  live,  v.  .VM, 
407;  vi.  12!»;  viii.  .'W-S,  1'28,  'll'l;  Azaiiza,  Inntnic,  1S4-5. 

""'Kinancial  statistics:  I'ay-roU  of  presidial  company  per  year,  average  for 
12  years,  §r2,028;  id.  fur  marine  department,  8'2,;j"2(i;  exiienses  of  icpaiis, 
etc.,  niaiino  dept.,  17!K)  4,  §5, 431.  Inventories  of  etlects  in  wareiioiiso  at 
end  of  each  year — lint  apparently  sometimes  includint;  only  goods,  or  .supplies, 
and  at  others  all  property — average  for  11  years,  .'«!0,.">(m;  the  extiemes  arc, 
§1, ('(.'{()  in  178"),  anil  .'?;!(),07t)  in  170!>.  Memorias  from  Mexi<'o,  average  for  15 
years,  !*1JJ,801 ;  but  this  included  drafts  on  the  treasury  and  a  small  amount 
of  coin,  less  than  iialf  being  goods  sent  from  Mexico.  Meuiorias  of  supplies 
fiom  San  ]51as,  average  for  \'.i  years,  !?4,7<>'2.  Totjds  of  habilitado's  accounts, 
17S1  !»,  1^144, .V27  and  S!l4r),;{4.S.  lialunco  against  the  presidio,  17S7  JM, 
§l(i,.")7it.  lloyal  revenues  on  an  average,  §4,1)11  \ivv  year;  comiio.sed  of 
tobacco  sales,  6"2,817;  tithes,  §'J7.");  salt,  $'211 ;  post-ollicc, 'i?!)! ;  sales  of  cattle, 
S()!)U;  and  alcabalas,  pearls,  hind  tribute,  freights,  etc.,  ^.")!>8,  the  largest 
item,  that  of  alcabalas,  or  excise  taxes,  being  doubtful.  The  tithes  were 
generally  rented  for  a  jieriod  of  years.  I'eai'l-fifths  in  "■  years  wvw.  i?-!  Com- 
missions on  tithes  an<l  mails  wei'c  10  jicr  cent,  on  tobai:ii)  sales  H  per  cent. 
Salaries,  1793:  captain,  !?I,.")(M);  lieutenant,  ^7^M•,  alfi'-ez,  1?4(M»;  '2  sci;, cants 
at  S!L'()2.r)0;  3  corporals  at  f^'l'li^;  47  soldiers  at  3217. r>0;  retired  captain 
(CafK  te),  §.")00;  sergeant,  §1'20;  corporal,  .S'.Mi;  soldier,  S'JO.  Total  force,  5!) 
men;  cost,  with  gratilicacion  fund  of  ?j!470,  Sib"),  1 04. 50.  Naval  department: 
carpenter,  §240  (.'*132  in  l7S[t);  smith,  §240  (Sl2(»);  caulkiT,  §240;  jiatron, 
§240  (§108);  guardian,  §1!)2  (.•r!84);  arraez,  §1!»2  (§.S4);  14  saihirs  at  §120  (.S72 
and  §00).  I'rices:  nude,  §12  §10;  horse,  §0;  calf,  §2-§4;  cow,  §.V.'?();  o\, 
§()-§(). .")();  maize,  §1.75  per  fanega;  tallow,  §2;  lanl,  §3.  See  a  full  account 
by  llabilitado  Kstradafor  1781  l»,  in  Atrh.  I'al.,  I'ror.  St.  rnp.,  MS.,  ix.  1!)7- 
200;  al.so,  /</.,  vi.  xi.-  xiii.  xvi.  xxi.,  passim;  Id.,  lien.  Mil.,  iii.-xxvi.,  passim; 
/(/.,  Ucn.  Misal.,  i.  2-3;  Pror.  /.Vc,  vi.  30,  211;  viii.  Ki,  42,  125-0,  100,  109, 
235-0;  .SV.  r(ip.,I'r<n.,  i.  51;  /</.,  Sac,  iv.  19;  v.  SI;  vi.  UU;  ix.  45. 
UuT.  M.  Mes.  States,  Vol.  I.    47  / 


;38 


ANNALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


ci'iiturv.  Tlio  first  is  a  collection  of  financial  items 
\vliich  are  very  voluminous,  but  at  the  same  time 
fi'agmentary.  The  reader  may  find  nuich  additional 
infoi'mation  on  some  pliases  of  the  toj)ic  in  the  annals 
oC  Alta    California,   where  the  routine   was   similar 

Local  items  and  statistics  of  Ha ja California  missions,  1768-1800,  in  ncaily 
goofiiiipliical  order  from  soutli  to  north:  San  .lose  dol  Cal)o,  founded  17.'50. 
In  l7(i(S-7-  in  iliar;.'o  of  a  curate  and  of  tiie  Franciscans  .Moranandliiohoo.  "jO 
hid.  in  177-';  '-'S  in'l7J5'2;  71  in  17S.");  03  in  1790;  57  in  17'.»1;  100-7  in  17»:i-4; 
81  ill  I70S;  'J.Vi  in  ISOO.  J^ivc-stock  from  1782  to  1800,  with  great  variations 
in  tlio  intcrmc'i  ite  years:  horses,  103  to  TilO;  cattle  535  to  388;  sheep  and 
goats,  57-")  to  '282;  n)idcs  and  asses,  08  to  1;  hogs,  none  except  8  in  1788. 
«irain  from  180  to  2.")0  fanegas,  records  for  only  4  years.  Money  and  valu- 
ul>les  in  1782,  .SIKM).  Between  17(>8  and  1780  good  buildings  replaced  misera- 
lileliuts;  ))nt  in  ]7!KJ— 1  the  chapel  hud  been  destroyed  by  a  ilood;  ehuivh 
p.Kjrly  furnir<hed;  adobe  house  of  two  rooms,  thatched  roof.  Doniinicau 
padres:  Lafnente,  178S,  Urreta  to  17l'3;  Zaiate,  1704-8;  Surroca,  17!>7-8. 

Santa  Ana,  real  de  niinas,  founded  in  1708.  Mines  regarded  as  exhausted 
bvfoie  1772.  A  garrisou  of  30  men  in  1770.  Br.  Isidro  Ibarzabal  curate, 
1708-70.  Viceioy  refused  to  pay  for  a  church.  lu  1704  a  few  gente  do 
i-axon  and  fi-ee  Indians  tended  by  jiadre  of  Todos  Santos  12  leagues  distant. 
r.  Lafuente  serving  as  curate  in  170'),  succeeded  by  Arl  'i1a  in  1700.  He  was 
allowed  2  head  of  \\ild  cattle  per  month.  I'opulation  given  as  varying  from 
700  to  TjUO  in  17!K)-1.S00,  of  Vi  Ikjui  less  than  200  were  Indians. 

Todos  Santos,  at  first  a  visita  of  La  I'az  founded  in  1720,  but  later  made 
the  liead  town  of  tlie  mission  and  transferred  to  the  I'acilie  coast  of  the 
poiiiiisiila.  In  1708-72  it  was  in  cliarge  of  tlie  Franciscans  IJanios,  Murgufa, 
I'iguir,  Senra,  and  Sanchez.  The  Dominican  in  charge  from  1700  to  1708 
■was  I'aihu  leiiiaiidez  with  Ilontiyuclo  in  1707.  'Jhis  mission  hail  a  good 
adobe  chui'ch,  and  a  chapel,  piihaps  of  ma.'sonry,  wa.s  l)uilt  before  1780.  The 
]  adrc's  house  had  a  stone  corridor  in  170."I-4.  There  were  also  a  sugar-mill 
\\  itii .")  boilers,  a  foige,  and  a  distillery.  ^1,000  due  the  mission  in  1772,  and 
a  debt  <jf  .^2,0.Sl  waS  paid  in  1784.  Tliere  were  170  Ind.  in  1772;  13.")  in  1782; 
8;)  in  1701,  and  181  ia  1800.  There  were  140  horses  in  1772;  from  402  to  7."(l 
i:i  1782  03,  ami  3110  in  1800.  Cattle:  400  in  1772;  888  in  1782,  and  in  later 
yea;s  about  720.  She<'p  and  goats,  2d0-7<'in  1772-82,  not  mentioned  later. 
Alnles,  from  7.">  to  12r). 

Santiago  de  los  Coras,  mission  founded  1723.  Franciscans,  1708-72,  PP. 
Mnrgnia,  Kioboo,  and  N'illuendas;  besides  1'.  Bac/a  as  curate.  The  Doniin- 
iran  Ilontiyuclo  in  charge  1700-4.  70  f  d.  in  1772,  living  bv  killing  stray 
caUle;  -13  in  1782;  41  in  17!tO;  23  in  1701 ;  70  in  1703  4.  Jlom-s  and  mules, 
00to2.">0;  cattle,  2.">0  to  COO;  sheep  and  goats,  80.  Crops,  from  30  to  lOO 
fan.  Kes(<urces  in  1784,  .'?248.  In  170.")  the  nii.ssion  was  suppressed  by  order 
of  (iov.  I'joriea,  the  neophytes  being  sent  to  San.loise,  and  tlie  estate  turned 
over  to  Salvador  Castro. 

San  Francisco  .lavier,  founded  1008,  but  transferred  about  1720  to  S. 
I'ablo,  one  of  its  visitas.  Franciscan  IT.  1708-72,  I'alou,  Fscudero,  Us.son, 
and  Barron,  who  iiajitized  83  and  buried  I  blind.  Dominicans  Soldeviilii 
171K)-8,  with  AccI)edo  in  1704,  and  Marin  in  1707.  Some  vines,  fruit,  and 
corn,  much  troulilcd  by  drought  and  locusts.  212  Ind.  1772;  from  100  to  111 
in  1782  1800  Horses' and  mules  varied  1782-1800  from  100  to  200;  cattle, 
from  200  to  .300;  sheep  and  goats  from  ")00  to  000,  though  there  had  been 
1,000  in  1772.  tiiain  crops  Mere  from  200  to  3r)()  fan. ;  and  there  were  somo 
}i  ars  r)0  or  00  ^//(ryVrs' of  wine.  In  1703  the  mission  had  a  stone  house  and 
chuiih,  a  lilirary,  and  a  forge.     Itesources,  JiiTjO.")  in  1782-4. 

I.oreto,  mission  and  j)rcsidio,  founded  1007.  Franciscans  1708-72,  Serra, 
Fanon,  8ta  .Muria,  I'alou,  and  Murguia.     Missiou  euduwed  by  (Julvez  with 


LOCAL  ITEMS. 


730 


and  tlic  record  comparatively  conipleto.  Next  is 
given  a  series  of  local  items  for  the  iieninsula  missions 
from  .17G8  to  1800.  lleports  on  these  establishments 
were  made  by  the  president  to  the  governor  in  Mon- 
terey, and  therefore  these  reports  after  1782  are  found 
in  my  Archivo  de  California.     They  show  a  popula- 

f  250  poi-  year  in  1770.  Dominicans  1700-8,  Armcstro,  rallaa,  Gallego,  Acc- 
Iji'ilu,  Fcinanik'Z,  Ik'ltla,  and  Sanz.  100  Ind.  in  177-;  70  in  17^*-;  ITi-  in 
1700;  .S7  in  170H.  Tiio  totiil  population  of  nii.-'sion  and  presidio  in  1700  ISOO 
■was  from  4.")()  to  000,  more  than  half  being  of  Spanisii  or  mixed  blood.  Tlic 
presidio  had  a  few  hundred  head  of  horses  and  eattlc,  but  statistics  arc  very 
meagre,  and  tliero  arc  none  at  all  for  agriculture.  'I'ho  niission  live-stock 
uas  100  to  "JoC  horses  and  mules,  and  lliO  to  H.")0  cattle,  but  there  were  no 
sheep.  Tliei'o  jiro  no  reports  of  crops,  whicli  were  very  small.  The  church 
in  170.'?-4  was  chiefly  of  brick,  oC  x  7  varas  in  size,  and  richly  decorated.  Tho 
library  contained  4(i0  volumes. 

(Jomondii  (S.  Jose),  foiinded  170S.  Franciscans  170S-7-,  Martinez,  Pres- 
tamei'o,  and  I'ena.  Dominicans  1704-0,  Tejeiro.  C'oello,  and  Sanchez.  '210 
liid.  in  1772;SO-70in  1782-00;  .W  in  170^-4;  40  in  1708;  28  in  IStK).  This 
mission  had  genevally  1,200  or  1,,"00  sheep,  but  few  or  no  cattle;  horses  and 
nndes  wci'o  from  .SOO  to  200,  and  there  were  20  to  40  swine.  Crops  were  from 
;W0  to  lOOfanegas  down  to  1703,  with  ;]."» to  120  tinajas  of  wiuo  and  brandy; 
but  later  the  grain  crop  seems  to  have  diminislied  to  100  fan.  ancl  less.  Re- 
sources were  estimated  at  over  .*>2,(K)0  in  1782-4.  The  ciuivch  was  built  of 
masonry  with  arched  roof,  30  x  13  varas  with  3  naves,  and  richly  furnished. 
The  library  had  120  volumes. 

I'nrisiuia  Concepciou  do  Cadegomo,  founded  1718.  Franciscans  Crespf, 
Oaston,  Kchasci),  and  Palacios,  who  baptized  30.  The  only  Dominican 
named  is  Sanchez  in  1704-8.  108  Ind.  in  1772;  81  in  1782,  decreas- 
ing to  01  ill  ISOO.  Live-stock  varied  remarkably  if  the  records  are  relia- 
ble: horses  and  nudes,  1()4  in  1782;  SO  in  1788;  203  in  IS(X);  cattle,  00,  422, 
T)!,  l.-)0;  sheep,  400,  2,000,  S<Ki;hogs,  .30  to  40.  Orain  crop,  100  to  400  fan., 
besides  40  to  100  tinajas  of  wine  and  bandy,  and  an  abuudaneo  of  ligs.  Some 
cotton  was  raised  in  eaily  years.  There  was  often  too  much  water.  Ailol>u 
church  with  thatched  roof,  2o  x  0.5  varas.  Few  ornaments.  Library  of  2tM) 
vohi:ues. 

Mulegt"' (StaRosalfa),  foui.ded  1705  Fi-anciscans  1708-72,  Caston,  Sierra, 
and  Arreguibar,  who  baptize:'  4S  and  iau'ed  !  13.  Damaged  by  ilood  in  1770. 
Dominicans — who  found  it  nearly  deser';ed  and  s])ent  !:^3,0(H)  on  irrigation 
Works  before  1780--l'r.  Naiango  178:»,  llenera  17!Kt,  «!allego  170,">-I8(M), 
Tiuion  1800.  180  Ind.  in  1772;  75  in  1782; .'):;  in  1703;  70  in  1708;  00  in  l.MM). 
Horses  and  mules,  11.3  in  I7S2;  84  in  1787;  100  in  170.3;  M8  in  bSOO;  cattle, 
75  to  KM),  sometimes  none;  sleep  and  goats,  1,100  to  412  in  1772-80;  .about 
275,  1788-1800.  Crops,  400  tc  500  fan.,  besides  a  (piantity  of  wine,  brandy, 
and  cotton. 

CuadahiiK 
Villaninl)riile> 

Clip  -lamed  is  Arbinain  1704.  140  Jml,  in  1772;  81  in  17!»0;  7:11  in  I701  -.). 
1.  ))asturage.  Horses  and  nndes  slowly  tleereased  from  180  in  1772  ti  lOH 
in  l704;  cattle  increased  from  2tM}  to  500;  slu'i'p  and  goats  decreased  from 
1,300  to  480.  Crops,  2lK)  to  75  <  m.  Adobe  church  32  x  7  varas.  Padre's 
liouse  \<  itii  5  rooms.  This  mission  was  suppress;; -1  in  i7'l5,  ihe  neophytes  be- 
ing sent  to  I'niisima. 

San  Ignacio,  founded  1728.  Franciscans  1708-72,  Cai'ip.-t  y  Cos,  A'eytia, 
«n<l  Lcjomera,  who  baptized  15  (?)  and  buried  20;'-.  Dominicans,  ( lomez  to 
170.'\  Calvo,  1704-5;  Llurcntc,  1700;  Timon,  1705-8.    5j.'  lud.  ia  1772;  '241  in 


founded  1720.     I'Vanciscans    1708  72,  Saiu'lio    dc    la  Toriv, 
and  Lago,  who  ba])tii:ed  .53  and  buricil  1,30.  The  only  Momiiii- 


740 


ANNALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


tion  increasing  from  1782  to  1800,  chiefly  by  conver- 
sions ot  the  new  missions,  from  3,000  to  4,500;  ami 
of  this  number  from  400  to  800  appear  to  have  been  of 
Spanish  and  mixed  race.  Live-stock  in  1782  included 
in  round  numbers  1,700  horses,  600  mules,  200  asses, 

1782;  210  in  1790;  169  in  1/94;  133  in  1798;  130  in  1800.  Horses  and  mules 
increased  from  100  to  .340  in  1782-1800;  cattle,  87  in  1772;  afterwards  500, 
300,  TiOO;  sheep  and  goats  generally  about  1,000.  Crops,  750  to  1,000  fan.  of 
grain,  1)0  to  400  tinajas  of  wine,  and  some  cotton.  This  mission  had  good 
land  and  raised  much  fruit,  such  as  figs,  dates,  and  pom«;granates.  The 
church,  completed  hy  the  Dominicans  lieforc  1786,  was  of  stone  with  arched 
roof  44  X  7.5  varas,  the  finest  in  the  country,  as  were  all  the  buildings. 

Santa  tJertrudis,  founded  1752.  Franciscans  1768-72,  lifisterra,  Sancho, 
and  Aiiiurrio,  who  baptized  254  and  buried  403;  marrying  102.  Dominican, 
Espin,  1794-8.  There  were  1138Ind.  in  1772;  but  in  1782-1800  they  dwin- 
dle<l  from  317  to  203.  Horses  and  mules  varied  from  1<!0  to  200,  generally 
about  l.JO;  cattle  decreased  from  800  in  1772  to  212  in  1782,  329  in  1787,  80 
in  1800;  sheep  and  goats  nmltiplied  from  610  in  1772  to  2,770  in  1800.  (Jrop.s, 
278  to  126  fan.,  with  100  to  19  tinajas  wine  before  1785.  But  little  good  land 
or  water.     Resources,  $62  in  1782,  $.351  in  1784.     Poor  adobe  church. 

San  Francisco  de  Borja,  founded  1759.  Franciscans,  1768-72,  Ljisucn  and 
Senra,  who  baptized  401  and  buried  499.  Dominicans,  Zavaieta,  17tS3;  Sal- 
gado,  179.')-9;  I'ous,  1797-1800;  L.-izaro,  1797-9.  1,479  Ind.  in  1772;  (i50  to 
400  in  1782-1800.  Horses  and  mules,  257  to  130;  cattle,  500  in  1772.  .366- 
400  in  I7S2-8;  123-31  in  1793  1800;  sheep  and  goats,  2,600-3,000  in  1772  88, 
1,400-1,000  in  1793-1800.  Crops  generally  about  350  fan.,  with  .j-40  tin. 
wine  and  brandy.     Ailobe  church  32-7  varas.     Stone  house. 

San  Fei-nando  de  Velicatii,  founded  1769  by  Franciscans  (or  rather  trans- 
ferred from  Santa  Maria  which  had  been  founded  in  176(i).  PI*.  C.'impa, 
Fuster,  Linai'cs,  and  Cambou,  who  baptized  .380  and  buried  12.  296  Ind.  in 
1772,  642  in  1782,  479  in  1790,  .525  in  1794,  ,363  in  1800.  Dominicans,  Coello, 
1794-7,  Arbifia,  1797-9,  Caulas,  1797.  Horses  ami  mules,  30-80;  cattle, 
49,  152,  38,  110;  sheep,  84,  460,  153;  hogs,  22,  .32,  3,  1.3.  Crops,  about  10(K) 
fan.  in  1782-7,  99  fan.  in  1788,  767-600  in  1793-1800.  Some  cotton.  Adobe 
church  and  house. 

Rosario,  founded  1774  by  Dominicans.  PP.  Galisteo  1775,  Gandiaga 
1790,  Fernandez  to  17!)2,  Belda  1794-7,  Rivas  1798  251  Ind.  in  1782,  'MH  in 
1790,  390  in  1793,  257  in  1800.  Horses  and  mules,  93,  68.  112;  cattle, 
140-300;  sheep  and  goats,  428,  1, 133,  790;  swine,  .55,  94.  30.  Crops,  624-2,.5.H 
fan.,  largo  and  small  alternate  years,  llesoui'ces  in  1782-4,  $224.  Adobe 
church  and  liouse. 

Santo  Domingo,  founded  1775.  PP.  fJarcia  1775-6,  Hidalgo  1775, 
Aivar  1790,  Abad  1794-8,  Cod ina  1797.  79  Ind.  in  17S2,  205  in  1790,  194 
in  1791,  2!»6in  1793,  257  in  ISOO.  Horses  and  mules,  90,  55,  16(i;  cattle, 
167,  39,  300,  500;  sheep,  .53,  49,  116,  200,  1,100;  hogs,  20,  5,  12,  30;  crops, 
410,  692,  300,  1,620  fan.     Adobe  church  and  house. 

San  Vicente  Ferrer,  founded  1780.  PP.  Hidalgo,  Valero,  Callego,  Ruiz, 
Pallas,  Valdellon,  Lopez,  and  Fontcuberta.  83  Ind.  in  1782,  257  in  1785,  179 
in  1793,  246  in  1800.  Horses  and  mules,  46,  1 16,  93,  218,  161:  attle,  56,  242, 
750;  sheep,  141,  817,  600,  1,300.  Crops,  347,  510,  904,  400,  V60  fan.  Adobe 
church  and  house. 

San  Miguel,  founded  1787.  PP.  Cru/julo,  Apolinario,  Yoldi,  Lopez,  and 
Escolii.  171  Ind.  in  1793,  200  in  1794,  224  in  1800.  Horses  and  mules, 
I00-32H;  cattle,  152.  250,  1,.350;  sheep  and  goats,  644,  447,  1,651.  Crop  iu 
1788,  550  fan.     Adobe  church  and  house. 

Sttuto  Tom;Vs,  founded  1791;  moved  in  1794.    PP.  Llorento  1791-8,  Lopez 


1 


'^. 


LIST  OF  DOMINICANS. 


741 


0,000  cattle,  8,400  sheep,  and  100  swine;  and  these 
numbers  were  nearly  doubled  at  the  end  of  tlie  cen- 
tury; though  they  were  considerably  diminished  down 
to  1788.  Grain  crops  varied  from  3,500  to  13,000 
fanegas  per  year,  being  7,000  fanegas,  or  10,500 
bushels,  on  an  average;  and  the  country  also  [)roduced 
small  quantities  of  wine,  brand}',  cotton,  and  fruits. 

1707,  Fontculwrta  1708.  9G  Ind.  in  1791,  l.")l  in  1704,  2(52  in  ISOO.  Horses 
anil  niulc's,  172-187;  cattle,  350-1,070;  slieep  and  goats,  liJO-2,400.  Crops, 
O.VJ,  7S2,  1  ,r>.">0  tiiu.     Adobe  church  and  house. 

Siin  Tedro  Martyr,  founded  1704.  PI'.  Pallas  and  Orijalva,  1704,  Caha- 
Uero  100.'),  Itivas  and  Apoliuario  1707-8,  Caula.s  1708.  GO  lii.l.  in  1704,  02  in 
1800.  140  horses  and  nuilos,  GOO  cuttle,  700  shcop  and  goats,  and  .'H)  swine  iu 
1800.     Crop,  4H.5  fan.  in  1800. 

Santa  (-'atiiliuaMilrtyr,  founded  1707.  PP.  Vaklellon  and  Llorcntc.  133 
Ind.  in  1800,  14.'>  lioracs  and  mules,  315  cattle;  and  312  sheep  and  guats  iu 
1800.    Crop,  31  fan. 


List  of  Dominican  padres  in  Bajn  Califoniia,  1773-1800,  the  dates  at- 
tached to  each  name  being  generally  not  those  of  arrival  and  departure,  but 
of  first  and  last  appearance  on  the  records : 


Abad,  Miguel,  1701-8. 

Acebedo,  Pedro,  to  1790. 

Aivar,  Jose,  1700. 

Apolinario,  Mariano,  1780-98. 

Arl)iriii,  Kaf.iel,  1705-8. 

Arnicsto,  Josi5,  1700. 

Iklda,  Vicente,  1704-1800. 

lierraLjuero,  Antonio,  170.1. 

Cabal  lero,  Antonio,  to  1708. 

Caballeio,  llafael,  to  1708. 

'^:dvo,  Joa([uin,  to  1705. 

('aulas,  Josi'',  1707-8. 

Codina,  Jaime,  1707-8. 

(Joello,  .Forge,  1780-00. 

(^'>nc  jpcion,  Antonio,  to  1798. 

rv!Kmse(?)    .Tose,  )70C-8. 

^  ■  iuado,  Antonio.  1777. 

Esc.d;i,  Uainnindo,  1707-1800. 

Kspin,  .Jos,.,  1704  0. 

Kstevez,  .Jose,  1770-00. 

Fernandez,  Mariano,  1700-8. 

Fernamh'Z,  Vicente,  1702. 

Fontcuberta,  Sigisinnindo,  1708-1800. 

(ialisteo,  .'-'raneisco,  177.">. 

Gallego,  Mi,.,'nel,  1700-1880. 

(iandara,  Pedro  (?). 

(landiaga,  Pedro,  1700. 

Garcia,  Miinuel,  1775. 

Gomez,  .Juan  Crisostonio,   1781-92. 

Grijalva,  .Juan  Pablo,  1704. 

Herrera,  .Jose,  l7!l3-(». 

Hidalgo,  Miguel,  1780-0. 

llontiyuelo,  Francisco,  1700-S. 


Lafuente,  Josi'-,  1774-00. 
Lazaro,  Antonio,  1707  8. 
Llm-ente,  Jm6,  1780-08. 
Lope/,  Miguel,  1705-8. 
Lopez,  Ramon,  from  1700. 
Luesma,  Antonio. 
Marin,  Tomas,  1788-08. 

Mesa, ,  1703. 

Mora,  Vicente,  from  1772-83. 
Munoz,  Nicolas,  1770. 
Naranjo,  .Josi',  to  \~S',]. 
Pallas,  Cayetano,  1788  1800. 
Pons,  Melchor,  1704  1800. 
Pivas,  .Tuan.  17!I7  8. 
Uuiz,  Jose,  Manuel,  1700. 
Soles,  Luis,  1772  SS. 
Salgado,  .Juan  Maria,  1708-0. 
Sanchez,  Antonio,  1704  8. 
Saiitolarr.'i,  .Jose. 
Sanz,  I'l.icido,  1707-8. 
Sol.levilla,  GerV.uimo.  I7<,K)-3. 
SurroiM,  Kudaldii,  I7!i7   8. 
Tejeii'o,  Ric.'irdo,  1701-7. 
'i'imon,  l)cimingo,  170.">  8. 
rrr<.t;i,  .lose  Vida,  to  I70;{. 
Valdellon,  Tomas,  1704-8. 
Valero,  .Joaipiin,    1770  00. 

Venlnzco, •,  \~S'.\. 

Vilhitol Jost'i  Gar(  la,  1780-00. 

Yoldi,  Mariano,  1704  7. 
Z.lrate.  I'al.lo,  1704  S. 
Zavuleta,  Martin,  1783. 


742 


ANNALS  OF  BAJA  CALIFORNIA. 


Finally  is  given  can  alphabetical  list  of  sixty-five  Do- 
minican friars  who  served  in  this  field  before  1800. 
It  is  probable  that  a  few  names  are  missing-  for  the 
earlier  years.  Of  the  friars  personally  not  much  is 
known  beyond  their  names  and  in  some  cases  the 
n)issions  where  they  served.  The  presidents  have 
been  named  in  this  chapter;  and  two  or  three  black 
sheep  of  the  flock  it  is  as  well  not  to  name,  since  their 
shortcomings  arc  but  vaguely  recorded. 


CHAPTER   XXVII. 


OCCLTATION  OF  ALTA  CALIFOIIXIA. 

17G9-1800. 

Discovery  AND  Coast  Exploration— Knowledge  of  California  in  1709— 
Motives  for  tiik  Conqcest— Portola's  Exi>eiiition— Ar  San  Dieco— 
To  Monterev  and  San  Francisco  ry  Land— Foi  sling  of  .Missions— 
Jirxii'ERO  Serra  as  President— Results  in  1773— Pages,  Rivera,  and 
Anza— Disaster  at  San  Diego— San  Francisco  Mission  and  Pke- 
KiDio— GuvEHNOR  Neve  AT  MoNTKREV— Statistics  for  the  Piust  De- 
cade—TRornLK  ON  THK  Colorado— Governor  Faces— PcEr.Los  — 
LAsuEN  AS  President— La  Perouse— Nev  Foundations— A  Decade 
OF  Prosperity— RoMEC,  Arrillaga,  and  Uorica— VANcofVEU  — 
Yankee  Craft— Feaiis  of  Foreign  Aggression — End  of  tiieCentcry— 
Elements  of  Progress. 

As  explained  in  tlie  preface  of  tliis  work,  a  Ilisfori/ 
of  the  North  Mexican  States  must  nece.ssarily  include 
the  annals  of  California,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico, 
which  down  to  1 840  formed  a  part  of  the  territory; 
but  only  a  brief  rcsumd  is  required,  because  the  prov- 
inces named  arc  to  be  fully  treated  in  separate  vol- 
umes. This  resume,  so  far  as  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  are  concerned,  has  been  attached  to  chapters 
on  Nueva  Yizcaya  and  Sonora;  and  it  only  remains 
to  devote  a  short  cha})ter  to  Upper  California.  The 
discovery  and  exi)lorati()n  of  tlii.s  country  by  .sea,  be- 
ginning.^ in.  1540,  were  effected  by  voyages  wJiich  have 
been  sufficiently  recorded  in  this  volume.  The  result 
was  a  general  knowledge  of  the  coast-tren4  u[)  p;ist 
Cape  ]Viendocino;  of  the  Santa  Barbara  channel  and 
islands;  of  the  ports  of  San  Diego,  Monterey,  and 
old  San  Francisco  under  Point  Peyes;  and  to  .some 
extent  of  the  country's  peaceful  pe(jple,  salubrious  cli- 

(743) 


744 


OCCUPATION  OF  ALTA  CALIFORNIA. 


mate,  and  fertile  soil.  This  chapter  will  therefore  be 
confined  to  the  Spanish  occupation  of  the  province 
ironi  17G9  to  1800,  the  same  period  and  territory 
being  covered  in  all  desirable  detail  by  the  first  vol- 
ume of  my  Ilistoi'ij  ofCalifofuia. 

Besides  the  general  and  ever  operative  desire  for 
extension  of  Spanish  dominion  and  conversion  of  new 
gentiles,  leading  motives  for  the  occu])ation  of  Cali- 
fornia in  17G9  were  the  need  of  a  northern  port  for 
galleons  en  route  from  Mtinila  to  Acapulco,  and  fear 
of  encroachments  by  foreigners  from  the  north,  either 
by  the  English  sailing  through  the  strait  of  Anian, 
or  more  proljably  by  Russians  crossing  that  strait. 
The  actual  undertaking  of  the  enterprise  was  favored 
by  the  expulsion  nf  the  Jesuits  and  the  fitting-out  of 
the  Sonora  expedition  calling  attention  to  the  great 
north-west;  and  success  was  assured  by  the  superin- 
tendence assumed  by  the  visitador  general  Jose  do 
Galvez.  Under  his  direction,  as  we  have  seen,  an  ex- 
pedition was  despatched  from  the  peninsula  in  the 
sjjring  of  17G9  by  sea  and  land  under  the  connnand 
of  Governor  Portol.i. 

In  July  the  four  divisions  were  reunited  at  San 
Diego,  those  who  came  by  water  having  suflered  ter- 
ribly from  scurvy,  which  killed  many  of  the  number. 
There  were  about  eighty  men  of  Spanish  blood  now 
united  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  jjromised 
land.  Father  Junipero  Serra  at  once  founded  the 
first  mission  at  San  Diego,  though  there  were  no  con- 
verts for  a  long  time  and  the  missionaries  were  con- 
stantly annoyed  by  the  thefts  and  petty  hostilities  of 
the  natives.  Meanwhile  Portokl  and  Father  Juan 
Crespi  with  the  main  company  marched  northward  in 
quest  of  Monterey,  which  port  they  reached  in  Octo- 
ber', but  ^id  not  recognize  because  of  the  exaggerated 
notions  respecting  its  excellence  that  had  become  cur- 
rent since  the  time  of  Vizcaino.  Then  they  went  on 
until  they  came  in  sight  of  Point  lle3'es  and  its  \)o\t 
of  San  Francisco,  which  they  could  not  reach  on  ac- 


FOUNDING  OF  MONTEREY. 


745 


count  of  a  grand  intervening  bay  now  seen  by  Euro- 
peans for  the  fir.st  time,  and  to  which  a  few  years 
later  the  name  of  San  Francisco  was  transferred. 
Returning  by  the  same  route  down  the  coast  the  ex- 
plorers arrived  at  San  Diego  in  January  1770.  There 
was  trouble  here  for  want  of  supplies,  and  a  day  was 
fixed  for  the  abandonment  of  California;  but  a  ship 
arrived  most  opportunely  in  March,  and  disaster  was 
averted. 

A  new  start  was  made  immediately  for  the  north 
by  land  and  water,  and  early  in  June  1770  the  mission 
and  presidio  of  San  Carlos  were  founded  at  jMonterey, 
Lieutenant  Pedro  Fagcs  succeedin<;  to  the  chief  com- 
mand,  and  Portola rotirini;.     For  a  lonjij  time  the  name 

-1.1  ®  ^ 

applied  to  the  country  was  "the  new  establishments 
of  San  Diego  and  Monterey."  In  1771  the  friars 
were  reiinforced  and  two  new  missions  were  estab- 
lished, San  Antonio  in  the  north  and  San  Gabriel  in 
the  south;  while  the  central  mission  of  San  Luis 
Obispo  was  added  the  next  3'ear.  In  1772  Fages  and 
Crospi  reached  the  mouth  of  the  great  river  in  an  uii- 
succe^ssful  attempt  to  pass  around  the  new  bay  and 
reach  old  San  Francisco;  quarrels  began  between  the 
military  and  missionary  authorities  as  represented  by 
Fages  and  Serra;  and  the  latter  went  to  Mexico  not 
only  to  unseat  his  enemy  but  to  work  for  general 
mission  interests. 

The  Franciscans  had  now  made  a  good  beginning 
in  the  north,  and  were  i)leased  with  the  prosjx'cts. 
Besides  the  [)residio  with  its  garrison  of  sixty  soldiers 
there  were  now  five  missions  under  nineteen  IViars— 
including  those  released  by  the  cession  of  the  penin- 
sula establishments  to  the  Dominicans  in  1772-3 — 
who  had  baptized  about  five  hundred  natives.  Live- 
stock numbered  200  cattle,  GO  horses,  80  nmles,  100 
swine,  and  IGO  sheep  and  g(jats.  Serra  toiled  dili- 
gently in  ]\[exico,  inspiring  the  government  with  a 
degree  of  his  own  enthusiasm  respecting  the  future  of 
the   new  California,  and  obtaining  many  concessions 


740 


OCCUPATIOX  OF  ALTA  CALIFORNIA. 


ill  a  rLgliiinciilo  wliich  provided  ix.  military  force  of 
eighty  men  to  cost,  with  the  San  Bias  .supi)Iy  depart- 
ment, about  73,000  [)e.so,s  ])er  year.  President  Serra 
returned  to  his  mission  field  in  ^lar  -h,  1774;  Cai)tain 
Ilivera  y  ]\Ioncad:i.,  appointed  to  the  connnaiid  on 
account  of  Padre  Junipero's  enmity  to  Pages,  arrived 
in  ^lay;  and  Captain  Anza  made  an  exploring  expe- 
(.lition  to  open  a  route  from  Sonora  by  land. 

In  1775  Perez  and  Bodega  explored  the  northern 
coast;  while  Ayala  in  the  San  Carlos  and  Heceta  by 
land  made  a  new  examination,  as  Bivera  and  Palou 
had  done  the  year  before,  of  the  new  bay  and  ])enin- 
sula,  where,  instead  of  at  the  port  originally  so  named, 
it  was  decided  to  establish  the  mission  of  San  ]^^ran- 
cisco.  lint  in  the  south  this  year  was  marked  by  a 
great  disaster,  the  destruction  of  San  Diego  missit)n, 
moved  the  year  before  to  a  site  some  six  miles  from 
the  bay,  and  the  murder  of  Padre  Jauine  by  savages 
in  November.  Meanwhile  Anza  with  a  company  of 
over  two  hundred  souls  and  large  numbers  of  (kittle 
and  horses  came  from  Sonora  by  the  previously  ex- 
])lored  route,  arriving  at  San  Gabriel  in  January  1770. 
This  company  was  intended  mainly  for  the  [)ro})osed 
northern  establishments;  and  after  delays  caused  by 
the  disaster  at  San  Diego  and  subsequent  controversy 
between  Anza  and  Bivera,  the  mission  and  presidio 
of  San  Francisco  were  founded  on  the  peninsula  in 
Septemljcr  and  October,  to  be  the  northern  frontier 
of  Spanish  occupation  throughout  the  century. 

Besides  the  restoration  of  San  Dicijco  two  new  mis- 
sions  were  added  to  the  number  in  177G-7,  San  Juan 
Capistrano  in  the  south,  and  Santa  Clara  in  the  north. 
Now  Monterey  M'as  made  the  capital  of  both  Califor- 
nias,  and  Governor  Felipe  de  Neve  came  here  to  re- 
side in  February  1777.  Before  the  end  of  the  year 
the  first  Californian  pueblo,  or  town,  was  founded  at 
San  Jose,  the  new  ruler  not  rcirarding  the  conversion 
of  natives  as  the  only  desirable  element  in  the  building 
of  a  new  Spanish  realm.     In  1779  the  Manila  galleon 


THE  FIRST  DECADE. 


747 


ioiK-hed  for  tlio  fir«t  time  at  ]\[()ntorov.  In  1780  at 
th(!  ciul  of  tlio  first  (k'cadc  of  Calitoniiaii  annals,  tluj 
country  was  ifiianlcd  by  80  sfjliiicrs  in  three  presidios; 
tlien^  was  one  jmehlo  with  sonio  20  settlers;  while  1(1 
friars  were  Hcivin;^  J3,000  native  converts  in  eight  mis- 
sions. ALn'ienlture  and  stock-raising  had  hecii  intro- 
duced with  iiattcring  pr()S[)ects;  and  there  was  a 
j)o[)ulation  (tf  Spanish  and  mixed  race  amounting  to 
nearly  500  souls. 

A  now  reglamonto  prepared  by  Governor  Neve 
wont  into  effect  in  1781,  increasing  the  militaiy  force 
to  aI)out  two  hundred  men,  providing  for  new  estab- 
lisliments,  antl  introducing  desirable  reforms  in  several 
pliases  of  [)rovincial  management,  but  at  the  same  time 
j)aving  the  way  for  trouble  with  the  friars  by  certain 
measures  clearly  intended  eventually  to  interfere  with 
their  exclusive  control  of  the  ni'ssion  tem[toralities. 
These  innovations  produced  a  controversy  in  ^lexico 
between  guardian  and  viceroy;  but  tlu^y  were  practi- 
cally nullified  in  consequence  of  unfortunate  occur- 
rences in  south-eastern  California  on  tlu;  Coloi'ado 
liiver.  Hero  two  missions  were  founded  in  1780  by 
the  Queretaro  Franciscans,  without  the  j)rote(.'tion  of 
a  presidio,  and  without  any  other  than  i)urely  spii-itual 
powers  being  conferred  on  the  friars.  In  July  1781 
these  missions  were  destroyed  by  the  savages,  who 
murdered  the  padres  with  sc^me  fifty  settlers  and  sol- 
diers. This  disaster  was  a  strong  argument  for  the 
friars  against  any  change  in  the  system  of  >piritual 
conquest;  and  affairs  were  allowed  to  go  on  ])ra('lically 
in  the  old  way.  Captain  Rivera,  on  his  way  to  (.^difor- 
nia  with  a  [)ortion  of  the  reenforcements  intended  for 
the  proposi'd  Santa  Barbara  Channel  establishnnnits, 
was  also  killed  with  some  of  his  men  at  the  Colorado 
River  massacre;  and  this  occurrence  with  its  attend- 
ant circumstances  seriously  retarded  progress  on  the 
coast. 

Governor  Neve  was  succeeded  in  1782   by  Lieu- 


748 


OCCUPATION  OF  .\LTA  CALIFORNIA. 


tenant-colonel  Fuges,  tlie  former  eonmndantc,  who 
ruled  the  province  until  1790.  Junipcro  Scira  the 
founder  governed  the  missions  as  president  until  his 
death  in  1784;  and  after  a  brief  rule  ad  interim  by 
Francisco  Palou,  Fermin  Francisco  de  Lasuen  became 
president  in  1785.  There  was  much  controversy  on 
paper  between  the  political  and  Franciscan  authorities 
respecting  various  minor  points  of  mission  management; 
but  by  reason  of  Lasucn's  conciliatory  s[)irit  and  Fages' 
good  sense  the  hostile  feeling  was  less  bitter  than  in 
earlier  and  later  times;  and  the  period  was  one  of 
quiet  progress  uninterrupted  by  serious  disasters. 
During  the  decade  five  new  establishments  were 
adde<l  to  the  fifteen  before  existing;  Los  Angeles 
pueblo  in  1781,  San  Buenaventura  mission  and  Santa 
Barbara  presidio  in  1782,  Santa  Barbara  mission  in 
178G,  and  Purisima  in  1787.  There  were  in  1790 
eleven  missions  with  7,500  converts  in  charge  of 
twcjity-six  Franciscans;  four  presidios  garrisoned  by 
200  soldiers;  and  two  pueblos  with  a  p()[)ulati()n  of 
about  220.  The  total  population  of  gento  dc  razon 
was  1,000.  Cattle  and  horses  had  increased  to  20,000, 
and  there  were  about  the  same  number  of  sheep  and 
goats.  Of  commerce,  however,  there  was  as  yet  none, 
save  in  tlie  form  of  projects  for  the  future.  Maritime 
intercourse  with  foreign  nations  beo-an  in  178G  with 
the  visit  of  the  French  navigator  La  Perouse,  the 
printed  narrative  of  whose  voyage  gave  the  world  an 
excellent  description  of  California  and  its  institutions. 
Tiiero  were  warnings  in  1789  of  prospective  unfriendly 
visits  from  General  Washington's  Yankee  cruisers, 
but  they  did  not  come.  Father  Palou  published  in 
1787  a  standard  chronicle  of  mission  annals  for  the 
earliest  period,  and  I  copy  his  map  of  the  Alta  Cal- 
ifornia establishments. 


The  third  decade  and  last  of  the  century  brought 
but  a  continuance  of  prosperity,  especially  for  the 
missions,  which  were  increased  in  number  from  eleven 


STATISTICS  OF  PROGRESS. 


740 


to  ci2jlitoon  1)}'  the  fmindinor  of  Santa  Cruz  and  Sole- 
dad  iti  ]7J)l;  San  Jose,  San  Juan  Bautista,  San  Mi- 
guc^l,  and  San  Fernan<lo  in  1797;  and  San  Luis  Hoy 
in  1798.  Tho  ncopliyto  population  was  nearly  doubled, 
beiniif  13,500  in  the  year  1800.  Some  padres  died  or 
left  tho  country,  but  others  came  from  Mexico  to  take 
their  places,  and  their  number  increased  from  20  to 
40.  Cattle  and  horses  multiplied  to  about  70,000; 
sheep  and  goats  to  nearly  90,000;  and  crops  varied 
from  30,000  to  75,000  bushels  per  year.      Mission 


'    I'r.iMd.S.I'r.neo 


Knf<  Mmtt  lltll\:    oM.8.*lllo. 

I'll  il  HiiivT^'^^^''''  **  M.<1.8.t^»r1o^a.MooteR«y 


Pmo.d  fIta.BtrlM. 


M.S.BucnjiTfnU. 


nK. S.Juan  Capi.tranu 
_u  M.S.Pciruj  N.l'iln). 

M  \.H  l>unii.<  I'liDiin. 

CJ..oHre.ia.«i  M  .IS  Oirju 


huMv  Sti.lfit;/o\l 


Palou's  Map  of  Califoknia  Missions. 

buildings  and  chattels  were  estimated  at  about  a  mill- 
ion pesos.  Notwithstanding  this  prosperity,  there 
were  indications  of  later  decadence,  especially  in  the 
excess  of  deaths  over  births  among  the  converts,  and 
the  increasing  number  of  apostate  fugitives;  yet  the 
retrograde  movement  was  not  to  begin  for  years,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  century  California  was  beyond  all 
comparison  the  most  promising  mission  field  in  all  the 
North  ^lexican  States.  Controversies  continued,  and 
charges  by  one  of  the  friars  led  to  a  searching  investi- 
gation of  the  missionary  methods,  the  result  of  which 


T 


780 


OCCLTATIOX  OF  ALTA  CALIFORNIA. 


was  eri'ditablo  to  the  Franciscans.  FatluT  Lasvicn 
reniaiiK'(l  in  cliargo  throughout  the  period  as  presi- 
dent and  vicar. 

The  puehlos  were  much  less  prosperous  than  the 
missions,  a  new  one  of  Branciforte,  founded  in  1 71)7, 
sliowing  results  even  less  satisfactory  than  the  old 
ones  of  San  Jose  and  Los  Angeles.  The  tliree  readied 
a  population  of  ahout  550  souls.  Earnest  elforts  were 
made  hy  the  rulers  to  favor  the  growth  of  the  towns 
and  to  stimulate  the  settlement  and  industries  of  the 
country;  hut  with  little  success,  for  tlie  settlers  were 
liere  as  elsewhere  inefficient  men  disposed  to  ho  con- 
tent with  a  hare  existence;  and  the  matter  was  made 
worse  hy  the  mistaken  policy  of  sending  vagahonda 
ami  evt'n  convicts  to  increase  the  j)opulation.  Tho 
gente  de  razon  numbered  about  1,800  at  the  end  of 
tlie  decade. 

Governor  Jose  Antonio  Komcu  succeeded  Fages  in 
1791,  ilying  the  next  year;  Jose  Joaquin  An-illaga 
I'uled  in  171)2-8,  ad  interim;  and  Diego  de  ]>orica 
from  1794  to  1800,  All  were  able  men  and  ruled 
wisely.  The  period  was  for  the  most  part  uneventful, 
hut  for  occasional  local  excitements  caused  hy  revolt- 
ing  neo})hytes  and  threatening  gentiles.  The  Nootka 
troubles  between  Spain  and  England  awakened  some 
interest  in  California  in  1788-95,  and  in  connection 
Avith  this  affair  several  visits  w'ere  received  from 
Spaniards  and  foreigners.  Most  notable  among  these 
was  the  Enijlish  naviijator  Vancouver  who  came  three 
times  in  1792-4,  and  had  much  to  say  of  tlie  country 
in  the  published  narratives  of  his  vo3'agi\s.  Several 
vessels  from  the  United  States  touched  on  the  coast, 
first  among  which  was  the  Otter  of  Boston,  commanded 
by  Captain  Dorr,  in  179G.  Tho  people  and  authori- 
ties were  always  in  fear  of  encroachments  from  foreign 
nations,  jiarticularly  from  England  and  France;  and 
the  oft-repeated  rumors  of  impending  attack  furnished 
the  chief  topic  of  conversation  and  correspondence. 
No  foreign  power,  however,  made   the   attempt   to 


CUNWTIOXS  OF  I'UOSl'KIilTV. 


751 


wrest  tills  rar-(»n'  pfovincc  fVoiii  Spain;  and  tlio  only 
|»i'a(tii'al  iTsiiIt  oftlic  excitement  was  a  deL^i'ee  »if  en- 
i'oreed  activity  in  strenn'tlieiiinL;'  coast  derences,  weak 
ctnoii^li  even  at  the  last,  and  tlie  »tl)tainin_^'  (»!'  reenloice- 
nu'iits — a  c(»ni[)any  of  (,'atalan  Nolmiteors  and  an  ai'til- 
lery  detat'lnnent — which  increased  the  military  lurcc 
to  ahoiit  ;!H()  mcMi. 

Alia  ( 'alit'ornia  was  thus  ofcu[)ie(l  for  the  most  part 
without  resistance  tVom  the  peaceful  and  docile  na- 
tives, l»y  the  military  and  spiritual  forces  (tf  Spain. 
The  docdity,  not  to  say  stupidity  of  the  Indians  as 
comjiared  with  those  of  most  other  North  Nfexican 
pi(»\  inces,  greatly  lacilitated  tlu^  success  of  the  mis- 
sionaries; which  was  also  favored  h-  the  wonderful 
fertilitv  of  the  soil,  and  by  the  isolation  of  the  coun- 
try,  and  the  absence  of  distui-hini^  elem"nts,  such  as 
the  intlueiice  of  a  vagabond  mining  population.  The 
settlers,  not  by  any  means  models,  weie  yet  on  an 
average  su|)erior  in  many  respects  to  those  in  other 
regions.  Otficers  wore  aide  and  honest  men  who 
workt'd  faithfully,  if  not  always  with  ener'<y  and  sue- 
cess,  for  the  provincial  intefests;  and  in  the  early 
times  there  we-re  no  instances  of  cori-uption  in  high 
places.  Soon  wert;  to  come  shi[)s  from  dillereiit  lands 
for  Californian  products,  intioducing  a  new  «'lement 
of  [)ros])erity ;  but  the  good  iViars  were  to  grow  old 
and  somewhat  too  rich;  foreigners  were  to  foment 
dissensions  as  well  as  and»ition;  and  ])olitical  sti'ife 
was  to  interru[)t  the  \\i\\)Yy  fur  nicidc  of  th(.'  primitive 


ayf 


For  this,  as  for  all  the  other  tei'ritories  whose 


annals  we  have  followed  in  these  pages,  troubles  wei'o 
in  store,  to  be  succeeded  niort;  speedily  hei'e  than  else- 
where by  a  new  era  of  golden  prus[)erity. 


